Journal articles: 'Multi material printing'

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Tibbits, Skylar. "4D Printing: Multi-Material Shape Change." Architectural Design 84, no. 1 (January 2014): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ad.1710.

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Ambrosi, Adriano, Richard D. Webster, and Martin Pumera. "Electrochemically driven multi-material 3D-printing." Applied Materials Today 18 (March 2020): 100530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2019.100530.

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MARUO, Shoji. "Progress in multi-material 3D printing." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2020 (2020): F01206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2020.f01206.

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Li, Vincent Chi-Fung, Xiao Kuang, Craig M. Hamel, Devin Roach, Yulin Deng, and H. Jerry Qi. "Cellulose nanocrystals support material for 3D printing complexly shaped structures via multi-materials-multi-methods printing." Additive Manufacturing 28 (August 2019): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.04.013.

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Urhal, Pinar. "A novel printing channel design for multi-material extrusion additive manufacturing." MATEC Web of Conferences 318 (2020): 01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031801024.

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Additive manufacturing has a great potential in terms of its capability to produce components with complex geometries and to make multi-material and composite products by combining different materials in a single manufacturing platform. Current trends for the multi-material extrusion additive manufacturing process are categorized by multi-nozzle systems and multi-material inlet systems. In the case of multiple nozzle system, materials are deposited from different nozzles in sequence. On the other hand, in the case of multi-material inlet system, different materials are sent into a mixing tube and deposited as a mixture of materials. In this case, functionally graded parts can be fabricated by changing the volume fraction of two or more materials. Hence, the fabrication of parts with a continuous material supply by varying ratios for the extrusion technologies requires the development of printing heads with suitable printing channels, capable of varying the mixing ratio of different materials. To evaluate the effect of different printing channel designs on the material’s flow pattern and the functionally graded material printability, this paper presents a three-dimensional transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of the two miscible liquid-liquid system in a printing channel. Different geometries and materials are considered

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Kutuniva, Kari, Jarmo Mäkikangas, Aappo Mustakangas, Timo Rautio, Jani Kumpula, and Kari Mäntyjärvi. "DFAM Based Multi-Material 3D Printing Using Conductive and Flexible Filaments." Key Engineering Materials 786 (October 2018): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.786.364.

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The focus of this study was to test a low-cost level plastic printer in the multi-material printing application using principles of design for additive manufacturing (DFAM). Two sample structures were designed in the project. One of the main planning principles of the examples was to integrate multiple functions into one part and intelligently utilize a variety of materials and reduce parts count. The most common material used in the experiments was the basic PLA, which is widely used, easy-to-print and economical alternative. As special materials, electrically conductive PLA-based graphene filament and highly flexible polyurethane-based filament was used. The results show that multi-material printing is also possible with lower cost devices and it makes it easier for smart products to be manufactured cost-effectively. It has also been found that multi-material printing can be technically challenging and that further research and experiments in this subject are needed. In the future, the research topic will be even more interesting as equipment and materials will develop. This paper presents detailed printing parameters for all the materials used in the printing tests.

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Le Ferrand, Hortense. "Multi-material 3D printing produces expandable microlattices." MRS Bulletin 43, no. 9 (September 2018): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2018.220.

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Mao, Huachao, Wenxuan Jia, Yuen-Shan Leung, Jie Jin, and Yong Chen. "Multi-material stereolithography using curing-on-demand printheads." Rapid Prototyping Journal 27, no. 5 (June 2, 2021): 861–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-05-2020-0104.

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Purpose This paper aims to present a multi-material additive manufacturing (AM) process with a newly developed curing-on-demand method to fabricate a three-dimensional (3D) object with multiple material compositions. Design/methodology/approach Unlike the deposition-on-demand printing method, the proposed curing-on-demand printheads use a digital light processing (DLP) projector to selectively cure a thin layer of liquid photocurable resin and then clean the residual uncured material effectively using a vacuuming and post-curing device. Each printhead can individually fabricate one type of material using digitally controlled mask image patterns. The proposed AM process can accurately deposit multiple materials in each layer by combining multiple curing-on-demand printheads together. Consequently, a three-dimensional object can be fabricated layer-by-layer using the developed curing-on-demand printing method. Findings Effective cleaning of uncured resin is realized with reduced coated resin whose height is in the sub-millimeter level and improved vacuum cleaning performance with the uncleaned resin less than 10 µm thick. Also, fast material swapping is achieved using the compact design of multiple printheads. Originality/value The proposed multi-material stereolithography (SL) process enables 3D printing components using more viscous materials and can achieve desired manufacturing characteristics, including high feature resolution, fast fabrication speed and low machine cost.

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IBRAHIM, Mustaffa, Takayuki OTSUBO, Hiroyuki NARAHARA, Hiroshi KORESAWA, and Hiroshi SUZUKI. "Inkjet Printing Resolution Study for Multi-Material Rapid Prototyping(Digital design and digital manufacturing)." Proceedings of International Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing in 21st century : LEM21 2005.1 (2005): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmelem.2005.1.45.

