Academic literature on the topic 'Multi-functional space'

In this article, the author is trying to answer the fundamental question: what is present-day tourism space like at a time of highly increasing flows of people or even a shift from the space of a ‘place’ to the space of a ‘flow’? The article puts special stress on how to define the current unique multi-functional space. The author attempts to define tourism space as a new entity, founded on poly-functionality (i.e. different functions and use of the same space both at the same time and in different seasons), multi-scale (overlapping of tourism spaces depending on the scale concerned), multi-layer, as well as the multi-motivation of its creators and users, or even multi-relativity.

Nano material is a new type of multi-functional materials, this article simply introduces the development present situation, performance and preparation method, and application in the aerospace field.

In Taiwan, activity centers such as school auditoriums and gymnasiums are common multi-functional spaces that are often used for performances, singing, and speeches. However, most cases are designed using only Sabine’s equation for architectural acoustics. Although that estimation formula is simple and fast, the calculation process ignores many details. Furthermore, while more accurate analysis can be obtained through acoustics simulation software, it is more complicated and time-consuming and thus is rarely used in practical design. The purpose of this study is to use machine learning to propose a predictive model of acoustic indicators as a simple evaluation tool for the architectural design and interior decoration of multi-functional activity centers. We generated 800 spaces using parametric design, adopting Odeon to obtain acoustic indicators. The machine learning model was trained with basic information of the space. We found that through GBDT and ANN algorithms, almost all acoustic indicators could be predicted within JND ± 2, and the JND of C50, C80, STI, and the distribution of SPL could reach within ±1. Through machine learning methods, we established a convenient, fast, and accurate prediction model and were able to obtain various acoustic indicators of the space without 3D-modeling or simulation software.

A new household multi-functional shoe cabinet was designed and prototyped. This shoe cabinet not only maintained the features of multi-function and intelligent control of the traditional one, but also made an innovation in its shortages. Through geometric space analysis and computation, selected rotary shoe rack for shoe storage for its space utilization rate is 1.6 times larger than the traditional one. A fully automatic shoe-cleaning device was designed and prototyped by using profiling mechanism, electronic timers and cam mechanism. Ozone disinfection and PTC dryer were used in shoes maintenance. The results in the performance test demonstrates that this shoe cabinet can accommodated 18 pairs of shoes in common use and clean and maintain shoes of size 34 ~ 45.

This article introduces all kinds of combining forms of the monomer space through the combination changes of monomer container, researches and designs the multi-functional monomer space. Then it analyzes the structural component and accessory framework inside the monomer space, gets a variety of building forms and discusses the specific application of the container in the buildings, thus making the modular design of the container integrate with the commercial buildings and improve the practicability of the monomeric container in the space design.

