Journal articles: 'Multi-level converters'

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Bose, Bimal. "Multi-Level Converters." Electronics 4, no. 3 (2015): 582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics4030582.

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Chen, Jinrong, Wangyang Lin, and Lihao Yang. "Structures, Submodule Topologies and Control Strategies for Modular Multilevel Converter." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 81 (January 26, 2024): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/j5wcv293.

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Global energy demand is rapidly increasing, and the limitations and disadvantages of traditional energy sources are becoming more evident. Traditional energy sources are finite, and their sustainability is facing significant challenges. Compared to traditional multi-level converters, modular multi-level converters (MMC) adopt a modular design that divides the entire converter system into several independent sub-modules, each responsible for converting specific voltage levels. This article provides an overview of the theoretical aspects, topology structures, basic operation principles, and output characteristics of multi-level converters. This paper reviews the characteristics and application ranges of different topology structures, highlighting the differences in response speed, output quality, and control complexity. This paper also discusses the advantages and limitations of multi-level converters in various application scenarios. Explored the application of multi-level converters in wind power grid integration and electric vehicle charging systems, emphasizing their energy-saving and environmentally friendly features. In conclusion, this paper emphasizes the critical role of multi-level converters in power systems and future energy applications, stressing the importance of their reliability and promising future developments.

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Wei, Chen, Xibo Yuan, Yonglei Zhang, and Xiaojie Wu. "A Generic Multi-Level SVM Scheme Based on Two-Level SVM for n-Level Converters." Energies 13, no. 9 (2020): 2143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092143.

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Multi-level converters are widely used in various industrial applications. Among various space vector modulation (SVM) schemes, the multi-level SVM scheme based on two-level space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) is recognised as a simplified multi-level SVM scheme, which can reduce the computation complexity. However, this scheme is still complicated when the number of the voltage levels is large. This paper proposes a modified SVM scheme that can further simplify the multi-level SVM scheme based on two-level SVPWM. The proposed SVM scheme can directly determine the two-level hexagon where the reference voltage vector is located by calculating a simple formula. The whole modulation process can be completed by only three steps. Meanwhile, the proposed method is generic for any n-level converter without adding much calculation, which greatly simplifies the modulation process. Experimental results have been provided, which verify the effectiveness and generality of the proposed SVM scheme for two types of multi-level converters.

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Pabbuleti, Bhavana, and Jarupula Somlal. "Implementation of Multi-Level Bidirectional Inter Allied Converter Community for Global Power Sharing in Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 10, no. 6 (2022): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v10i6.5627.

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Bidirectional Inter-Allied Converters (BIACs) plays a major role in hybrid ac-dc microgrids (HM) forming as a bridging unit for power exchange between ac and dc subgrids. Overcoming the stress faced by single BIAC multiple converter structure i.e BIAC community came into existence. Considering advantages over two-level converters, multi-level converters sustain its position in today and future applications. Implementing the multi-level converter topology for distributed power management enhances the system efficiency with less amount of harmonic content. This paper presents implementation of Multi Level Bidirectional Inter Allied Converter (MLBIAC) community along with the Localized Distributed Proportional Integral Controller (LDPIC) located at each converter in HM for distributed power management. The localized distribution controller includes PI controller for system stability and which allows exchanging the information in more flexible way. To achieve the global power sharing by implementing MLBIAC in HM, the concepts like balanced power sharing, leading role transition, bidirectional power flow, system stability were analyzed and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software.

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Ram, Prakash Ponraj, Ganeshprabhu Devadharshini, Balaji Haripriya, Ganesan Hemadharshini, and Dhanabalan Keerthana. "Modified Multi Input Multilevel DC-DC Boost Converter for Hybrid Energy Systems." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) 9, no. 4 (2020): 1067–72. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.D7854.049420.

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DC-DC converters are playing an important role in designing of Electric Vehicles, integration of solar cells and other DC applications. Contemporary high power applications use multilevel converters that have multi stage outputs for integrating low voltage sources. Conventional DC-DC converters use single source and have complex structure while using for Hybrid Energy Systems. This paper proposes a multi-input, multi-output DC-DC converter to produce constant output voltage at different input voltage conditions. This topology is best suitable for hybrid power systems where the output voltage is variable due to environmental conditions. It reduces the requirement of magnetic components in the circuit and also reduces the switching losses. The proposed topology has two parts namely multi-input boost converter and level-balancing circuit. Boost converter increases the input voltage and Level Balancing Circuit produce Multi output. Equal values of capacitors are used in Level Balancing Circuit to ensure the constant output voltage at all output stages. The operating modes of each part are given and the design parameters of each part are calculated. Performance of the proposed topology is verified using MATLAB/Simulink simulation which shows the correctness of the analytical approach. Hardware is also presented to evaluate the simulation results.

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Shah, Engr Baqir Ali, Mazhar Hussain Baloch, Dr Amir Mehmood Soomro, Engr Shafqat Hussain Memon, and Dr Dur Muhammad Soomro. "Analysis of Harmonic Distortion Reduction through Modular Multi-Level Inverter using Nearest Level Modulation (NLM) Control Strategy." Sukkur IBA Journal of Emerging Technologies 4, no. 1 (2021): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30537/sjet.v4i1.858.

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The research paper presents the control strategy to reduce THD (Total Harmonic Distortions) losses by the implementation of the Nearest Level Modulation control technique in a Modular Multilevel Converter. Modular Multilevel Converter is found one of the leading technologies in Power Electronics & Control, its applications are very common in HVDC systems, FACTS (Flexible Alternating-current Transmission system), Variable frequency drives and Electric vehicles as well. The power quality of MMC is better and has lesser THD in comparison to conventional converters like 2-level converters with carrier-based modulation techniques. The MMC has been designed with high scalability and has high voltage and power capacity. Sub-module is an integral part of MMC which is built up as an identical and controllable part of it. This converter is also called a controllable voltage source (VSC). Researchers aim to come up with a detailed review of control methods and necessary operations applied to MMC-based systems for HVDC, particularly focusing to control the total harmonic distortions. Power converters use many modulation techniques, but the existing techniques contribute to a great part in switching losses. MMC up to 49 levels, by implementing the Nearest Level Modulation (NLM) technique, is robust and has less complexity for the systems like MMC-HVDC, and the levels control the total harmonic distortions. In this research paper, the reduction of THD by increasing the voltage levels in MMC is comprehensively evaluated. The simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink are used to examine and confirm the proposed control strategy for stable operation of MMC for HVDC application.