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Khare, Varsha, Sanjiv Sonkaria, Gil-Yong Lee, Sung-Hoon Ahn, and Won-Shik Chu. "From 3D to 4D printing – design, material and fabrication for multi-functional multi-materials." International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology 4, no. 3 (July 2017): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40684-017-0035-9.

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Kumar, Ranvijay, Rupinder Singh, and Ilenia Farina. "On the 3D printing of recycled ABS, PLA and HIPS thermoplastics for structural applications." PSU Research Review 2, no. 2 (August 30, 2018): 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prr-07-2018-0018.

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Purpose Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is an established process to print structural parts of metals, ceramic and polymers. Further, multi-material 3DP has the potentials to be a milestone in rapid manufacturing (RM), customized design and structural applications. Being compatible as functionally graded materials in a single structural form, multi-material-based 3D printed parts can be applied in structural applications to get the benefit of modified properties. Design/methodology/approach The fused deposition modelling (FDM) is one of the established low cost 3DP techniques which can be used for printing functional/ non-functional prototypes in civil engineering applications. Findings The present study is focused on multi-material printing of primary recycled acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) in composite form. Thermal (glass transition temperature and heat capacity) and mechanical properties (break load, break strength, break elongation, percentage elongation at break and Young’s modulus) have been analysed to observe the behaviour of multi-material composites prepared by 3DP. This study also highlights the process parameters optimization of FDM supported with photomicrographs. Originality/value The present study is focused on multi-material printing of primary recycled ABS, PLA and HIPS in composite form.

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Khatri, Bilal, Marco Frey, Ahmed Raouf-Fahmy, Marc-Vincent Scharla, and Thomas Hanemann. "Development of a Multi-Material Stereolithography 3D Printing Device." Micromachines 11, no. 5 (May 22, 2020): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11050532.

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Additive manufacturing, or nowadays more popularly entitled as 3D printing, enables a fast realization of polymer, metal, ceramic or composite devices, which often cannot be fabricated with conventional methods. One critical issue for a continuation of this success story is the generation of multi-material devices. Whilst in fused filament fabrication or 3D InkJet printing, commercial solutions have been realized, in stereolithography only very few attempts have been seen. In this work, a comprehensive approach, covering the construction, material development, software control and multi-material printing is presented for the fabrication of structural details in the micrometer range. The work concludes with a critical evaluation and possible improvements.

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Nicholas, Paul, Gabriella Rossi, Ella Williams, Michael Bennett, and Tim Schork. "Integrating real-time multi-resolution scanning and machine learning for Conformal Robotic 3D Printing in Architecture." International Journal of Architectural Computing 18, no. 4 (August 13, 2020): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478077120948203.

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Robotic 3D printing applications are rapidly growing in architecture, where they enable the introduction of new materials and bespoke geometries. However, current approaches remain limited to printing on top of a flat build bed. This limits robotic 3D printing’s impact as a sustainable technology: opportunities to customize or enhance existing elements, or to utilize complex material behaviour are missed. This paper addresses the potentials of conformal 3D printing and presents a novel and robust workflow for printing onto unknown and arbitrarily shaped 3D substrates. The workflow combines dual-resolution Robotic Scanning, Neural Network prediction and printing of PETG plastic. This integrated approach offers the advantage of responding directly to unknown geometries through automated performance design customization. This paper firstly contextualizes the work within the current state of the art of conformal printing. We then describe our methodology and the design experiment we have used to test it. We lastly describe the key findings, potentials and limitations of the work, as well as the next steps in this research.

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Belvoncikova, Dominika, Lucia Bednarcikova, Monika Michalikova, Alena Findrik Balogova, Eduard Jakubkovic, and Marianna Trebunova. "THE EFFECT OF MULTI-MATERIAL PRINTING TO FLEXIBILITY." Acta Tecnología 6, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22306/atec.v6i3.89.

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Tam, Joyce, and Ozlem Yasar. "Multi Material 3D Scaffold Printing with Maskless Photolithography." MRS Advances 2, no. 24 (2017): 1303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.21.

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ABSTRACTIn today’s technology, organ transplantation is found very challenging as it is not easy to find the right donor organ in a short period of time. In the last several decades, tissue engineering was rapidly developed to be used as an alternative approach to the organ transplantation. Tissue engineering aims to regenerate the tissues and also organs to help patients who waits for the organ transplantation. Recent research showed that in order to regenerate the tissues, cells must be seeded onto the 3D artificial laboratory fabricated matrices called scaffolds. If cells show healthy growth within the scaffolds, they can be implanted to the injured tissue to do the regeneration. One of the biggest limitation that reduces the success rate of tissue regeneration is the fabrication of accurate thick 3D scaffolds. In this research “maskless photolithography” was used to fabricate the scaffolds. Experiment setup consist of digital micro-mirror devices (DMD) (Texas Instruments, DLi4120), optical lens sets, UV light source (DYMAX, BlueWave 200) and PEGDA which is a liquid form photo-curable solution. In this method, scaffolds are fabricated in layer-by-layer fashion to control the interior architecture of the scaffolds. Working principles of the maskless photolithography is, first layer shape is designed with AutoCAD and the designed image is uploaded to the DMD as a bitmap file. DMD consists of hundreds of tiny micro-mirrors. When the UV light is turned on and irradiated the DMD, depending on the micro-mirrors’ angles, UV light is selectively reflected to the low percentage Polyethylene (glycol) Diacrylate (PEGDA) photo-curable solution. When UV light penetrates into the PEGDA, only the illuminated part is solidified and non-illuminated area still remains in the liquid phase. In this research, scaffolds were fabricated in three layers. First layer and the last layer are solid layers and y-shape open structure was sandwiched between these layers. After the first layer is fabricated with DMD, a “y-shape” structure was fabricated with the 3D printer by using the dissolvable filament. Then, it was placed onto the first solid layer and covered with fresh high percentage PEGDA solution. UV light was reflected to the PEGDA solution and solidified to make the second and third layers. After the scaffold was fabricated, it is dipped into the limonene solution to dissolve the y-shape away. Our results show that thick scaffolds can be fabricated in layer-by-layer fashion with “maskless photolithography”. Since the UV light is stable and does not move onto the PEGDA, entire scaffold can be fabricated in one single UV shot which makes the process faster than the current fabrication techniques.