In this thesis, we investigate a suite of transceiver designs for transmission over millimetre wave (mmWave) channels. Furthermore, we conceive the philosophy of Layered Multi-Group (LMG) arrangements relying on the concept of Multi-Functional Multiple- Input Multi-Output (MF-MIMO) systems. More specifically, we propose an amalgam of various MIMO techniques, namely diversity, multiplexing and beamforming techniques as well as Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO), user grouping and antenna layering methods, which are capable of simultaneously gleaning various MIMO advantages for the sake of overcoming the unfavourable propagation characteristics of mmWave signals. The mm- Wave channel suffers both from high path loss and sparse scattering, which results in reduced receiver diversity. To mitigate these problems, we propose the LMG Steered Space-Time Shift Keying (LMG-SSTSK) system. More specifically, the LMG-SSTSK system is capable of achieving an enhanced multiplexing gain and an improved diversity gain by relying on STSK, and a beamforming gain with the aid of analogue beamforming. Additionally, LMG-SSTSK is capable of supporting multi-user communication using MU Transmit Precoding (MUTPC) as well as an increased number of served users with the aid of sophisticated antenna layering and user grouping. We opt for STSK as the main transmission scheme, since it is an MF-MIMO, which is capable striking a design trade-off between the achievable throughput and the attainable diversity gain. Additionally, the system employs Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for transmitting over the mmWave wideband channel, which imposes frequency selective fading due to its high bandwidth, where time dispersion is imposed by the delay of the sparse multipath components. The above-mentioned antenna grouping and user grouping concepts were introduced into the LMG-SSTSK system in order to overcome the restrictions imposed by the mmWave channel in MU scenarios, where due to the high path loss and the beamforming employed, the system cannot simultaneously support angularly dispersed users. Hence, the users are partitioned into groups and the proposed MF-MIMO communicates with all users by conceiving antenna layering. On the other hand, in order to enhance the LMG-SSTSK’s achievable throughput, we propose the novel Multi-Set Space-Time Shift Keying (MS-STSK) scheme. The MSSTSK system constitutes an improved version of STSK and has the potential of outperforming other MIMO arrangements by appropriately choosing the MS-STSK’s parameters. In MS-STSK, a single dispersion matrix is activated using a classical PSK/QAM symbol and transmitted by activating a single Antenna Combination (AC), where an AC is defined as a unique set of multiple antenna elements out of those available at the transmitter. The achievable throughput of MS-STSK depends on the AC allocation technique employed. Hence, the Distinct Antenna Allocation (DAC) technique and the Shared Antenna Allocation (SAC) technique are conceived. The DAC technique requires a distinct set of antenna elements in each antenna combination, while the antenna elements are shared among the available ACs with the aid of SAC, hence MS-STSK associated with DAC achieves an enhanced performance at the cost of a reduced throughput compared to its SAC counterpart, which strikes a design trade-off between them. Furthermore, in order to transmit over the mmWave channel, we intrinsically amalgamate both OFDM and analogue beamforming with MS-STSK using our OFDM-aided MS-STSK system, leading to our OFDM-MS-STSK system. We further exploit the frequency dimension for enhancing the achievable throughput of the OFMD-aided MS-STSK system by introducing the Multi-Space-Frequency STSK (MSF-STSK) system. Accordingly, we introduce our MU Steered MS-STSK (MU-SMS-STSK) system by employing MU-TPC in OFDMMS- STSK for simultaneously supporting multiple users. Finally, to mitigate the angular selectivity of the beamforming-aided mmWave channel, we reintroduce the LMG structure in the LMG-SMS-STSK arrangement. Additionally, in order to achieve near-capacity performance using the classical MSSTSK scheme, we conceive a serially-concatenated channel coding assisted MS-STSK scheme. More specifically, we devise a soft-decision-aided MS-STSK decoder associated with an iterative two-stage serially-concatenated inner detector and outer decoder, which is designed by relying on EXtrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) charts. Finally, in order to transmit over the mmWave channel, our soft-decision-aided scheme is combined with wideband techniques, such as OFDM and Single-Carrier Frequency Division Equalisation (SC-FDE), as well as beamforming, where due to the DFT and IDFT mismatch introduced by OFDM, we opt for SC-FDE to retain the advantage of MS-STSK having to rely on a reduced number of RF-chains.

The study investigates the development of church infrastructure within the urban environment. A symbiotic interaction between church form and urban conditions is proposed and contextualised through analysis of existing church models and current spatial concerns within Pretoria’s inner-city. The potential of church as agent for urban renewal and community development is identified and the study generates a spatial and programmatic model aligned with the inner-city’s need for meaningful and integrated interventions. A systemic definition of church proposes a multi-layered programme based on partnership and interaction while alternative church positioning suggests the concept of re-claiming inner-city spaces, applied through the re-development of the Schubart Park housing complex. AFRIKAANS : Hierdie studie ondersoek die ontwikkeling van kerk infrastruktuur in die stedelike omgewing. ‘n Simbiotiese interaksie tussen kerkvorm en stedelike kondisies word voorgestel en gekontekstualiseer deur analise van bestaande kerk modelle en ruimtelike kwessies in die middestad van Pretoria. studie identifiseer die potensiaal van kerk as agent vir stedelike hernuwing en gemeenskapsontwikkeling en vervolgens word n ruimtelike en programmatiese model in lyn gestel met die middestad se tekort aan betekenisvolle en geintegreerde ingrypings. Sistemiese definisie van kerk stel n gelaagde program voor gebasseer op vennootskap en interaksie terwyl alternatiewe plasing van die hergebruik van stedelike ruimtes voorstel wat toegepas word deur die herontwikkeling van die Schubart Park behuisings kompleks.
Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Architecture
unrestricted

The thesis seeks to demonstrate that during the period between 1986 and 2006, some of the principal cities of the Spanish metropolitan system1, have undergone significant change in terms of their European competitiveness. It is suggested that in the case of Madrid and Barcelona in particular this change has been of such a magnitude to proportion them a much more important place within the European spatial configuration than that which they occupied in the mid-1980s. Empirical evidence is offered to support this conjecture. The thesis lies wholly within the framework of spatial planning at the European territorial scale.