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Xie, Yan, Bo Chao Chen, and Yao Jun Chen. "Development and Current Status of Multi-Level Converter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 201-202 (October 2012): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.201-202.95.

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The multi-level converter is one of the focuses in the current high-voltage high-power field of power conversion, and is found widely application in high power drive system. It generated so far for nearly three decades of history. During this period a large number of multi-level topology appeared, there are three most commonly used, which are diode clamped, capacitor and cascaded H-bridge. In this paper, the development of the multi-level converter is reviewed. The structure of three multi-level converter topologies are given, and then their advantages and disadvantages are given by analyzing and comparing their characteristics. Finally, a new modular multi-level converter (MMC) is introduced which is one of research focus of multi-level converter field at present. Its structure and working principle are described in detail. Multi-level converters will continue to be developed to meet the demand of high-voltage and high power applications.

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Hassan, Raaed Faleh, and Suha Sabah Shyaa. "Design and Analysis of the STATCOM Based on Diode Clamped Multilevel Converter Using Model Predictive Current Control Strategy." European Journal of Electrical Engineering 23, no. 3 (2021): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ejee.230306.

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In recent decades, multi-level converters have become popular and used in many power systems applications. Compared with conventional converters, multi-level converters contribute to reducing the voltage stress on the switching devices and enhancing the power quality delivered to the load. In this paper, the study of the five-level diode clamped multilevel converter based static synchronous compensator has been accomplished. Model Predictive current control strategy which a type of modern control algorithms was employed for driving the proposed compensator. The suggested five level converter controlled by model predictive current control is firstly examined to verify that this control algorithm is appropriate for achieving the desired performance. Then the proposed converter and control combination is employed and simulated as a static synchronous compensator in distributed power system. Moreover, in order to examine the robustness of this compensator, the load status is suggested to be heavy inductive. Simulation process has been performed using MATLAB – SIMULINK software package. The results show that the implemented configuration (converter and control algorithm) provides high power quality improvement with adequate reactive power compensation.

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Thomas Jacob, Jeby, and Dr D Kirubakaran. "A fifteen level modified active neutral point clamped multilevel converter for isolated power supply systems." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (2019): 4819–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.24975.

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The application of multilevel level power converters in various fields of electrical industry gained momentum during the last decade. Hybrid multilevel converters (HMC) are emerging as an alternative to the conventional two stage inverter topology in high and medium power industrial sectors. Consistency in operation, quality of output power and litheness in enhancement are the vital factors contributed to the development of hybrid multilevel converters. The major challenge met by HMCâ€™s are to attain a trade-off between the number of dc sources, switching devices and voltage levels. This paper presents the development of a modified active neutral point clamped fifteen level multi-level converter for isolated power supply electric systems. A Variable Frequency Overlapped Carrier (VFOC) modulation scheme is implemented for capacitor voltage balancing and switching loss reduction. Proposed system has been simulated under Matlab Simulink environment and a low power laboratory prototype is developed for endorsing the reliability and efficiency of the proposed converter.Â Â

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Bhargava, Anil Kumar, UTTAM KUMAR GUPTA, Mamta Rani, and Ajit Ajit. "Comprehensive Review of Power Electronic DC-DC Converters in Electric Vehicle Applications." Radius: Journal of Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (2024): 241005. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15008251.

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The rapid rise of electric vehicles (EVs) presents a sustainable alternative to traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving overall vehicle efficiency. This paper investigates the critical role of power electronic converters, especially DC-DC converters, within EV powertrains. Emphasizing the necessity of achieving appropriate voltage levels for battery and motor operation, it explores conventional and advanced DC-DC converter topologies, including the conventional boost converter (BC) and the interleaved four-phase boost converter (IBC). Additionally, the paper highlights the growing importance of wide bandgap semiconductors (WBGSs) such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) in enhancing converter performance by enabling higher switching frequencies, improved thermal operation, and reduced losses. Through a comprehensive analysis, the study reveals the potential of WBGSs to improve the efficiency and reliability of EV charging systems, power converters, and electric motors, making them crucial for future EV advancements. This work aims to underline the importance of power electronic converter design and control in shaping the future of electric vehicles.

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S, Chellam, Kuruseelan S, and Jasmine Gnanamalar A. "Wind Energy Conversion System using Cascading H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter in High Ripple Scenario." International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 12, no. 1 (2024): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.120126.

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This paper presents wind energy conversion system using CHB MLI and phase interleaved boost converter to overcome high voltage and current ripple. Developments in power electronics technology have a direct impact on advances in wind energy conversion systems. WECS output voltage may fluctuate depending on wind speed. For WECS to maintain a constant output voltage, a power converter is required. This paper explains how to configure a phase-interleaved boost converter and voltage controller to maintain a stable intermediate circuit voltage in the system. The proposed cascading H-bridge multilevel inverter (CHB MLI) converts DC/AC using a novel topology. Separate DC sources are not utilizing the suggested topology. Multi-level inverters are operated by specific harmonic disposal pulse width modulation, or SHE-PWM are utilized. PMSG voltage, CHB-MLI voltage, boost converter voltage and rotor speed have seven different levels of simulated waveforms. Among the many advantages of three-phase alternating DC-DC boost converters, that are high efficiency, fast dynamics and very low current ripple. The output voltage is increased to 400 V using a three-phase interleaving converter, which also maintains a higher efficiency of about 98%. DC-DC power converters have proven to be essential components of many applications and topologies. The interleaving technique is necessary to address the main disadvantages of DC-DC power converters: increased voltage, reduced efficiency, and rippled current. Interleaved boost converters have several advantages, including lower switching losses, lower voltage and current ripple, increased efficiency, and more. To improve the converter's overall functionality, the "n" parallel converter is connected through an interleaved boost converter. This paper presents a performance analysis of a multiphase alternating boost converter to reduce high voltage and current ripple. MATLAB/Simulink is used for analysis and simulation of phase-interleaved boost converters.

