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Journal articles on the topic 'Multi-methodological research'
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Choi, Tsan-Ming, T. C. E. Cheng, and Xiande Zhao. "Multi-Methodological Research in Operations Management." Production and Operations Management 25, no. 3 (2016): 379–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/poms.12534.
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Kinzie, Jillian, Peter Magolda, Adrianna Kezar, George Kuh, Sara Hinkle, and Elizabeth Whitt. "Methodological Challenges in Multi-Investigator Multi-Institutional Research in Higher Education." Higher Education 54, no. 3 (2006): 469–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10734-006-9007-7.
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Łukowski, Wojciech. "Etnografia wielostanowiskowa: inspiracje metodologiczne do badań nad politycznością." Studia Politologiczne, no. 59/2021 (March 31, 2021): 71–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/spolit.2021.59.4.
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Spatial and social mobility in an increasingly globalized world is associated with new challenges for social sciences, including political science. This also applies to methods and methodology. The article aims to reveal the cognitive potential that lies in the use of multi–sited ethnography for research on politics and on the study of political behaviors (das Politische). The utility of this approach is illustrated on the basis of the research on social and spatial mobility of small town residents conducted with the use of this method.
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Mahapatro, Meerambika. "Qualitative Research in Public Health." Asian Journal of Social Science 45, no. 1-2 (2017): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04501004.
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Qualitative data is now increasingly used within public health research, and domestic violence widely is recognized as a serious public health problem. India is one of the most socio-economically diverse nations in the world, where language, culture and customs differ from place to place within the country. In order to carry out research on domestic violence in a multi-centre cross-cultural environment, it is imperative to pay attention to methodological issues. This paper aims to understand how domestic violence is addressed in research and identifies lessons from the methodological gaps in understanding health research. These gaps are analyzed at four levels; conceptualization, setting, ethics and cross-cultural adaptation of research instruments. The research was a multicentre study covering 18 states of India. A wide range of methods were used to narrow the methodological gaps. Despite the inherent difficulties in defining domestic violence in a cross cultural set up, the paper reflects the cumulative efforts of investigators to recognize and systematically deal with the methodological gap in addressing multi-centre research.
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Bloch, A. "Methodological Challenges for National and Multi-sited Comparative Survey Research." Journal of Refugee Studies 20, no. 2 (2007): 230–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fem002.
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Ullah, Ahsan, and Kanwal Ameen. "Examining the use of methodological pluralism in Library and Information Science empirical research produced by Pakistani authors." Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science 27, no. 2 (2022): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/mjlis.vol27no2.6.
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Methodological pluralism or plurality is considered as the employment of more than one method in an inquiry. Methodological pluralism can be categorised into mixed methods and multi-method. The current study explored the use of methodological pluralism in Library and Information Science (LIS) research produced by Pakistani authors. Qualitative content analysis was used to explore latent and manifest use of methodologies in research articles authored by Pakistani published between 2001 and 2016 in national and international journals. Multiple searching strategies were used to identify the articles published in international journals. Findings show that high majority of Pakistani authors did not use the terms mixed methods and multi-method in the description of methodology. Nearly one third (30%) research articles used more than one method. The share of multi-method research (16%) is slightly higher than mixed methods research (14%). In multi-methods articles, combining of quantitative methods was less prevalent as compared to qualitative methods. Multi-method quantitative was used in only six articles. In case of multi-method qualitative design, interviews, personal communication and discussion with experts, literature review and content analysis are the most popular methods. In mixed methods research, interview and questionnaire are the most used methods. Growth in methodological pluralism is half than growth of articles with single method. Knowing and elaboration of the differentiation in mixed methods and multi-method can help in the education and use of methodological pluralism among LIS researchers. Authors should use and explore methodological plurality by treating multi-method designs as separate from mixed method designs.
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Merwin, Elizabeth, and Deirdre Thornlow. "Methodologies Used in Nursing Research Designed to Improve Patient Safety." Annual Review of Nursing Research 24, no. 1 (2006): 273–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0739-6686.24.1.273.
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Nursing research studies of patient safety for 2002-2005 were reviewed to determine methods used and methodological challenges within this field of research. Methods used in traditional clinical research and in health services research were often combined or adapted in innovative research designs to advance knowledge regarding nursing care and patient safety outcomes. This relatively new focus of complex research posed methodological challenges in areas such as measurement and the availability and analysis of data. The most frequent methods used included survey research, analysis of secondary data, and observational studies. This review points to the need to increase the incorporation of complex methodological training, including health services research, the analysis of secondary data and complex survey design in our doctoral programs, and to provide opportunities for researchers to gain further methodological training. Increased use of multi-site and multi-level studies is also needed.
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Duke, Nell K., and Marla H. Mallette. "Critical Issues: Preparation for New Literacy Researchers in Multi-Epistemological, Multi-Methodological Times." Journal of Literacy Research 33, no. 2 (2001): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10862960109548114.
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In this Critical Issues, we argue that the preparation of novice literacy researchers should change in response to the growing diversification of epistemologies and methods employed in literacy research. We assert that the preparation of novice literacy researchers should be aimed at developing students who understand and appreciate a broad range of research epistemologies and methods. We suggest ways in which coursework related to research methods and epistemologies, research apprenticeships and mentoring, and the reading and writing of literacy research might intensify and adjust to meet this aim. We contend that whether our field will be characterized by methodological fragmentation or ecological balance will depend in large part on how we prepare future literacy researchers.
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Timmis, Sue, Ros O'Leary, Elisabet Weedon, and Kerry Martin. "A Multi-Disciplinary, Holistic Approach to Networked Learning Research." Proceedings of the International Conference on Networked Learning 4 (April 5, 2004): 680–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/nlc.v4.9580.
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In this paper, we present our collective reflections on the methodological and collaborative experiences embedded within a cross-disciplinary study of student online learning experiences. The paper will present the theoretical underpinnings for the research design, describe the chosen framework and methods, and identify methodological issues and lessons arising from the implementation of this research. In addition, we will show how the workings of the multi-disciplinary, distributed research team and collaborative methods contributed to the project and to building research capacity in subject communities.