It charts the comparative ascent of the Spanish cities from the moment of Spain's entry into the European Union (EU) in 1986 against the background of the development of European spatial policy, increased economic integration across Europe, the increased importance of the 'territorial' dimension of EU cohesion policy and an eventual waning of the applicability of the terminology of 'core' and 'periphery' to describe European geographical location.

Part One (Chapter 1) addresses the processes of urbanisation in general from a global perspective and then focuses on metropolitan growth in a number of different historical contexts from the start of the 19th Century. Parts Two (Chapters 2-5) and Three (Chapters 6-9) of the thesis carry out analyses at two contrasting but complementary spatial scales. Part Two examines the metropolitan growth processes in Spain, in the period since 1857, detecting the historical moments in which there were surges in the metropolitan populations of the seven cities of the metropolitan system. The dimensions of the spatial units of analysis corresponding to the seven Spanish metropolitan urban regions are described, based upon a methodology first developed by the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) in the context of a transnational spatial planning project of the INTERREG community initiative2. These seven spatial units form the basis for a socio-economic analysis of the structure of the metropolitan system, drawing upon data principally from the 2001 Census. If by 1930 one of the key characteristics of Spain's urban system was having not just one but two cities (Madrid and Barcelona) belonging to the group of 27 cities across the world with populations in excess of 1 million inhabitants3, this same differentiation between the country's two largest cities and the remainder of the urban system is equally valid today. Spain's urban system remains clearly bicephalous in being dominated by these same two cities in terms of demographic and economic strength.

Part Three begins by examining the evolution of European spatial policy against the background of an ever-enlarging European Union and changes with regard to the notion of cohesion - from a concept understood in terms of economic and social factors, to one in which the territorial dimension has become increasingly important. The European urban system is then critically examined through a number of key and influential studies, with particular regard to the rankings and hierarchies of metropolitan urban regions deriving there from and the changes in the placing of the Spanish metropolitan urban regions therein.

Taking inspiration from the seminal contribution of Manuel Castells4 in the context of the structural changes resulting from the informational and technological revolution, the thesis seeks to replicate the concept of a 'space of flows'. This is carried out through a 'network analysis' approach drawing upon air passenger flows between some 28 European metropolitan urban regions of the EU15+2 group of countries, enabling the analysis of the interaction between these 28 cities. This methodology enables arriving at a number of descriptive indicators which in turn, through the application of a multi-dimensional scaling mathematical technique, permits comparing the functional and physical distances of each of the metropolitan urban regions from the centre of the 'conceptual space of air passenger flows' and the centre of gravity. The resulting map of the functional positioning of the cities offers a spatial vision of metropolitan Europe quite different to that based upon Cartesian coordinates. Such an approach enables demonstrating that cities such as Barcelona, Madrid, Helsinki, Lisbon and Athens, traditionally considered as physically peripheral to the European core area, appear to be more favourably positioned in functional terms. Furthermore in the case of Spain the results indicate that Barcelona lies closer to the centre of the conceptual 'space of air passenger flows' than Madrid.