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Luqman, Muhammad, Gang Yao, Lidan Zhou, Di Yang, and Anil Lamichhane. "Study and Implementation of a Cost-Effective 3L-Active Rectifier for DC Collection in WECS." E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019): 02065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911802065.

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Power electronic converters are widely used in wind energy conversion system (WECS) applications. Therefore, with the increasing manufacturing capacity of multi-MW wind generators, multi-level converters, or parallel configuration of converters are becoming more attractive solutions towards DC collection from the wind generator. Among the multilevel converters, three-level full-scale neutral point diode clamped (3L-NPC) converter are using extensively for such applications in order to reduce the voltage stress on the semiconductor devices. In this article, a comparative study based on several devices used by NPC, capacitor clamped (CC) as well as Vienna rectifier has been done. Furthermore, their estimated cost comparison and complexity of control switches have been debated. By keeping in view the merits and demerits of these rectifiers, a low cost three-level active rectifier having a smaller number of active switches with a simple control scheme have been implemented. Considering a three-phase electric grid as a generated source, a 2.2KW low-cost three-level Vienna rectifier is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. DSP (TMS320F28335) based experimental results ratify the simulated circuit with THD<5%.

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Mirgorodskaya, Ekaterina E., Vadim A. Kolchev, Mikhail E. Mamonychev, Nikita P. Mityashin, and Anastasia S. Shcherbakova. "SIMULATION OF COMMUTATION PROCESSES OF MULTI-LEVEL VOLTAGE INVERTER SWITCHES." Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/1810-1909-2021-3-83-93.

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An algorithm for controlling of commutator’s transistors of a single-phase multi-level voltage inverter is presented. The structure of the power circuit of the considered converter, in contrast to most existing circuits, does not depend on the levels number of the output curve due to the using of an universal source of levels, which are formed by output capacitors of two pulsed DC-converters. The commutator control algorithm ensures the formation of the required output curve of the inverter and excludes the occurrence of emergency situations during level commutating. Features of the converter and commutator operation in modes of active power transmission from pulse converters to the load and perception of the reactive power of the inverter load by them are considered. The commutator operation algorithm determines the sequence of control pulses, applied to the base of transistors, the sequence being synchronized with the process of the output voltage curve forming, as well as the direction of the inverter input current. At the same time, features of the level commutating are considered. They differ in the transition direction in value of level voltages: «up» from a lower value to a higher one and «down» from a higher value to a lower one. The sequence of supply and removal of pulses from control electrodes of switches and commutations caused by them, when the inverter input current is positive, are given. The similar commutating of levels is realized, when the inverter input current is negative. Wherein indexes of switches are rearranged in accordance with the direction replacement of their switching of the commutator circuit. A commutator model is realized using Micro-Cap 12 to demonstrate the operation of the algorithm. The transistor MJ15003 model is used as a commutator’s switch. In the model, output capacitors of pulse converters are represented by voltage sources, an autonomous inverter – by an active inductive load. The commutating from a higher voltage level to a lower one with a positive input current of the inverter is considered as an example. Simulation results confirm the performance of the algorithm.

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Alharbi, Yousef, Ahmed Darwish, and Xiandong Ma. "Cascaded Multi-Input Single-Output Boost Inverter for Mismatch Mitigation at PV Submodule Level." Electricity 5, no. 1 (2024): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electricity5010006.

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Mismatched power generation is a serious issue in PV systems, resulting from unequal power generation between PV components. Solutions have been proposed to reduce or eliminate the mismatch concern. One practical strategy is individually harvesting the maximum power from each PV component; the more distributed MPPT is applied to a finer level, the more power can be obtained. This study proposes three-input single-output boost converters that are employed to effectively increase PV power generation and significantly reduce mismatch issues between the PV submodule (PV SM). Each boost converter will be controlled to harvest the maximum power from a group of PV cells inside a single PV module. The outputs of the three boost converters are connected in series to provide higher output voltage for grid integration. The cascaded power converters are linked with a forwarding diode to provide a protection feature for the system and prevent the reverse current from harming the PV module. On the grid side, a single-phase Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) is used to convert the DC power from the PV module to sinusoidal AC power. The performance of the suggested inverter has been confirmed through experimental tests.

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Wong, K. T. "Harmonic analysis of PWM multi-level converters." IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications 148, no. 1 (2001): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-epa:20010099.

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Tamim, Touati Mohamed, Shaoyuan Li, and Jing Wu. "Multi-level model predictive controller with satisfactory optimization for multi-level converters." Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 92 (April 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2018.11.003.

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Shanono, Ibrahim Haruna, Nor Rul Hasma Abdullah, and Aisha Muhammad. "A Survey of Multilevel Voltage Source Inverter Topologies, Controls, and Applications." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 9, no. 3 (2018): 1186. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v9.i3.pp1186-1201.

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Multi-level converters are every day attracting research interest due to it tremendous positive contributions they are making in the power industries. The converter has put hope in the minds of power electronic engineers that a time will come when it will break a record by providing an efficient means of utilizing the abundant renewable energy resources.<strong> </strong>The paper presents a review of multilevel voltage source converters that are widely being used in engineering applications. It reports the technological advancements in converter topologies of Flying Capacitor (FC), Neutral Point (NPC) /Diode Clamped, and Cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) with their respective advantages and disadvantages. Recent customized/hybrid topologies of the three-phase multilevel inverter with reduced component count and switching combination are reported. The paper also reviewed different modulation techniques such as the multilevel converter carrier base PWM, Space Vector Modulation techniques (SVM), and Selective Harmonic Elimination method (SHE-PWM). Finally, various multilevel converters areas of application were highlighted. This review will expose the reader to the latest developments made in the multi-level topologies, modulation techniques, and applications.