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Rafiee, Mohammad, Rouhollah D. Farahani, and Daniel Therriault. "Multi‐Material 3D and 4D Printing: A Survey." Advanced Science 7, no. 12 (April 30, 2020): 1902307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/advs.201902307.

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Yap, Pui-Voon, Ming-Yeng Chan, and Seong-Chun Koay. "Preliminary Study on Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Multimaterials ABS/PC Parts: Effect of Printing Parameters." Journal of Physical Science 32, no. 2 (August 25, 2021): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/jps2021.32.2.7.

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This research work highlights the mechanical properties of multi-material by fused deposition modelling (FDM). The specimens for tensile and flexural test have been printed using polycarbonate (PC) material at different combinations of printing parameters. The effects of varied printing speed, infill density and nozzle diameter on the mechanical properties of specimens have been investigated. Multi-material specimens were fabricated with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) as the base material and PC as the reinforced material at the optimum printing parameter combination. The specimens were then subjected to mechanical testing to observe their tensile strength, Young’s modulus, percentage elongation, flexural strength and flexural modulus. The outcome of replacing half of ABS with PC to create a multi-material part has been examined. As demonstrated by the results, the optimum combination of printing parameters is 60 mm/s printing speed, 15% infill density and 0.8 mm nozzle diameter. The combination of ABS and PC materials as reinforcing material has improved the tensile strength (by 38.46%), Young’s modulus (by 23.40%), flexural strength (by 23.90%) and flexural modulus (by 37.33%) while reducing the ductility by 14.31% as compared to pure ABS. The results have been supported by data and graphs of the analysed specimens.

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Matte, Christopher-Denny, Michael Pearson, Felix Trottier-Cournoyer, Andrew Dafoe, and Tsz Ho Kwok. "Automated storage and active cleaning for multi-material digital-light-processing printer." Rapid Prototyping Journal 25, no. 5 (June 10, 2019): 864–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-08-2018-0211.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to introduce a novel technique for printing with multiple materials using the DLP method. Digital-light-processing (DLP) printing uses a digital projector to selectively cure a full layer of resin using a mask image. One of the challenges with DLP printing is the difficulty of incorporating multiple materials within the same part. As the part is cured within a liquid basin, resin switching introduces issues of cross-contamination and significantly increased print time.Design/methodology/approachThe material handling challenges are investigated and addressed by taking inspiration from automated storage and retrieval systems and using an active cleaning solution. The material tower is a compact design to facilitate the storage and retrieval of different materials during the printing process. A spray mechanism is used for actively cleaning excess resin from the part between material changes.FindingsChallenges encountered within the multi-material DLP technology are addressed and the experimental prototype validates the proposed solution. The system has a cleaning effectiveness of over 90 per cent in 15 s with the build area of 72 inches, in contrast to the previous work of 50 per cent cleaning effectiveness in 2 min with only 6 inches build area. The method can also hold more materials than the previous work.Originality/valueThe techniques from automated storage and retrieval system is applied to develop a storage system so that the time complexity of swapping is reduced from linear to constant. The whole system is sustainable and scalable by using a spraying mechanism. The design of the printer is modular and highly customizable, and the material waste for build materials and cleaning solution is minimized.

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Lamont, Andrew C., Michael A. Restaino, Matthew J. Kim, and Ryan D. Sochol. "A facile multi-material direct laser writing strategy." Lab on a Chip 19, no. 14 (2019): 2340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9lc00398c.

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Ates, Gokhan. "Computer modelling and simulation of a novel printing head for complex tissue engineering constructs." MATEC Web of Conferences 318 (2020): 01045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031801045.