In light of this empirical evidence, together with the signs of increased economic integration across some parts of Spain, the prospects of Spain forming part of a wider European territorial concentration of flows and activities, and the recognition of the territorial capital of Madrid and Barcelona within recent EU spatial policy declarations, the thesis concludes in Part Four that these two metropolitan regions have undergone a clear consolidation and (re)positioning within the European metropolitan hierarchy.
La tesis trata de demostrar que durante el período entre 1986 y 2006, unas de las principales ciudades del sistema metropolitano español, han experimentado un cambio significativo en términos de su competitividad europea. Es sugerido que en el caso de Madrid y Barcelona en particular este cambio ha sido de tal magnitud para proporcionarlas un lugar mucho más importante dentro de la configuración territorial espacial europea que dichas ciudades ocuparon en el mediado de los años 80. Se ofrece evidencia empírica para sostener esta conjetura. La tesis se sitúa dentro demarco de la ordenación territorial a la escala europea. Traza la subida relativa de las ciudades españolas desde el momento de la entrada de España en la Unión Europea(UE) en 1986, contra el fondo del desarrollo de la política territorial europea, la integración económica aumentada a través de Europa, la importancia aumentada de la dimensión "territorial" de la política de la cohesión de UE y una eventual disminución de la aplicabilidad de la terminología del "centro" y la "periferia" para describir la ubicación geográfica europea. La Primera Parte (Capítulo 1) está dirigida a evaluar los procesos de la urbanización en general, desde una perspectiva global, y después se centra en examinar el crecimiento metropolitano en varios contextos históricos, a partir del comienzo del siglo XIX. La Segunda (Capítulos 2-5) y Tercera Partes (Capítulos 6-9) de la tesis llevan a cabo unos análisis en dos escalas territoriales contrastantes pero complementarias. La Segunda Parte examina los procesos del crecimiento metropolitano en España, a partir de 1857, discerniendo los momentos históricos en los que había oleadas en las poblaciones ‘metropolitanas’ de las siete ciudades del sistema metropolitano. Se describe las dimensiones de las unidades espaciales de análisis que corresponden a las siete regiones urbanas metropolitanas españolas, basadas en una metodología desarrollado por el Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña (UPC) en el contexto de un proyecto trasnacional de ordenación territorial de la iniciativa comunitaria INTERREG. Estas siete unidades espaciales forman la base para un análisis socioeconómico de la estructura del sistema metropolitano, utilizando datos principalmente del 2001 Censo. Si en el año 1930 una de las características claves del sistema urbano de España era de tener no sólo una, pero dos ciudades (Madrid y Barcelona) perteneciendo al grupo de 27 ciudades a través del mundo con poblaciones por encima de 1 millón de habitantes, esta misma diferenciación entre las dos ciudades más grandes del país y el resto del sistema urbano es hoy igualmente válida. El sistema urbano de España se queda claramente bicéfalo en ser dominado por estas mismas dos ciudades en términos de fuerza demográfica y económica. La Tercera Parte comienza examinando la evolución de la política territorial europea contra el fondo de una Unión Europea cada vez más grande y los cambios con respecto a la noción de la cohesión – de un concepto entendido en términos de factores económicos y sociales, a uno en que la dimensión territorial ha llegado a ser cada vez más importante. A continuación, se examina de manera crítica el sistema urbano europeo mediante algunos estudios influyentes, con la consideración particular a las clasificaciones y las jerarquías de las regiones urbanas metropolitanas que derivan de estos estudios, y a los cambios en la colocación de las regiones urbanas metropolitanas españolas en dichos estudios. Tomando inspiración de la contribución seminal de Manuel Castells en el contexto de los cambios estructurales que resultan de la revolución de información y tecnológica, la tesis trata de replicar el concepto de un 'espacio de flujos'. Esto es llevado a cabo por un enfoque de "network analysis" que utiliza los flujos de pasajeros aéreos entre unas 28 regiones urbanas metropolitanas europeas del grupo de EU15+2 países, permitiendo el análisis de la interacción entre estas 28 ciudades. Esta metodología permite desarrollar varios indicadores descriptivos que permiten, a su vez, por la aplicación de una técnica matemática de escalamiento multi-dimensional, comparar las distancias funcionales y físicas de cada una de las regiones urbanas metropolitanas del centro del 'espacio conceptual de flujos de pasajeros aéreos’ y el centro de la gravedad. El mapa resultante del posicionamiento funcional de las ciudades ofrece una visión espacial de Europa metropolitana bastante diferente a la que se base en los coordinados cartesianos. Tal enfoque permite demostrar que ciudades como Barcelona, Madrid, Helsinki, Lisboa y Atenas, consideradas tradicionalmente como físicamente periféricas al área central de europea, parecen ser posicionadas más favorablemente en términos funcionales. Además, en el caso de España, los resultados indican que Barcelona queda más cerca al centro del conceptual 'espacio de flujos de pasajero aéreos’ que Madrid. A la luz de esta evidencia empírica, junto con los signos de la integración económica aumentada a través de algunas partes de España, las perspectivas de que España formará parte una más amplia concentración territorial europea de flujos y actividades y del reconocimiento de la capital territorial de Madrid y Barcelona dentro de las recientes las declaraciones de política territorial de la UE, la tesis concluye, en la Cuarta Parte que estas dos regiones metropolitanas han experimentado una clara consolidación y (re)posicionamiento dentro de la jerarquía metropolitana europea.

