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Adamavičienė, Aida. "Living mulch and weed competitiveness in maize crop." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20131204_094750-07798.
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Research objective. The study was aimed to establish the competitive peculiarities of the multi-component agrocenose (maize, living mulches, weeds) and its effects on soil properties under sustainable farming conditions. Research tasks. To accomplish the research objective the following tasks were set - to study: 1. The influence of living mulches, grown in a maize monocrop, on soil physical properties (soil moisture dynamics, shear resistance, penetration resistance, soil structure and its stability), chemical characteristics (total nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium content, pH) and biological characteristics (urease and saccharase activity); 2. The dynamics of biomass accumulation of living mulches and weeds; 3. The impact of living mulches on weed infestation in a maize crop and on weed seed contamination in a ploughlayer; 4. Maize crop irradiance conditions and their influence on different components of the agrophytocenose; 5. Projection coverage of maize inter-rows; 6. Maize productivity and biometric indicators; 7. The relationships between the factors tested.<br>Tyrimų tikslas – įvertinti daugiakomponentės agrocenozės – kukurūzų, tarpinių augalų, piktžolių – konkurencinius ypatumus ir jos poveikį dirvos savybėms tvaraus ūkininkavimo sąlygomis. Tyrimų uždaviniai. Tyrimų tikslui pasiekti numatyta ištirti: 1. Įsėlinių tarpinių augalų, augusių kukurūzų monopasėlyje, poveikį dirvos fizikinėms (dirvos drėgnio dinamikai, šlyties pasipriešinimui, kietumui, dirvos struktūrai ir jos patvarumui), cheminėms (suminio azoto, judriojo fosforo ir kalio kiekiui, pH), biologinėms (ureazės ir sacharazės aktyvumui) savybėms; 2. Įsėlinių tarpinių augalų ir piktžolių biomasės kaupimosi dinamiką; 3. Įsėlinių tarpinių augalų poveikį kukurūzų pasėlio piktžolėtumui bei armens užterštumui piktžolių sėklomis; 4. Kukurūzų pasėlio apšvitos sąlygas ir jų poveikį skirtingiems agrofitocenozės komponentams; 5. Kukurūzų tarpueilių projekcinį padengimą; 6. Kukurūzų produktyvumo ir biometrinius rodiklius; 7. Tiriamųjų veiksnių sąsajas ir poveikio priežastingumą.
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Mulcahy, David [Verfasser]. "Nearby Spiral Galaxies at Low Frequencies / David Mulcahy." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2015. http://d-nb.info/107729025X/34.
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Griepentrog, Martin Raddatz Klaus Meyer Katharina E. "Mulva /." Mainz : von Zabern, 2008. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016661015&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Kokko, T. (Tiia). "”Mulla meni varmaan pointti ohi nyt kokonaan?”:mulla-konstruktion semanttista tarkastelua." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2019. http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfioulu-201904091446.
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Tiivistelmä. Tutkin pro gradu -tutkielmassani puhekielen MULLA-konstruktiota. MULLA-konstruktioksi olen nimennyt lauserakenteen, jossa esiintyy puhekielinen adessiivimuotoinen yksikön ensimmäisen persoonan pronomini mulla (mull tai mul) jossain muussa kuin varsinaisessa omistuslauseessa. Tarkastelen konstruktion toteutumia suhteessa yleiskieleen, ja esitän niille funktionaalisia vastineita. Vertailen funktionaalisten vastakappaleiden merkitystä ja käyttöä. Aineistoni kattaa 300 MULLA-konstruktion toteutumaa, jotka olen kerännyt Korp-korpuksen Suomi24-internetkeskusteluaineistojen osakorpuksesta. Työni teoreettisen viitekehyksen muodostavat kognitiivinen semantiikka ja konstruktiokielioppi.
Työni tarkoituksena on ollut selvittää, millaisia asiaintiloja MULLA-konstruktiolla kuvataan sekä millaisia habitiivisia ja lokatiivisia ominaisuuksia niihin liittyy. Tutkimustulosteni mukaan MULLA-konstruktiota esiintyy genetiivin, partitiivin, ablatiivin ja allatiivin funktiossa. Kieliopillisista sijoista genetiivin funktiossa se vastaa muun muassa substantiivin etumääritettä ja nesessiivirakenteen subjektia. Partitiivin funktiossa sitä esiintyy erityisesti tunnekausatiivilauseissa. Semanttisista sijoista mulla-adessiivi vastaa niin erosijaista ablatiivia kuin tulosijaista allatiivia, jolloin merkitysero painottuu etenkin sijojen suuntaisuuteen. Mulla-adessiivi onkin ablatiivin funktiossa etenkin monissa menettämistä ilmaisevissa rakenteissa. Allatiivin funktiossa puhuja on yleensä tapahtuman kokija. Mulla-adessiivi kuvaa usein ihmisen fysikaalisia ominaisuuksia, kuten loukkaantumista tai toimenpidettä sekä ablatiivin että allatiivin funktiossa.
Kiinnostavaa on ollut havaita, että MULLA-konstruktio ilmaisee sijafunktion lisäksi ’kohdalla’-olemista, eli se viittaa puhujan omaan kokemukseen asiasta. Lisäksi konstruktio yhdistyy eritoten omistusrakenteen ekspansiivisuuteen. MULLA-konstruktiolla on sekä habitiivista että lokatiivista käyttöä. Lokatiivitapauksia yhdistää muun muassa se, etteivät lauseen tapahtumat ole puhujan itsensä aiheuttamia. Konkreettisesti lokatiivi tarkoittaa puhujan kotia ja abstraktimmin puhujan omaa tilaa. Lokatiiveja on selvästi enemmän kuin habitiiveja, joten MULLA-konstruktio on osoittanut puhujan ennen kaikkea paikaksi.
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Bellido, Arenas Juan Carlos, Nuñez Martín Ignacio Gil, and Ariadel Iván López. "Sistema de gestión de multas del Osinergmin." Master's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/620713.
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Presenta el rediseño de los procedimientos del proceso de multas que realizan las gerencias participantes y conseguir una gestión eficiente de las multas impuestas por la Organización, siendo la imagen de la institución la mayor de las preocupaciones en tanto debe representar a una Institución imparcial y objetiva, que no tenga vestigios de favoritismos que en cuyo caso cuestionarían su misma existencia. A partir del desarrollo de cada proceso se evaluará y precisarán las entradas, herramientas y técnicas, y salidas de cómo se debió realizar y así considerarlo como planteamiento de la forma como se debe realizar la Dirección de Proyectos en Osinergmin. Cabe precisar que la información de Osinergmin utilizada en esta tesis es pública, considerando la Ley 27806, Ley de Transparencia y Acceso a la Información Pública.
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Maziane, Leïla. "Sale et ses corsaires (1666-1727)." Caen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CAEN1276.
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La perspective de mon travail est l'etude des aspects economiques, sociaux et militaires de la course au depart du port atlantique de sale, au maroc entre 1666 et 1727. La these s'articule autour de 13 chapitres. Les premiers s'arretent sur les circonstances qui ont conditionne l'essor de la course a sale. Un interet particulier est accorde aux rapports que les marocains entretiennent avec l'element marin, ensuite, nous nous penchons sur les facteurs geographiques, sociaux, economiques, religieux et politiques qui ont influe sur le developpement de sale. Une description de la ville, de sa citadelle et de sa population nous permet de mieux cerner sa singularite. Nous nous interessons par la suite aux navires, aux hommes et a la contre-course. Notre propos est egalement d'evaluer la rentabilite de cette activite a travers les emplois qu'elle a engendres et son animation du port. Enfin , une etude particuliere est consacree au phenomene de la captivite.
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Sisli, Zekiye. "Degradable Mulch Films For Agricultural Purposes." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615022/index.pdf.
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The plastic mulch films, which are mostly made from LDPE, are used in order to increase the yields and to prevent the weed growth by covering the top of the soil by leaves or straw in nature. After a period, the mulch films turn into unmanageable quantities of soiled plastic films, which cause an environmental problem. Using degradable mulch films for agricultural purposes can be a solution for the environmental problems caused by the plastic mulch films.
In this study, to introduce biodegradability to mulch films, a natural biopolymer starch was used. Before blending, starch was transformed into thermoplastic starch in order to make the starch processable. The need, to provide adhesion and interaction between thermoplastic starch and LDPE, citric and stearic acid were considered as compatibilizers. To accelerate the degradation of the LDPE matrix, three pro-oxidants cobalt(II) acetylacetonate, iron(III) stearate and manganase(II) stearate were used.
The films prepared were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy<br>their thermal and mechanical properties were analyzed and buried under soil. The films recovered from soil after 76 days were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, their weight loss were measured and their thermal and mechanical properties were analyzed.
Studies showed that the use of cobalt(II) acetylacetonate gave improved results in terms of the mechanical properties and thermal stabilities of the films. Additionally, it is observed that the use of citric acid as a compatibilizer improved the thermal stabilities of starch in the films.
Lastly, it is observed that the mechanical properties of the films were affected by the interactions between compatibilizers and pro-oxidants.
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Marzagão, Newton Coca Bastos. "A multa (astreintes) na tutela específica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-12022014-110131/.