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In tissue engineering, three-dimensional functional scaffolds with tailored biological properties are needed to be able to mimic the hierarchical structure of biological tissues. Recent developments in additive biomanufacturing allow to extrude multiple materials enabling the fabrication of more sophisticated tissue constructs. These multi-material biomanufacturing systems comprise multiple printing heads through which individual materials are sequentially printed. Nevertheless, as more printing heads are added the fabrication process significantly decreases, since it requires mechanical switching among the physically separated printheads to enable printing multiple materials. In addition, this approach is not able to create biomimetic tissue constructs with property gradients. To address these limitations, this paper presents a novel static mixing extrusion printing head to enable the fabrication of multi-material, functionally graded structures using a single nozzle. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to numerically analyze the influence of Reynolds number on the flow pattern of biomaterials and mixing efficiency considering different miscible materials.

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Mohammed, Mazher Iqbal, Joseph Tatineni, Brenton Cadd, Greg Peart, and Ian Gibson. "Advanced auricular prosthesis development by 3D modelling and multi-material printing." KnE Engineering 2, no. 2 (February 9, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/keg.v2i2.593.

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We investigate the use of medical imaging, digital design and 3D printing technologies as a viable means of reproducing a person’s anatomy, with the intension of producing a working, patient specific prosthesis. This approach offers several advantages over traditional techniques, as data capture is non-intrusive, models can be made using quantitative methodologies, design iterations can be digitally stored for future reproduction, and additive manufacturing ensures no loss of quality when converting the digital model into a physical part. We also present a combined model segmentation with multi-material printing approach to increase the colour complexity of the final model. When combined with multi-material printing using elastic materials, our approach provides a comprehensive strategy to accurately realising mimic of both skin pigmentation and the tactile feel of human tissues. Ultimately, we believe our approach provides an innovative strategy for prosthesis production which could have considerable potential for implementation in a clinical setting.

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IBRAHIM, Mustaffa, Takayuki OTSUBO, Hiroyuki NARAHARA, Hiroshi KORESAWA, and Hiroshi SUZUKI. "Inkjet Printing Resolution Study for Multi-Material Rapid Prototyping." JSME International Journal Series C 49, no. 2 (2006): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmec.49.353.

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Campelo, S., E. Subashi, Z. Chang, S. G. Meltsner, J. P. Chino, and O. I. Craciunescu. "Multi-material 3D Printing in Brachytherapy– Prototyping Teaching Tools." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 108, no. 3 (November 2020): e437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.07.2525.

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Emon, Md Omar Faruk, Faez Alkadi, Daryl George Philip, Da-Hye Kim, Kyung-Chang Lee, and Jae-Won Choi. "Multi-material 3D printing of a soft pressure sensor." Additive Manufacturing 28 (August 2019): 629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.06.001.

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Sodupe-Ortega, Enrique, Andres Sanz-Garcia, Alpha Pernia-Espinoza, and Carmen Escobedo-Lucea. "Accurate Calibration in Multi-Material 3D Bioprinting for Tissue Engineering." Materials 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2018): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081402.

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Most of the studies in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting have been traditionally based on printing a single bioink. Addressing the complexity of organ and tissue engineering, however, will require combining multiple building and sacrificial biomaterials and several cells types in a single biofabrication session. This is a significant challenge, and, to tackle that, we must focus on the complex relationships between the printing parameters and the print resolution. In this paper, we study the influence of the main parameters driven multi-material 3D bioprinting and we present a method to calibrate these systems and control the print resolution accurately. Firstly, poloxamer hydrogels were extruded using a desktop 3D printer modified to incorporate four microextrusion-based bioprinting (MEBB) printheads. The printed hydrogels provided us the particular range of printing parameters (mainly printing pressure, deposition speed, and nozzle z-offset) to assure the correct calibration of the multi-material 3D bioprinter. Using the printheads, we demonstrated the excellent performance of the calibrated system extruding different fluorescent bioinks. Representative multi-material structures were printed in both poloxamer and cell-laden gelatin-alginate bioinks in a single session corroborating the capabilities of our system and the calibration method. Cell viability was not significantly affected by any of the changes proposed. We conclude that our proposal has enormous potential to help with advancing in the creation of complex 3D constructs and vascular networks for tissue engineering.

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Yao, Yuan, Yichi Zhang, Mohamed Aburaia, and Maximilian Lackner. "3D Printing of Objects with Continuous Spatial Paths by a Multi-Axis Robotic FFF Platform." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (May 24, 2021): 4825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114825.

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Conventional Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) equipment can only deposit materials in a single direction, limiting the strength of printed products. Robotic 3D printing provides more degrees of freedom (DOF) to control the material deposition and has become a trend in additive manufacturing. However, there is little discussion on the strength effect of multi-DOF printing. This paper presents an efficient process framework for multi-axis 3D printing based on the robot to improve the strength. A multi-DOF continuous toolpath planning method is designed to promote the printed part’s strength and surface quality. We generate curve layers along the model surfaces and fill Fermat spiral in the layers. The method makes it possible to take full advantage of the multi-axis robot arm to achieve smooth printing on surfaces with high curvature and avoid the staircase effect and collision in the process. To further improve print quality, a control strategy is provided to synchronize the material extrusion and robot arm movement. Experiments show that the tensile strength increases by 22–167% compared with the conventional flat slicing method for curved-surface parts. The surface quality is improved by eliminating the staircase effect. The continuous toolpath planning also supports continuous fiber-reinforced printing without a cutting device. Finally, we compared with other multi-DOF printing, the application scenarios, and limitations are given.