The thesis seeks to demonstrate that during the period between 1986 and 2006, some of the principal cities of the Spanish metropolitan system1, have undergone significant change in terms of their European competitiveness. It is suggested that in the case of Madrid and Barcelona in particular this change has been of such a magnitude to proportion them a much more important place within the European spatial configuration than that which they occupied in the mid-1980s. Empirical evidence is offered to support this conjecture. The thesis lies wholly within the framework of spatial planning at the European territorial scale.It charts the comparative ascent of the Spanish cities from the moment of Spain's entry into the European Union (EU) in 1986 against the background of the development of European spatial policy, increased economic integration across Europe, the increased importance of the 'territorial' dimension of EU cohesion policy and an eventual waning of the applicability of the terminology of 'core' and 'periphery' to describe European geographical location.Part One (Chapter 1) addresses the processes of urbanisation in general from a global perspective and then focuses on metropolitan growth in a number of different historical contexts from the start of the 19th Century. Parts Two (Chapters 2-5) and Three (Chapters 6-9) of the thesis carry out analyses at two contrasting but complementary spatial scales. Part Two examines the metropolitan growth processes in Spain, in the period since 1857, detecting the historical moments in which there were surges in the metropolitan populations of the seven cities of the metropolitan system. The dimensions of the spatial units of analysis corresponding to the seven Spanish metropolitan urban regions are described, based upon a methodology first developed by the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) in the context of a transnational spatial planning project of the INTERREG community initiative2. These seven spatial units form the basis for a socio-economic analysis of the structure of the metropolitan system, drawing upon data principally from the 2001 Census. If by 1930 one of the key characteristics of Spain's urban system was having not just one but two cities (Madrid and Barcelona) belonging to the group of 27 cities across the world with populations in excess of 1 million inhabitants3, this same differentiation between the country's two largest cities and the remainder of the urban system is equally valid today. Spain's urban system remains clearly bicephalous in being dominated by these same two cities in terms of demographic and economic strength.Part Three begins by examining the evolution of European spatial policy against the background of an ever-enlarging European Union and changes with regard to the notion of cohesion - from a concept understood in terms of economic and social factors, to one in which the territorial dimension has become increasingly important. The European urban system is then critically examined through a number of key and influential studies, with particular regard to the rankings and hierarchies of metropolitan urban regions deriving there from and the changes in the placing of the Spanish metropolitan urban regions therein.Taking inspiration from the seminal contribution of Manuel Castells4 in the context of the structural changes resulting from the informational and technological revolution, the thesis seeks to replicate the concept of a 'space of flows'. This is carried out through a 'network analysis' approach drawing upon air passenger flows between some 28 European metropolitan urban regions of the EU15+2 group of countries, enabling the analysis of the interaction between these 28 cities. This methodology enables arriving at a number of descriptive indicators which in turn, through the application of a multi-dimensional scaling mathematical technique, permits comparing the functional and physical distances of each of the metropolitan urban regions from the centre of the 'conceptual space of air passenger flows' and the centre of gravity. The resulting map of the functional positioning of the cities offers a spatial vision of metropolitan Europe quite different to that based upon Cartesian coordinates. Such an approach enables demonstrating that cities such as Barcelona, Madrid, Helsinki, Lisbon and Athens, traditionally considered as physically peripheral to the European core area, appear to be more favourably positioned in functional terms. Furthermore in the case of Spain the results indicate that Barcelona lies closer to the centre of the conceptual 'space of air passenger flows' than Madrid.In light of this empirical evidence, together with the signs of increased economic integration across some parts of Spain, the prospects of Spain forming part of a wider European territorial concentration of flows and activities, and the recognition of the territorial capital of Madrid and Barcelona within recent EU spatial policy declarations, the thesis concludes in Part Four that these two metropolitan regions have undergone a clear consolidation and (re)positioning within the European metropolitan hierarchy.

