Academic literature on the topic 'Mullus barbatus'

Red mullet, Mullus barbatus Linnaeus, 1758, is an economically very important species in trawl fisheries in the Adriatic Sea. Material for analysis was collected from October 2002 until May 2004 with a bottom trawl net from commercial trawlers on the Montenegrin shelf. Mortality of this species was analyzed for the first time in this area, sepa?rately for males and females and for both sexes together. Until now, only the spatial distribution and catch per unit of effort (CPUE) of Mullus barbatus have been studied in Montenegrin waters. Estimated total mortality rates were Zmales = 0.653 and Zfemales = 0.712. The average mortality rate for both sexes was Z m+f = 0.749, while the natural mortality rate was Mm+f = 0.342. Values of Z in the Montenegrin shelf area are considerably lower than Z values for the Croatian and Italian parts of the Adriatic Sea, indicating that on the Montenegrin shelf fishing of this species is significantly less intensive than in other trawl-fishing areas of the Adriatic Sea.

The enzyme CYP1A is an established biomarker polychlorinated biphenyls of fish exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The metallothioneins (MT), a family of Cys-rich proteins, bind a wide range of metals and participate in their metabolism. The aim of the study was to examine the correlation between CYP1A and MT expression in commercially important fish species Mullus barbatus and Merluccius merluccius and contaminants (PAHs, PCBs, toxic metals) in seawater and sediment from three localities with different level of contamination in the Adriatic Sea in winter, i.e., Platamuni, Valdanos and the port of Bar. The relative concentration of CYP1A was the highest in both fish species from Bar. Increased concentrations of PCBs in the seawater were observed only in Bar. A species-specific higher increase in the protein concentration of CYP1A was observed in Mullus barbatus compared to Merluccius merluccius. The levels of MT were the highest in Merluccius merluccius from Bar and in Mullus barbatus from Valdanos. The induction of MT correlated with the elevated concentrations of Cu and Pb determined by chemical analysis of the seawater from Bar and Valdanos, respectively. According to the chemical analysis of the seawater and the biological response of the fish, the Platamuni locality exhibited the lowest level of contamination.

The present work examines the spatio-temporal biomass trends of Mullus barbatus and Mullus surmuletus in the Mediterranean Sea through the analysis of a time series of data coming from the Mediterranean International Trawl Surveys (MEDITS), accomplished annually from 1994 to 2015. The biomass of both species showed clear declining trends below 150 to 200 m depth, which were steeper in the case of M. barbatus. Increases in temporal biomass trends were observed for M. barbatus from 2008 onward in most geographic sub-areas (GSAs), while stability was mostly observed for M. surmuletus. For both species, dynamic factor analysis revealed similarities among neighbouring GSAs and the subsequent cluster analysis identified two major GSA groups corresponding to the eastern and western basins of the Mediterranean. Overall, the results suggested that the combined effects of fishing and environmental conditions determine species abundance variations, but the relative importance of each component may vary among areas.

In this study, the age, growth, and gonado-somatic index (GSI) of the Red mullet (Mullus barbatus ponticus Essipov, 1927) from the Eastern Black Sea coast of Turkey were examined. A total of 1466 M. barbatus ponticus were sampled between September 2010 and August 2011 from trammel net landings in Rize. The total length of Red mullet ranged from 7.42 cm to 17.80 cm and weight ranged from 9.59 g to 50.93 g, regardless of the sex. The sex ratio (♂/♀) was 0.46, with almost twice more females than males. The growth performance of M. barbatus ponticus in the study area is similar to that of the western populations of the same sub-species. A closed season of at least three months (from May to July) banning the use of even the stationary fishing gear will be beneficial for the sustainable stock of management of M. barbatus ponticus in the Black Sea.

Abstract Helminthological examinations of the red mullet Mullus barbatus (Linnaeus) (Mullidae) from the Gulf of Hammamet, off Tunisia, revealed the presence of one undescribed gonad-infecting nematode species, Philometra barbata n. sp. (Philometridae). The new species as other congeneric species is mainly characterized by the shape of the caudal mound, the distribution of the caudal papillae and the shape of the gubernaculum with the presence of a dorsal protuberance consisting of two dorsolateral lamellar parts separated from each other by a smooth median field in the male. The new species differs from its gonadinfecting congeners in the body length of male, the length of spicules and gubernaculum. This is the second nominal species of Philometra reported from fishes of the family Mullidae and the 14th from the Mediterranean Sea.