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Zhao, Caihong, Guanglin Sha, Haoqing Wang, Pingkang Zheng, Ning Liu, and Qing Duan. "Coordinated Control of Multi-Port Power Router Based on DC Bus Voltage Droop Regulation." Energies 18, no. 5 (2025): 1243. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18051243.

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Coordinated operation among various converters within a power router (PR) is crucial for ensuring its normal operation. Since the power balance among converters in a DC PR is reflected by the DC bus voltage level, maintaining stable DC bus voltage control is particularly important as it directly affects the coordinated operation of each converter. This study proposes a coordinated control strategy for multi-port power routers based on DC bus voltage droop regulation, addressing the limitations of existing methods that rely on communication and complex control units. Based on DC bus voltage signals, all power ports automatically switch their operating states, ensuring that only one converter operates in voltage source mode at any given time, thereby maintaining the system’s bus voltage and power balance. This enables effective coordination among converters and ensures stable system operation without requiring communication between converters, simplifying control while maintaining internal system stability.

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Koohi, Peyman, Alan J. Watson, Jon C. Clare, Thiago Batista Soeiro, and Patrick W. Wheeler. "A Survey on Multi-Active Bridge DC-DC Converters: Power Flow Decoupling Techniques, Applications, and Challenges." Energies 16, no. 16 (2023): 5927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16165927.

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Multi-port DC-DC converters are a promising solution for a wide range of applications involving multiple DC sources, storage elements, and loads. Multi-active bridge (MAB) converters have attracted the interest of researchers over the past two decades due to their potential advantages such as high power density, high transfer ratio, and galvanic isolation, for example, compared to other solutions. However, the coupled power flow nature of MAB converters makes their control implementation difficult, and due to the multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) structure of their control systems, a decoupling control strategy must be designed. Various control and topology-level strategies are proposed to mitigate the coupling effect. This paper discusses the operating principles, applications, methods for analyzing power flow, advanced modulation techniques, and small signal modelling of the MAB converter. Having explained the origin of cross-coupling, the existing power flow decoupling methods are reviewed, categorized, and compared in terms of effectiveness and implementation complexity.

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ARAVINDH, R., and V. G. DIVAKAR. "CLOSED LOOP CONTROL FOR MULTI LEVEL DC – DC CONVERTER USING NEURAL NETWORKS." JournalNX - a Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal Volume 3, Issue 11 (2017): 10–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1420148.

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Multilevel DC â€“ DC converter system is the novel development system which may be used as a DC link where several levels of controlled voltages are needed with unidirectional current flow and self balancing. The concept Multilevel is able to be implemented for both Buck converter and Boost converter. For multiple outputs, multilevel converter topology can be extended. This proposed paper shows the method of neural network controller implementation for the Multilevel DC â€“ DC converters. The purpose of this is to decrease the output voltage ripple content and to vanish peak overshoots due to transients in order to improve the system performance. And finally the output voltage of more accuracy is achieved in this method. The losses existing in the conventional DC-DC converter can be eliminated by using this proposed converter. In this paper the MATLAB simulation of control of multilevel DC â€“ DC Buck boost converter with the help of neuro controller is obtained using the software MATLAB simulink model and then the final results of this converter for neuro controller is compared. https://journalnx.com/journal-article/20150460

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N., Kanagaraj, Ramasamy M., Vijayakumar M., and Obaid Aldosari. "Experimentation of Multi-Input Single-Output Z-Source Isolated DC–DC Converter-Fed Grid-Connected Inverter with Sliding Mode Controller." Sustainability 15, no. 24 (2023): 16875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152416875.

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Converting devices are quickly becoming the most important part of renewable energy-producing systems that are linked to the grid. Applications that are linked to the grid are the most common place to find usage for two-port power converters that are built using single-input and single-output (SISO) ports. The incorporation of SISO power converters into the grid-connected hybrid system results in an increase in both its size and its cost. Multiple power sources may be connected to a single DC bus by means of hybrid power systems, which make use of multi-input power converters. To combine the hybrid wind and PV system with a common DC bus, this study suggests an isolated multi-input single-output (IMISO) Z-Source converter. It has been determined that the suggested system performs well in spite of dynamic load fluctuations and shifting input voltage circumstances. The sliding mode controller (SMC) has also been used to control a single-phase five-level (SPFL) inverter. The purpose of developing the laboratory prototype model was to verify the proposed IMISO Z-source converter-fed single-phase five-level (SPFL) inverter in the context of the circumstance that is being investigated.

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Liu, Zhengxin, Jiuyu Du, and Boyang Yu. "Design Method of Double-Boost DC/DC Converter with High Voltage Gain for Electric Vehicles." World Electric Vehicle Journal 11, no. 4 (2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj11040064.

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Direct current to direct current (DC/DC) converters are required to have higher voltage gains in some applications for electric vehicles, high-voltage level charging systems and fuel cell electric vehicles. Therefore, it is greatly important to carry out research on high voltage gain DC/DC converters. To improve the efficiency of high voltage gain DC/DC converters and solve the problems of output voltage ripple and robustness, this paper proposes a double-boost DC/DC converter. Based on the small-signal model of the proposed converter, a double closed-loop controller with voltage–current feedback and input voltage feedforward is designed. The experimental results show that the maximum efficiency of the proposed converter exceeds 95%, and the output voltage ripple factor is 0.01. Compared with the traditional boost converter and multi-phase interleaved DC/DC converter, the proposed topology has certain advantages in terms of voltage gain, device stress, number of devices, and application of control algorithms.

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Li, Keli, Yong Liao, Ren Liu, and Jimiao Zhang. "An improved nearest-level modulation for modular multi-level converters." International Journal of Power Electronics 9, no. 2 (2018): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpelec.2018.090720.

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Zhang, Jimiao, Ren Liu, Yong Liao, and Keli Li. "An improved nearest-level modulation for modular multi-level converters." International Journal of Power Electronics 9, no. 2 (2018): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpelec.2018.10008126.

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Buso, Simone, and Leopoldo Rossetto. "Damping of Flying Capacitor Dynamics in Multi-Level Boost DC-DC Converters." Electronics 13, no. 24 (2024): 4883. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13244883.

