Journal articles: 'Multi-sensory responses in children'

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Dulnev, V. V., and Т. A. Slyusar. "Multi-modal (visual, acoustic, cognitive) evoked potentials in children with cerebral palsy." Medical alphabet, no. 22 (October 20, 2020): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2020-22-52-55.

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The objective. To assess and compare the multi-modal evoked potentials (EP) (flash visual [fVEP], brainstem acoustic [BAEP] and cognitive evoked responses [CER]) parameters in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and healthy ones.Materials and methods. There are 100 children aged 3–17 years were examined. Experimental group included 55 children with CP, diagnosed according to International cerebral palsy criteria (P. Rosenbaum et al., 2006), and mild motor deficit (levels I–II of Gross Motor Function Classification Scale), undergoing rehabilitation course. Control group was presented by 45 healthy children aged 3–17 years with no neurological signs. Registration of the fVEP, BAEP and CER and their comparative analysis with non-parametric tests was performed. Neurophysiological recording performed on EMG-VP4 system (MBN Scientific Company, Moscow, Russia).Results. Slowing of maturation and significant delaying of main EP components were observed in experimental group.Conclusion. Findings in this investigation indicate the retardation of cortical sensory processing in children with CP. Analyzing multi-modal EP may be helpful in early detecting sensory abnormalities as complications of CP.

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Donkers, Franc CL, Mike Carlson, Sarah E. Schipul, Aysenil Belger, and Grace T. Baranek. "Auditory event-related potentials and associations with sensory patterns in children with autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, and typical development." Autism 24, no. 5 (December 17, 2019): 1093–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361319893196.

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Atypical sensory response patterns are common in children with autism and developmental delay. Expanding on previous work, this observational electroencephalogram study assessed auditory event-related potentials and their associations with clinically evaluated sensory response patterns in children with autism spectrum disorder ( n = 28), developmental delay ( n = 17), and typical development ( n = 39). Attention-orienting P3a responses were attenuated in autism spectrum disorder relative to both developmental delay and typical development, but early sensory N2 responses were attenuated in both autism spectrum disorder and developmental delay relative to typical development. Attenuated event-related potentials involving N2 or P3a components, or a P1 × N2 interaction, were related to more severe hyporesponsive or sensory-seeking response patterns across children with autism spectrum disorder and developmental delay. Thus, although attentional disruptions may be unique to autism spectrum disorder, sensory disruptions appear across developmental delay and are associated with atypical sensory behaviors.

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Harrop, Clare, Nicole Tu, Rebecca Landa, Ann Kasier, and Connie Kasari. "Sensory Behaviors in Minimally Verbal Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: How and When Do Caregivers Respond?" American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 123, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-123.1.1.

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Abstract Sensory behaviors are widely reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the impact of these behaviors on families remains largely unknown. This study explored how caregivers of minimally verbal children with ASD responded to their child's sensory behaviors. Using a mixed-methods approach, we examined two variables for each endorsed child behavior: (1) Did the caregiver respond/try to change the behavior? and (2) What response did they employ? Caregivers did not differ in the frequency of responses to hypo- or hyper-responsive behaviors but employed different responses. Caregivers responded to more social sensory behaviors and predominately changed their own behavior in response to their child's. Our findings demonstrate how extensively caregivers adapt to their child's behaviors and vary their response dependent on behavior exhibited.

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Gentil-Gutiérrez, Ana, José Luis Cuesta-Gómez, Paula Rodríguez-Fernández, and Jerónimo Javier González-Bernal. "Implication of the Sensory Environment in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Perspectives from School." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 19, 2021): 7670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147670.

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(1) Background: Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) frequently have difficulties in processing sensory information, which is a limitation when participating in different contexts, such as school. The objective of the present study was to compare the sensory processing characteristics of children with ASD in the natural context of school through the perception of professionals in the field of education, in comparison with neurodevelopmental children (2) Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study as conducted with study population consisting of children between three and ten years old, 36 of whom were diagnosed with ASD and attended the Autismo Burgos association; the remaining 24 had neurotypical development. The degree of response of the children to sensory stimuli at school was evaluated using the Sensory Profile-2 (SP-2) questionnaire in its school version, answered by the teachers. (3) Results: Statistically significant differences were found in sensory processing patterns (p = 0.001), in sensory systems (p = 0.001) and in school factors (p = 0.001). Children with ASD who obtained worse results. (4) Conclusions: Children with ASD are prone to present sensory alterations in different contexts, giving nonadapted behavioral and learning responses.