The locality is situated in the city quarter Brno-Židenice in close proximity of the railway line connecting Brno and Česká Třebová. The area is delimited by the Bubeníčkova Street from the South, the Koperníkova Street from the East, by Lazaretní Street from the North and by a road copying the railway line from the West. The elemental form of the projected compound is divided into three blocks by pass-through axes. The blocks are interconnected with a common basement where underground car park is located. The blocks have up to six floors above ground. On the first floor, there is a variety of commercial spaces for shops and restaurants and in the middle there is a supermarket. In the northern object, there are situated different types of amenities (kinder-garden, leisure activities for children, spa) on the second and higher floors. On the top floor of this object we can find the flats as well as in the middle building from the second floor. The commercial areas, offices and library are situated in the southern block.

The aim of this Master thesis was to create urban structure in the particular resident area of Brno that would revitalizing and activating that particular and at the same time keep on the original estate. The main target is also to design various facilities that would enhance current environment and provide new opportunities.

The topic of my thesis is an architectural study of a multifunctional residental building located at Svitava river bank which is surrounded by streets named Masna, Krenova and Hladikova. The objective of the study is to design a building that would utilize the space effectively and restore its function. As a result of the study, my project is divided into three compounds with the inner being a semi-public space, linked to its sruroundings by many passages and two main boulevards. The three combounds are composed of one administration block which is four storeys and the other two compounds are five storeys high, with the ground and first floors being different facilities e.g. kindergarden, restaurant, bank ,café, clinics, library, gallery, shops and a senior center. From the third to the fifth floor there are designated housing apartments comprising of small economic flats. The building has a two-floor basement, with a supermarket, technical facilities and parking. The construction of the building is from monolithic reinforced concrete frame, with the horizontal structure composed of beamless slabs. The facade is designed by using a combination of two materials i.e. white plaster and timber cladding as horizontal panels.

The theme of my disseration is an architecture study of multifunctional building which is surrounded by the streets Vranovská, Cejl and Jana Svobody and by the embankment of the river Svitava. Objective of the study was to design a building that would utilized the space of the plot effectively. The result of design is the construction which is characterized for its inner semi-public atrium space with link to the bank of Svitava and street Jana Svobody. It is five-storey house. In the first two stories there are different feature amenities (kindergarden, office building, restaurant, café, media library, gallery and other shops), and senior house. In the third floor and above there are designed flats for living. The part of the living area was also creating of new kind of housing called co-housing. The building has a basement, which is mostly for parking. The construction of the building is from monolithic reinforced concrete frame, horizontal structure consists of beamless slabs. Due to the huge area of the building, the facade is designed from the different kinds of materials: white plaster, light gray sheet metal, anthracite metail mesh and glass fiber.

Wir betrachten ein mehrdimensionales Change-Point-Problem. Seien X1;n; : : : ;Xn;n unabhängige Zufallselemente bei denen q, q 2 N, Verteilungswechsel auftreten. Dass heisst, es existiert ein Vektor µ = (µ1; : : : ; µq) 2 Rq mit 0 = µ0 < µ1 < ¢ ¢ ¢ < µq < µq+1 = 1 sowie Verteilungen º0;n; : : : ; ºq;n, so dass Xj;n für [nµi] < j · [nµi+1] die Verteilung ºi;n besitzt. Wir führen eine Klasse von Schätzer ^µn für den unbekannten Change-Point µ ein. Diese sind Maximalstellen von gewichteten q + 1-Stichproben U-Statistiken. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist die Un- tersuchung des asymptotischen Verhalten der Schätzer.

The chapter presents a series of “calls” offered by globalization to education and to educational system, which are not compatible with our time: the integration of Enlightenment Age into Globalization; the conflict with the pedagogical sciences (the transition from the knowledge-pedagogy to competency pedagogy); the attempt, through changing the old form declare a fresh content; the aspiration, through linear thinking to reveal the essence of education in multi-dimensional space; through the low level of functional literacy implement the highest levels of education; the current level of cybernetics to substitute of using computers as a technical training aids; while remaining in the framework of the modernism to prepare the next generation for life in the post-modernism. In this chapter the “calls” are analysed as the paradoxes in education, through the prism of scientists' opinion from various fields of science, public figures and the teaching community (copyright pilot study). This synthetic approach has allowed to outline a new conceptual framework.