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Ancorados no princípio nemo ad factum praecise cogi potest e limitados pela completa ineficácia das ferramentas processuais disponibilizadas, nossos Tribunais vinham ofertando à parte prejudicada com o descumprimento de uma obrigação de fazer, não fazer ou entregar coisa apenas o equivalente pecuniário da prestação inadimplida. A percepção de que a via indenizatória nem sempre repararia de forma integral os danos experimentados e a conscientização de que o uso de meio coercitivo indireto para o desempenho da obrigação anteriormente assumida não caracterizaria ofensa à liberdade individual (entre tantos outros fatores) fizeram com que esse quadro começasse a ser contestado. Atendendo a reivindicação da doutrina, o legislador empreendeu uma série de reformas no Código de Processo Civil, quebrando o paradigma: a tutela específica passou a ocupar o lugar de primazia que vinha sendo indevidamente ocupado pelo sucedâneo indenizatório. O presente estudo se dedica a examinar a principal ferramenta processual utilizada para a obtenção da tutela específica em juízo: as astreintes. São analisados, neste trabalho, os antecedentes históricos da tutela específica e dos meios de coerção nos sistemas romano e lusitano e no próprio direito pátrio bem como os institutos assemelhados à multa coercitiva brasileira no direito francês e anglo-saxão. Com base nessa retrospectiva histórica e tendo em conta os institutos do direito comparado, o estudo define a natureza, função e campo de incidência das astreintes. Após, abordam-se temas polêmicos em torno da aplicabilidade da multa coercitiva: possibilidade de cumulação com outras formas de coerções/sanções, periodicidade e valor inicial, termo a quo e ad quem, existência ou não de limitação legal ou principiológica para o montante final, a possibilidade da alteração de seu valor e a questão do enriquecimento sem causa do credor. Por fim, é tratada a execução da multa coercitiva. Tudo para demonstrar que, a despeito da falta de regramento detalhado e das várias divergências doutrinárias e jurisprudenciais que daí advém, as astreintes se mostram como a mais efetiva ferramenta para a obtenção da tutela específica em juízo - tendência do processo civil contemporâneo.<br>Based on the principle of nemo ad factum praecise cogi potest and restrained by the total inefficacy of the available procedural tools, our Courts have been granting to the party affected by an obligation of specific performance only the pecuniary equivalent of the defaulted service provision. Such scenario started to be challenged upon the perception that the indemnity path would not always fully repair the damages suffered and in view of the awareness that the use of an indirect coercive means for the previously undertaken obligation to be fulfilled would not qualify as offense to the individual freedom (among many other factors). In response to the doctrine\'s claims, the lawmaker made a number of amendments to the Code of Civil Procedure, overturning the paradigm: the specific relief was given the primacy that had been unduly given to the indemnity substitute. This paper examines the main procedural tool used to obtain the specific relief in court: the daily fines. This paper analyzes the historical precedents of the specific relief and the coercive means in the Roman and Portuguese system and in Brazilian law, as well as the institutions similar to the Brazilian coercive fine in the French and Anglo-Saxon laws. Based on such historical review and considering the institutions in comparative law, the study defines the nature, function and coverage of the daily fines. It further addresses controversial issues revolving around the applicability of the coercive fine: possibility of accumulation with other types of coercion / sanctions, periodicity and initial value, term a quo and ad quem, existence or not of limitation for the final amount, arising from law or principle, possibility of changing its value and the issue of creditor\'s enrichment without cause. Finally, this paper addresses the execution of the coercive fine. The aim is to show that, in spite of the fact that there is not a detailed ruling and that several doctrine and jurisprudence controversies arise from it, the daily fines are the most effective tool to obtain the specific relief in court - a trend in contemporaneous civil procedure.
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Campoy, López María. "ENERGY IMBALANCE IN A MULTY FAMILY HOUSE." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Akademin för teknik och miljö, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-17127.
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Andrade, Eduardo de. "A multa qualificada na legislação tributária federal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2133/tde-16092016-115553/.
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Questo lavoro ha avuto come obbiettivo lo studio della multa qualificata prevista dalla legislazione tributaria federale e così pure le ipotesi in cui essa si applica. Il primo capitolo prende in esame le sanzioni. Si compie uno studio storico dell´evoluzione delle pene nel diritto penale, al quale segue un approccio sul concetto di pena e delle sue finalità, anche in una esposizione caratterizzata da riferimenti storici. In seguito sono trattate le sanzioni civili, mettendo in evidenza le differenze tra queste e le sanzioni penali. Infine lo studio esplora le sanzioni amministrative, soffermandosi sul concetto di sanzione amministrativa, e le fattispecie applicate. Nel secolo capitolo viene fatto uno studio delle sanzioni tributarie ponendo l´accento su quelle applicate nel diritto tributario federale. Si analizzano, quindi, la sanzione esecutiva, la sanzione per mora nell´adempimento, come anche quelle che penalizzano condotte tipiche del diritto tributario, come l´inadempimento della prestazione tributaria principale e le circostanze che aggravano questa situazione (multa aggravata). Nel terzo capitolo viene fatta preliminarmente una introduzione sul concetto di illecito, con un succinto approccio sugli illeciti civili, penali, amministrativi e tributari. Si passa quindi a trattare dell´elemento soggettivo dell´infrazione tributaria qualificata, con enfasi sullo studio del dolo, cercando di mostrare le differenze tra questa figura, la simulazione e la frode. Si fa quindi uno studio comparativo tra il dolo penale e quello civile. Le circostanze caratterizzanti l´infrazione qualificata sono esaminate nel quarto capitolo. La simulazione è studiata sotto il prisma del diritto civile e tributário. Quando si tratta della frode, si approfondisce il concetto di frode penale e di frode civile, includendosi quello di frode alla legge; poi si esplorano, nello sviluppo dello studio, i concetti di elusione e evasione, il concetto di negozio giuridico indiretto, l´abuso del diritto, l´abuso di forma, l´abuso della personalità giuridica, e come questi istituti concorrano a configurare, nella legislazione tributaria federale, l´infrazione qualificata come frode. Nel quinto capitolo è analizzata la multa qualificata nel suo aspetto quantitativo e nelle peculiarità que caratterizzano il rapporto giuridico di natura obbligatoria che questa penalità rivela, offrendo una visione integrata della norma giuridica che la contiene.<br>O objetivo este trabalho foi o estudo da multa qualificada prevista na legislação tributária federal bem como as hipóteses para sua aplicação. O primeiro capítulo aborda as sanções. É feito um estudo histórico da evolução das penas no direito penal, ao que se segue uma abordagem sobre o conceito de pena e de suas finalidades, também numa exposição pautada por ilustrações históricas. Posteriormente, são abordadas as sanções civis, ressaltando-se as diferenças entre elas e as sanções penais. Ao final, são estudadas as sanções administrativas, havendo estudo do conceito de sanção administrativa, e espécies tipicamente aplicadas. No segundo capítulo é feito um estudo das sanções tributárias com ênfase naquelas aplicadas no direito tributário federal. Analisam-se, então, a sanção executiva, a sanção por mora no adimplemento, bem como as que penalizam condutas típicas do direito tributário, como a inadimplência na prestação da obrigação tributária principal e as circunstâncias que agravam esta situação (multa agravada). No terceiro capítulo é preliminarmente feita uma introdução ao conceito de ilícito, sendo feita sucinta abordagem dos ilícitos civis, penais, administrativos e tributários. Passa-se, então a cuidar-se do elemento subjetivo da infração tributária qualificada, com ênfase no estudo do dolo, procurando-se apresentar as diferenças entre esta figura, a simulação e a fraude. É feito, ainda, um estudo comparativo do dolo penal e do dolo civil. As circunstâncias qualificativas da infração qualificada são apreciadas no quarto capítulo. A simulação é estudada sob o prisma do direito civil e tributário. Ao tratar da fraude, é feito estudo da fraude penal e da fraude civil, bem como de suas espécies mais conhecidas, incluindo-se a fraude à lei, abordando-se no transcorrer do texto os conceitos de elisão e evasão, o conceito de negócio jurídico indireto, abuso de direito, abuso de forma, abuso de personalidade jurídica e como tais institutos concorrem na configuração da infração qualificada por fraude na legislação tributária federal. No quinto capítulo é analisada a multa qualificada na sua configuração quantitativa e nas peculiaridades que marcam a relação jurídica obrigacional que esta penalidade revela, apresentando-se uma visão integrada da norma jurídica que a contém.
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Wei, Zongsu. "Trichloroethylene (TCE) Adsorption Using Sustainable Organic Mulch." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1279301053.
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Ximenes, Fábio Henrique Bezerra. "Comportamento estral e ovariectomia laparoscópica em mulas." Botucatu, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182425.