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Nissan, Sagit, Aviva Yochman, Sigalit Blumer, Johnny Kharouba, and Benjamin Peretz. "Children's Responses to Sensory Stimuli and their Behavior in the Dental Office." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/1053-4628-41.1.10.

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Objectives: To evaluate children's behavior during dental examinations, their reactions to various selected sensory stimuli and the association between them. Study design: Sixty-three children (28 boys and 35 girls) aged 5–12 years (mean age 7.9 ± 1.6 years) participated in the study. Their parents were asked to complete a questionnaire while in the dentist's waiting room. The dentists evaluated the children's behavior in the dental office using Frankl's behavioral scale and noted the children's reactions to the sensory stimuli of touch, noise, smell and backward tilting of the examination chair. Results: Most of the children cooperated during the dental examination. Lack of cooperation was associated with adverse reactions to all selected sensory stimuli. There was also an association between resistance to brushing teeth and adverse reaction to touch. Children who reacted negatively to sensory stimuli during dental examinations were more likely to have needed advanced management techniques during past dental treatment. Conclusions: Children's behavior during dental examinations is known to be affected by many factors, including age, previous experiences, anxiety and fear and others. This investigation demonstrates that it is also associated with their reactions to various sensory stimuli.

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Manning, Catherine, Gaia Scerif, and Anthony Norcia. "Coherent motion evoked responses in school-aged children." Journal of Vision 18, no. 10 (September 1, 2018): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/18.10.541.

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Ghanizadeh, Ahmad. "Tactile Sensory Dysfunction in Children with ADHD." Behavioural Neurology 20, no. 3-4 (2008): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/786905.

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Objectives:While a group of children with ADHD may have normal behavioral responses to sensory stimuli, another group may be hyperreactive. The aim of this survey was studying association of tactile sensory responsivity with co-morbidity of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms, subtypes of ADHD, and gender in children with ADHD.Methods:The subjects were 81 children with ADHD from a child psychiatry clinic. The diagnoses were made according to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Tactile dysfunction Checklist was used to assess the three types of tactile sensory dysfunction including Hypersensitivity, hyposensitivity, and poor tactile perception and discrimination (PTPD).Results:Their mean age was 8.4 (SD = 1.9) years. None of the gender, number of symptoms of ODD co-morbidity, and ADHD subtypes was as a predictor of scores of Hyposensitivity and PTPD subscales. Tactile defensiveness was not different between genders and different subtypes of ADHD.Conclusions:Number of ODD symptoms in children with ADHD is a predictor in association with hypersensitivity score of tactile sensory function. Girls are no more than the boys impaired in Hypersensitivity aspect. Different subtypes of ADHD are not distinct disorders regarding to tactile sensory function.

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Brown, Paula. "Finding ways to build children's sensory skills." Early Years Educator 21, no. 10 (February 2, 2020): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/eyed.2020.21.10.24.

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Zagaykan, Yulia, Oleksandr Spryn, and Nikolay Zagaykan. "RESEARCH OF SENSOMOTOR REACTION, MEMORY AND ATTENTION INDICIES UNDER SENSORY DEPRIVATION." EUREKA: Life Sciences 5 (September 17, 2019): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2019.00977.

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The article considers the influence of sensory (visual and auditory) deprivation on a sensorimotor response, memory, and attention among 8-11 years old children. The literature review concludes that sensory deprivation causes discomfort and problems in perceiving of reality. Also, under the influence of various factors that damage body structures, compensatory reactions are launched to compensate for impaired functions. The processes that provide the body with the restoration of lost structures and impaired functions of the pathology are called «compensatory-adaptive processes». Having conducted statistical analysis of the obtained data of latent periods of different sensomotor responses among children with sensory deprivation and the control group, it is seen, that the level of stimuli in the form of figures was higher among children with hearing impairments, and in the form of sounds – in the group of children with visual impairments. According to the results of our study, we can assume that in groups of children with sensory deprivation the process of compensating the impaired function of a particular analyzer takes place at the expense of another one.