Abnormal substances can deposit in the myocardium either in the extracellular space (infiltration) or in cells (storage). Infiltration may be cells (inflammatory, histiocytosis, or tumour) or amyloid fibrils [in ventricular myocardium light chain-related (AL) or transthyretin-related (TTR), wild-type or mutant]. Storage may be glycogen (glycogen storage diseases, Danon), lipid (Fabry, Gaucher), mucopolysaccharidoses, or iron. Iron, malignancy, and inflammation (myocarditis) are covered elsewhere. Amyloid and storage diseases are typically systemic multi-organ disease, with ‘red flag’ clinical features often present. They mainly cause heart muscle disease, with hypertrophy mimicking hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. All are relatively rare and often diagnosed late when therapies are less effective. Imaging structural and functional changes provide pointers to the underlying aetiology and additional features may be present (perfusion defects, valve disease, atrial thickening), but it is in myocardial tissue characterization where CMR adds real value. In amyloid, deposition appears to proceed stepwise, with initial subendocardial, and later transmural, late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). Myocardial nulling may be difficult, requiring the phase-sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR) technique. In Fabry disease, a characteristic initial basal inferolateral LGE pattern occurs, later with extensive LGE, leading to dilatation and impairment. Mapping adds value. In amyloid, both native T₁ and the ECV are very high. Both are prognostic and candidates for surrogate endpoints in drug development studies. In Fabry disease, native T₁ is low, reflecting lipid storage, and may occur early before hypertrophy. The LGE area usually has T₂ elevation correlating with blood troponin, which suggests inflammation as part of disease development.

The use of neural networks (NNs) to predict an outcome or the output results as a function of a set of input parameters has been gaining wider acceptance with the advance in computer technology as well as with an increased awareness of the potential of NNs. A neural network is first trained to learn the underlying functional relationship between the output and the input parameters by providing it with a large number of data points, where each data point corresponds to a set of output and input parameters. Sumpter and Noid demonstrated the use of NNs to map the vibrational motion derived from the vibrational spectra onto a PES with relatively high accuracy. In another application, Sumpter et al. trained an NN to learn the relation between the phase-space points along a trajectory and the mode energies for stretching, torsion, and bending vibrations of H2O2. Likewise, Nami et al. demonstrated the use of NNs to determine the TiO2 deposition rates in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process from the knowledge of a range of deposition conditions. In view of the success achieved in obtaining interpolated values of the PESs for multi-atomic systems using an NN trained by the ab initio energy values for a large number of configurations, it is reasonable to ask whether we can successfully compute the results of an MD trajectory for a chemical reaction using an NN trained by the data obtained by previous MD simulations. If this can be done successfully, it becomes possible to execute a small number of trajectories, M, and then utilize the results of these trajectories as a database to train an NN to predict the final results of a very large number of trajectories N, where N >> M, that can be used to increase the statistical accuracy of the MD calculations and to further explore the dependence of the trajectory results upon a wide variety of variables without actually having to perform any further numerical integrations. In effect, the NN replaces the computationally laborious numerical integrations.

Multi-functional design problems are characterized by strong coupling between design variables that are controlled by stakeholders from different disciplines. This coupling necessitates efficient modeling of interactions between multiple designers who want to achieve conflicting objectives but share control over design variables. Various game-theoretic protocols such as cooperative, non-cooperative, and leader/follower have been used to model interactions between designers. Non-cooperative game theory protocols are of particular interest for modeling cooperation in multi-functional design problems. These are the focus of this paper because they more closely reflect the level of information exchange possible in a distributed environment. Two strategies for solving such non-cooperative game theory problems are: a) passing Rational Reaction Sets (RRS) among designers and combining these to find points of intersection and b) exchanging single points in the design space iteratively until the solution converges to a single point. While the first strategy is computationally expensive because it requires each designer to consider all possible outcomes of decisions made by other designers, the second strategy may result in divergence of the solution. In order to overcome these problems, we present an interval-based focalization method for executing decentralized decision-making problems that are common in multi-functional design scenarios. The method involves propagating ranges of design variables and systematically eliminating infeasible portions of the shared design space. This stands in marked contrast to the successive consideration of single points, as emphasized in current multifunctional design methods. The key advantages of the proposed method are: a) targeted reduction of design freedom and b) non-divergence of solutions. The method is illustrated using two sample scenarios — solution of a decision problem with quadratic objectives and the design of multi-functional Linear Cellular Alloys (LCAs). Implications include use of the method to guide design space partitioning and control assignment.