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Orientador: Celso Antônio Rodrigues<br>Resumo: O comportamento das mulas, durante o estro, influencia negativamente sua função zootécnica. A ovariectomia tem se apresentado como forma de torná-las mais cooperativas. Procedimentos realizados por videocirurgia se apresentam com uma possibilidade para reduzir as complicações trans e pós-operatórias. Então, foram utilizadas 9 mulas, com idade de 7,9 ± 3,2 anos, pesando 352 ± 76 kg. Realizou-se estudo do comportamento reprodutivo dos animais durante a rufiação com garanhão equino, nas diferentes fases do ciclo estral. A duração do estro foi de 6,4 ± 1,4 dias. As ovulações ocorreram 5,3 ± 2,6 dias após o início dos sinais de estro. Os sinais que apresentaram maior correlação foram micção frequente (MF) e levantamento da cauda (LC) (0,79) e imobilidade (IM) e LC (0,76) enquanto que os que apresentaram menor correlação foram aproximação do macho (AM) e LC (0,26) e AM e MF (0,29). Posteriormente foi realizada a ovariectomia por videolaparoscopia e no pós-operatório foi realizado o acompanhamento clínico-laboratorial para caracterizar possíveis complicações da técnica. Para hemostasia dos vasos presentes no pedículo ovariano utilizou-se no grupo A um bisturi ultrassônico e no grupo B um aplicador de clips de laqueação de titânio. Observou-se que o grau de dificuldade da ovariectomia foi inversamente proporcional ao tamanho do ovário. O enfisema subcutâneo foi a complicação pós-operatória mais evidente, sendo observada em todo grupo (9/9), e o hemoperitôneo foi considerado a complic... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: The mules’ behavior influences their zootecnical function negatively during the estrus. Ovariectomy is an interesting way to make these animals more cooperative. Videosurgeric procedures has become a possibility to reduce operative and postoperative complications. Nine mules underwent the procedure and were followed from January to May 2017. The average age of the animals was 7,9 ± 3,2 years old and the weight approximately 352 ± 76 kg. A prospective evaluation of reproductive behavior was set during the ruffling of the stallion equine, along different phases of the estrus. Estrus length was 6,4 ± 1,4 days. Ovulation occurred 5.3 ± 2.6 days after the onset of estrus signs. The signs that presented the highest correlation were frequent micturition (MF) with tail lifting (LC) (0,79) and immobility with just LC (0,76). The least correlations were male approximation (AM) with LC and AM with MF. Subsequently, video-laparoscopic ovariectomy was performed. In post-operative days, clinical follow up and laboratory assay were performed to detect possible complications. Two groups were randomly selected for ultrasonic scalpel (group A) and titanium clips (group B) aiming the hemostasis of the vascular pedicle on the ovaries. The difficulty of the procedure was greater as smaller the ovary was. Some complications were observed. Subcutaneous emphysema was found in all mules studied, possibly caused by CO2 blowing. On the other hand, hemo-peritoneum was uncommon (just one animal developed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor
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Guo, Elaine. "Mulan: Journey in a Time of Change." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2196.
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Barsocchini, Montero Valeria Estefania. "Evaluación de una metodología para determinar multas por infracciones medioambientales." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/111405.
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Ingeniera Civil Industrial<br>El proyecto a realizar en este trabajo de título está enfocado en evaluar una metodología de determinación de multas sancionatorias para empresas que infringen normas medioambientales.
A nivel mundial existe una inquietud por el desarrollo sustentable, lo que ha llevado a los países a firmar múltiples acuerdos relacionados al tema medioambiental. El gobierno de Chile no desea estar fuera de los nuevos desafíos que se han generado, es por ello que se crea el Ministerio y la Superintendencia del Medioambiente, con el fin de crear políticas, fiscalizar y sancionar.
Para el adecuado desarrollo de estas funciones es necesaria la definición de una herramienta sólida de determinación de multas ya que los agentes privados tienen incentivos a infringir las normas pues obtienen muchos más beneficios económicos violándolas que cumpliéndolas.
El beneficio económico del infractor es el eje central de las multas, por lo que la primera parte del trabajo consistió en establecer este beneficio mediante la metodología para la evaluación de proyectos, considerando costos evitados, costos retrasados e ingresos ilícitos (ingresos directos de una actividad ilegal). De forma posterior a este cálculo se procedió a la aplicación del modelo colombiano, peruano y estadounidense.
Como resultado se obtuvo que los tres modelos aplicados fueron capaces de remover el beneficio económico obtenido por el infractor, es decir, que los valores de las multas determinadas superaron a los ingresos ilegales asociados a la infracción.
Cada uno de estos modelos posee similitudes en estructura y diferencias en cuanto a consistencia, eficiencia, eficacia y flexibilidad. Un análisis de estos criterios llevó a la alumna a escoger la metodología colombiana como la más apropiada para ser aplicada en Chile, lo que le entrega al país un modelo claro, de fácil aplicación y bastante consistente con la teoría económica de determinación de multas. Además, su construcción permite la adaptación a Chile y otros países que requieran utilizarlo.
Se recomienda, para casos donde los beneficios del infractor son cuantiosos, incorporar el valor del daño ambiental, a través de estudios de valoración contingente, como medida de internalización del daño y compensación a la sociedad.
Finalmente, como desafío futuro queda el evaluar el modelo británico que se presenta como una buena opción junto al modelo desarrollado por Colombia.
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Cowan, Jeremy Scott. "The use of biodegradable mulch for tomato and broccoli production| Crop yield and quality, mulch deterioration, and growers' perceptions." Thesis, Washington State University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3587065.
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<p> Biodegradable mulch may offer the benefits of polyethylene mulch for crop production with the added benefit of biodegradability. Four studies were carried out in Mount Vernon, WA to evaluate biodegradable mulch for tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> L.) and broccoli (<i>Brassica oleracea</i> var. <i>italica</i>) production. The first study compared four biodegradable mulch treatments: BioAgri, BioTelo, WeedGuardPlus (cellulose product), and SB-PLA-10/11/12 (experimental, non-woven fabric), to polyethylene mulch and bare ground in high tunnels and in the open field for tomato yield and fruit quality over three growing seasons. Biodegradable plastic films produced yields and fruit quality comparable to polyethylene. Moreover, high tunnels increased total and marketable fruit weight five and eight times, respectively, compared to the open field. </p><p> The second study quantified relationships among visual assessment parameters and mulch mechanical properties. Visual assessments and mechanical property tests of polyethylene, BioAgri, BioTelo, WeedGuardPlus, and SB-PLA-10/11/12, were made over three growing seasons. Regression analyses found the strongest relationship overall (<i>r</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.41) to be between the percent of initial breaking force in the machine direction and log<sub> 10</sub> of percent visual deterioration. However, evaluating mulch products individually and increasing sample frequency are recommended for future research. </p><p> The third study evaluated three biodegradable mulch products, BioAgri, Crown 1, and SB-PLA-11, after soil-incorporation. The average area of recovered mulch fragments decreased for all mulch products over time. The number of mulch fragments initially increased for all mulch products, with the greatest number of Crown 1 and BioAgri fragments recovered 132 and 299 days after incorporation, respectively. At 397 days after soil-incorporation, the total area of recovered fragments of Crown 1 and BioAgri was 0% and 34% of the theoretical maximum area, respectively. </p><p> The fourth study used the diffusion of innovations framework to study perceptions about biodegradable mulch and employed the concept of "tactile space" to create sensuously rich learning environments wherein participants could interact with each other and the environment to evaluate biodegradable plastic mulch. Participants' perceptions about biodegradable mulch and attitudes toward adoption improved. Employing tactile space as a diffusion strategy may encourage non-representational learning to supplement and reinforce the knowledge claims being made at outreach/education events.</p>
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Pérez, Castañeda Jacqueline Julissa. "La Pena de multa en el derecho penal peruano : desarrollos normativos y jurisprudencia." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2005. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/2124.
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La tesis que ahora presentamos como informe final de nuestras indagaciones se organiza en función de dos partes. La primera, se ocupa del análisis dogmático y político criminal de la pena de multa en el derecho comparado y nacional. En ella se aborda el estudio de los aspectos generales de la pena de multa (evolución, concepto, naturaleza jurídica, ventajas, desventajas y clasificaciones) y de la función sustitutiva que se le asigna en el contexto de la privación de libertad de corta duración. También se presenta de modo específico la problemática y características del sistema de días-multa; y, en un capítulo aparte, se explica el sistema de días-multa en el derecho penal peruano (evolución, procedimiento de determinación del número de días-multa, extensión del promedio del número aplicable, criterios utilizados para la definición de la cuota diaria, reglas especiales, plazo y modalidades de pago de la multa, medidas alternativas aplicables a la multa, cómputo de la detención, prescripción, rehabilitación, cobranza de las multas impuestas en el Poder Judicial, entre otros).<br>Tesis
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Valle, Carla Maria Krieger de. "S?mula vinculante." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2009. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/4078.
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Previous issue date: 2009-08-19<br>A proposta do presente trabalho ? analisar, atrav?s de pesquisa doutrin?ria, o instituto da s?mula vinculante. Comp?e-se de seis cap?tulos, entre estes a Introdu??o. O cap?tulo primeiro aponta as bases cient?ficas para o ideal de uniformiza??o da jurisprud?ncia, contribuindo para tal a capacidade do ser humano de sentir e interpretar fatos e leis que guardam estreita rela??o com dados biogr?ficos do int?rprete. A base constitucional tamb?m foi devidamente analisada porquanto uma das vertentes da igualdade material ? a realiza??o da isonomia na aplica??o das normas. O cap?tulo segundo trata da natureza jur?dica do precedente judicial e aborda a fun??o criativa ou apenas declarativa dos precedentes. Neste cap?tulo ? feita uma an?lise da evolu??o hist?rica da uniformiza??o da jurisprud?ncia demonstrando que o ideal de tornar a jurisprud?ncia um s? corpo vem desde o Brasil imperial. Faz parte do cap?tulo terceiro a classifica??o dos precedentes judiciais em rela??o a sua obrigatoriedade. Os fatores que determinam o grau de persuas?o tamb?m foram abordados assim como os fundamentos para o efeito vinculativo. O cap?tulo quarto contemplou o estudo da organiza??o judici?ria inglesa e americana e a aplica??o dos precedentes nesse sistema jur?dico. A s?mula ordin?ria, uniformiza??o de jurisprud?ncia e s?mula impeditiva de recursos comp?s a an?lise feita no cap?tulo quinto. Seguiu-se no cap?tulo sexto pesquisa sobre os precedentes obrigat?rios no direito brasileiro, entre os quais a s?mula vinculante e tudo que com o instituto se relaciona. Importante ressaltar a pesquisa sobre a possibilidade de reclama??o em caso de descumprimento haja vista a necess?ria exist?ncia de instituto que objetive coibir a desobedi?ncia ? s?mula vinculante.