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Hersh, M. A. "METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN MULTI-COUNTRY MULTI-LANGUAGE PARTICIPATIVE RESEARCH WITH BLIND AND VISUALLY IMPAIRED PEOPLE." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 43, no. 25 (2010): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20101027-3-xk-4018.00006.
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Ogryczak, Włodzimierz, and Rudolf Vetschera. "Methodological foundations of multi-criteria decision making." European Journal of Operational Research 158, no. 2 (2004): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2003.06.003.
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Paucar-Cáceres, Alberto, and Leila Abuabara. "A Multi-Methodological Conceptual Framework to Explore Systemic Interventions." Systems 12, no. 12 (2024): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems12120527.
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The paper proposes a ‘Systemic Multi-methodological Framework’ for multi-methodological management science/operational research (MS/OR) interventions. Based on John Mingers’ framework for mapping MS/OR methodologies/methods/techniques, we advance a systemic framework to enhance systemic intervention. The framework draws from the key elements of Robert Flood and Mike Jackson’s and Mingers’ concepts for multi-methodological practice. We discuss both the practical difficulties of applying Mingers’ notional systems in the real world and the cultural and psychological obstacles that prevent the viability of a multi-method and multi-paradigm intervention. We discuss the insights that are useful for overcoming the obstacles inherent to a multi-methodological intervention. By proposing an original framework, we aim to contribute to the debate about increasing systemic interventions and multi-methodological practice in MS/OR.
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Shannon-Baker, Peggy. "Centering Race in Mixed and Multi-Method Research on Implicit Bias: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches 13, no. 1 (2021): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.29034/ijmra.v13n1a3.
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Understanding how we form and maintain implicit racial biases can help identify how to disrupt them. With this goal in mind, mixed and multi-method research approaches offer researchers the ability to combine various methodological approaches to explore the formation, experiences, and impact of implicit racial bias. This article therefore provides a critical descriptive systematic review of empirical mixed and multi-method studies on implicit bias and race. This review is based on the following research questions: (a) What are the theoretical and methodological features among empirical studies on race and implicit bias that use mixed or multi-method approaches? and (b) what are the opportunities for theoretical and/or methodological expansion in this literature? The criteria for inclusion in the review are the use of a multi-method (e.g., qualitative and quantitative) or mixed method (e.g., integrating qualitative and quantitative) approach in an empirical study, implicit racial bias is the main or one of the main concepts being studied, and the work (published or unpublished) was dated 1995-2019. The studies in this review often had no theoretical framework or one that did not center race. This is noteworthy because race-specific theoretical frameworks can be used to contextualize the study of implicit bias and race in racism, to define race, and to align with the following important features of mixed and multi-method studies: substantiating the use of multiple methods, prioritizing one or more methodological approaches, analyzing and integrating data, and reflecting on the researcher’s own positionality.
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Ahmed, Amel, and Rudra Sil. "When Multi-Method Research Subverts Methodological Pluralism—or, Why We Still Need Single-Method Research." Perspectives on Politics 10, no. 4 (2012): 935–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592712002836.
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While acknowledging the many forms and contributions of multi-method research (MMR), we examine the costs of treating it as best practice on the grounds that it reduces method-specific weaknesses and increases external validity for findings. Focusing on MMR that combines some type of qualitative analysis with statistical or formal approaches, we demonstrate that error-reduction and cross-validation are not feasible where methods are not sufficiently similar in their basic ontologies and their conceptions of causality. In such cases, MMR may still yield important benefits—such as uncovering related insights or improving the coding of variables—but these can be readily obtained through collaboration among scholars specializing in single-method research (SMR). Such scholars often set the standards for the application of particular methods and produce distinctive insights that can elude researchers concerned about competently deploying different methods and producing coherent findings. Thus, the unchecked proliferation of multi-method skill sets risks forefeiting the benefits of SMR and marginalizing idiographically-oriented qualitative research that fits less well with formal or quantitative approaches. This would effectively subvert the pluralism that once gave impetus to MMR unless disciplinary expectations and professional rewards are predicated on a more balanced and nuanced understanding of what various forms of SMR and MMR bring to the table.
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Raftery, John, Denny McGeorge, and Megan Walters. "Breaking up methodological monopolies: a multi-paradigm approach to construction management research." Construction Management and Economics 15, no. 3 (1997): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/014461997373024.
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Gasparrini, Antonio, Ana Maria Vicedo-Cabrera, and Aurelio Tobias. "The Multi-Country Multi-City Collaborative Research Network: An international research consortium investigating environment, climate, and health." Environmental Epidemiology 8, no. 5 (2024): e339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ee9.0000000000000339.
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Research on the health risks of environmental factors and climate change requires epidemiological evidence on associated health risks at a global scale. Multi-center studies offer an excellent framework for this purpose, but they present various methodological and logistical problems. This contribution illustrates the experience of the Multi-Country Multi-City Collaborative Research Network, an international collaboration working on a global research program on the associations between environmental stressors, climate, and health in a multi-center setting. The article illustrates the collaborative scheme based on mutual contribution and data and method sharing, describes the collection of a huge multi-location database, summarizes published research findings and future plans, and discusses advantages and limitations. The Multi-Country Multi-City represents an example of a collaborative research framework that has greatly contributed to advance knowledge on the health impacts of climate change and other environmental factors and can be replicated to address other research questions across various research fields.
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Keary, Anne. "Feminist Genealogical Methodologies." Feminist Theology 21, no. 2 (2012): 126–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0966735012462839.
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This paper describes the multi-methodological approach employed in a partial, situated, contingent and interpretive feminist political analysis of Catholic mothers and daughters. The study draws on a number of sources including transcripts of mother-daughter interviews, autobiographical anecdotes, photographs, music, icons of Catholicism and poetry. It is argued in this paper that a feminist multi-methodological approach is valuable to feminist research as it disrupts the linear and logocentric construct of traditional social science research. Moreover, a multi-methodological and multi-sourced approach opens up sites so that the mothers and daughters in this study could be positioned within specific histories and contexts, and provided with a space so that as women they could reconstruct themselves as self-referential subjects.