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This paper presents a novel modeling approach for flying capacitor dynamics in boost-type multi-level converters (FCML-boosts) controlled by Phase Shift Pulse Width Modulation (PSPWM). By explicitly taking into account the interaction between the inductor current and the flying capacitor voltage, the model is able to reveal an underlying resonance phenomenon and to predict its frequency at each operating point. Based on such a model, whose derivation is explained in detail, both passive and active damping solutions are proposed, designed, and experimentally verified that significantly reduce the undesirable oscillations. The analytical results and the devised control solutions are tested on a 1kW, four-level, boost DC-DC converter prototype employing 200V, 48A rated EPC2034C GaN devices.

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Yahiaoui, Abdelhalim, Koussaila Iffouzar, Kaci Ghedamsi, and Kamal Himour. "Dynamic Performance Analysis of VSC-HVDC Based Modular Multilevel Converter under Fault." Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés 54, no. 1 (2021): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/jesa.540121.

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The use of high voltage direct current based voltage source converter (VSC-HVDC) in power transmission systems knows a great progress in recent years. Above all, with the new generation of power electronics converters such as the modular multi-level converter (MMC), with his scalable structure it can theoretically meet any voltage level requirement, which allows to increase the size of the power transferred compared to conventional converters. In this sense, this paper presents a study of a VSC-HVDC system based on a modular multi-level converter (MMC). The main objective of this work is to analyze the performance of the VSC-HVDC system based MMC without the AC filters and its control in the event of a fault, during set point changes and unbalanced grid conditions. After realization a mathematical model of the system studied and its control, simulations are done over in Simpower System/Matlab. The results obtained confirm the robustness of the system control and the system gives a good energy quality, that manifests by a good output currant and voltage curves with no need to use a voluminous AC filter.

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Yaskiv, Volodymyr, and Anna Yaskiv. "Multi-channel switching magamp power converter for radio recieving devices." Computational Problems of Electrical Engineering 13, no. 1 (2023): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jcpee2023.01.039.

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Development of high-quality energy supply of radio receiving devices is an urgent task. The article discusses the methods of designing high-frequency multi-channel power converters based on high-frequency magnetic amplifiers, the magnetic cores of which are made of an amorphous alloy with a rectangular hysteresis loop. Their significant advantages when powering radio receiving devices are the high quality of the output voltages and the low level of electromagnetic interference, both radiated and conductive. At the same time, they have a higher level of dynamic characteristics, reliability and efficiency while reducing their topological complexity and cost. In addition, it allows the implementation of multi-channel power converters with equivalent and independent output channels in a wide range of output powers. The paper presents the implementation of such a converter for powering radio receiving devices.

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Luqman, Muhammad, Gang Yao, Lidan Zhou, Tao Zhang, and Anil Lamichhane. "A Novel Hybrid Converter Proposed for Multi-MW Wind Generator for Offshore Applications." Energies 12, no. 21 (2019): 4167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214167.

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Modern multi-MW wind generators have used multi-level converter structures as well as parallel configuration of a back to back three-level neutral point clamped (3L-NPC) converters to reduce the voltage and current stress on the semiconductor devices. These configurations of converters for offshore wind energy conversion applications results in high cost, low power density, and complex control circuitry. Moreover, a large number of power devices being used by former topologies results in an expensive and inefficient system. In this paper, a novel bi-directional three-phase hybrid converter that is based on a parallel combination of 3L-NPC and ‘n’ number of Vienna rectifiers have been proposed for multi-MW offshore wind generator applications. In this novel configuration, total power equally distributes by sharing of total reference current in each parallel-connected generator side power converter, which ensures the lower current stress on the semiconductor devices. Newly proposed topology has less number of power devices compared to the conventional configuration of parallel 3L-NPC converters, which results in cost-effective, compact in size, simple control circuitry, and good performance of the system. Three-phase electric grid is considered as a generator source for implementation of a proposed converter. The control scheme for a directly connected three-phase source with a novel configuration of a hybrid converter has been applied to ratify the equal power distribution in each parallel-connected module with good power factor and low current distortion. A parallel combination of a 3L-NPC and 3L-Vienna rectifier with a three-phase electric grid source has been simulated while using MATLAB and then implemented it on hardware. The simulation and experimental results ratify the performance and effectiveness of the proposed system.

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Jabberi, Henda, and Faouzi Ben Ammar. "Electric Fracturing Using Flying Capacitor Multi-Level Converters." International Review of Electrical Engineering (IREE) 11, no. 3 (2016): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/iree.v11i3.8380.

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Foti, Salvatore, Antonio Testa, Salvatore De Caro, Luigi Danilo Tornello, Giacomo Scelba, and Mario Cacciato. "Multi-Level Multi-Input Converter for Hybrid Renewable Energy Generators." Energies 14, no. 6 (2021): 1764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061764.

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A three-phase multi-level multi-input power converter topology is presented for grid-connected applications. It encompasses a three-phase transformer that is operated on the primary side in an open-end winding configuration. Thus, the primary winding is supplied on one side by a three-phase N-level neutral point clamped inverter and, on the other side, by an auxiliary two-level inverter. A key feature of the proposed approach is that the N-level inverter is able to perform independent management of N − 1 input power sources, thus avoiding the need for additional dc/dc power converters in hybrid multi-source systems. Moreover, it can manage an energy storage system connected to the dc-bus of the two-level inverter. The N-level inverter operates at a low switching frequency and can be equipped with very low on-state voltage drop Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) devices, while the auxiliary inverter is instead operated at low voltage according to a conventional high-frequency two-level Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique and can be equipped with very low on-state resistance Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) devices. Simulations and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach and its good performance in terms of grid current harmonic content and overall efficiency.

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Verdugo, Cristian, Samir Kouro, Christian A. Rojas, Marcelo A. Perez, Thierry Meynard, and Mariusz Malinowski. "Five-Level T-type Cascade Converter for Rooftop Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems." Energies 12, no. 9 (2019): 1743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091743.