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Hernández, Berenguel Luis. "Breves comentarios sobre el reajuste del tributo y de las multas." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/107801.
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Toussi, Seyyed Khalil Alaghebandi Hosseini. "Ethical and political thought in Mulla Sadra's philosophy." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445439.
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Pastuszka, Anna. "Wpływ terminu siewu na plon i wartość paszową oraz przedplonową odmian owsa siewnego (Avena sativa L.) uprawianego w międzyplonie ścierniskowym." Rozprawa doktorska, Uniwersytet Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy w Bydgoszczy, 2016. http://dlibra.utp.edu.pl/Content/972.
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Celem pracy jest ocena poziomu plonowania i jakości paszy ze zróżnicowanych pod względem wczesności i pochodzenia odmian owsa siewnego uprawianych w późnoletnim międzyplonie ścierniskowym oraz porównanie wartości przedplonowej mulczu z owsa i gorczycy białej dla jęczmienia jarego
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Costa, Ana Catarina Loureiro. "Influência de dois tipos de cobertura do solo na produtividade e na fitossanidade do morangueiro." Master's thesis, ISA/UTL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5355.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia<br>Strawberry is an important horticulture crop which is traditionally grown in raised beds covered with plastic. The high cost of removal and treatment of plastics waste led to the study with films of natural and biodegradable source. The objectives of this study were to compare the effect of two mulchs, a conventional plastic and a biodegradable film, in productivity and the incidence and severity of diseases and pests. The test was conducted in greenhouses and outdoor and weather conditions, production, fungi and insects associated with plants and soil mycobiota were monitored.
The weather conditions recorded were considered normal for the production and in the different modalities production ranged from about 22t/ha outdoor and 28t/ha in the greenhouse. Related to observation of disease symptoms and isolation from tissues were identified 33 taxa of fungi, of which 10 are associated with diseases of the crop, including Botrytis cinerea, Cylindrocarpon spp. Fusarium oxysporum, Macraphomina phaseolina and Rhizopus stolonifer. In the study of soil mycobiota 14 taxa of fungi were observed. Five thrips species belonging to the genera Aeolothrips, Frankliniella, Melanthrips and Thrips were found.
There were no significant differences between the types of cover for any of the parameters studied.
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Cordeiro, Tiago Duarte. "Influência dos plásticos biodegradáveis na produtividade, precocidade e qualidade do melão "Lusitano" (Cucumis melo var. inodorus)." Master's thesis, ISA/UTL, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4119.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia<br>The main goal of this study was comparing traditional low density black polyethylene plastic mulch (25μm) with three different starch based biodegradable mulch films (15μm), on a muskmelon “Lusitano” (Cucumis melo var. inodorus). The mulch film layout and crop plantation, soil temperature and humidity, weeds, canopy spread area, flowering and yield and crop quality were monitored. The field trial was conducted in Azeitada – Almeirim (from April to July 2011) with a completely randomized experimental design with three replications, 25 plants each. The mulch films modalities were: PE (control), BMF1 (black biodegradable plastic film Mater-Bi®-CF04P); BMF2 (black biodegradable plastic film Mater-Bi®-CF04P with recycled material) and BMFV (green biodegradable plastic film Mater-Bi®-CF04P). The results showed the adaptability of biodegradable mulch films to climatic conditions and traditional techniques applied, not observing significant differences in fruit quality and production. Regarding the soil water content the BMF1 showed higher values when compared with BMFV, as well as BMFV compared with PE. The soil temperatures were similar in all the modalities and PE and BMFV had precocious flowering and production. A positive correlation between initial growth (36DAT) and the soil growing degree-days (temperature 10ºC) accumulated was obtained, and also between initial growth and final yield.
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Nicholson, Allison Frances. "The root environment as influenced by mulches, on two different soil types and the resulting effect on fruit yield and sunburn of 'Cripps' Pink' apples." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71960.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: An investigation into the effects of different mulches on the root environment, encompassing
physical, chemical and biological factors of the soil, on two different soil types was done in
the form of a field trial on ‘Cripps’ Pink’ apples. Three organic mulches were tested:
compost, vermi-castings and woodchips, as well as an inorganic mulch, geotextile fabric, and
were compared against clean cultivation.
The organic treatments resulted in improved physical conditions (lower bulk densities) in the
heavier soil, as well as, a reduction in temperature fluctuations and a general increase in soil
temperatures during the seasons, in both sites. The geotextile fabric treatment resulted in
increased soil moisture levels in the top 40 cm, predominantly in the heavier soil. The
compost treatment resulted in high soil moisture levels in the top 40 cm only in the lighter
soil.
The vermi-castings treatment achieved superior results in terms of changing the nutrient
status of the heavier soil. It resulted in significantly higher pH, P (phosphorus), N (nitrogen),
K (potassium), Mg (magnesium), Zn (zinc), Mn (Manganese), B (boron), as well as the
cation exchange capacity and some exchangeable cations, such as, Na+ (sodium ions), K+
(potassium ions) and Mg+ (magnesium ions). The compost treatment resulted in significantly
higher Ca (calcium) and Ca+ (calcium ions) in the heavier soil compared to the other
treatments. The organic mulches, including the woodchips treatment, consistently resulted in
higher mineral levels and therefore performed the best in this regard and did so in the heavier
soil. In contrast to the heavier soil, none of the treatments were successful in ameliorating the
nutrient status of the lighter soil, with the exception however of the increased percentage C as
a result of the compost and vermi-castings treatments. The compost treatment realised consistently higher mychorrizael colonization in both sites,
however, not always significantly higher than the other treatments. The vermi-castings
treatment realised consistently lower plant parasitic nematodes numbers. Higher free-living
nematodes were also frequently realised during both seasons and in both sites. The organic
mulches therefore proved promising with regard to soil biota.
The organic treatments, with the exception of the vermi-castings treatment, resulted in
improved root number and distribution in the heavier soil. The vermi-castings treatment resulted in a superior root environment and did not need to enhance its root system in order to
achieve good fruit yield and quality. In contrast, the geotextile fabric treatment performed
better in this regard in the lighter soil. The geotextile fabric treatment also achieved the
lowest weed counts, quantified as winter weeds, in both sites. Yield efficiency, in the heavier
soil, and the incidence of sunburn in both sites, were influenced by mulching. In the heavier
soil, the woodchips treatment resulted in the highest yield efficiency and the compost
treatment consistently resulted in the highest incidence of sunburn. In the lighter soil the
control treatment resulted in the highest incidence of sunburn. The vermi-castings treatment
consistently resulted in lower incidences of sunburn.
Due to the limited quantification of irrigation in this trial, the consequence of irrigation on
different mulches was not evaluated and should be considered for future research.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ‘n Ondersoek na die effek van verskillende deklae op die wortelomgewing, insluitende
fisiese, chemiese en biologiese grond faktore, is uitgevoer as ‘n veldproef of twee
verskillende grondtipes, op ‘Cripps’ Pink’ appels. Drie organiese deklae is ge-evalueer
naamlik: kompos, ‘vermi-castings’ en houtspaanders, asook ‘n anorganiese geotekstiel
materiaal deklaag, en vergelyk met ‘n kontrole van skoon bewerking.
Die organiese behandelings het verbeterde fisiese kondisies (laer bulkdigtheid) in die
swaarder grond, asook ‘n verlaging in temperatuur fluktuasies en algemene verhoging in
grondtemperature gedurende die seisoene in beide persele tot gevolg gehad. Die geotekstiel
behandeling het verhoogde grondvog-vlakke in die boonste 40 cm in beide persele tot gevolg
gehad, alhoewel dit meer prominent in die swaarder grond was. In sanderige grondperseel,
het die kompos behandeling hoër grondvog-vlakke in die boonste 40 cm getoon as die ander
behandelings.
Die ‘vermi-castings’ behandeling het die beste resultate in terme van verbetering van
nutrient- vlakke in die swaarder grond behaal. Dit het ‘n betekenisvol hoër pH, P (fosfaat), N
(stikstof), K (kalium), Mg (magnesium), Zn (sink), Mn (mangaan), B (boron), katioon
uitruilings kapasiteit en sommige uitruilbare katione soos , Na+ (natrium ione), K+ (kalium
ione) en Mg+ (magnesium ione) as die ander behandelings in die swaarder gehad. Die kompos behandeling het betekenisvol hoër Ca (kalsium) en Ca+ (kalsium ione) in die swaarder grond
getoon. Die organiese behandelings, insluitend die houtspaander behandeling, het dus in die
geval, konstant die beste resultate te opsigte van hoër nutriënt vlakke in die swaarder grond
getoon. Inteenstelling met die swaarder grond, het geen behandling daarin geslaag om die
grondvoedingstatus van die sanderige grond te verbeter nie, met uitsondering die verhoogde
persentasie C as ‘n resultaat van die kompos en ‘vermi-castings’ behandelings.
Die kompos behandeling het konstant hoër mychorriza-kolonisasie teweeg gebring in beide
persele, alhoewel nie altyd betekenisvol hoër as die ander behandelings was nie. Die ‘vermicastings’
behandeling het konstant ‘n laer persentasie plant-parasitiese nematodes getoon.
Meer vry-lewende nematodes het ook gereeld oor die totale vier jaar wat die volledige proef
gestrek het, op beide persele, voorgekom. Die organiese deklae toon dus belowende resultate
in terme van biota.