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Bilorus, Tatyana, Iryna Kornilova, Lesya Olikh, and Svitlana Firsova. "Methodological support for intellectual capital strategic management of the research organization." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 1 (2018): 292–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(1).2018.29.
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Making intellectual capital the strategic resource of an innovation-oriented organization under post-industrial economy formation requires improving the decision-making quality while choosing its development strategies. To a large extent, the effectiveness of strategic intellectual capital management depends on its methodological principles development, which determines the relevance of the subject chosen.The purpose of the article is to form a methodical tool for substantiating the strategies of intellectual capital development in a research organization based on multi-criteria analysis.As a methodological platform, the following methods for conducting research were chosen: an aggregated structural approach, in particular, the method of audit-evaluation by Brooking, to evaluate intellectual capital; SWOT analysis – to determine the strategic position of the company regarding its intellectual capital. To confirm the expert opinions consistency within the empirical studies framework, the concordance coefficient, estimated on the Pearson criterion, was calculated. The key to research is the multi-criteria analysis (SAW, TOPSIS, COPRAS) methods for evaluating, ranking and selecting strategic alternatives for the intellectual capital development of the research company.Thus, the article takes a new view of using the scenario approach to the formation of an intellectual capital strategy. The strategy development stages are outlined, and the peculiarities of their methodological support are determined. In particular, the necessity to include into the test program for intellectual capital the estimation of its management efficiency is proved. The authors present an example of adapting SAW, TOPSIS, COPRAS methods for the evaluation and ranking of strategic alternatives to human, structural and market capital development.Consequently, the results allowed to mathematically formalize the rating task and to form the optimal strategies portfolio of human, structural, market capital of organization, as well as to combine factors of the internal and external environment. Thus, the suggested methodological approach can be used by the heads of research organizations to develop and substantiate strategic management decisions to optimize their intellectual capital development.
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Wels, Harry. "Multi-species ethnography: methodological training in the field in South Africa." Journal of Organizational Ethnography 9, no. 3 (2020): 343–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joe-05-2020-0020.
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PurposeTo further develop research methodologies for multi-species ethnographic fieldwork, based on researcher's experiences with multi-species fieldwork in private wildlife conservancies in South Africa and inspired by San tracking techniques.Design/methodology/approachReflections on methodological lessons learnt during multi-species ethnographic fieldwork in South Africa. The approach is rather “Maanenesque” in telling various types of tales of the field. These tales also implicitly show how all-encompassing ethnographic fieldwork and its accompanying reflexivity are; there is never time for leisure in ethnographic fieldwork.FindingsThat developing fieldwork methodologies in multi-species ethnographic research confronts researchers with the explicit need for and training in multi-sensory methods and interpretations, inspired by “the art of tracking” of the San.Originality/valueComes up with a concrete suggestion for a sequence of research methods for multi-species ethnography based on the trials and tribulations of a multi-species ethnographer's experiences in South Africa and inspired by San tracking techniques.
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Parida, Subhadarsini, and Kerry Brown. "Investigating systematic review for multi-disciplinary research in the built environment." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 8, no. 1 (2018): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-10-2016-0056.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which a systematic review approach is transferable from medicine to multi-disciplinary studies in the built environment research. Design/methodology/approach Primarily a review paper, it focuses on specific steps in the systematic review to clarify and elaborate the elements for adapting an evidence base in the built environment studies particular to the impact of green building on employees’ health, well-being and productivity. Findings While research represents a potentially powerful means of reducing the gap between research and practice by applying tried and tested methods, the methodological rigour is debatable when a traditional systematic review approach is applied in the built environment studies involving multi-disciplinary research. Research limitations/implications The foundational contribution of this paper lies in providing methodological guidance and an alternative framework to advance the longstanding efforts in the built environment to bridge the practitioner and academic divide. Originality/value A systematic review approach in the built environment is rare. The method is unique in multi-disciplinary studies especially in green building studies. This paper adopts the systematic review protocols in this cross-disciplinary study involving health, management and built environment expertise.
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Straka, Annie. "Structuring arts-based analysis in portraiture research." Qualitative Research Journal 20, no. 1 (2019): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrj-05-2019-0045.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of an innovative arts-based analysis process within the framework of portraiture methodology. The paper provides an example of how to incorporate multi-modal forms of analysis within the portraiture framework and offers a fluid, qualitative “recipe” for researchers interested in using portraiture methodology. Design/methodology/approach The study described in this paper explores vulnerability and resilience in teaching, using poetry and visual art as integrated elements of the portraiture process. Portraiture is a qualitative, feminist, artistic methodology that draws from ethnography and phenomenology to describe, understand and interpret complex human experiences. Findings This research resulted in the methodological development of three stages of analysis within the portraiture process: drafting vignettes, poetic expression and artistic expression. These stages of data analysis highlight the methodological richness of portraiture and center the researcher’s engagement in creative, intuitive and associative processes. Research limitations/implications This study contributes to existing scholarship that extends portraiture methodology by including additional aesthetic elements and offers a roadmap for what a multi-modal, arts-based analysis process might look like within the portraiture framework. Originality/value The study presented in this paper serves as an example of qualitative research that expands methodological boundaries and centers the role of intuition, association and creativity in research. This work serves as a unique and important contribution to the portraiture literature, offering a provocative roadmap for researchers who are drawn to portraiture as an appropriate methodology to explore their inquiry.
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Savić, Dalibor. "Methodological innovations in the research on poverty." Socioloski godisnjak, no. 10 (2015): 411–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/socgod1510411s.
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This paper presents new methodological tendencies in the research on poverty. In this context, it problematizes the shortcomings of research approaches that equate poverty with economic deprivation (absolute and relative poverty), while preference is given to research approaches that promote multi-dimensional, dynamic and relational concept of poverty. In the study of social phenomena and processes related to poverty special attention is paid to the growing need to combine quantitative and qualitative methods (The mixed method), as well as the independent use of qualitative methods. Moreover, it also discusses the certain applied research strategies and methods aimed at solving specific problems faced by the poor (critical communicative methodology, participatory action research, etc).