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Ulu, Furkan, Ravi Pratap Singh Tomar, and Ram Mohan. "Processing and mechanical behavior of rigid and flexible material composite systems formed via voxel digital design in polyjet additive manufacturing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 27, no. 3 (February 19, 2021): 617–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-06-2020-0119.

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Purpose PolyJet technology allows printing complex multi-material composite configurations using Voxel digital designs' capability, thus allowing rapid prototyping of 3D printed structural parts. This paper aims to investigate the processing and mechanical characteristics of composite material configurations formed from soft and hard materials with different distributions and sizes via voxel digital print design. Design/methodology/approach Voxels are extruded representations of pixels and represent different material information similar to each pixel representing colors in digital images. Each geometric region of a digitally designed part represented by a voxel can be printed with a different material. Multi-material composite part configurations were formed and rapidly prototyped using a PolyJet printer Stratasys J750. A design of experiments composite part configuration of a soft material (Tango Plus) within a hard material matrix (Vero Black) was studied. Composite structures with different hard and soft material distributions, but at the same volume fractions of hard and soft materials, were rapidly prototyped via PolyJet printing through developed Voxel digital printing designs. The tensile behavior of these formed composite material configurations was studied. Findings Processing and mechanical behavior characteristics depend on materials in different regions and their distributions. Tensile characterization obtained the fracture energy, tensile strength, modulus and failure strength of different hard-soft composite systems. Mechanical properties and behavior of all different composite material systems are compared. Practical implications Tensile characteristics correlate to digital voxel designs that play a critical role in additive manufacturing, in addition to the formed material composition and distributions. Originality/value Results clearly indicate that multi-material composite systems with various tensile mechanical properties could be created using voxel printing by engineering the design of material distributions, and sizes. The important parameters such as inclusion size and distribution can easily be controlled within all slices via voxel digital designs in PolyJet printing. Therefore, engineers and designers can manipulate entire morphology and material at each voxel level, and different prototype morphologies can be created with the same voxel digital design. In addition, difficulties from AM process with voxel printing for such material designs is addressed, and effective digital solutions were used for successful prototypes. Some of these difficulties are extra support material or printing the part with different dimension than it designed to achieve the final part dimension fidelity. Present work addressed and resolved such issued and provided cyber based software solutions using CAD and voxel discretization. All these increase broad adaptability of PolyJet AM in industry for prototyping and end-use.

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Robles-Martinez, Pamela, Xiaoyan Xu, Sarah J. Trenfield, Atheer Awad, Alvaro Goyanes, Richard Telford, Abdul W. Basit, and Simon Gaisford. "3D Printing of a Multi-Layered Polypill Containing Six Drugs Using a Novel Stereolithographic Method." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 6 (June 11, 2019): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11060274.

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Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has demonstrated great potential for multi-material fabrication because of its capability for printing bespoke and spatially separated material conformations. Such a concept could revolutionise the pharmaceutical industry, enabling the production of personalised, multi-layered drug products on demand. Here, we developed a novel stereolithographic (SLA) 3D printing method that, for the first time, can be used to fabricate multi-layer constructs (polypills) with variable drug content and/or shape. Using this technique, six drugs, including paracetamol, caffeine, naproxen, chloramphenicol, prednisolone and aspirin, were printed with different geometries and material compositions. Drug distribution was visualised using Raman microscopy, which showed that whilst separate layers were successfully printed, several of the drugs diffused across the layers depending on their amorphous or crystalline phase. The printed constructs demonstrated excellent physical properties and the different material inclusions enabled distinct drug release profiles of the six actives within dissolution tests. For the first time, this paper demonstrates the feasibility of SLA printing as an innovative platform for multi-drug therapy production, facilitating a new era of personalised polypills.

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Singh, Rupinder, Ranvijay Kumar, Ilenia Farina, Francesco Colangelo, Luciano Feo, and Fernando Fraternali. "Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing of Sustainable Innovative Materials and Structures." Polymers 11, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11010062.

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This paper highlights the multi-material additive manufacturing (AM) route for manufacturing of innovative materials and structures. Three different recycled thermoplastics, namely acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA), and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) (with different Young’s modulus, glass transition temperature, rheological properties), have been selected (as a case study) for multi-material AM. The functional prototypes have been printed on fused deposition modelling (FDM) setup as tensile specimens (as per ASTM D638 type-IV standard) with different combinations of top, middle, and bottom layers (of ABS/PLA/HIPS), at different printing speed and infill percentage density. The specimens were subjected to thermal (glass transition temperature and heat capacity) and mechanical testing (peak load, peak strength, peak elongation, percentage elongation at peak, and Young’s modulus) to ascertain their suitability in load-bearing structures, and the fabrication of functional prototypes of mechanical meta-materials. The results have been supported by photomicrographs to observe the microstructure of the analyzed multi-materials.

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CHENG, Kai, HongBo LAN, ShuTing ZOU, Lei QIAN, and DiChen LI. "Research on active mixing printhead for multi-material and multi-scale 3D printing." SCIENTIA SINICA Technologica 47, no. 2 (January 17, 2017): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n092016-00312.