Die organiese behandelings, met uitsondering van die ‘vermi-castings’ behandeling, het
verhoogte wortel ontwikkeling en -verspreiding in die swaarder grond tot gevolg gehad, Die
‘vermi-castings’ behandeling het ‘n besondere goeie wortelomgewing geskep en ‘n
verbetering in die wortelstelsel om ‘n goeie opbrengs en kwaliteit te behaal, was nie nodig
nie.
Daarinteen het die geotekstiel behandeling beter resultate in die meer sanderige grond behaal.
Die geotekstiel behandeling het ook die laagste onkruidstand in beide persele gehad.
Opbrengs, in die swaarder grond, en die voorkoms van sonbrand in beide persele, is
beïnvloed deur die dekgewasse. In die swaarder grondperseel het die houtspaanders
behandeling die hoogste opbrengs getoon en die kompos behandeling, konstant die hoogste
voorkoms van sonbrand. In die ligter, sanderige grondperseel, is die hoogste sonbrand
voorkoms gemeet in die kontrole behandeling. Die ‘vermi-castings’ behandeling het die
laagste sonbrand voorkoms getoon. Weens die beperkte kwantifisering van die besproeiing in die proef, is die gevolge van
besproeiing op verskillende deklae nie ondersoek nie en behoort dit oorweeg te word in
toekomstige navorsing.
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Field, Paul David. "A multary theory for genetic algorithms : unifying binary and nonbinary problem representations." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309083.
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Carmo, Bruno Bortoloto do. "Entre fiscais e multas: experiências urbanas através das posturas Municipais (1870 1890)." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/12869.
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Previous issue date: 2015-03-13<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>This article analyzes the daily life relationships through the conflicts generated by the application of the Municipal Postures within the routine of the city of Santos (1870-1890). To find the "being" of everyday life, and not look at it from the perspective of the municipality and legitimize its speech, the invisible in the application process of these postures was sought.
In the studied period migrants and immigrants came to the city from all over the country and the world; at the same time, it was striking in the speech of the municipality issues such as "modernity" and "progress". This made the "other" to not be understood in its complexity and forced that all these experiences were buoyed by the unifying speech in search of "civilized" habits.
In the research were worked questions related on transport, especially the conflicts involving the main forms of transportation in the city: the wagons, trams and passersby. Within these experiments, it was also sought from social to labor relations, as how these people understood the roads and the role of the City Council in designing ownership changes of these territories, fining and directing the daily practices.
The city also widened and grew beyond its colonial boundaries; new districts appeared which did not happen without conflicts or disputes among the elite sectors. The search for new places to live also meant the existence of conflicts and difficulties of living in the city center. Several people came to the city in search of work and they were looking for places to establish themselves in a fixed way or for just a couple of nights. It was common to see employees living in their workplace, causing a surveillance increase of these types of houses. It was during the 1870s that the word ―cortiço" was incorporated in the vocabulary of the municipality agents and it had become a problem to be solved. The supervision of the construction of the also called "little rooms" or "cubicles" were quite difficult because a handful of accumulated wood in a day could mean a cortiço built in the next day.
Furthermore, the centrality that the city of Santos acquired in the years 1870-1890 for immigrants, migrants, slaves and freed slaves meant that a great multitude of habits and customs were placed towards fiscal actions that aimed at a "civilized" city project. This discourse and practices have become more incisive and inspections were more constant in the daily life of the population by the presence of epidemic outbreaks - mainly yellow fever and smallpox - making customs that were considered harmful to health and hygiene come to light.
Evictions of "putrid matter", the garbage, the city cleaning and the very way that people lived were symptoms showing a ―sick urban body." Within this perspective, the municipality alternated between soft and palliative speeches and others more assertive and interventionist.
With these issues in mind, efforts were made understand these historical subjects, their experiences, their paths among the various conflicts analyzed and bring them to the fore, valuing their voices and their actions in the routine of the city of Santos, in its various forms of living and survive<br>Este trabalho analisa as relações cotidianas através dos conflitos gerados pela aplicação das Posturas Municipais dentro do cotidiano da cidade de Santos (1870 a 1890). Para encontrar o ―ser‖ desse cotidiano, e não olhá-lo através da perspectiva da municipalidade e legitimar seu discurso, procurou-se o invisível no processo de aplicação dessas posturas.
No período estudado migrantes e imigrantes chegavam à cidade de todas as partes do país e do mundo; ao mesmo tempo, era marcante no discurso da municipalidade questões como a ―modernidade‖ e o ―progresso‖. Isso fazia com que o ―outro‖ não fosse compreendido em sua complexidade e forçava com que todas essas experiências fossem balizadas pelo discurso unificador em busca de hábitos ―civilizados‖.
Na pesquisa foram trabalhadas questões relativas aos transportes, principalmente os conflitos que envolviam as principais formas de locomoção na cidade: as carroças, os bondes e os transeuntes. Dentro dessas experiências, procurou-se desde relações sociais e de trabalho, como essas pessoas entendiam as vias públicas e qual o papel da Câmara Municipal em projetar mudanças de apropriação desses territórios, autuando, multando e direcionando as práticas cotidianas.
A cidade também se alargava e crescia para além de seus limites coloniais, surgiam novos bairros o que não aconteceu sem conflitos ou disputas entre setores da elite. A busca por novos locais para morar também significava a existência de conflitos e dificuldades de habitar dentro do centro urbano. Diversas pessoas chegavam à cidade em busca de trabalho e procuravam locais para se estabelecer de forma fixa ou por apenas um par de noites. Era comum que empregados morassem no próprio local de trabalho, fazendo com que fiscais aumentassem a fiscalização desses tipos de moradias. Foi durante a década de 1870 que a palavra ―cortiço‖ incorporou-se no vocabulário dos agentes da municipalidade e tornaram-se um problema a ser solucionado. A fiscalização da construção dos também chamados ―quartinhos‖ ou ―cubículos‖ eram bastante dificultosas pois um punhado de madeiras acumuladas em um dia poderiam significar um cortiço construído no dia seguinte.
Além disso, a centralidade que a cidade de Santos adquiriu nos anos de 1870 a 1890 para imigrantes, migrantes, escravos e forros faziam com que uma grande multiplicidade de hábitos e costumes fossem colocados frente a ações fiscalizatórias que visavam um projeto de cidade ―civilizada‖. Esse discurso e práticas tornaram-se mais incisivos e as fiscalizações ficaram mais constantes no cotidiano da população pela presença dos surtos epidêmicos principalmente da febre amarela e varíola fazendo com que os costumes que fossem considerados nocivos à saúde e a higiene viessem à tona.
Os despejos de ―matérias pútridas‖, o lixo, a limpeza da cidade e a própria forma que a população vivia eram sintomas que evidenciavam um ―corpo urbano doente‖. Dentro dessa perspectiva, a municipalidade alternava entre discursos brandos e paliativos e outros mais assertivos e intervencionistas.
Tendo essas questões em vista, buscou-se compreender esses sujeitos históricos, suas experiências, suas trajetórias em meio aos diversos conflitos analisados e trazê-los à tona, valorizando suas vozes e suas atuações no cotidiano da cidade de Santos, em suas várias formas de viver e sobreviver
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Menini, Jefferson Santos. "Multa diária: técnica processual para efetivação da tutela específica." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7524.
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Previous issue date: 2007-06-05<br>The present study investigates the technique of the civil procedural
code concerning the accomplishment of the specific judicial sentence, which aims
at solving the crises of unfulfilment in the obligations of doing, not-doing and
delivering, through the influence of the debtor in the fulfilment of these obligations:
the daily fine.
What motivates this study is the perplexity that arises from the
exaggerated figures imposed by the sentences using that mandatory measure,
especially towards those not part in the process, but as third parties responsible
for the fulfilment of the sentence.
The analysis of this topic is based on different procedures: (i)
analysis of the historical evolution of that technique with special emphasis on the
latest procedural and legislative modifications; (ii) examination concerning the
existence or non-existence of a similar mechanism in foreign law systems; (iii)
identification of the nature and attributes of the specific judicial sentence; (iv)
consideration about the guiding parameters for the fulfilment of the sentence; (v)
observation of the main characteristics of that sentence, such as its determining
elements, the persons subject to it, its mandatory quality and the beneficiaries of
the credit generated by its incidence. Furthermore, the study comprises due to
its close relation to the theme the innovation in the procedural civil code that
broadens the field of incidence of the mandatory technique by instituting a
sanction aiming at the spontaneous fulfilment of an obligation of paying a specific
amount based on a sentence.
The data analysed confirm that the daily money sanction represents
an adequate and necessary technique for the fulfilment of the result-aimed judicial
civil procedure, mainly at the accomplishment of the specific sentence. However,
its use must be based on the principle of proportionality so as to prevent the
plaintiff from obtaining illicit profit and to allow access to a fair system of judicature.
Although not given much attention by doctrine and jurisprudence
alike, the incidence of the daily fine towards the third party stands as nonapplicable,
since it lacks legal basis. Nevertheless, the authority of the judicial
sanction is plainly acknowledgeable, for it must be observed by all parties in the
process. The solution, then, lies in the use of the fine in cases of acts that are
offensive to the jurisdiction<br>O trabalho investiga a técnica prevista no sistema processual civil
para efetivação da tutela específica, a qual visa à resolução das crises de
inadimplência verificadas no âmbito dos deveres de fazer, não-fazer e entregar
coisa mediante a influência do devedor ao cumprimento das referidas obrigações:
a multa diária.