En el presente trabajo se analizan aspectos concretos de la biología y ecología de Mullus barbatus y M. surmuletus.

En primera instancia, se pretende determinar algunas diferencias biológicas, merísticas y morfométricas de estas dos especies a lo largo de su desarrollo ontogénico. Se encontró que: 1) Contrario a lo reportado en la bibliografía, el género Mullus presenta pequeños dientes caninos en el premaxilar, no evidentes en especimenes >100 mm LT o poco evidentes en especimenes <50 mm LT. 2) Morfológicamente es posible separar a ambas especies a partir de las diferencias en las dimensiones cefálicas. 3) Las diferencias en la distribución de las especies esta relacionada directamente con el tipo de substrato. 4) Existe un desfase temporal en los periodos de asentamiento de ambas especies.

En segundo lugar, se describen aspectos de la morfología y morfometría del otolito sagitta de Mullus barbatus y M. surmuletus, y se comparan las diferencias en la razón S/O (área del otolito/área del surco acústico), la cual se relaciona con la capacidad auditiva. Se encontró que: 1) La forma y el tamaño del otolito es distinto entre especies. 2) El oído interno del género Mullus no se puede considerar anatómicamente especializado. 3) M. surmuletus, que vive en hábitat más ruidosos, presentó una tasa S/O ligeramente mayor a la observada en M. barbatus.

En tercer lugar, se examina la ultraestructura de los barbillones hioideos de las dos especies y se describe la morfología de las papilas gustativas externas (TBs) a lo largo del barbillón, y durante el desarrollo ontogénico de ambas especies. Encontrándose que: 1) Existen diferencias en el tamaño, densidad y patrones de asociación de las TBs a lo largo de los barbillones hioideos. Estas variaciones aumentan la capacidad de los organismos para localizar eficazmente las fuentes emisoras de estímulos. 2) Las diferencias entre especies de la distribución, densidad y tamaño de las TBs, hacen suponer que Mullus barbatus presente una mayor sensibilidad a estímulos químicos y mecánicos, que le facilitan la localización de sus presas en fondos fangosos con aguas turbias.

Por otro lado, se analizan los hábitos alimenticios de ambas especies a partir de los contenidos estomacales. Encontrándose que: 1) La dieta de ambas especies esta dominada por presas bentónicas, complementada con componentes bentopelágicos. 2) El aumento poblacional de un recurso, provoca la concentración del forrajeo sobre estos componentes, mientras que una baja dominancia, incrementa el intervalo de tamaños y tipos de presas. 3) La amplitud del nicho trófico de Mullus barbatus es menor al de M. surmuletus. En ambas especies, los organismos <100 mm LT consumen menos categorías tróficas que los adultos. 4) Mullus barbatus depreda las comunidades de fango, arena y ocasionalmente las de grava, mientras que M. surmuletus accede a las comunidades de arena, grava, substratos duros y eventualmente fango, esta segregación del nicho trófico, permite la coexistencia interespecífica.
Finalmente, la integración de los resultados permite suponer que: 1) El sistema de TBs actúa como mecanismo compensatorio en el proceso de detección y captura de las presas. 2) La interacción de los estímulos visuales, sonoros, químicos y mecánicos, le confiere a ambas especies de peces un amplio espectro sensorial, maximizando de este modo la eficiencia de forrajeo y disminuyendo el riesgo de depredación. 3) Ambas especies se han adaptado a hábitat diferentes, de acuerdo a la tendencia de las especies del mismo origen para minimizar el solapamiento de sus nichos ecológicos. 4) Evolutivamente, el desarrollo de estructuras sensoriales distintas, juega un papel importante en este proceso.
Some aspects of the biology of the Red Mullet Mullus barbatus and the Striped Red Mullet, M. surmuletus were analysed in the present study.