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Ilinskaya, Svetlana. "Local-civilizational research and social constructivism: points of intersection." Философская мысль, no. 11 (November 2021): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8728.2021.11.36798.
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This article represents a polemical response to the critical of poly-civilizational research article by D. E. Letnyakov, who offers to shift away from the essentialist attitudes in the context of studying the phenomenon of civilization, and rather focus on the mechanisms of formation of civilizational identity. In contradiction of the aforementioned point of view, the author of this article argues the inferiority and one-sidedness of the attempts to limit the multi-paradigm vector of research to a single methodological approach, substantiates the philosophical grounds of such multi-paradigmality, and on the example of gender studies, indicates the discrepancies that emerge due to neglecting the essential approach by the researchers. The subject of this article is the methodology of civilizational research. The author does not intent to refute the provisions of social constructivism completely, since its adherents made a considerable contribution to social knowledge, but rather demonstrate that in a number of multi-paradigm vectors (to which civilizational research belong to), this methodological approach cannot be limited to just one. It is substantiated that for philosophy, the criticism of civilizational theory from the perspective of social constructivism, is the phenomenon similar to refutation of Lobachevsky’s geometry from the standpoint of Euclidean geometry, or the laws of quantum mechanics based on the Newton laws. These are different worlds, different set of coordinates, with fundamentally different laws effective therein.
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Ngulube, Patrick. "Mapping Methodological Issues in Knowledge Management Research, 2009–2014." International Journal of Knowledge Management 15, no. 1 (2019): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkm.2019010106.
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By drawing on the nuances in methodological research literature, this qualitative content analysis study investigated the research procedures employed in knowledge management (KM) research between 2009 and 2014, to gain an understanding of the methodological choices made by KM researchers. In total, 989 articles published in five leading KM-centric journals were reviewed. The results revealed that KM research utilised a variety of research procedures. The predominance of positivist epistemologies varied across the five journals, but mixed methods research was not prevalent. True to the interpretivist presuppositions of this study, these results are not definitive. Deploying multi-methods may result in a deeper understanding of the use of research procedures in the field. The value of this study lies in the fact that it will lead to greater knowledge of research methodologies in the subject field and provide a baseline for future studies that have an interest in reflecting on context-specific methodological practices.
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Абакумов, Р. Г., Roman Abakumov, И. Авилова, et al. "ONTOLOGY OF RESEARCH EFFICIENCY AND PROSPECTS OF LARGE-PANEL AND MONOLITHIC REINFORCED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL OBJECTS." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 4, no. 10 (2019): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/article_5db33b395b0bb8.51040783.
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The article is devoted to the issues of ontology, research of the effectiveness and prospects of large-panel and monolithic reinforced concrete construction of residential objects. Increasing demands on the effectiveness of multi-story housing construction determine the relevance of this study. Methodological foundations of substantiation and a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of monolithic and large-panel reinforced concrete multi-story construction are considered; prospects for the development of these housing technologies are justified. The article presents an analysis of the pros and cons of monolithic and large-panel reinforced concrete multi-storey construction of residential buildings, a comparative analysis of the processes of organization and technology of construction works. The problems of large-panel and monolithic construction are ranked according to the level of their materiality, measures to improve construction technologies are proposed. The comparative analysis of cost indicators of monolithic and panel construction on the basis of the data presented in collections of standards of the price of construction is presented. The need to introduce and update the normative documentation having legal force for regulation of the basic provisions of the modern improved large-panel construction is proved. Attention is paid to the design conditions for the manufacture and installation of the monolithic and large-panel multi-storey construction of residential buildings used in the methodological approach. Cases of expediency of comparison on criterion "duration of construction" are analyzed. The article proposes an original methodological approach for evaluating the effectiveness of monolithic and large-panel construction, taking into account the conditions and nature of the uncertainty of the initial data, which will justify the choice of the most effective options for the construction of multi-storey housing construction.
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Dotsenko, Nataliia, Igor Chumachenko, Bohdan Kraivskyi, Maryna Railian, and Anatoly Litvinov. "METHODOLOGICAL SUPPORT FOR MANAGING OF CRITICAL COMPETENCES IN AGILE TRANSFORMATION PROJECTS WITHIN A MULTI-PROJECT MEDICAL ENVIRONMENT." Advanced Information Systems 8, no. 4 (2024): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2522-9052.2024.4.04.
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Ensuring the continuity, efficiency and quality of medical care requires solving the problem of managing the critical competencies of personnel in a multi-project medical environment. The object of research is resource management processes in the medical environment. The subject of the research is models, methods and processes of managing critical competencies in Agile projects of transformation of a multi-project medical environment. The purpose of the work is to develop methodological support for managing critical competencies in Agile transformation projects within a multi-project medical environment. The article addresses the following tasks: analysis of factors affecting the formation of the register of critical competencies in the medical environment; development of a conceptual model for critical competence management; development of an aggregated model for the configuration management process of critical competencies; development of a method for managing critical competencies; development of recommendations for applying of methodological support for managing critical competencies in Agile transformation projects within a multi-project medical environment. Research methods are based on project-oriented, donor-acceptor approaches, combinatorial analysis and set theory, configurational management to solve the problem of managing critical competencies in a multi-project medical environment. The results of the work include the development of methodological support for managing of critical competencies in Agile transformation projects within a multi-project medical environment, specifically the conceptual model for managing critical competencies; an aggregated model for the configuration management process of critical competencies; a method for managing critical competencies. The application of the developed methodological support is considered through a test example. Conclusions. The proposed methodological support for managing critical competencies in Agile transformation projects within a multi-project medical environment contributes to improving the quality of medical services by proactively managing the resource provision of medical institutions. The comprehensive application of the proposed solutions showed an increase in the value of the team's characteristics by 1.1-1.42 times, depending on the type of input matrix of competences in the test examples.