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Park, Jung Whan, Junhee Lee, Yuan-Zhu Xin, and Ki-Seok Byoun. "Development and Utilization of Flexible Multi-material 3D Printing System." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers - A 42, no. 4 (April 30, 2018): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-a.2018.42.4.399.

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Limem, Skander, Dapeng Li, Soumya Iyengar, and Paul Calvert. "Multi-Material Inkjet Printing of Self-Assembling and Reacting Coatings." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 46, no. 12 (October 30, 2009): 1205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10601320903340259.

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Sears, Nicholas, Prachi Dhavalikar, Michael Whitely, and Elizabeth Cosgriff-Hernandez. "Fabrication of biomimetic bone grafts with multi-material 3D printing." Biofabrication 9, no. 2 (May 22, 2017): 025020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/aa7077.

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Hertafeld, Evan, Connie Zhang, Zeyuan Jin, Abigail Jakub, Katherine Russell, Yadir Lakehal, Kristina Andreyeva, et al. "Multi-Material Three-Dimensional Food Printing with Simultaneous Infrared Cooking." 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing 6, no. 1 (March 2019): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2018.0042.

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Hensleigh, Ryan, Huachen Cui, Zhenpeng Xu, Jeffrey Massman, Desheng Yao, John Berrigan, and Xiaoyu Zheng. "Charge-programmed three-dimensional printing for multi-material electronic devices." Nature Electronics 3, no. 4 (April 2020): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41928-020-0391-2.

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Shan, Zhong-de, Zhi Guo, Dong Du, and Feng Liu. "Coating process of multi-material composite sand mold 3D printing." China Foundry 14, no. 6 (November 2017): 498–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41230-017-7078-y.

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Zhang, Qiang, Xiao Kuang, Shayuan Weng, Liang Yue, Devin J. Roach, Daining Fang, and Hang Jerry Qi. "Shape‐Memory Balloon Structures by Pneumatic Multi‐material 4D Printing." Advanced Functional Materials 31, no. 21 (March 17, 2021): 2010872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202010872.

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Chen, Kai-Wei, Ming-Jong Tsai, and Heng-Sheng Lee. "Multi-Nozzle Pneumatic Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing System for Printing Sensing Pads." Inventions 5, no. 3 (July 6, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions5030029.

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This paper developed a multi-nozzle pneumatic extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) system and applied it to print multi-material polymers and conductive sensing pads. We used pneumatic extrusion nozzles to extrude the liquid material and then cured it by an ultraviolet (UV) light source. The multi-nozzle pneumatic extrusion-based additive manufacturing system mainly integrates both PC-based HMI and CNC controller to operate the three-axis motion and the extrusion flow control. Moreover, the peripheral I/Os include both positive and negative pressure and also the curing light source. A D/A controller is also applied to control the value of the pneumatic pressure. The coding part utilizes the numerical control software along with the PLC planning to operate the AM machine automatically. Our experiment is conducted by using Simplify3D, a commercial 3D printing slicing software. Different requirements were set for extrusion nozzles with different materials, and then we executed the path controlling G-code data by Python Language. Our system successfully prints multi-material polymer structure pads which include the hard and soft material pad fabricated in double-layers, triple-layers and also the grid structure. Finally, we find that the printed pad has conductivity.

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Polsakiewicz, D., and W. Kollenberg. "Comparison of Silver Sources for Silver/Glass Compounds by Multi-Material 3D-Printing." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2015, CICMT (September 1, 2015): 000305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-tha31.

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Inkjet printing of conductive silver lines on solid or flexible substrates for the fabrication of electronic components has been reported in a variety of ways over more than the last decade. Numerous publications highlight the importance of the silver source for the feasibility of the process as well as the resulting properties of the printed structures. In previous work [1] we reported the first experimental attempt to realize such conductive silver components inside a structure printed with a custom three dimensional powder printer. Aim of this study was to combine the functionality of directly printed functional elements with the geometrical flexibility of powder-based three-dimensional printing. While functionality in the printed glass/metallic compound is achieved in principle, an inhomogeneous microstructure with differentiated silver and glass areas is observed. In this article the silver source for the printing process is varied in order to achieve a homogeneous compound in desired areas. Three different metallic sources were used, namely a diluted screen-printing paste, a silver nitrate solution and silver particles formed by a previously reported polyol process. Ink were formulated from mentioned silver sources and printed with a glass powder. The fabricated samples are investigated in terms of their microstructure evolution and part functionality. The microstructure evolution is discussed in regard to the selected silver source. Additionally, the thermal treatment of the structures is optimized in order to ensure the optimum microstructure and part functionality. The reported experiments present the further development for a unique and novel method for fabricating glass/metal compounds by powder-based three-dimensional printing, allowing for the expansion of the process into novel applications.

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Lopes, L. R., A. F. Silva, and O. S. Carneiro. "Multi-material 3D printing: The relevance of materials affinity on the boundary interface performance." Additive Manufacturing 23 (October 2018): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.06.027.