Firstly, the biological, meristic and morphometric intraespecific variations were analysed along the ontogeny of both species. Founding that: 1) Contrary to generic descriptions (based on adult specimens), the juveniles of M. barbatus and M. surmuletus have teeth in the premaxilla; however, the teeth are not visible in specimens >50 mm total length, because they are covered by lip tissue. 2) From cephalic morphology was possible separated both species. 3) The differences in the spatial distribution of both species were directly related with the substrata type. 4) There was a temporal separation in the settlement period of both species.

In second hand, the morphological differences in the relationship between otolith area (O), sulcus acusticus area (S) and S/O ratio (related to the frequency response and the auditory threshold of the otolith) were compared. Founding that: 1) The shape and size of the otolith were different between species. 2) Anatomically, the inner ear of Mullus cannot be considered as specialized. 3) Mullus surmuletus has a higher S/O ratio than M. barbatus, which inhabits less noise ambient.

Additionally, the ultrastructure of hyoid barbels of both species was analyzed. The taste bud (TBs) morphology was described both, along the barbel and along the ontogeny of each species. Founding that: 1) In both species, there were differences in size, density and grouping patterns of the TBs at different positions of the hyoidal barbel. Those variations enhance the fish capability to locate the stimulus transmitter source. 2) The formerly differences between species, possibility indicate a greater sensitivity to chemical and mechanical stimuli in M. barbatus, these differences allow to located their preys in muddy bottoms and turbid waters.

Besides, the feeding habit of Mullus barbatus and M. surmuletus were analysed from the gut contents. Founding that: 1) The diet of both species were dominated by benthonic preys and complemented by benthopelagic preys. 2) The demographic explosion of a given prey cause the foraging concentration onto this prey, whereas a demographic decrees cause an increment in type and range size of prey. 3) The Mullus barbatus niche bread was smaller than M. surmuletus. In both species, the fishes <100 mm LT ate less kind of prey than the fishes >100 mm. 4) . The majority of trophic items consumed exclusively by M. barbatus contained species associated with detritus, slime, mud or sludge bottoms, whereas the majority of trophic items consumed exclusively by M. surmuletus contained species associated with sand, gravel or hard substratum, this trophic niche segregation allows the interspecific coexistence.

Finally, the integration of the results allows suppose that: 1) The TBs system act as a compensatory mechanism in the detection and capture of their preys. 2) The interaction between the visual, chemical, mechanical and auditory stimuli allows both species of the genus Mullus to have a wide sensorial field. In this way, they maximize the efficiency of foraging and reduce the predation risk. 3) Both species have adapted to different habitats, in accordance with the tendency to minimize competition and predation in species of common origin. 4) By evolution, the development of distinct sensorial structures played a fundamental role in this process of specific differentiation.

The ability of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) to extend the shelf life of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and red mullet (Mullus barbatus) was assessed in this study. For that purpose, fillets of both atlantic mackerel and red mullet were subjected to pressure treatments at 200, 300, 400 MPa at 5, 10, 15°
C for 5 and 15 minutes. The influence of the treatments on Trimethylamine Nitrogen (TMA-N) level, lipid oxidation stability (Thiobarbituric Acid, TBA level) was investigated as well as color changes. The suitable combinations for Atlantic mackerel were determined as 200 MPa, 15°
C for 5 min and 400 MPa, 5°
C for 5 min
and for red mullet 200 MPa, 15°
C for 5 min. In the second stage, the shelf life of fish samples, which were treated with these conditions and stored at 4°
C, were studied by measurement of pH, color, sensorial features (appearance and odor), TMA-N, TBA, Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen (TVB-N), Histamine and Total Mesophilic Aerobic Count (TMAC) formations. Based on these analyses, the unpressurised mackerel samples were acceptable up to only 7 days compared to 17 and 19 days after 200 and 400 MPa treatments
respectively. For red mullet samples pressurization at 200 MPa extended the shelf life an additional 3 days (from 1 week to 10 days). HHP treatment in combination with chilled storage can improve the shelf life and quality of fish.