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Horáková, Hana. "Multi-local research of modern rurality in the Czech Republic: epistemological and methodological challenges." AUC GEOGRAPHICA 49, no. 2 (2014): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23361980.2014.10.
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Cheng, T. C. E., Tsan-Ming Choi, and Xiande Zhao. "Special Issue ofProduction and Operations Management: Multi-Methodological Research in Production and Operations Management." Production and Operations Management 21, no. 6 (2012): 1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/poms.12001.
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Nohl, Arnd-Michael. "Country Comparison and Multi-Level Analysis in Qualitative Research – Methodological Problems and Practical Solutions." Child Indicators Research 12, no. 2 (2017): 409–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12187-017-9497-0.
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Vossoughi, Shirin, and Kris D. Gutiérrez. "Studying Movement, Hybridity, and Change: Toward a Multi-sited Sensibility for Research on Learning across Contexts and Borders." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 116, no. 14 (2014): 603–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811411601413.
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This chapter brings together cultural-historical approaches to human development with interpretive and multi-sited ethnography in order to: (1) develop ethnographic tools that attend to the ways young people learn within and across multiple contexts; (2) draw from and contrast the methodological insights of single and multi-sited ethnography; and (3) glean principles that help constitute a “multi-sited sensibility” appropriate for taking a more expansive approach to learning that advances conceptions of learning as movement.
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Mónica, Duarte Oliveira, Mataloto Inês, and Kanavos Panos. "Multi-criteria decision analysis for health technology assessment: addressing methodological challenges to improve the state of the art." European Journal of Health Economics 20 (April 20, 2019): 891–918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-019-01052-3.
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Background Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) concepts, models and tools have been used increasingly in health technology assessment (HTA), with several studies pointing out practical and theoretical issues related to its use. This study provides a critical review of published studies on MCDA in the context of HTA by assessing their methodological quality and summarising methodological challenges. Methods A systematic review was conducted to identify studies discussing, developing or reviewing the use of MCDA in HTA using aggregation approaches. Studies were classified according to publication time and type, country of study, technology type and study type. The PROACTIVE-S approach was constructed and used to analyse methodological quality. Challenges and limitations reported in eligible studies were collected and summarised; this was followed by a critical discussion on research requirements to address the identified challenges. Results 129 journal articles were eligible for review, 56% of which were published in 2015–2017; 42% focused on pharmaceuticals; 36, 26 and 18% reported model applications, issues regarding MCDA implementation analyses, and proposing frameworks, respectively. Poor compliance with good methodological practice (< 25% complying studies) was found regarding behavioural analyses, discussion of model assumptions and uncertainties, modelling of value functions, and dealing with judgment inconsistencies. The five most reported challenges related to evidence and data synthesis; value system differences and participant selection issues; participant difficulties; methodological complexity and resource balance; and criteria and attributes modelling. A critical discussion on ways to address these challenges ensues. Discussion Results highlight the need for advancement in robust methodologies, procedures and tools to improve methodological quality of MCDA in HTA studies. Research pathways include developing new model features, good practice guidelines, technologies to enable participation and behavioural research.
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Fersch, Barbara. "Meaning: lost, found or 'made' in translation? A hermeneutical approach to cross-language interview research." Qualitative Studies 4, no. 2 (2013): 86–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/qs.v4i2.8859.
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Qualitative research that includes interviews in languages foreign to the researcher(s) has become increasingly common. However, there is surprisingly little reflection on the methodological implications of such research practices. Furthermore, strategies on how to analyse cross- and multi-language interview material are lacking. The aim of this article is to present possible ways of handling these challenges, focusing mainly on analysis. I propose a hermeneutical approach to the issue. First, I will discuss the epistemological/methodological foundations of the approach before proposing some 'tools' to help practically tackle the 'problem' of analysis using the chosen methodological perspective. Rather than ignoring or trying to circumvent the question of foreign language and/or translation, in the proposed approach linguistic questions and questions of translation are the central focus.
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Fitzpatrick, Katie, and Jean M. Allen. "Tensions in ethnographic research." Ethnographic Edge 1, no. 1 (2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15663/tee.v1i1.4.
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In this paper, we reflect on the tensions inhering in a multi-layered ethnographic project, with two researchers, across four school sites. This project is somewhat ambitious as we are combining critical ethnography with participatory and decolonising methods (and theories) across four sites. In so doing, we aim to explore the health-related experiences of diverse young people, at the intersection of gender sexuality, place and class, as well and ethnicity and culture. We focus here on four specific methodological tensions. We employ Michelle Fine’s notion of ‘working the hyphen’ to explore tensions of decolonising-recolonising; collaborating-co-constructing; interactive-participatory approaches; being critical-being a listener in research.
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Lefrançois, Richard. "Pluralisme méthodologique et stratégies multi-méthodes en gérontologie." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 14, S1 (1995): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800005420.
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ABSTRACTThe debate regarding paradigms and investigation methods is at least partially responsible for the fragmentation of gerontologocial knowledge. First, the article presents arguments in favour of methodological pluralism as a research designed to facilitate the integration of knowledge and innovation. The main goal of methodological pluralism is to reconcile different approaches by combining a number of observation and data-collection scenarios within the same study. After presenting the arguments in favour of methodological pluralism and identifying the integration methods that can be applied to study results already obtained, the author proposes a taxonomy of multiple research strategies that may be utilized in the same study. He specifically discusses: pseudo-triangulation, parallel and sequential triangulation, composite methods, mixed methods and the multi-method approach.
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Abastante, Francesca, Caterina Caprioli, and Marika Gaballo. "The Economic Evaluation of Projects as a Structuring Discipline of Learning Processes to Support Decision-Making in Sustainable Urban Transformations." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17, no. 4 (2022): 1297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170427.