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Multilevel converters are widely considered to be the most suitable configurations for renewable energy sources. Their high-power quality, efficiency and performance make them interesting for PV applications. In low-power applications such as rooftop grid-connected PV systems, power converters with high efficiency and reliability are required. For this reason, multilevel converters based on parallel and cascaded configurations have been proposed and commercialized in the industry. Motivated by the features of multilevel converters based on cascaded configurations, this work presents the modulation and control of a rooftop single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic multilevel system. The configuration has a symmetrical cascade connection of two three-level T-type neutral point clamped power legs, which creates a five-level converter with two independent string connections. The proposed topology merges the benefits of multi-string PV and symmetrical cascade multilevel inverters. The switching operation principle, modulation technique and control scheme under an unbalanced power operation among the cell are addressed. Simulation and experimental validation results in a reduced-scale power single-phase converter prototype under variable conditions at different set points for both PV strings are presented. Finally, a comparative numerical analysis between other T-type configurations to highlight the advantages of the studied configuration is included.

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Zhou, Shijia, Fei Rong, Zhangtao Yin, Shoudao Huang, and Yuebin Zhou. "HVDC Transmission Technology of Wind Power System with Multi-Phase PMSG." Energies 11, no. 12 (2018): 3294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123294.

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The high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission technology of wind power system, with multi-phase permanent magnetic synchronous generator (PMSG) is proposed in this paper. Each set of three-phase winding of the multi-phase PMSG was connected to a diode rectifier. The output of the diode rectifier was connected by several parallel isolated DC–DC converters. Each DC–DC converter was connected to a sub-module (SM). All SMs and two inductors were connected in a series. The proposed wind power system has several advantages including, transformerless operation, low cost, low voltage stress, and high fault tolerance. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and energy balance of the DC–DC converters were achieved by controlling the duty cycles of the DC–DC converters. The HVDC transmission was achieved by the nearest level control (NLC) with voltage sorting. The simulation model with 18-phase PMSG was established. Experimental results were also studied based on RT-Lab.

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Islam, Rejaul, S. M. Sajjad Hossain Rafin, and Osama A. Mohammed. "Comprehensive Review of Power Electronic Converters in Electric Vehicle Applications." Forecasting 5, no. 1 (2022): 22–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forecast5010002.

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Emerging electric vehicle (EV) technology requires high-voltage energy storage systems, efficient electric motors, electrified power trains, and power converters. If we consider forecasts for EV demand and driving applications, this article comprehensively reviewed power converter topologies, control schemes, output power, reliability, losses, switching frequency, operations, charging systems, advantages, and disadvantages. This article wasis article intended to help engineers and researchers forecast typical recharging/discharging durations, the lifetime of energy storage with the help of control systems and machine learning, and the performance probability of using AlGaN/GaN heterojunction-based high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) in EV systems. The analysis of this extensive review paper suggests that the Vienna rectifier provides significant performance among all AC–DC rectifier converters. Moreover, the multi-device interleaved DC–DC boost converter is best suited for the DC–DC conversion stage. Among DC–AC converters, the third harmonic injected seven-level inverter is found to be one of the best in EV driving. Furthermore, the utilization of multi-level inverters can terminate the requirement of the intermediate DC–DC converter. In addition, the current status, opportunities, challenges, and applications of wireless power transfer in hybrid and all-electric vehicles were also discussed in this paper. Moreover, the adoption of wide bandgap semiconductors was considered. Because of their higher power density, breakdown voltage, and switching frequency characteristics, a light yet efficient power converter design can be achieved for EVs. Finally, the article’s intent was to provide a reference for engineers and researchers in the automobile industry for forecasting calculations.

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Yan, Junchi. "Comparison and Optimization of Non-isolated DC-DC Converters for Electric Vehicle Applications." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 76 (December 31, 2023): 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/zdpznq48.

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This paper discusses the importance of electric vehicles in solving the problem of environmental pollution. In electric vehicles, DC/DC converter is a vital part to connect many electrical units with high voltage bus, so it plays a vital and indispensable role in electric vehicles. The paper analyzes the disadvantages of isolated DC/DC converter, and concludes that non-isolated DC/DC converter is a more suitable technical solution for electric vehicles. The research paper introduces a number of fundamental non-isolated DC/DC converter topologies before analyzing the technical optimization strategies of a number of DC/DC converters in general. which are Half-bridge converters, Cascaded Half-bridge converter (CHB), multi-phase interleaved parallel converter, tri-level converter, soft-switching converter, and switched-capacitor converter (SC converter). The benefits and drawbacks of these DC/DC converter optimization measures are compared, the findings can serve as a technical framework for guiding the application of DC/DC converter technology in the context of electric vehicles. Finally, this paper analyzes and looks forward to the development prospect of flying switched-capacitor DC/DC converters (FCDCs) technology, puts forward the existing technical problems, and gives suggestions for the solution of these problems, which is conducive to the wider application of this technical solution in electric vehicles.

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Han, Yuqi, Ruiguang Ma, Ting Li, et al. "Fault Detection and Zonal Protection Strategy of Multi-Voltage Level DC Grid Based on Fault Traveling Wave Characteristic Extraction." Electronics 12, no. 8 (2023): 1764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081764.

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Currently, DC breakers are commonly used in mainstream protection schemes for DC grids to eliminate faults. However, the cost of high voltage DC (HVDC) breakers is high, and equipping each DC line with DC breakers is expensive. In order to minimize the number of DC breakers while ensuring the reliability of the power supply, a zonal protection strategy suitable for multi-voltage level DC grids is proposed. Subsequently, the qualitative impact of partial power interruption caused by fault DC areas is analyzed in the system. The basic zonal principle of the multi-voltage level DC grid is formulated, taking into account unbalanced power, the mode of system-level control, and the type of converters. Additionally, a time sequence coordination strategy is derived in detail based on the characteristics of DC breakers, AC/DC converters, DC/DC converters, AC breakers, high-speed switches, and other fault removal components. Finally, a seven-terminal DC grid is modeled in the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation platform. According to the simulation analysis, the DC grid can adopt the converter with fault clearing ability or an AC circuit breaker to cooperate with the fast disconnector (FD) to complete fault clearing in the DC fault area under the proposed zonal protection coordination strategy.