Les études de contenus stomacaux des poissons permettent de connaître le régime alimentaire des espèces, par lequel on peut déterminer la position trophique, le rôle que l'espèce joue dans l'écosystème et les relations avec les autres espèces. Les signatures en isotopes stables de l'azote et du carbone sont par ailleurs de plus en plus utilisées en complément de l'approche précédente, en particulier pour l'étude des réseaux trophiques dans une approche écosystémique. Les rougets (famille des Mullidae) sont des poissons benthiques qui habitent les fonds littoraux jusqu'au rebord du plateau continental et constituent une ressource économique majeure du littoral méditerranéen. Les objectifs généraux de cette thèse ont été d'évaluer l'alimentation des rougets barbet Mullus barbatus et M. Surmuletus, de connaître l'influence des apports de Rhône sur l'architecture des réseaux trophiques aboutissant à ces poissons. Nous avons étudié comment la matière organique particulaire, base des réseaux trophiques, s'intègre aux écosystèmes côtiers soumis à l'influence du panache rhodanien et non soumis à cette influence du Rhône. Nous avons aussi comparé nos résultats avec ceux acquis sur le même modèle de la sole commune
Goatfishes (Mullidae) are benthic species inhabiting coastal bottoms down to the end of the continental shelf, and constitute a major economic resource in the Mediterranean. The main objectives of this work were to study the diet of Mullus barbatus and M. Surmuletus, and to understand the influence of the Rhone River inputs on the food webs’ structure ending to these species. We studied how the particular organic matter (POM), the basis of food webs, was integrated into the coastal ecosystems subjected, or not, to river inputs in 2004. We have (1) analysed the suspended matter, sediments, benthic macrofauna, and goatfish (different size-classes) in different sites and depths, (2) analysed the samples through stable isotopes (white muscles of fish, water POM, sediments, macrofauna), (3) analysed the stomach contents of fish, and (4) determined the variations of the isotopic signature (carbon and nitrogen) of the terrestrial POM transported by the Rhone River, in order to follow its pathway within the coastal food webs. Our results have shown a fish diet dominated by polychaetes (carnivores, sub-surface depositiovores and surface depositivores) and various crustaceans (amphipods, cumaceans, macrurans and brachyurans). However, this diet varied according to species, and mainly according to fish size. We have obtained the isotopic signatures (δ15N and δ13C) for Mullus barbatus and M. Surmuletus. The results for δ15N displayed significant differences of trophic level for Mullus barbatus depending on fish size, distance from the Rhone River mouth and depth. In contrast, in all sites and depths, δ15N value did not vary with fish size in M. Surmuletus. In both species, δ15N values were significantly lower in sites non subjected to river inputs. δ13C signature in Mullus barbatus exhibited slight differences with fish sizey in some sites of the Gulf of Lions, whereas δ13C signature in M. Surmuletus did not shown any variation with fish size or sites. Thus, one could suggest that the basis of food webs was different in sites subjected and not subjected to river inputs. In addition, our results indicated that the Rhone River did not influence significantly the food webs ending to these species, except to a modest extend for M. Barbatus strait off the river mouth. On the reverse, the food webs of both species were mainly based on carbon from marine origin in the different sites. It thus appeared that the food webs of the two mullid species were not much influenced by the Rhone river inputs, and the transfert of organic matter through diet was mostly characterized by a marine pathway