O estudo decorre da perplexidade gerada a partir do exagero da
cifra resultante da imposição dessa medida coercitiva, sobretudo em face daquele
que não integra a relação jurídica processual como parte, mas na qualidade de
terceiro, responsável pelo cumprimento da ordem judicial.
A análise do tema fundamenta-se em diferentes procedimentos: (i)
exame da evolução histórica do instituto com ênfase nas modificações legislativoprocessuais
dos últimos anos; (ii) verificação da existência ou da ausência de
mecanismo semelhante no direito estrangeiro; (iii) identificação da natureza
jurídica e dos atributos da tutela específica; (iv) consideração dos parâmetros
norteadores para efetivação da tutela específica; (v) observação das principais
características da sanção pecuniária, tais como: natureza jurídica, elementos
determinantes da fixação, pessoas sujeitas, exigibilidade e destinatário do crédito
derivado da incidência. Contempla, ainda, pela pertinência do assunto, a inovação
no ordenamento jurídico-processual, que amplia o campo de aplicação da técnica
coercitiva, ao instituir a multa tendente ao cumprimento espontâneo de obrigação
de pagar quantia certa fundada em sentença.
Os dados analisados confirmam que a multa diária representa
técnica adequada e necessária à consecução do processo civil de resultados,
notadamente na efetivação da tutela específica, sendo certo, entretanto, que o
seu manejo deve sustentar-se no princípio da proporcionalidade a fim de evitar o
enriquecimento ilícito do credor e promover o acesso à ordem jurídica justa.
Embora pouco explorada pela doutrina e jurisprudência, a incidência
da multa diária em face do terceiro revela-se inaplicável, porquanto carecedora de
base normativa. Apesar dessa constatação, fica mantido o reconhecimento
quanto à autoridade dos provimentos jurisdicionais, os quais devem ser
observados por todos aqueles que participam do processo. A solução, portanto,
reside na aplicação da multa por ato atentatório ao exercício da jurisdição
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Villa, Esteves Deolinda. "Una negociación de mulas en el Corregimiento de Huaylas." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/114266.
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Forward, Lindsey Ranee. "Hop Establishment Impacted by Mulch Type and Nitrogen Source." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28699.
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Agronomic research is lacking for hops (Humulus lupulus), especially in North Dakota (ND) and the northern Great Plains, where demand has risen. This research was done to evaluate factors influencing hops establishment in ND. Factors for this research were hop cultivar, mulch type, and nitrogen source. Variables measured included weed suppression, soil temperature, soil moisture, hop growth, and yield. Nitrogen source did not affect hop growth. ?Cascade? outperformed ?Mt. Hood? and ?Santiam?. Mulch type affected hop establishment, weed suppression, soil temperature, and soil moisture readings. Landscape fabric provided the greatest weed suppression and retained the most soil moisture, but also had the highest soil temperature and greatest soil temperature fluctuation throughout the day. Further research is needed to determine many other optimum growing practices for hops in the northern Great Plains. However, this research is the first field trial showing that hops can successfully be grown in ND.<br>North Dakota Department of Agriculture (Specialty Block Grant)<br>North Dakota State Board of Research and Extension (New and Emerging Crops Grant)
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Foschi, Margherita. ""Multa renascentur". Antico e moderno tra qualificazione e riqualificazione." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/5586/.
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La tesi riporta esperienze progettuali, con approfondimenti sul risparmio energetico e la sostenibilità ambientale, legate alla riqualificazione del patrimonio costruito, allo scopo di aumentare le caratteristiche prestazioinali e diminuire il loro impatto sull'ambiente.
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Theus, Tyler A. "Hitchcock and the Material Politics of Looking: Laura Mulvey, Rear Window, and Psycho." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/communication_hontheses/3.
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In this essay, I argue that issues of voyeurism and scopophilia raised in Laura Mulvey’s early essay, “Visual Pleasure in Narrative Cinema,” are closely related to the social and economic shifts which occurred during the post-war period. Specifically, I argue that Mulvey’s essay articulates a particular kind of formal technique associated with what she calls “non-narrative scopophilia,” a kind of long-take shot that is utilized to great effect by Alfred Hitchcock in two of his later films, Rear Window (1955) and Psycho (1960). I argue that these shots represent a disruption to the smooth functioning of the classical Hollywood model of narrative and gender ideology in the post-war period tied closely to the changing economic realities of the period. I further argue that such a disruption is closely related to a new model of consumerism that emerges during this period.
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Santos, Itamar Onório dos. "Figurações da homossexualidade e da homoafetividade em King & King e Orações para Bobby." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8156/tde-08022017-103801/.
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O presente trabalho estuda as figurações da homossexualidade e da homoafetividade no livro King & King, de Linda de Haan e Stern Nijland, e no filme Orações para Bobby, de Russel Mulcahy. Dialogamos com as duas e apontamos para as suas diferenças e complementaridades. Nossa análise está centrada nas relações de poder e afetividade presentes em seus processos discursivos. Nossa pesquisa fundamenta-se, primordialmente, em dois fecundos teóricos da modernidade, Michel Foucault e Judith Butler, e visa a compreender o exercício disciplinador na construção e manutenção das ordens regulatórias da homossexualidade e da homoafetividade.<br>The present work studies the figurations of homosexuality and homoaffection in the book King & King, by Linda de Haan and Stern Nijland, and in the film Prayers for Bobby, by Russel Mulcahy. We dialogue with both and point to their differences and complementarities. Our analysis is centered on the relations of power and affectivity presented in their discursive processes. Our research is based primarily on two fecund scholars of modernity, Michel Foucault and Judith Butler, and aims to understand the disciplinary exercise in the construction and maintenance of the regulatory orders of homosexuality and homoaffection.
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Dias, Mariana de Alvarenga Vieira. "Estudo do desempenho de filmes biodegradáveis numa cultura de ciclo curto - escarola (Cichorium endivia L.)." Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11168.
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Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente - Instituto Superior de Agronomia<br>In this dissertation, the aim was to evaluate and compare the performance of biodegradable mulch relatively to conventional polyethylene. For this purpose three different “mulches” were tested: polyethylene (PE) and two biodegradable "Short Cycle" (SC) and "Salads" (S) developed from the Mater-Bi™ matrix.
Escarole (Cichorium endivia L.) crop cycle was monitored along the experimental study implemented at real scale.
The monitoring plan was developed to evaluate the crop productivity and the impact of the different “mulches” in terms of moisture and soil temperature.
The results achieved during this study showed the adaptability of biodegradable plastics to the soil and weather conditions, checking a significant difference in productivity of plants covered with plastic S relative to the other two modes (PE and SC).
Given that to date there is no biodegradation studies in the Alentejo region of Portugal soils, it was also important to check the level of biodegradability of these new plastic films following the norm DIN EN ISO 17556.
The results obtained in this work can be concluded that biodegradable plastics seem like a good solution to replace the PE, yet research and development of these new plastics should continue to hold
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Mulay, Shrikant Ramesh [Verfasser], and Hans-Joachim [Akademischer Betreuer] Anders. "Role of murine double minute (MDM)-2 in kidney injury and repair / Shrikant Ramesh Mulay. Betreuer: Hans-Joachim Anders." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1036836738/34.
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Esquivel, Guerra Alejandro. "“ILEGALIDAD DE LAS REGLAS DE CARÁCTER GENERAL FRENTE AL ARTÍCULO 364 DEL CÓDIGO FINANCIERO DEL ESTADO DE MÉXICO Y MUNICIPIOS”." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/67197.
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La realidad económica que prevalece actualmente a nivel nacional, es muy delicada, ya que los ingresos son muy escasos, esto en referencia con los gastos fijos de primera necesidad que tiene una familia, lo anterior, hace que el cumplir con las obligaciones tributarias tengan un impacto mayor en la economía familiar, lo que incide directamente en la capacidad económica y contributiva de los particulares. La condición económica del contribuyente no es ajena para los legisladores, toda vez que existen figuras de excepciones que la ley prevé, como es el caso de la condonación fiscal de las multas impuestas, que en estricto sentido es una forma de liberarse de la carga tributaria, siendo el elemento principal para acceder a dicho beneficio el contar con una condición económica desfavorable.
Derivado de lo anterior, es que surge la inquietud de exponer a través de esta tesis profesional la ilegalidad de las Reglas de Carácter General para la Condonación total o parcial de multas vigentes en 2015 frente al artículo 364 del Código Financiero en el Estado de México y Municipios vigente, al establecer como requisito para la procedencia de la condonación que los particulares realicen una inversión sobre el monto de lo condonado para fomentar el crecimiento, consolidación o expansión de sus actividades, lo cual es evidente una carga adicional para el contribuyente, ya que tiene un efecto negativo en la economía del particular, y que aunado a ello, se deja a la discrecionalidad de la autoridad fiscal que resolverá la autorización de la condonación, siendo esta un derecho.
Es pertinente señalar; de acuerdo a lo anterior, que una inversión tiene un trasfondo económico y fiscal, que en nada beneficia al contribuyente, si es que no tiene contemplada realizar dicha inversión, y menos aún, siendo que la misma es para cumplir con un requisito para así poder tener acceso a la condonación de multas por parte de la autoridad fiscal estatal.
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Jiang, Linjian. "Simazine Treated Mulch an Integrated Management Tool for Vinifera Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Production." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1268191248.
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Lemmerz, Lara Elisa Verfasser], Jun [Akademischer Betreuer] [Okuda, and Robert Emmit [Akademischer Betreuer] Mulvey. "Molekulare Magnesiumhydride und bimetallische Lithiumhydridoaluminate / Lara Elisa Lemmerz ; Jun Okuda, Robert Emmit Mulvey." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1192217969/34.