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Willerslev-Olsen, Maria, Jacob Buus Andersen, Thomas Sinkjaer, and Jens Bo Nielsen. "Sensory feedback to ankle plantar flexors is not exaggerated during gait in spastic hemiplegic children with cerebral palsy." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 4 (February 15, 2014): 746–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00372.2013.

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It is still widely believed that exaggerated stretch reflexes and increased muscle tone in ankle plantar flexors contribute to reduced ankle joint movement during gait in children with cerebral palsy (CP). However, no study has directly measured stretch reflex activity during gait in these children. We investigated sensory feedback mechanisms during walking in 20 CP children and 41 control children. Stretch responses in plantar flexor muscles evoked in stance showed an age-related decline in control but not CP children. In swing the responses were abolished in control children, but significant responses were observed in 14 CP children. This was related to reduced activation of dorsiflexors in swing. Removal of sensory feedback in stance produced a drop in soleus activity of a similar size in control and CP children. Soleus activity was observed in swing to the same extent in control and CP children. Removal of sensory feedback in swing caused a larger drop in soleus activity in control children than in CP children. The lack of age-related decline in stretch reflexes and the inability to suppress reflexes in swing is likely related to lack of maturation of corticospinal control in CP children. Since soleus activity was not seen more frequently than in control children in swing and since sensory feedback did not contribute more to their soleus activity, spasticity is unlikely to contribute to foot drop and toe walking. We propose that altered central drive to the ankle muscles and increased passive muscle stiffness are the main causes of foot drop and toe walking.

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LaGasse, A. Blythe, Rachel C. B. Manning, Jewel E. Crasta, William J. Gavin, and Patricia L. Davies. "Assessing the Impact of Music Therapy on Sensory Gating and Attention in Children With Autism: A Pilot and Feasibility Study." Journal of Music Therapy 56, no. 3 (2019): 287–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/thz008.

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Abstract Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) frequently demonstrate atypical processing of sensory information and deficits in attentional abilities. These deficits may impact social and academic functioning. Although music therapy has been used to address sensory and attentional needs, there are no studies including physiologic indicators of sensory processing to determine the impact of music therapy. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of conducting study protocols, determine the adequacy of electroencephalography (EEG) and behavioral measures in identifying attentional differences in children with ASD compared with typically developing (TD) children, and to gather preliminary evidence of intervention effects on brain responses and attention outcomes. Seven children with high functioning ASD ages 5 –12 and seven age- and gender-matched TD completed procedures measuring brain responses (EEG) and behaviors (the Test of Everyday Attention for Children). Children with ASD then completed a 35-min individual music therapy attention protocol delivered by a board-certified music therapist ten times over 5 weeks. Children with ASD completed measures of brain responses and behavior post-intervention to determine pre- to post-test differences. Consent and completion rates were 100% for children who met the study criteria. Feasibility measures indicated that measures of brain responsivity could be used to determine attentional differences between children with ASD and typical children. Initial outcome data for brain responses and behavior indicated positive trends for the impact of music therapy on selective attention skills.

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Jovellar-Isiegas, Patricia, Inés Resa Collados, Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Luis Enrique Roche-Seruendo, and César Cuesta García. "Sensory Processing, Functional Performance and Quality of Life in Unilateral Cerebral Palsy Children: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (September 28, 2020): 7116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197116.

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Background: The study of children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP) has traditionally focused on motor aspects. The extent to which sensory processing disorders can affect their functional performance and quality of life (QoL) is uncertain. This study aimed to explore the differences in sensory processing between UCP and typical development (TD) children and to analyze the relationship of sensory processing with functional performance and QoL. Methods: Fifty-three children aged from 6 to 15 years (TD = 24; UCP = 29) were recruited. The Child Sensory Profile 2, Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory—Computer Adaptive Test and Kidscreen were used to evaluate sensory processing, functional performance and QoL. Results: UCP children showed sensory processing difficulties (avoidance: p = 0.02; registration: p = 0.00; body position: p = 0.00; oral: p = 0.02; social-emotional: p = 0.01), and scored lower in functional performance (daily activities: p = 0.00; mobility: p = 0.00; social/cognitive: p = 0.04) and in physical well-being (p = 0.00). The highest correlations in UCP group were found between proprioceptive processing and daily activities and mobility (r = −0.39); auditory, visual and tactile information and school environment (r = −0.63; r = −0.51; r = −0.46); behavioral and social-emotional responses and psychological well-being (r = −0.64; r = −0.49). Conclusions: UCP children have greater difficulty in sensory processing than TD children. Difficulties in proprioceptive processing contribute to poorer functional performance. Auditory, visual and tactile processing is associated with participation in the school environment and behavioral and social-emotional responses related to sensory processing are associated with the psychological well-being.