L’obiettivo del presente lavoro di tesi è stato quello di analizzare i campioni di otoliti delle due specie del genere Mullus (Mullus barbatus e Mullus surmuletus) per mezzo dell’Analisi Ellittica di Fourier (EFA) e l’analisi di morfometria classica con gli indici di forma, al fine di verificare la simmetria tra l’otolite destro e sinistro in ognuna delle singole specie di Mullus e se varia la forma in base alla taglia dell’individuo. Con l’EFA è stato possibile mettere a confronto le forme degli otoliti facendo i confronti multipli in base alla faccia, al sesso e alla classe di taglia. Inoltre è stato fatto un confronto tra le forme degli otoliti delle due specie. Dalle analisi EFA è stato possibile anche valutare se gli esemplari raccolti appartenessero tutti al medesimo stock o a stock differenti. Gli otoliti appartengono agli esemplari di triglia catturati durante la campagna sperimentale MEDITS 2012. Per i campioni di Mullus surmuletus, data la modesta quantità, sono stati analizzati anche gli otoliti provenienti dalla campagna MEDITS 2014 e GRUND 2002. I campioni sono stati puliti e analizzati allo stereomicroscopio con telecamera e collegato ad un PC fornito di programma di analisi di immagine. Dalle analisi di morfometria classica sugli otoliti delle due specie si può sostenere che in generale vi sia una simmetria tra l’otolite destro e sinistro. Dalle analisi EFA sono state riscontrate differenze significative in tutti i confronti, anche nel confronto tra le due specie. I campioni sembrano però appartenere al medesimo stock. In conclusione si può dire che l’analisi di morfometria classica ha dato dei risultati congrui con quello che ci si aspettava. I risultati dell’analisi EFA invece hanno evidenziato delle differenze significative che dimostrano una superiore potenza discriminante. La particolare sensibilità dell’analisi dei contorni impone un controllo di qualità rigoroso durante l’acquisizione delle forme.

This thesis is settled within the STOCKMAPPING project, which represents one of the studies that were developed in the framework of RITMARE Flagship project. The main goals of STOCKMAPPING were the creation of a genomic mapping for stocks of demersal target species and the assembling of a database of population genomic, in order to identify stocks and stocks boundaries. The thesis focuses on three main objectives representing the core for the initial assessment of the methodologies and structure that would be applied to the entire STOCKMAPPING project: individuation of an analytical design to identify and locate stocks and stocks boundaries of Mullus barbatus, application of a multidisciplinary approach to validate biological methods and an initial assessment and improvement for the genotyping by sequencing technique utilized (2b-RAD). The first step is the individuation of an analytical design that has to take in to account the biological characteristics of red mullet and being representative for STOCKMAPPING commitments. In this framework a reduction and selection steps was needed due to budget reduction. Sampling areas were ranked according the individuation of four priorities. To guarantee a multidisciplinary approach the biological data associated to the collected samples were used to investigate differences between sampling areas and GSAs. Genomic techniques were applied to red mullet for the first time so an initial assessment of molecular protocols for DNA extraction and 2b-RAD processing were needed. At the end 192 good quality DNAs have been extracted and eight samples have been processed with 2b-RAD. Utilizing the software Stacks for sequences analyses a great number of SNPs markers among the eight samples have been identified. Several tests have been performed changing the main parameter of the Stacks pipeline in order to identify the most explicative and functional sets of parameters.