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This paper is based on the following research questions: i) In which way could the discipline Economic Evaluation of Projects contribute to conveying the sustainability concept in urban settings among master’s degree students? What are the methods/techniques that can support decision processes of sustainable urban transformation? In response to the two research questions, the paper proposes a multi-methodological framework as a design tool for students (future professionals) aimed at representing the decision problem from a sustainable planning perspective. Through a Problem-Based Learning approach based on a case study, the proposed framework considers: SWOT Analysis, Stakeholder Analysis (SA), Multicriteria Analysis (MCDA), Cash Flow Analysis (CFA), and the application of the Neighborhood Sustainability Assessment Tools (NSATools). The multi-methodological framework has been applied to an experimental teaching case study as part of the Economic Evaluation of Projects module demonstrating its effectiveness in terms of sustainable spatial planning and structuring of the decision process from a multi-actor perspective. Future directions of the research are aimed at tackling two major limitations of the multi-methodological framework as the need to closely reflect a real decision process through an iterative framework and the sometimes hard interpretation of some elements of urban sustainability.
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Sapkota, Mahendra. "Research Philosophy in Development Studies: An Inquiry from Qualitative Design." Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies 2, no. 1 (2019): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/rnjds.v2i1.25278.
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Development studies have got both discourse as well as empirical field of research. This paper presents a synthesis of research methodology and its philosophical settings in the field. It deals with philosophical and methodological approaches from the qualitative research design approach. Then it offers a methodological plural perspective along with the discussion of interpretivism, criticalism and social constructivism. Though this paper is not developed out of an empirical field study, the methodology here employed is the review based reflexive perspective of the author. Discussing the context of grounded theory approach, the paper illustrates how a position of the researcher and the conditionality of the study universe affect each other. The central argument of the paper maintains that in multi-real world the disciplinary approach and single-method inquiry could not go into the depth of the research world. Rather, the realties are complex and often changing rapidly in the given political economic context of development. It is thus a time to look after the methodological approach of development studies.
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Kondakov, A. I. "ABOUT SOME APPROACHES TO DESIGN OF MULTI-NOMENCLATURE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS." Spravochnik. Inzhenernyi zhurnal, no. 300 (March 2022): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/hb.2022.03.pp.035-037.
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Traditional approaches based on the use of traditional design procedures cannot be recommended as a scientific and methodological basis for designing multi-nomenclature productions. The methodological basis for designing these systems should be based on the use of formalized design procedures and formalized rules that are placed on a single computing platform. The procedures for designing multi-nomenclature systems should be preceded by the analysis of the planned to manufacture parts. It is effective to use for analysis the mathematical apparatus of technological similarity developed in the course of research. It allows you to obtain numerical estimates of the similarity of symbolically specified objects. There are relevant scientific and methodological approaches to the creation of multi-nomenclature productions, allowing to assess the technical and economic indicators of the system project being formed in an automated mode.
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Liu, Ziyang. "Comprehensive Research and Discussion on Multi-Sensor Fusion Technology in UAV Vision System." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 119 (December 11, 2024): 808–14. https://doi.org/10.54097/fd154v91.
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This study comprehensively examines and analyses the application of multi-sensor fusion techniques within UAV vision systems. The study opens with an overview of current research advances in UAV vision systems and multi-sensor fusion technologies and specifies the methodological framework and experimental configuration of this study. Subsequently, the paper explains in detail the fundamental theoretical framework and constituent elements of UAV vision systems, as well as the basic definitions of multi-sensor fusion technologies, their classifications and their significant advantages. On this basis, the authors discuss in depth the specific application scenarios and realisation strategies of multi-sensor fusion technology in UAV vision systems, confirming the effectiveness of this technology in enhancing the effectiveness of UAV vision systems. In the epilogue, the key contributions and results of this study are summarised, and the innovations of the UAV vision system and the multi-sensor fusion technology are discussed, while the limitations are objectively pointed out, and a prospective outlook on potential future research paths is given.
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Kamyanetsky, Sergey Yurievich. "Integration of didactic concepts in using of multi-level mobile computer books of problems in teaching the “Logic” section of school curricula." RUDN Journal of Informatization in Education 16, no. 1 (2019): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8631-2019-16-1-64-72.
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Problem and goal. The article actualizes the issues of searching for didactic-methodological bases and their integration in teaching of the “Logic” section within the framework of school curricula of computer science. The goal of the described research is an attempt to consider the content of the discipline and teaching using the multi-level mobile computer books of problems developed in the course of study as a didactic-methodological factor. Methodology. Implementation in the school educational process on computer science of mechanisms that contribute to the maximum immersion of students in the practice-oriented and professionalcontextual field through the use of multi-level mobile computer books of problems. Result. The research found that the use of multi-level mobile computer-based books of problems concerning the provisions of modern didactic concepts in the methodology of teaching computer science provides the opportunity to access education anytime and anywhere. In this, the approach based on the use of multi-level mobile computer books of problems serves as the most efficient means of developing students’ logical, analytical and critical thinking, since their content is based on multilevel basic knowledge of logic and computer science. Conclusion. The research shows that the use of multi-level mobile computer books of problems in teaching logic in the course of computer science at the stage of school education makes it possible to effectively implement didactic-methodological synthesis, making the educational process practiceoriented and professional-contextual.
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Turai, Tünde. "Female Care Workers in Multiple Locations – Research at Multiple Sites Methodological Decisions, Multi-Sited Ethnography." Acta Ethnographica Hungarica 63, no. 2 (2018): 435–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/022.2018.63.2.10.
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Alias Musthafa, Dr M. N. Mohamedunni. "Pluralism as Multi-Method Scholarship in Qualitative Social Science Research: A Panacea for Methodological Tribalism." IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSRJRME) 4, no. 5 (2014): 05–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/7388-04540514.
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Meulenberg-Buskens, Ineke. "Turtles All the Way Down? — On a Quest for Quality in Qualitative Research." South African Journal of Psychology 27, no. 2 (1997): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639702700208.