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de Celis-Alonso, Benito, Silvia S. Hidalgo-Tobón, Eduardo Barragán-Pérez, Eduardo Castro-Sierra, Pilar Dies-Suárez, Julio Garcia, Eduardo Moreno-Barbosa, and Oscar Arias-Carrión. "Different Food Odors Control Brain Connectivity in Impulsive Children." CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 18, no. 1 (February 21, 2019): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527317666181105105113.

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Background: Impulsivity is a complex multi-dimensional combination of behaviors which include: ineffective impulse control, premature decision-making and inability to delay gratification. Objective: The aim of this work was to explore how food odor perception and its emotional value is affected in impulsive children. Methods: Here we compared two cohorts of impulsive and control children with ages between 10 and 16 years. Both groups underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, in which foodrelated odor-cues were presented to all of them. Results: Differences in regions of blood oxygen level dependent activation, as well as connectivity, were calculated. Activations were significant for all odors in the impulsive group in the temporal lobe, cerebellum, supplementary motor area, frontal cortex, medial cingulate cortex, insula, precuneus, precentral, para-hippocampal and calcarine cortices. Conclusion: Connectivity results showed that the expected emotional reward, based on odor perceived and processed in temporal lobes, was the main cue driving responses of impulsive children. This was followed by self-consciousness, the sensation of interaction with the surroundings and feelings of comfort and happiness, modulated by the precuneus together with somatosensory cortex and cingulum. Furthermore, reduced connectivity to frontal areas as well as to other sensory integration areas (piriform cortex), combined to show different sensory processing strategies for olfactory emotional cues in impulsive children. Finally, we hypothesize that the cerebellum plays a pivotal role in modulating decision-making for impulsive children.

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Gaubert, S. A., and M. P. Hector. "Periodontal mechano-sensory responses following trauma to permanent incisor teeth in children." Dental Traumatology 19, no. 3 (May 9, 2003): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-9657.2003.00127.x.

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Tal, M., and Y. Sharav. "Development of sensory and reflex responses to tooth-pulp stimulation in children." Archives of Oral Biology 30, no. 6 (1985): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9969(85)90091-3.

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Gomez, Ivan Neil, Cynthia Y. Y. Lai, Paulin Grace Morato-Espino, Chetwyn C. H. Chan, and Hector W. H. Tsang. "Behavioural and Autonomic Regulation of Response to Sensory Stimuli among Children: A Systematic Review of Relationship and Methodology." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2629310.

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Background. Previous studies have explored the correlates of behavioural and autonomic regulation of response to sensory stimuli in children; however, a comprehensive review of such relationship is lacking. This systematic review was performed to critically appraise the current evidence on such relationship and describe the methods used in these studies. Methods. Online databases were systematically searched for peer-reviewed, full-text articles in the English language between 1999 and 2016, initially screened by title and abstract, and appraised and synthesized by two independent review authors. Results. Fourteen Level III-3 cross-sectional studies were included for systematic review, among which six studies explored the relationship between behaviour and physiological regulation of responses to sensory stimuli. Three studies reported significant positive weak correlations among ASD children; however, no correlations were found in typically developing children. Methodological differences related to individual differences among participants, measures used, and varied laboratory experimental setting were noted. Conclusion. This review suggests inconclusive evidence supporting the relationship between behavioural and physiological regulation of responses to sensory stimuli among children. Methodological differences may likely have confounded the results of the current evidence. We present methodological recommendations to address this matter for future researches. This trial is registered with PROSPERO registration number CRD42016043887.

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McCoy, Sarah Westcott, Tracy Jirikowic, Robert Price, Marcia A. Ciol, Lin-Ya Hsu, Brian Dellon, and Deborah Kartin. "Virtual Sensorimotor Balance Training for Children With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Feasibility Study." Physical Therapy 95, no. 11 (November 1, 2015): 1569–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20150124.