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Mullan, Patrick [Verfasser], Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Rieß, and Christian [Gutachter] Rieß. "Digital Cues in Multimedia Forensics / Patrick Mullan ; Gutachter: Christian Rieß ; Betreuer: Christian Rieß." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2021. http://d-nb.info/1229194185/34.
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Lemmerz, Lara Elisa [Verfasser], Jun [Akademischer Betreuer] Okuda, and Robert Emmit [Akademischer Betreuer] Mulvey. "Molekulare Magnesiumhydride und bimetallische Lithiumhydridoaluminate / Lara Elisa Lemmerz ; Jun Okuda, Robert Emmit Mulvey." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1192217969/34.
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Tanaka, Auro Hadano. "Multas em tutelas judiciais de urgência contra Operadoras de planos de saúde suplementar /." Franca, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/154449.
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Orientador: Yvete Flávio da Costa<br>Resumo: A dissertação faz uma breve análise sobre a estrutura da fixação e execução das astreintes como instrumento garantidor da eficácia das tutelas de urgência emanadas em demandas judiciais envolvendo a recusa na prestação de serviços por parte de empresas operadoras de planos de saúde suplementar. Trata-se, pois, de importante ferramenta de garantia de um direito garantido constitucionalmente: a saúde. A ineficiência do Estado em provê-la, ainda que minimamente, só fez aumentar a procura por serviços de saúde suplementar, os quais, embora recebam contraprestação para tanto, vêm ao longo dos anos diminuindo consideravelmente a qualidade dos serviços e ocasionando com isso aumento exponencial de ações judiciais contra as operadoras de planos de saúde. Referidas ações buscam garantir a cobertura de despesas com medicamentos, tratamentos médicos hospitalares e até mesmo internações de urgência, situações que colocam em risco a saúde e a vida dos segurados. A fixação de multas (astreintes), como instrumento de coerção para o cumprimento das ordens judiciais de urgência, não têm sido suficientes para forçar o cumprimento das decisões. Ainda que o Código de Processo Civil de 2015 tenha autorizado a execução provisórias dessas multas, é necessário observar alguns critérios importantes no momento sua fixação e de sua execução, a fim de torna-las eficientes instrumentos de garantia dos direitos dos cidadãos e de uma ordem social mais justa.<br>Abstract: The dissertation makes a brief analisys about the structure of the establishment and execution process of the astreintes as an enforcer instrument of the urgent relief issued in judicial procedures involving the refusal to render services by the supplementary health care providers. This is an important tool to guarantee a constitutional right: health. The State has been inefficient to provide the minimum conditions of public health services, and that has increased the search for supplementary health services. Thus, even against insurance premiums payments for rendered services, there has been a declining in the quality of the supplementary health care providers services, that has caused an exponential increase of law suits numbers against supplementary health care providers claiming the payment of expenses with remedies, medical and hospital treatments and even urgent hospitalizations, placing at risk the life and health of the insured persons. The establishment of fines (astreintes), as a coercion instrument to force the compliance of the urgent relief orders has not being enough to make these decisions to be obeyed. Even though the Civil Procedure Code of 2015 has authorized the provisory execution of theses fines, it is necessary to observe some important issues in the moment that they are being settled and by the time of its execution, in order to make them important instrument of guarantee of the citizens’ rights e of a more just social order.<br>Mestre
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Haddad, Assal Edwar. "Use of vegetative mulch as daily and intermediate landfill cover." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4911.
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Management of yard waste is a significant challenge in the US, where in 2008 13.2% of the 250 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) was reported to be yard waste. This study describes research conducted in the laboratory and field to examine the application of vegetative mulch as daily and intermediate landfill cover. Mulch was found to exhibit stronger physical properties than soil, leading to a more stable landfill slope. Compaction of mulch was found to be significantly greater than soil, potentially resulting in airspace recovery. Degradation of mulch produced a soil-like material; degradation resulted in lower physical strength and hydraulic conductivity and higher bulk density when compared with fresh mulch. Mulch covers in the field permitted higher infiltration rates at high rain intensities than soil covers, and also generated less runoff due to greater porosity and hydraulic conductivity as compared to soil. Mulch covers appear to promote methane oxidation more than soil covers, although it should be noted that methane input to mulch covers was more than an order of magnitude greater than to soil plots. Life cycle assessment (LCA) showed that, considering carbon sequestration, use of green waste as landfill cover saves GHG emissions and is a better environmental management option compared to composting and use of green waste as biofuel.<br>ID: 029809107; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references.<br>Ph.D.<br>Doctorate<br>Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering<br>Engineering and Computer Science<br>Environmental Engineering
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Marques, André Gonçalves. "Multy-dimensional composition by objectives in aspect-oriented requirements analysis." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/5298.
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Thesis submitted to Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia of Universidade Nova de Lisboa in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Computer Science<br>This dissertation focuses on the composition of requirements artefacts using Aspect-Oriented Requirements Engineering (AORE), to develop an enhanced composition mechanism to extend the work previously done to the Aspect-Oriented Requirements Analysis (AORA) approach (Brito and Moreira, 2006; Brito et al., 2007).
The AORA approach consists of the identification, modularization, composition and management of crosscutting concerns. However, the AORA composition (Soeiro et al., 2005) is poor, handles composite elements as a “black box” and operates at a coarse-granularity level with reduced number of operators, resulting in limited composition expressiveness.
These limitations have a negative impact when moving towards later stages of software development, such as software architecture and design phases. The core of the work of this Master dissertation is the development of:
•a composition language that enables a multi-dimensional specification at the requirements level;
•an approach that enables the composition of requirements’ artefacts based on Objectives, therefore stating the purpose or the goal of the composition.
The output is an approach that provides a composition process supported by a well-defined syntax and semantics, as well as tool support integrated into the AORA tool (Soeiro et al., 2005; Brito et al., 2006).
The approach, together with the composition language, were applied to a real case study, from the SOFTAS project, in the air traffic control domain, which is operated by Navegação Aérea de Portugal (NAV), the company that controls the Portuguese air space.<br>Partially supported by the SOFTAS (SOFTware development with ASpects) project1,reference ID POSI/EIA/60189/2004, funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia2 (FCT/MCTES). The project consortium was composed of Fundação da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa3 (project coordinator), Universidade do Minho4, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Beja5, Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Castelo Branco6, Navegação Aérea de Portugal7 (NAV) and LINCIS
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Palmcrantz, Nicolina, and Marlene Gröning. "Disneys feministiska ikon – eller? : En feministisk analys av filmen Mulan." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för humaniora, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-26933.
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I denna uppsats analyseras Disneyfilmen Mulan från 1998 ur ett feministiskt perspektiv. I en tid då feminismen återigen står högt upp på dagordningen och eftersom det fortfarande debatteras kring Mulan och feminism ville vi författare undersöka på djupet om Mulan kan kallas för feministisk. Med utgångspunkt i Judith Butlers feministiska teorier om hur genus konstrueras och är en maskerad kompletterat med Laura Mulveys teorier kring den manliga blicken i film samt Margareta Rönnbergs förklaring av den kvinnligt kodade hedoniska makten kontra den manligt kodade agoniska så har vi författare gjort en narrativ analys av filmen Mulan samt en karaktärsanalys av karaktären Mulan och hittat tydliga exempel på hur filmen bryter med rådande genusnormer, bekräftar maskeradbegreppet och bryter mot den manliga blicken. Filmen är dock problematisk då den innehåller scener som också bekräftar rådande makt- och genusstrukturer och där scener mellan kvinnor ges väldigt lite speltid, något vi utforskat genom Bechdel-Wallace-testet. Ser man dock till filmen i sin helhet, går in på djupet i dess narrativ och undersöker karaktären Mulan så är det denna uppsats mening att Mulan är en feministisk film.<br>In this essay the Disney-movie Mulan from 1998 has been analyzed through a feminist approach. In a time when feminism once again is a burning issue and since there is still a debate regarding Mulan and feminism this essay wanted to investigate if Mulan could actually be called a feminist movie. Based on Judith Butler’s feministic ideas regarding how gender is a construction and a masquerade combined with Laura Mulvey’s theory about the male gaze in movies and Margareta Rönnbergs explanation of the female coded hedonic power versus the male coded agonic we writers have made an narrative analysis of the movie Mulan and also an analysis of the character Mulan and found clear examples of how the movie breaks with current norms of gender, confirms the theory of masquerade and doesn’t conform to the male gaze. However, the movie is problematic since it contains scenes that also confirm current power and gender structures and scenes with just women are given very short screentime, something we have explored through the Bechdel-Wallace-test. If you look at the movie as a whole, goes in depth into the movies narrative and look at the character Mulan it is this essays conclusion that Mulan is a feministic movie.<br><p>Cecilia Mörner var examinator för den här uppsatsen medan Per Vesterlund var examinator för kursen och den som attesterade kursens betyg (och därför står som examinator på titelsidan men inte i metadata).</p><p></p>
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Prado, Saldarriaga Víctor Roberto. "La pena de multa en el Código Penal de 1991." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119021.
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Brienza, Marisa. "Multy-frequency continuum radio observations of broad absorption line quasars." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/5672/.
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DeGomez, Tom, Alix Rogstad, Jeff Schalau, and Jack Kelly. "Comparing the Ignitability of Mulch Materials for a Firewise Landscape." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144798.