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Kim, Taehun, Guk Bae Kim, Hyun Kyung Song, Yoon Soo Kyung, Choung-Soo Kim, and Namkug Kim. "Accuracies of 3D printers with hard and soft materials." Rapid Prototyping Journal 26, no. 7 (June 8, 2020): 1227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-09-2019-0236.

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Purpose This study aims to systemically evaluate morphological printing errors between computer-aided design (CAD) and reference models fabricated using two different three-dimensional printing (3DP) technologies with hard and soft materials. Design/methodology/approach The reference models were designed to ensure simpler and more accurate measurements than those obtained from actual kidney simulators. Three reference models, i.e. cube, dumbbell and simplified kidney, were manufactured using photopolymer jetting (PolyJet) with soft and hard materials and multi-jet printing (MJP) with hard materials. Each reference model was repeatably measured five times using digital calipers for each length. These values were compared with those obtained using CAD. Findings The results demonstrate that the cube models with the hard material of MJP and hard and soft materials of PolyJet were smaller (p = 0.022, 0.015 and 0.057, respectively). The dumbbell model with the hard material of MJP was smaller (p = 0.029) and that with the soft material of PolyJet was larger (p = 0.020). However, the dumbbell with the hard material of PolyJet generated low errors (p = 0.065). Finally, the simplified kidney models with the hard material of MJP and soft materials of PolyJet were smaller (p = 0.093 and 0.021) and that with the hard material of PolyJet was opposite to the former models (p = 0.043). Originality/value This study, to the best of authors’ knowledge, is the first to determine the accuracy between CAD and reference models fabricated using two different 3DP technologies with multi-materials. Thus, it serves references for surgical applications as simulators and guides that require accuracy.

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Hwang, So-Ree, and Min-Soo Park. "Property Analysis of Photo-Polymerization-Type 3D-Printed Structures Based on Multi-Composite Materials." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 8545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188545.

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Additive manufacturing, commonly called 3D printing, has been studied extensively because it can be used to fabricate complex structures; however, polymer-based 3D printing has limitations in terms of implementing certain functionalities, so it is limited in the production of conceptual prototypes. As such, polymer-based composites and multi-material 3D printing are being studied as alternatives. In this study, a DLP 3D printer capable of printing multiple composite materials was fabricated using a movable separator and structures with various properties were fabricated by selectively printing two composite materials. After the specimen was fabricated based on the ASTM, the basic mechanical properties of the structure were compared through a 3-point bending test and a ball rebound test. Through this, it was shown that structures with various mechanical properties can be fabricated using the proposed movable-separator-based DLP process. In addition, it was shown that this process can be used to fabricate anisotropic structures, whose properties vary depending on the direction of the force applied to the structure. By fabricating multi-joint grippers with varying levels of flexibility, it was shown that the proposed process can be applied in the fabrication of soft robots as well.

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Ribeiro, Micaela, Olga Sousa Carneiro, and Alexandre Ferreira da Silva. "Interface geometries in 3D multi-material prints by fused filament fabrication." Rapid Prototyping Journal 25, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-05-2017-0107.

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Purpose An issue when printing multi-material objects is understanding how different materials will perform together, especially because interfaces between them are always created. This paper aims to address this interface from a mechanical perspective and evaluates how it should be designed for a better mechanical performance. Design/methodology/approach Different interface mechanisms were considered, namely, microscopic interfaces that are based on chemical bonding and were represented with a U-shape interface; a macroscopic interface characterized by a mechanical interlocking mechanism, represented by a T-shape interface; and a mesoscopic interface that sits between other interface systems and that was represented by a dovetail shape geometry. All these different interfaces were tested in two different material sets, namely, poly (lactic acid)–poly (lactic acid) and poly (lactic acid)–thermoplastic polyurethane material pairs. These two sets represent high- and low-compatibility materials sets, respectively. Findings The results showed, despite the materials’ compatibility level, multi-material objects will have a better mechanical performance through a macroscopic interface, as it is based on a mechanical interlocking system, of which performance cannot be achieved by a simple face-to-face interface even when considering the same material. Originality/value The paper investigates the importance of interface design in multi-material 3D prints by fused filament fabrication. Especially, for parts intended to be subjected to mechanical efforts, simple face-to-face interfaces are not sufficient and more robust and macroscopic-based interface geometries (based on mechanical interlocking systems) are advised. Moreover, such interfaces do not raise esthetic problems because of their working principle; the 3D printing technology can hide the interface geometries, if required.

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Zheng, Yufan, Wenkang Zhang, David Moises Baca Lopez, and Rafiq Ahmad. "Scientometric Analysis and Systematic Review of Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing of Polymers." Polymers 13, no. 12 (June 12, 2021): 1957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13121957.