The article covers the modern multi-functional cultural centre as an institution of Russian culture of the 21st Century in the terms of the interaction of publicity and privacy. On the basis of the institutional approach in cultural theory and the philosophical and aesthetic analysis of the space of the cultural centre, the most important role of this institution in individual and personal assimilation of sociocultural values is substantiated. The objectives (programme) of such an institution, its chronotope and functionality are directed at the involvement of contemporaries into various forms and levels of the culture of the past, and its emotional-sensual assimilation via media-communication technologies. The ‘Yeltsin-Center’ in the city of Yekaterinburg was taken as the example not only for being orientated on the familiarisation of its visitors with the history of the Russian state and its culture of the late 20th century and the early 21st century, but also for the subjective experience of turning points of those times and the city where the personality and activities of the first Russian president were shaped and began. The calibre of the President’s personality, in this case, is diversely represented within the space of the Centre, and becomes crucial for understanding what was going on at that time. The ‘Yeltsin-Center’ is a principally new cultural complex, each component of which, and above all its central part - the Museum of the First President - is structured to show the turning point in Russian history as the President’s life journey and to encourage citizens to understand the past and present. The use of modern information technologies in this cultural complex, and primarily in its museum exhibition having been arranged as an artistic artefact, becomes crucial to the dialogue of publicity and privacy.

Surrogates have been used as an approximate tool to emulate simulation responses based on a handful of response samples. However, for high fidelity simulations, often only a small number samples are affordable, and this increases the risk of extrapolation using surrogates. Frequently, most of the sampling domain is not in the interpolation domain (called coverage), usually defined as the convex hull of these samples. For example, when we build a surrogate with 20 samples in six-dimensional space, the coverage is merely 2% of the sampling domain. Multi-fidelity surrogates (MFS) may mitigate this problem, because they use large number of low fidelity simulations, so that most of the domain is covered with at least some simulations. This paper explores the extrapolation capability of MFS frameworks through examples including algebraic functions. To examine the effects of different MFS frameworks, we consider six MFS frameworks in terms of their functional forms and frameworks for fitting the forms to data. We consider three different functional forms based on different approaches: 1) a model discrepancy function, 2) model calibration, and 3) both. Bayesian MFS frameworks based on the functional forms are considered. We include also their counterparts in simple frameworks, which have the same functional form but can be built with ready-made surrogates. We examined the effect of the high fidelity sample coverage on extrapolation while the number of high fidelity samples remains the same. The root mean square errors (RMSE) of the interpolation and extrapolation domains are calculated to see their effectiveness on the overall RMSE of whole MFS. For the examples considered, we found that the presence of a regression scalar could be important to extrapolation. Bayesian framework is useful to find a good regression scalar, which simplifies the discrepancy function.

This study investigates the elastic multi-stability properties originated from origami folding. Specifically, it focuses on a space-filling architecture consisting of stacked Miura-ori sheets, which exhibits multiple stable states corresponding to different internal folding configurations. The fundamentally three-dimensional shape transformations from origami folding impart several unique properties that are unachievable from the lower dimensional mechanisms. They are (1) anisotropy-arrangement of the stable and unstable states fundamentally differs along different principle axes; (2) adaptability-stable states can be generated or eliminated via simple pressurization; and (3) asymmetry-the energy barrier of switching from one stable state to another can be significantly higher than the opposite switch, even though the two stable states have the same energy level. These unique stability properties could be harnessed to create a wide variety of adaptive functionalities, such as programmable stiffness, impulsive actuation, and mechanical diode effect. The purpose of this paper is to examine the physical origin of the three stability properties and their correlations to the origami design. Results of this of study can foster the creation of novel multi-functional structures and materials based on origami.