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5 pp.<br>Eight different landscape mulches were tested for their flammability using a propane torch, charcoal briquette, and a cigarette at two different times of the year. Three randomized compete blocks with eight one square meter plots were tested at three locations; Tucson, Prescott, and Flagstaff, Arizona. Each of the mulches was subjected to the heat of a handheld propane torch (15 seconds), a glowing charcoal briquette (five minutes), and a lit cigarette (until burned out). We found that the least dense mulches (pine needles and straw) burned rapidly when subjected to the torch and ignited after the briquette was removed. The medium density mulches (pine bark nuggets and wood chips) had low flame lengths and smoldered. Heavy density mulches (garden compost and shredded bark) only smoldered. The decomposed granite and sod did not ignite or smolder.
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Löffler, Niklas Maximilian [Verfasser], Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Mulch, Jens [Akademischer Betreuer] Fiebig, Andreas [Gutachter] Mulch, and Jens [Gutachter] Fiebig. "Clumped isotope thermometry techniques and their application to fossil teeth and pedogenic carbonates / Niklas Maximilian Löffler ; Gutachter: Andreas Mulch, Jens Fiebig ; Andreas Mulch, Jens Fiebig." Frankfurt am Main : Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1240442173/34.
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Vieira, Carolina Sena. "Limites constitucionais na eleição da base de cálculo da multa por descumprimento de deveres instrumentais tributários." Florianópolis, SC, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/96255.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito<br>Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-26T10:16:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
301424.pdf: 133144 bytes, checksum: 31718e71a87b7814df8fb562653827cd (MD5)<br>A legislação tributária pode impor ao sujeito passivo tanto a obrigação de efetuar o pagamento de tributo quanto outros deveres de cooperar com a administração e fiscalização tributária, chamados de deveres instrumentais ou deveres formais. Como qualquer comando normativo, a determinação de cumprimento dos deveres instrumentais pode ser infringida, o que dá azo à imposição de sanções por esta violação. Estas sanções são, usualmente, a retenção e apreensão de mercadorias ou bens, o perdimento de bens, a interdição de estabelecimento, a negativa de autorização para impressão de documentos fiscais, penas privativas de liberdade e as multas. Ao elaborar a lei que prevê estas últimas, o legislador adota três grandezas para quantificá-las: valores fixos (expressos em moeda corrente ou em unidades monetárias), valor do imposto devido ou valor da operação realizada pelo sujeito passivo. Todavia, há limitações constitucionais que são comumente apontadas como delimitantes da estipulação do valor da multa: o princípio da vedação de instituição de tributo com efeito de confisco, o princípio da capacidade contributiva, a proporcionalidade (e seus desdobramentos proporcionalidade em sentido estrito, necessidade e adequação) e a razoabilidade. Destas, apenas a proporcionalidade e a previsão genérica de confisco podem servir de limitação ao legislador na escolha da base de cálculo. E com amparo nestas limitações, as multas cuja base de cálculo é o valor do tributo ou o valor da operação podem até ser consideradas adequadas (na medida que atingem seus fins) mas não obedecem à necessidade, já que não observam a necessária correlação que deve haver entre o ilícito e a sanção. Deste modo, deve optar o legislador pela multa em valores fixos.<br>Tax laws may impose to the taxable person both the obligation to pay taxes as other duties to cooperate with the tax administration and tax supervision, called instrumental duties or formal duties. As any legal command, the determination of accomplishment with the instrumental duties can be infringed, which enables the imposition of sanctions for this violation.. These sanctions are, usually, retention and seizure of goods or assets, confiscation of the goods, the disqualification from the pursuit of commercial activities, the denial of authorization for fiscal document printing, deprivation of liberty and fines (penuniary penalties). When the legislator elaborates the law that provides the isolated fines, adopts three measures to quantify them: fixed values (expressed in local currency or in monetary units), the amount of tax due or the value of the operation. However, there are constitutional limitations that are commonly identified as delimiters of the choice of the amount of the fine: the principle that forbids tax institution with the effect of confiscation, the principle of ability to pay, the proportionality (and its unfoldings proportionality in strict sense, necessity and adequacy) and the reasonableness. Of these, only the proportionality and the generic prediction of confiscation may apply as a limit to the legislator's choice of the basis of calculation. Supported in these limitations, the fines whose basis of calculation is the amount of tax or operation value may even be deemed appropriate (they reach their ends) but do not observe the necessity, as they do not observe the required correlation between the violation and the sanction. In this way, the legislator must choose fines based in fixed values.
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Paim, Wilson Moisés. "VALORAÇÃO DE ATIVOS E MULTAS AMBIENTAIS: ANÁLISE SIMULADA DE EMPREENDIMENTOS HOTELEIROS EM ÁREAS PROTEGIDAS." Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, 2014. http://tede.metodista.br/jspui/handle/tede/73.
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Previous issue date: 2014-07-21<br>The disorderly urban development and a lack of an efficient public policy have prompted to a diversification of management to natural resources, mainly when are referring to water system and sanitations. The regulatory framework excised in 80 s decade established the public policy for the natural environment, which also brought new advance topics about that, triggering a numbers of actions that turned not only for bureaucratic structure and prevention, but also for solutions to the degradation and natural resources depletion. With the advent of the specific watershed source protection laws and the São Paulo State law number 13.579/09, that cares about Billings reserve area, it is notable an advance related to management issues of development and protection of the characteristics of its location. The government used practices of the law against environmental crimes as some public policy tools tactics to contain actions refers to the environment damaged. The objective of this research, is to analyze some possible discrepancies between the financial penalties applied when occurs environmental infractions and the Models of environmental evaluation assets, to affect a simulation of deploying a hotel within protected areas and recovery watershed source at São Bernardo County located in São Paulo State. The development of this research it was based on Modified Replacement Cost (MRC) to dimension the possible impacts brought from the Enterprise Lodge Inn and its respective economic values. After, the environment impacts were related to county laws to determined values with possible fines applied to the damage caused by those companies. Among the results raised, it was verify a significant discrepancy between economic valuation and the fines applicable, which means the impacts of fines applied against impermeability of soil and groundwater contamination becomes respectively with the different total amounts of R$ 804.922,78 and R$ 453.333,33. In the beginning of the methodology used in this research, it could notice that the fines applied in cases of damage to the environment sometimes doesnt achieve the objective of the protection, which is to inhibit the action of the offender, because the real economic cost doesnt measure the value of the penalty by the time is applied<br>O crescimento desordenado e a ausência de políticas públicas mais eficientes levaram a uma diversificação quanto ao uso dos recursos naturais, principalmente no que se refere à água para o saneamento básico. O marco regulatório estabelecido na década de 1980 registrou as políticas públicas para o meio ambiente, que trouxeram avanços sobre o tema, desencadeando uma série de ações voltadas tanto para a estrutura burocrática e da prevenção, quanto solução para os problemas de degradação e esgotamento dos recursos naturais. Com o advento das leis específicas de proteção aos mananciais e mediante a lei 13.579/09 do Estado de São Paulo que trata sobre a área da Billings, percebeu-se um avanço na questão do gerenciamento para proteção e desenvolvimento de acordo com as características da região. Instrumentos de políticas públicas para conter as ações referentes aos danos causados ao meio ambiente, como a lei contra crimes ambientais foram às ações práticas do Estado para conter tais ações. O Objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar as possíveis discrepâncias entre as penalidades financeiras aplicadas na ocorrência das infrações ambientais e os modelos de valoração dos ativos ambientais, utilizando a simulação de implantação de um hotel em áreas de proteção e recuperação de manancial no Município de São Bernardo do Campo no Estado de São Paulo. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa se baseou no método de custo de reposição (MCR) para dimensionar os possíveis impactos gerados por um empreendimento hoteleiro e seu respectivo valor econômico. Posteriormente, os impactos ambientais foram relacionados com a legislação do município para determinar os valores das possíveis penalidades aplicáveis ao dano causado. Dentre os resultados levantados, verificou-se uma significativa discrepância entre a valoração econômica e as multas aplicáveis, sendo que nos impactos referentes a impermeabilidade do solo e contaminação do lençol freático, com diferenças superiores em relação às penalidades de R$ 804.922,78 e R$ 453.333,33 respectivamente. A partir da metodologia aplicada na pesquisa, observou-se que as penalidades incidentes em casos de danos ao meio ambiente, muitas vezes não atinge o objetivo, que é inibir a ação do infrator, pois o real custo econômico não é medido na aplicação do valor da multa.
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Fenner, Stefan. "Wirkung und Nachhaltigkeit mechanischer Lockerung von Krumenbasisverdichtungen unter Wendepflug- und Mulchwirtschaft /." Göttingen : Cuvillier, 1995. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=007043921&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Halde, Caroline. "Organic rotational no-till system adapted for Manitoba, Canada." ACSESS-Alliance of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science Societies, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23848.
Full textAbstract:
In the northern Great Plains of Canada, there has been limited research conducted on reduced-tillage grain production systems managed organically. The objective was to adapt an organic rotational no-till system to the growing conditions of Manitoba, and to test its agronomic performance. A set of four experiments were conducted between 2010 and 2012, in Carman, MB, Canada. Mulches with hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) showed the most promising results, producing the highest mulch biomass and organic no-till spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield. Organic flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) yield was significantly higher in no-till than in the two tillage treatments. Reduced content of soil nitrate-N and perennial weeds limited crop productivity after 4 yr under organic continuous no-till. In conclusion, the successful adaptation of the organic rotational no-till system to the growing conditions of Manitoba eliminated the need for tillage for a period of 1.5 to 2 yr.