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Background Diminished sensory adaptation has been associated with poor balance control for children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). A virtual reality system, Sensorimotor Training to Affect Balance, Engagement and Learning (STABEL), was developed to train sensory control for balance. Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the STABEL system in children with FASD and children with typical development (TD) to (1) determine the feasibility of the STABEL system and (2) explore the immediate effects of the STABEL system on sensory attention and postural control. Design This is a technical report with observational study data. Methods Eleven children with FASD and 11 children with TD, aged 8 to 16 years, completed 30 minutes of STABEL training. The children answered questions about their experience using STABEL. Sensory attention and postural control were measured pre- and post-STABEL training with the Multimodal Balance Entrainment Response system and compared using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results All children engaged in game play and tolerated controlled sensory input during the STABEL protocol. Immediate effects post-STABEL training in both groups were increased postural sway velocity and some changes in entrainment gain. Children with FASD showed higher entrainment gain to vestibular stimuli. There were no significant changes in sensory attention fractions. Limitations The small sample size, dose of STABEL training, and exploratory statistical analyses are study limitations, but findings warrant larger systematic study to examine therapeutic effects. Conclusions Children completed the training protocol, demonstrating the feasibility of the STABEL system. Differences in postural sway velocity post-STABEL training may have been affected by fatigue, warranting further investigation. Limited immediate effects suggest more practice is needed to affect sensory attention; however, entrainment gain changes suggest the STABEL system provoked vestibular responses during balance practice.

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Bar-Shalita, Tami, Nurit Ben-Ziv, Yelena Granovsky, and Irit Weissman-Fogel. "An Exploratory Study Testing Autonomic Reactivity to Pain in Women with Sensory Over-Responsiveness." Brain Sciences 10, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10110819.

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Background: Difficulty modulating sensory input related to multi-sensory integration dysfunction, specifically the sensory over-responsive (SOR) type, is associated with psychological distress and hyperalgesia in children and adults. Scares reports suggest atypical autonomic nervous system (ANS) reactivity to innocuous sensory stimuli in children with SOR. Thus, the ANS may contribute to sensory stimuli responses and psychological distress. This exploratory study aimed to characterize the ANS reactivity to single and dual pain stimulation, and in relation to psychological distress in adults with SOR. Methods: Healthy women with SOR (n = 9) vs. without SOR (n = 9) underwent two runs of single pain stimulation and a third run comprised of dual pain stimulation. Pain was self-rated, while heart rate variability was measured and analyzed in the time and frequency domains. In addition, questionnaires assessing anxiety and somatization were utilized. Results: While controls demonstrated a vagal tone withdrawal (root mean square of successive differences in R-R-intervals; (RMSSD)) p = 0.029 from base-line to the third run, this was absent in the SOR group. However, no group differences were found in pain ratings. Furthermore, groups differed in the correlations between R-R mean and the level of both anxiety (p = 0.006) and somatization (p < 0.001); while in the SOR group, higher levels of anxiety and somatization correlated with shorter R-R intervals, the opposite was found in the control group. Conclusions: This is the first study to demonstrate in women with SOR atypical vagal tone reactivity to challenging pain load. Vagal tone reactivity is related to both pain ratings and psychological distress.

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Anselmi, Dina, Michael Tomasello, and Mary Acunzo. "Young children's responses to neutral and specific contingent queries." Journal of Child Language 13, no. 1 (February 1986): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900000349.

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ABSTRACTThis study examined young children's responses to adult contingent queries. Each of 22 children in Language Stages II–V conversed alone with their mother and alone with an adult experimenter. The adults queried the child's multi-word utterances with either a neutral or a specific query. Children at all stages responded differently to the two types of query. In response to the neutral query children tended to repeat their entire utterance, whereas in response to the specific query they most often replied with only the asked-for information. Some children found it easier to differentiate the query types when their mother was the listener. These findings suggest that very young children can comprehend the linguistic structure of specific queries and that they can make pragmatically appropriate responses.

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Benítez-Barrera, Carlos R., Alexandra P. Key, Todd A. Ricketts, and Anne Marie Tharpe. "Central auditory system responses from children while listening to speech in noise." Hearing Research 403 (April 2021): 108165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2020.108165.