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This article focuses on the relationship between the personal and the scientific in qualitative research discourse as an aspect of the quest for quality. While there is of necessity a personal dimension in any type of social science research, in qualitative research the personal takes a prominent place in that the researcher's subjectivity is explicitly used within the research context and appropriated by the methodological discourse. The purpose of methodological discourse is to safeguard the quality of research: Guidelines are developed, innovations are discussed, and traditions and conventions maintained. Methodological discourse can also be the arena where a community of scientists asserts itself through discussing its members' practices. It is here where personal authority and scientific convention meet in the battle for research quality. The case study used here reflects a particular event in a qualitative methodological discourse which was a crisis of sorts. An attempt is made to analyse the process which revealed the prevalent rules and the question is raised whether the quest for recognizability, which is the basis of methodological discourse operating within a community of scientists, has the potential to function as a threat to the quest for quality, so undermining its very purpose. A plea is made for a multi-layered reflective discourse where not only individual work will be scrutinized, but the discourse will scrutinize itself with the help of individual events.
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Galuppo, Laura, Mara Gorli, Giuseppe Scaratti, and Cesare Kaneklin. "Building social sustainability: multi-stakeholder processes and conflict management." Social Responsibility Journal 10, no. 4 (2014): 685–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/srj-10-2012-0134.
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Purpose – The aim of the paper is to investigate social sustainability by focussing on the stakeholder theory and by presenting specific levers and capabilities for building more socially sustainable organizations. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on the analysis of recent academic and managerial literature. Through comparing theoretical and methodological perspectives from multiple authors, a specific theoretical and methodological viewpoint based on the stakeholder theory is proposed. Findings – The paper discusses the idea that building socially sustainable organisations requires the management of multi-stakeholder processes that are physiologically conflicting and that often create paradoxical tensions. Participative settings of action and reflection and capabilities as reflexivity and “paradoxical thinking” are proposed as key levers for dealing with multi-stakeholders processes towards a more socially sustainable organizing. Research limitations/implications – This paper raises reflections focussed on the “social pillar” of sustainability and does not consider different types of organizations in different multi-stakeholders processes. Such a perspective does not exhaust the variety of cases and research studies that could be considered in the field and further developed. Originality/value – The value of the paper is in its construction of a framework for both research and practical purposes in the domain of management and sustainability. The work also attempts to link the concepts of reflexivity and paradox to a methodological proposal for leading the organizational journey towards social sustainability.
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Bessa, Ioulia, and Jennifer Tomlinson. "Established, accelerated and emergent themes in flexible work research." Journal of Industrial Relations 59, no. 2 (2017): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185616671541.
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Flexible labour markets, flexible working arrangements and motivations behind their use are established and expanding strands of sociology of work and employment relations research. This article provides a review of key themes and debates connected to workplace flexibility between 2000 and 2015 utilising research located in leading sociology of work, employment relations, industrial relations and human resource management (HRM) journals, in addition to key texts published during this time period. We establish that flexible work research is a growing area of research and focus our analysis on identifying key themes categorised as established, accelerated and emergent. We conclude with areas of contention yet to be resolved and possible avenues for future directions in flexible work research, noting a disconnection between macro analyses of flexibility at the economic level and the focus on flexible working-time arrangements at the workplace level. Furthermore we observed few quantitative multi-level modelling analyses or multi-methods research designs. To that end, analyses that can synthesise these literatures would enhance the field, as might innovations in methodological approaches which advance multi-level modelling and multi-method designs to give multiple and dynamic perspectives.
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Li, Haiyang, Ping Yang, Weidong Liu, Shaoqiang Yan, Xinyi Zhang, and Donglin Zhu. "Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning in Games: Research and Applications." Biomimetics 10, no. 6 (2025): 375. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10060375.
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Biological systems, ranging from ant colonies to neural ecosystems, exhibit remarkable self-organizing intelligence. Inspired by these phenomena, this study investigates how bio-inspired computing principles can bridge game-theoretic rationality and multi-agent adaptability. This study systematically reviews the convergence of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) and game theory, elucidating the innovative potential of this integrated paradigm for collective intelligent decision-making in dynamic open environments. Building upon stochastic game and extensive-form game-theoretic frameworks, we establish a methodological taxonomy across three dimensions: value function optimization, policy gradient learning, and online search planning, thereby clarifying the evolutionary logic and innovation trajectories of algorithmic advancements. Focusing on complex smart city scenarios—including intelligent transportation coordination and UAV swarm scheduling—we identify technical breakthroughs in MARL applications for policy space modeling and distributed decision optimization. By incorporating bio-inspired optimization approaches, the investigation particularly highlights evolutionary computation mechanisms for dynamic strategy generation in search planning, alongside population-based learning paradigms for enhancing exploration efficiency in policy refinement. The findings reveal core principles governing how groups make optimal choices in complex environments while mapping the technological development pathways created by blending cross-disciplinary methods to enhance multi-agent systems.
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Law, Mary, David Cadman, Peter Rosenbaum, Dianne Russell, Carol DeMatteo, and Stephen Walter. "Evaluation of Treatment in Occupational Therapy. Part 1. Methodology Issues in Conducting Clinical Trials." Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 56, no. 5 (1989): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000841748905600505.
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The purpose of this paper is to discuss important methodological issues that must be considered in planning and implementing clinical evaluation research in occupational therapy. The experiences of the authors in conducting a multi-centre intervention trial are used to illustrate issues and decisions which can both enhance the scientific integrity of clinical research while maint a ining its feasibility. Methodological issues include choice of research design, identification of significant confounding variables, subject selection and enrollment, incidence-prevalence bias, selection of appropriate and responsive outcome measures, maintenance of treatment consistency and compliance, and “masked” evaluation of outcomes. Attention to these issues will increase the methodological quality of occupational therapy evaluation research and improve the credibility of its results.
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Ross, Valerie. "Practice-Based Methodological Design for Performance-Composition and Interdisciplinary Music Research." Malaysian Journal of Music 11, no. 1 (2022): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37134/mjm.vol11.1.7.2022.