Les comunitats de paràsits de peixos han estat usades com a eines integrals per a la salut de l’ecosistema. L’objectiu general de la present tesi és doble: d’una banda es pretenia proporcionar una millor comprensió de la composició i l’estructura de les comunitats parasítiques dels teleostis perciformes Mullus barbatus L., Spicara maena (L.) i Trachinus draco L. del nord-oest Mediterrani (especialment, la costa de Catalunya) i testar si les variacions en l’estructura de la comunitat parasítica podien estar relacionades amb les càrregues de pol·lució i/o amb la varietat natural (geogràfica i temporal). El mostreig va tenir lloc el 2007 al nord-oest del Mar Mediterrani, davant de la costa de Barcelona (Catalunya, nord-est d’Espanya) a la plataforma continental, a profunditats d’entre 50-68 metres. Una vegada al vaixell, els individus foren mesurats (longitud total) i pesats (pes total). Els espècimens foren immediatament congelats a -20ºC en bosses de plàstic individuals per a posteriors procediments al laboratori. Els individus descongelats foren processats i examinats per buscar ectoparàsits i endoparàsits sota l’estereomicroscopi. Tots els paràsits recollits foren comptats i processats seguint les tècniques parasitològiques. Una nova espècie críptica pertanyent al “complexe A. laguncula”, Aponurus mulli n. sp., fou descrita en base a l’abundant material trobat en Mullus barbatus (hoste tipus) i en M. surmuletus capturats prop de les costes Mediterrànies espanyoles mentre que es varen redescriure dos digenis Hemiuridae que són freqüentment citats però molt poc coneguts, en base al material capturat a la costa de Barcelona de l’oest Mediterrani, Lecithochirium musculus (Looss, 1907) (Lecithochiriinae), , i Ectenurus lepidus Looss, 1907 (Dinurinae). D’altra banda, s’examinaren les comunitats parasítiques de Mullus barbatus L., una espècie mediterrània bioindicadora, mostrejada en un gradient de variacions de petita escala de PCBs en els sediments de la plataforma continental. Les respostes dels paràsits als nivells moderats de pol·lució observades foren validades simultàniament amb el monitoratge químic i amb l’efecte dels biomarcadors bioquímics. També vàrem descriure les comunitats de paràsits de Spicara maena (L.) i Trachinus draco L. del nord-oest Mediterrani, amb una visió en l’ús dels paràsits com a marcadors ambientals. El nematode Hysterothylacium fabri fou proposats per a futurs estudis de monitoratge ecològic de la costa de Catalunya.
Parasite communities of fish have been used as comprehensive tags of ecosystem health. The general target of the present thesis is twofold: on the one hand we aimed to provide a better understanding of the composition and structure of parasite communities in the perciform teleosts Mullus barbatus L., Spicara maena (L.) and Trachinus draco L. from the north-western Mediterranean (specifically, the Catalonian coasts); on the other hand we aimed to test whether variations in parasite community structure can be related to pollution loads and/or with natural variability (geographical and temporal). Sampling took place in 2007 in the north-western Mediterranean Sea, in front of the coast of Barcelona (north-eastern Spain) on the continental shelf at depth of 50-68m. Once on board, individuals were measured (total length) and weighted (total weight). They were immediately frozen at -20ºC in an individual plastic bag for posterior procedures in the laboratory. Thawed specimens were processed and examined for ectoparasites and endoparasites under the stereomicroscope. All parasites collected were counted and processed following parasitological procedures. A new cryptic species of the ‘A. laguncula complex’, Aponurus mulli n. sp., was described on the basis of abundant material from Mullus barbatus (type-host) and M. surmuletus off the Spanish Mediterranean coasts whereas two frequently reported but poorly known Hemiuridae digeneans, Lecithochirium musculus (Looss, 1907) (Lecithochiriinae) and Ectenurus lepidus Looss, 1907 (Dinurinae), were redescribed based on material from off the Barcelona coast of the western Mediterranean. Otherwise, parasite communities of the Mediterranean sentinel fish species, Mullus barbatus, sampled at a small-scale PCB gradient at the shelf sediments, were examined. The observed parasite responses to moderate levels of pollution were simultaneously validated by both chemical monitoring and biochemical biomarkers effects. We also described the parasite communities of Spicara maena (L.) and Trachinus draco L. off the north-western Mediterranean, with a view of using parasite species as environmental tags. The nematode Hysterothylacium fabri is purposed for future studies in ecological biomonitoring for the coast of Catalonia.

This PhD thesis evaluates the links between parasitism, condition and reproduction of mature female individuals of three of the most captured fish species in the western Mediterranean Sea: European hake, Merluccius merluccius; red mullet, Mullus barbatus, and European anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus. Indicators of fish energy reserves (total lipid content in liver, muscle and gonads) and reproductive capacity (fecundity and egg quality) were evaluated, as were the prevalence and intensity of infection by metazoan parasites. By evaluating these relationships, this thesis also provides essential data on the health and reproduction of these three fish species, such as the spawning strategy.
La present tesi doctoral avalua els vincles entre parasitisme, condició i reproducció en femelles adultes de tres de les espècies més capturades a la Mediterrània occidental: el lluç europeu, Merluccius merluccius; el roger de fang, Mullus barbatus, i el seitó, Engraulis encrasicolus. Amb aquesta finalitat, es varen avaluar els indicadors de les reserves energètiques (contingut total de lípids en el fetge, musculatura i gònades) i la capacitat reproductiva (fecunditat i qualitat de la posta), així com la prevalença i intensitat de la infestació per paràsits metazous.Paral·lelament a l’anàlisi d’aquestes relacions, aquesta tesi també proporciona dades essencials sobre la salut i reproducció d’aquestes tres espècies, com per exemple l’estratègia reproductiva.