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Anderson, Kim M., and Jonathan R. Cook. "Challenges and Opportunities of Using Digital Storytelling as a Trauma Narrative Intervention for Traumatized Children." Advances in Social Work 16, no. 1 (July 27, 2015): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/18132.

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This article address the challenges and opportunities of implementing a web-based Digital Storytelling (DS) curriculum to supplement the trauma narrative component of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) for traumatized youth, ages 9-17, receiving mental health services at a rural domestic violence (DV) agency. Digital storytelling, as the term suggests, combines storytelling with technology that integrates a mixture of digital images, text, audio narration, and music. Ultimately, implementing the DS curriculum empowered youth to process and develop their trauma stories in a multi-sensory, accessible and coherent manner. In doing so, they gained tools (writing, narrating, illustrating, and ultimately assembling their own stories) to form adaptive responses regarding their family violence experiences in its immediate aftermath and possibly over time. Agency implications are discussed regarding training, technical, and confidentiality issues related to the implementation of a web-based DS curriculum.

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Faigenbaum, Avery D., Jie Kang, Nicholas A. Ratamess, Anne C. Farrell, Mina Belfert, Sean Duffy, Cara Jenson, and Jill Bush. "Acute Cardiometabolic Responses to Multi-Modal Integrative Neuromuscular Training in Children." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 4, no. 2 (June 24, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk4020039.

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Integrative neuromuscular training (INT) has emerged as an effective strategy for improving health- and skill-related components of physical fitness, yet few studies have explored the cardiometabolic demands of this type of training in children. The aim of this study was to examine the acute cardiometabolic responses to a multi-modal INT protocol and to compare these responses to a bout of moderate-intensity treadmill (TM) walking in children. Participants (n = 14, age 10.7 ± 1.1 years) were tested for peak oxygen uptake (VO2) and peak heart rate (HR) on a maximal TM test and subsequently participated in two experimental conditions on nonconsecutive days: a 12-min INT protocol of six different exercises performed twice for 30 s with a 30 s rest interval between sets and exercises and a 12-min TM protocol of walking at 50% VO2peak. Throughout the INT protocol mean VO2 and HR increased significantly from 14.9 ± 3.6 mL∙kg−1∙min−1 (28.2% VO2 peak) to 34.0 ± 6.4 mL∙kg−1∙min−1 (64.3% VO2 peak) and from 121.1 ± 9.0 bpm (61.0% HR peak) to 183.5 ± 7.9 bpm (92.4% HR peak), respectively. While mean VO2 for the entire protocol did not differ between INT and TM, mean VO2 and HR during selected INT exercises and mean HR for the entire INT protocol were significantly higher than TM (all Ps ≤ 0.05). These findings suggest that INT can pose a moderate to vigorous cardiometabolic stimulus in children and selected INT exercises can be equal to or more metabolically challenging than TM walking.

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Shepherd, Becky. "Multi-agency responses to children and young people who sexually offend." Probation Journal 60, no. 2 (June 2013): 191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0264550513490120a.

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Fennell, Eli, Melissa Mildort, Elizabeth Soethe, Arushi Sachdeva, and Gizelle Anzures. "ERP responses to race and implicit bias in children and adults." Journal of Vision 19, no. 10 (September 6, 2019): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/19.10.258.

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Runge-Samuelson, Christina, Jill B. Firszt, Wolfgang Gaggl, and P. Ashley Wackym. "Electrically Evoked Auditory Brainstem Responses in Adults and Children." Otology & Neurotology 30, no. 4 (June 2009): 464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0b013e31819fe7ea.

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Baptista, B., A. Aguiar, S. Melo, and M. Araujo. "Regulation Disorders of Sensory Processing–Understanding the Complexities of Child-parents Relationship." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S121—S122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1920.