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Practice-based research has gained increasing prominence in the field of creative arts enquiry. Its engagement has fueled disruptive discourse on its nature, methodology and application in music research. Textbooks and journal publications on practice in arts-based research and a host of eminent practitioner-scholars have contributed to this nascent field of study. Several of these publications focus on the creative arts industry with fewer discourse on practice-based research approaches in the subdomains of music. This article deliberates on the multi-facets of practice-based approaches in performance, composition, and interdisciplinary music research. It shares the process of crafting methodological designs that encapsulate research in and of practice. Keywords that frame practice-based techniques include terms such as praxis, divergent and multi-methodological processes, design thinking, and research about/through/for practice as represented by performative-compositional artefacts and their accompanying discourse. Two exemplars are discussed. It argues that practice-oriented research transcends discipline borders encompassing interdisciplinary domains within multidisciplinary co-creational practice. In the author’s music-health studies, she views the interdisciplinarity of science-arts research as interpolated dimensions of collaborative scientific knowledge within an embodied cultural space that yields transformative creativities of translational research to reach its targeted community of users. Practice-centred research in music therefore embraces spheres of investigations with research-informed practice as its focus and its artefacts and discourse as inputs of and outputs from that research, incorporating the overarching paradigms of practice-led research, practice-based research, and creative research in the performing arts.
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Orlov, Oliver, Yevheniya Ryasnykh, Kathrin Dumanska, and Olena Savchenko. "Scientific approach to quantitative measurement and economic processes research in corporate management." SHS Web of Conferences 107 (2021): 06008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110706008.
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Theoretical and methodological studies of quantitative measurement problems of the outcome economic indicators in corporate management are examined in the article. The author’s vision of scientific exploration as one of the corporate management optimization directions is offered and the basis of such direction as profit margin calculation methodology is presented. It is also suggested to solve problems of quantitative measurement of basic economic processes by using allocation of fixed costs in proportion to profit margin. The methodological basis for evaluating cost-effectiveness with the help of profit margin ratio is developed by the authors. It was revealed that fixed costs are the conditions for doing business and the functional purpose of profit margin is the fixed costs coverage. It is proved that in case of multi-assortment production one of the most effective corporate management approaches to cost estimation and pricing is the profit margin concept provided in this article. One of the advantages of proposed profit margin concept is the availability of special tools revealing the resources that allow covering fixed costs and generating profit with a given level of cost-effectiveness. The obtained results of further adoption can be applied as element of corporate management of manufacturing companies and enterprises in conditions of multi-assortment production and changeable economic environment
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Darby, Jessica L., Brian S. Fugate, and Jeff B. Murray. "Interpretive research." International Journal of Logistics Management 30, no. 2 (2019): 395–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-07-2018-0187.
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Purpose Scholars have called for diversity in methods and multi-method research to enhance relevance to practice. However, many of the calls have only gone so far as to suggest the use of multiple methods within the positivism paradigm, which dominates the discipline and may constrain the ability to develop middle-range theory and propose workable solutions to today’s supply chain challenges. The purpose of this paper is to present a rationale for expanding the methodological toolbox of the field to include interpretive research methods. Design/methodology/approach This research conceptually illustrates how positivist and interpretive philosophies translate into different research approaches by reviewing an extant positivist qualitative study that uses grounded theory and then detailing how an interpretive researcher would approach the same phenomenon using the hermeneutic method. Findings This research expands the boundaries and impact of the field by broadening the set of questions research can address. It contributes a detailed illustration of the interpretive research process, as well as applications for the interpretive approach in future research, particularly theory elaboration, middle-range theorizing, and emerging domains such as the farm-to-fork supply chain and the consumer-based supply chain. Research limitations/implications The development of alternative ways of seeking knowledge enhances the potential for creativity, expansion, and progress in the field. Practical implications Practical implications of this research include enabling researchers to elaborate theory and develop middle-range theories through an alternative philosophical paradigm. This paradigm facilitates practical insights that are directly relevant to particular domains and move beyond general theories seeking generalizability. Social implications Social implications of this research are much more indirect in nature. This research encourages supply chain management (SCM) scholars to look at phenomena (including those with social implications) from a different philosophical perspective, which can reveal new insights. Originality/value This research contributes a rationale for expanding the methodological toolbox of the field to include interpretive research methods and also contributes a methodological operationalization of the interpretive approach. By reflecting on the nature of science and method in SCM, the study opens the door for creativity and progress to expand the boundaries and impact of the field.
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Nataliia, Dotsenko. "METHODOLOGICAL PROVISION OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN A MULTI-PROJECT ENVIRONMENT." Technology audit and production reserves 1, no. 2 (45) (2019): 52–54. https://doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2019.160382.
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<em>The object of research is the processes of human resource management of projects in a multi-project environment. The studies are based on the use of a combinatorial-logical approach to the construction of formal models for the formation and functioning of project teams in a multi-project environment, a stakeholder-oriented approach to the formation of resource requirements, and a donor-acceptor approach to the distribution of resources between projects. The main hypothesis of research is the assumption that the effectiveness of project management depends on the effectiveness of human resource management of projects and programs. This can’t be achieved without taking into account the existing resource constraints and requirements that are determined by key project stakeholders. The issues of creating a methodological support for human resources management of forming adaptive teams in a multi-project environment are considered. The interrelation of the proposed methodology of project-oriented resource management for the formation of adaptive teams in a multi-project environment with modern approaches to human resource management is shown. A conceptual model of project-oriented resource management of the formation of adaptive teams in a multi-project environment is developed. A method of forming resource requirements is proposed, based on an analysis of stakeholder interest in human resource management processes, taking into account the loyalty of interested parties. The features of the process of forming requirements for the project team are considered. To reduce the complexity of the task of forming an adaptive team, it is proposed to carry out a number of checks. It is necessary to ensure the consistency of the requirements of the stakeholders, the compliance of the level of competencies of applicants with the required, the initial verification of reserve factors, the check for the presence of prohibited combinations and the initial analysis of the matrix of applicants. An example of the formation of a team with given restrictions is considered. Restrictions are the level of competence and cost. The application of the proposed approach allows to build a project team with given functional requirements, possessing the maximum level of competence at the minimum cost of the team. The increase in the efficiency of the project team formation process is shown due to the complex application of the developed methodological support for human resource management of projects in a multi-project environment.</em>