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Multi-material additive manufacturing of polymers has experienced a remarkable increase in interest over the last 20 years. This technology can rapidly design and directly fabricate three-dimensional (3D) parts with multiple materials without complicating manufacturing processes. This research aims to obtain a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the current state of research and reveal challenges and opportunities for future research in the area. To achieve the goal, this study conducts a scientometric analysis and a systematic review of the global research published from 2000 to 2021 on multi-material additive manufacturing of polymers. In the scientometric analysis, a total of 2512 journal papers from the Scopus database were analyzed by evaluating the number of publications, literature coupling, keyword co-occurrence, authorship, and countries/regions activities. By doing so, the main research frame, articles, and topics of this research field were quantitatively determined. Subsequently, an in-depth systematic review is proposed to provide insight into recent advances in multi-material additive manufacturing of polymers in the aspect of technologies and applications, respectively. From the scientometric analysis, a heavy bias was found towards studying materials in this field but also a lack of focus on developing technologies. The future trend is proposed by the systematic review and is discussed in the directions of interfacial bonding strength, printing efficiency, and microscale/nanoscale multi-material 3D printing. This study contributes by providing knowledge for practitioners and researchers to understand the state of the art of multi-material additive manufacturing of polymers and expose its research needs, which can serve both academia and industry.

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Li, Yao, and Yan Lou. "Tensile and Bending Strength Improvements in PEEK Parts Using Fused Deposition Modelling 3D Printing Considering Multi-Factor Coupling." Polymers 12, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 2497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112497.

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Compared with laser-based 3D printing, fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing technology is simple and safe to operate and has a low cost and high material utilization rate; thus, it is widely used. In order to promote the application of FDM 3D printing, poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) was used as a printing material to explore the effect of multi-factor coupling such as different printing temperatures, printing directions, printing paths, and layer thicknesses on the tensile strength, bending strength, crystallinity, and grain size of FDM printed PEEK parts. The aim was to improve the mechanical properties of the 3D printed PEEK parts and achieve the same performance as the injection molded counterparts. The results show that when the thickness of the printed layer is 0.1 mm and the printing path is 180° horizontally at 525 °C, the tensile strength of the sample reaches 87.34 MPa, and the elongation reaches 38%, which basically exceeds the tensile properties of PEEK printed parts reported in previous studies and is consistent with the tensile properties of PEEK injection molded parts. When the thickness of the printed layer is 0.3 mm, the printing path is 45°, and with vertical printing direction at a printing temperature of 525 °C, the bending strength of the sample reaches 159.2 MPa, which exceeds the bending performance of injection molded parts by 20%. It was also found that the greater the tensile strength of the printed specimen, the more uniform the size of each grain, and the higher the crystallinity of the material. The highest crystallinity exceeded 30%, which reached the crystallinity of injection molded parts.

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Yuan, Chao, Fangfang Wang, Biyun Qi, Zhen Ding, David W. Rosen, and Qi Ge. "3D printing of multi-material composites with tunable shape memory behavior." Materials & Design 193 (August 2020): 108785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108785.

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Stevens, Erica, Katerina Kimes, Jeffrey Martin, and Markus Chmielus. "Multi-Material Binder Jet Printing of Functional Ni-Mn-Ga Alloys." Microscopy and Microanalysis 26, S2 (July 30, 2020): 2942–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927620023296.

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Yang, Shuai, Hao Tang, Chunmei Feng, Jianping Shi, and Jiquan Yang. "The Research on Multi-Material 3D Vascularized Network Integrated Printing Technology." Micromachines 11, no. 3 (February 25, 2020): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11030237.

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Three-dimensional bioprinting has emerged as one of the manufacturing approaches that could potentially fabricate vascularized channels, which is helpful to culture tissues in vitro. In this paper, we report a novel approach to fabricate 3D perfusable channels by using the combination of extrusion and inkjet techniques in an integrated manufacture process. To achieve this, firstly we investigate the theoretical model to analyze influencing factors of structural dimensions of the printed parts like the printing speed, pressure, dispensing time, and voltage. In the experiment, photocurable hydrogel was printed to form a self-supporting structure with internal channel grooves. When the desired height of hydrogel was reached, the dual print-head was switched to the piezoelectric nozzle immediately, and the sacrificial material was printed by the changed nozzle on the printed hydrogel layer. Then, the extrusion nozzle was switched to print the next hydrogel layer. Once the printing of the internal construct was finished, hydrogel was extruded to wrap the entire structure, and the construct was immersed in a CaCl2 solution to crosslink. After that, the channel was formed by removing the sacrificial material. This approach can potentially provide a strategy for fabricating 3D vascularized channels and advance the development of culturing thick tissues in vitro.

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Mirzaali, Mohammad J., Mauricio Cruz Saldívar, Alba Herranz de la Nava, Deepthishre Gunashekar, Mahdiyeh Nouri-Goushki, Eugeni L. Doubrovski, and Amir Abbas Zadpoor. "Multi‐Material 3D Printing of Functionally Graded Hierarchical Soft–Hard Composites." Advanced Engineering Materials 22, no. 7 (February 13, 2020): 1901142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adem.201901142.

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Mirzaali, Mohammad J., Mauricio Cruz Saldívar, Alba Herranz de la Nava, Deepthishre Gunashekar, Mahdiyeh Nouri-Goushki, Eugeni L. Doubrovski, and Amir Abbas Zadpoor. "Multi‐Material 3D Printing of Functionally Graded Hierarchical Soft–Hard Composites." Advanced Engineering Materials 22, no. 7 (July 2020): 2070031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adem.202070031.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Multi material printing'

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