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IntroductionMany authors have agreed on the clinical importance of sensory regulation for a child's cognitive, affective and social development. Sensory regulation abilities are fundamental for an efficient modulation of internal states and the development of appropriately graded responses to the constantly changing sensory experiences. Sensory modulation deficit is an essential feature of regulation disorders of sensory processing (RDSP), that is characterized by difficulties in regulating emotions, behaviors and motor abilities, in response to sensory stimulation and lead to impairment in functioning. We also know that, through daily interactions and early relationship (child's attachment), parents play a crucial role on child's regulation in terms of their emotional and physical availability and how they interpret and respond to child needs.ObjectiveThe authors will present a clinical case of a two-year child who has been diagnosed with RDSP, highlighting the main features, types (hypersensitive; hyposensitive/under-responsive; sensory-stimulation seeking/impulsive) and challenges of this disturb.AimsExplore the association between sensory regulation difficulties, RDSP and child attachment.MethodsSystematic literature review.ResultsRecent studies showed the high prevalence of sensory regulation difficulties (33–76%) and insecure attachment (80%) in children with psychiatric disorders. Results also revealed that children with greater sensory impairment were significantly more likely to show elevated scores of insecurity (avoidance and dependence) to their caregiver.ConclusionsThis work underscores the caregiver's role as a facilitator of child integration and response to sensory stimuli and its importance on the development of behavioral and emotional disorders. This can help early diagnosis and better treatment who prevent future psychiatric conditions.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Kim, Min-Kyoung. "The Influence of Multi-sensory Environments (Snoezelen) on Behaviors and Physiological Responses for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders - A Single-Subject Experimental Design -." Journal of the Korean Institute of Interior Design 29, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14774/jkiid.2020.29.5.003.

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Noorazar, Seyed Gholamreza, Yalda Jabbari Moghaddam, Rasul Kharzaee, and Mojtaba Sohrabpour. "Comparison of Auditory Brain Stem Responses and Otoacoustic Emission of Autism with Healthy Children." Galen Medical Journal 9 (December 22, 2020): 1937. http://dx.doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v9i0.1937.

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Background: Autism is a neurodevelopment disorder, including difficulty in establishing relationships and social interaction, difficulty in communication, performing restricted, and repetitive behaviors. The impaired reception and integration of sensory information especially auditory data are one of the main characteristics of children with autism. According to various studies, the brain stem plays a key role in the reception and integration of auditory and sensory data. Hence, this study aims to comparison auditory brain stem responses (ABR) and otoacoustic emission (OAE) of autism patients with healthy children. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was performed on 20 autism children (4-8 years old) as case group who referred to psychiatry clinics affiliated with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and 20 healthy age-matched as the control group. The severity of autism was evaluated by the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS). Also, ABR and OAE were recorded, and all data compared with the healthy children. Results: The latencies between the waves III-V and I-V bilaterally, and wave V bilaterally and wave I in the left ear showed a significant increase in children with autism compared to the healthy group. Conclusion: This study shows that there was a reduced nerve conduction velocity in the auditory pathway of the brain stem in children with autism compared to healthy children. [GMJ.2020;9:e1937]

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Jean-Baptiste, Rachel, Harriet B. Klein, Danielle Brates, and Nelson Moses. "What’s happening? And other questions obligating complete sentences as responses." Child Language Teaching and Therapy 34, no. 2 (October 30, 2017): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265659017735960.

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This study was designed to examine the strength of question types to obligate complete responses from children, and the effect of age and play context. Participants were typically developing children (mean ages 2;8, 3;4 and 4;7), who engaged in play with three speech-language pathologists in play contexts. Questions posed to the children were coded by semantic content (Epistemic, Procedural Action, External State, and Causal). Children’s responses were coded for syntactic complexity (complete or incomplete sentences). The effect of question type on response was analysed. All questions yielded high proportions of complete responses, which increased with age. There were no statistically significant differences between question type and completeness of response except for a significant difference found for External State when multi-verb responses were analysed. The results support the use of these question types in play settings with children to promote expression of complete sentences.

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Horwood, A. M., and P. M. Riddell. "Hypo-accommodation responses in hypermetropic infants and children." British Journal of Ophthalmology 95, no. 2 (July 5, 2010): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2009.177378.

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Mesquita Reis, J., L. Queiróga, R. Velasco Rodrigues, B. Pinto Ferreira, F. Padez Vieira, M. Farinha, and P. Caldeira da Silva. "Sensory Processing Disorders and Psychopathology." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S216—S217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.2196.