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Thounthong, Phatiphat, Pongsiri Mungporn, Serge Pierfederici, Damien Guilbert, and Nicu Bizon. "Adaptive Control of Fuel Cell Converter Based on a New Hamiltonian Energy Function for Stabilizing the DC Bus in DC Microgrid Applications." Mathematics 8, no. 11 (2020): 2035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8112035.

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DC microgrid applications include electric vehicle systems, shipboard power systems, and More Electric Aircraft (MEA), which produce power at a low voltage level. Rapid developments in hydrogen fuel cell (FC) energy have extended the applications of multi-phase parallel interleaved step-up converters in stabilizing DC bus voltage. The cascade architecture of power converters in DC microgrids may lead to large oscillation and even risks of instability given that the load converters considered as loads feature constant power load (CPL) characteristics. In this article, the output DC bus voltage stabilization and the current sharing of a multi-phase parallel interleaved FC boost converter is presented. The extended Port-Hamiltonian (pH) form has been proposed with the robust controller by adding an integrator action based on the Lyapunov−Energy function, named “Adaptive Hamiltonian PI controller”. The stability and robustness of the designed controller have been estimated by using Mathematica and Matlab/Simulink environments and successfully authenticated by performing experimental results in the laboratory. The results have been obtained using a 2.5 kW prototype FC converter (by two-phase parallel interleaved boost converters) with a dSPACE MicroLabBox platform. The FC main source system is based on a fuel reformer engine that transforms fuel methanol and water into hydrogen gas H2 to a polymer electrolyte membrane FC stack (50 V, 2.5 kW).

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Li, Haijin, Yu Gu, Xiaofeng Zhang, Zhigang Liu, Longlong Zhang, and Yi Zeng. "A Fault-Tolerant Strategy for Three-Level Flying-Capacitor DC/DC Converter in Spacecraft Power System." Energies 16, no. 1 (2023): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010556.

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With the development of space exploration, high-power and high-voltage power systems are essential for future spacecraft applications. Because of the effects of space radiation such as single event burnout (SEB), the rated voltage of power devices in converters for a spacecraft power system is limited to a level much lower than that for traditional ground applications. Thus, multi-level DC/DC converters are good choices for high-voltage applications in spacecraft. In this paper, a fault-tolerant strategy is proposed for a three-level flying capacitor DC/DC converter to increase the reliability with minimal cost. There is no extra hardware needed for the proposed strategy; the fault tolerance of the converter is only achieved by changing the software control strategy. A stage analysis of the proposed strategy is provided in detail for different fault locations and ratios between the input and output voltage. Finally, a simulation model and prototype are built to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

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Kamel, S., S. Mark, and A. Greg. "Sensorless control of induction motors using multi-level converters." IET Power Electronics 5, no. 2 (2012): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2010.0264.

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Hafez, Ahmed A. A. "Multi-level cascaded DC/DC converters for PV applications." Alexandria Engineering Journal 54, no. 4 (2015): 1135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2015.09.004.

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40

Charan, P. Naga Sai, and K. Meenendranath Reddy. "An Analysis of Multilevel Converter for Faster Current Control in a DC Micro grid with Extremely Low- Impedance Interconnections." Journal of Image Processing and Intelligent Remote Sensing, no. 31 (January 25, 2023): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jipirs.31.18.29.

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Improved power converter configurations and semiconductors innovation capable of driving the required power have emerged in response to the rising global need for energy. It is still a constant endeavour to create semiconductors with greater current or voltage power to propel high power systems. In this way, modern gadgets can handle high voltage or current with ease. Traditional high-voltage semiconductor-based power converter schemes face stiff opposition from innovative medium-voltage device-based alternatives. DC microgrids, with their very limited line impedance, are developing as the upcoming type of small-scale power transmission connections. Due to this phenomenon, even a little change in voltage can create significant currents in microgrids, making quick rapid reaction and accurate power flow regulation essential. In order to provide fast and precise power flow regulation in a dc microgrid, this research employs multi-level converters as the controllers. A multilevel converter allows for a compact output filter. In addition, the final LC filter of a MLC that satisfies a current ripple demand has been designed and is presented in this work. In comparison to traditional two-level converters, we were able to demonstrate that a multi-level converter with a more compact filter may provide high-speed & high-precision power flow regulation under low line impedance situations. Using the simulation results from MATLAB/Simulink, the overall performance of every output current is assessed in the system response, taking into account the transient variations in the power flow.

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Stupar, Andrija, Timothy McRae, Nenad Vukadinovic, Aleksandar Prodic, and Josh A. Taylor. "Multi-Objective Optimization of Multi-Level DC–DC Converters Using Geometric Programming." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 34, no. 12 (2019): 11912–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2019.2908826.

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Rao, S. Nagaraja, D. V. Ashok Kumar, and Ch Sai Babu. "Grid Connected Distributed Generation System with High Voltage Gain Cascaded DC-DC Converter Fed Asymmetric Multilevel Inverter Topology." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 6 (2018): 4047. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i6.pp4047-4059.

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The paper presents distributed generation (DG) system in grid connected mode of operation with asymmetric multi-level inverter (AMLI) topology. Cascaded type DC-DC converter is employed to feed proposed AMLI topology. The DG output voltage (generally low voltage) is stepped up to the required level of voltage using high-gain DC-DC converter. Proposed AMLI topology consists of capacitors at the primary side. The output of high-gain DC-DC converter is fed to split voltage balance single-input multi-output (SIMO) circuit to maintain voltage balance across capacitors of AMLI topology. Cascaded DC-DC converters (both high-gain converter and SIMO circuit) are operated in closed-loop mode. The proposed AMLI feeds active power to grid converting DC type of power generated from DG to AC type to feed the grid. PWM pattern to trigger power switches of AMLI is also presented. The inverting circuit of MLI topology is controlled using simplified Id-Iq control strategy in this paper. With the proposed control theory, the active power fed to grid from DG is controlled and power factor is maintained at unity. The proposed system of DG integration to grid through cascaded DC-DC converters and AMLI structure is validated from fixed active power to grid from DG condition. The proposed system is developed and results are obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.

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Rao, S. Nagaraja, D. V. Ashok Kumar, and Ch. Sai Babu. "Grid Connected Distributed Generation System with High Voltage Gain Cascaded DC-DC Converter Fed Asymmetric Multilevel Inverter Topology." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 6 (2018): 4047–59. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i6.pp4047-4059.

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The paper presents distributed generation (DG) system in grid connected mode of operation with asymmetric multi-level inverter (AMLI) topology. Cascaded type DC-DC converter is employed to feed proposed AMLI topology. The DG output voltage (generally low voltage) is stepped up to the required level of voltage using high-gain DC-DC converter. Proposed AMLI topology consists of capacitors at the primary side. The output of high-gain DC-DC converter is fed to split voltage balance single-input multi-output (SIMO) circuit to maintain voltage balance across capacitors of AMLI topology. Cascaded DC-DC converters (both high-gain converter and SIMO circuit) are operated in closed-loop mode. The proposed AMLI feeds active power to grid converting DC type of power generated from DG to AC type to feed the grid. PWM pattern to trigger power switches of AMLI is also presented. The inverting circuit of MLI topology is controlled using simplified Id-Iq control strategy in this paper. With the proposed control theory, the active power fed to grid from DG is controlled and power factor is maintained at unity. The proposed system of DG integration to grid through cascaded DC-DC converters and AMLI structure is validated from fixed active power to grid from DG condition. The proposed system is developed and results are obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.

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Liu, Shu Xi, Shan Li, and Juan He. "Unity Power Factor Control of a Direct-Driven Permanent Magnet Synchronous Wind-Power Generator Based on Three-Level Converter." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 2227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2227.

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Direct-driven permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) has become an important research subject besides the double-fed induction generator. With the increasing of unit capacity, the study of topology of high power converters based on multi-level converter is attracting more and more attention. The study of vector control of the direct-driven permanent magnet synchronous wind turbines based on three-level converter is carried out in this paper. Based on the maximum wind-energy capture control of the PMSG, the unity power factor operation of PMSG is realized by controlling the d-axis current to zero in the generator-side converter. A detailed comparative study of two-level system and three-level system is conducted. The simulation results verify the validity of this algorithm.

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Granata, Samuele, Marco Di Benedetto, Cristina Terlizzi, Riccardo Leuzzi, Stefano Bifaretti, and Pericle Zanchetta. "Power Electronics Converters for the Internet of Energy: A Review." Energies 15, no. 7 (2022): 2604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072604.

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This paper presents a comprehensive review of multi-port power electronics converters used for application in AC, DC, or hybrid distribution systems in an Internet of Energy scenario. In particular, multi-port solid-state transformer (SST) topologies have been addressed and classified according to their isolation capabilities and their conversion stages configurations. Non-conventional configurations have been considered. A comparison of the most relevant features and design specifications between popular topologies has been provided through a comprehensive and effective table. Potential benefits of SSTs in distribution applications have been highlighted even with reference to a network active nodes usage. This review also highlights standards and technical regulations in force for connecting SSTs to the electrical distribution system. Finally, two case studies of multi-port topologies have been presented and discussed. The first one is an isolated multi-port bidirectional dual active bridge DC-DC converter useful in fast-charging applications. The second case of study deals with a three-port AC-AC multi-level power converter in H-Bridge configuration able to replicate a network active node and capable of routing and controlling energy under different operating conditions.

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Suzdalenko, Alexander, Janis Zakis, Pavels Suskis, and Leonids Ribickis. "Bidirectional single-loop current sensorless control applied to NPC multi-level converter considering conduction losses." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, no. 4 (2020): 1945. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i4.pp1945-1957.

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The current feedback is considered as unavoidable part of most control system driving power electronic converters. However, it is possible to eliminate the use of current sensor, if properly calculated volt-second balance is applied to input inductor. This paper describes the implementation of current sensorless control technique applied to neutral point clamped multi-level converter, where only voltage control-loop is used to stabilize internal capacitors voltage, while inductor’s current is shaped by means of current sensorless control block in both discontinuous and continuous current modes. The capacitor voltage balancing is implemented by means of delta-controller that selects alternative capacitor in respect to main switching scheme. Finally, the analytical study of proposed solution is verified with simulation results.

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Alexander, Suzdalenko, Zakis Janis, Suskis Pavels, and Ribickis Leonids. "Bidirectional single-loop current sensorless control applied to NPC multi-level converter considering conduction losses." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS) 11, no. 4 (2020): 1945–57. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i4.pp1945-1957.

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The current feedback is considered as unavoidable part of most control system driving power electronic converters. However, it is possible to eliminate the use of current sensor, if properly calculated volt-second balance is applied to input inductor. This paper describes the implementation of current sensorless control technique applied to neutral point clamped multi-level converter, where only voltage control-loop is used to stabilize internal capacitors voltage, while inductor’s current is shaped by means of current sensorless control block in both discontinuous and continuous current modes. The capacitor voltage balancing is implemented by means of delta-controller that selects alternative capacitor in respect to main switching scheme. Finally, the analytical study of proposed solution is verified with simulation results.

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Liu, Y. H., J. Arrillaga, and N. R. Watson. "Capacitor Voltage Balancing in Multi-Level Voltage Reinjection (MLVR) Converters." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 20, no. 2 (2005): 1728–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2004.834348.

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Khera, Fatma A., Christian Klumpner, and Pat W. Wheeler. "New modulation scheme for bidirectional qZS modular multi-level converters." Journal of Engineering 2019, no. 17 (2019): 3836–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/joe.2018.8020.

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Vorontsov, A. G., M. V. Pronin, A. P. Soloviev, V. V. Glushakov, G. G. Rozbitsky, and I. A. Dikun. "High-Speed Models of Systems with Modular Multi-Level Converters." Russian Electrical Engineering 95, no. 1 (2024): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068371224010103.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Multi-level converters'

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