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IntroductionSensory processing is the individual's ability to receive, process and integrate sensory information from the environment and body movement in the central nervous system, in order to produce adaptive responses. Sensory processing disorders (SPD) are associated to difficulties in regulating emotions and behaviours as well as motor abilities in response to sensory stimulation that lead to impairment in development and functioning. It is estimated that SPD affect 5–16% of school-aged children. Although these diseases constitute a primary diagnostic category in the Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Development Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood: DC0-3, they have not yet been validated by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-DSM. In the latest edition of DSM, SPD were only included as one of the diagnostic criteria of autism-spectrum disorders. However, several studies have suggested that SPD may present themselves solely or coexist with other clinical conditions.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to review systematically the relationship between SPD and psychopathology.MethodologyArticles indexed in the Pubmed database were analyzed.Results/conclusionAlthough sensory processing problems are well known to occur in association with autism, their relationship with other mental disorders is not a well studied area. Some studies have related them with ADHD, behavioural disorders and learning disorders. Some studies also comproved that SPD are a valid diagnosis and that there are individuals with SPD who do not meet the criteria for other known disorder. One study found an abnormal white matter microstructure in children with SPD. Despite these findings SPD need to be further studied.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Montare, Alberto. "Classical Conditioning of Beginning Reading Responses." Perceptual and Motor Skills 67, no. 2 (October 1988): 611–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.67.2.611.

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The present study describes the first demonstration that laboratory-controlled experimental procedures can lead to the successful acquisition and subsequent retention of classically conditioned beginning reading responses (CCBRRs) in children of both sexes and mean age of 4 yr. Anticipatory instructions combined with higher-order classical conditioning temporally arranged into a trace conditioning paradigm presented for 10 trials for each response to be learned led to beginning reading responses being successfully acquired by 20 children during 95% of the 2,220 total acquisition learning trials and subsequently correctly recalled on 114 of the 222 retention test trials. Findings support the view that perhaps the relatively sudden and sustained acquisition learning curves for reading responses on the second-signalling-system level of behavior in the present study may be quite different from the relatively slow and incremental learning curves usually obtained in classical conditioning of the autonomic type which occur on the first-signalling-system level.

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Yochman, A., S. Parush, and A. Ornoy. "Responses of Preschool Children With and Without ADHD to Sensory Events in Daily Life." American Journal of Occupational Therapy 58, no. 3 (May 1, 2004): 294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.58.3.294.

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Anderson, Samira, and Nina Kraus. "Sensory-Cognitive Interaction in the Neural Encoding of Speech in Noise: A Review." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 21, no. 09 (October 2010): 575–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.21.9.3.

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Background: Speech-in-noise (SIN) perception is one of the most complex tasks faced by listeners on a daily basis. Although listening in noise presents challenges for all listeners, background noise inordinately affects speech perception in older adults and in children with learning disabilities. Hearing thresholds are an important factor in SIN perception, but they are not the only factor. For successful comprehension, the listener must perceive and attend to relevant speech features, such as the pitch, timing, and timbre of the target speaker's voice. Here, we review recent studies linking SIN and brainstem processing of speech sounds. Purpose: To review recent work that has examined the ability of the auditory brainstem response to complex sounds (cABR), which reflects the nervous system's transcription of pitch, timing, and timbre, to be used as an objective neural index for hearing-in-noise abilities. Study Sample: We examined speech-evoked brainstem responses in a variety of populations, including children who are typically developing, children with language-based learning impairment, young adults, older adults, and auditory experts (i.e., musicians). Data Collection and Analysis: In a number of studies, we recorded brainstem responses in quiet and babble noise conditions to the speech syllable /da/ in all age groups, as well as in a variable condition in children in which /da/ was presented in the context of seven other speech sounds. We also measured speech-in-noise perception using the Hearing-in-Noise Test (HINT) and the Quick Speech-in-Noise Test (QuickSIN). Results: Children and adults with poor SIN perception have deficits in the subcortical spectrotemporal representation of speech, including low-frequency spectral magnitudes and the timing of transient response peaks. Furthermore, auditory expertise, as engendered by musical training, provides both behavioral and neural advantages for processing speech in noise. Conclusions: These results have implications for future assessment and management strategies for young and old populations whose primary complaint is difficulty hearing in background noise. The cABR provides a clinically applicable metric for objective assessment of individuals with SIN deficits, for determination of the biologic nature of disorders affecting SIN perception, for evaluation of appropriate hearing aid algorithms, and for monitoring the efficacy of auditory remediation and training.

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Morse, M. T. "Augmenting Assessment Procedures for Children with Severe Multiple Handicaps and Sensory Impairments." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 86, no. 1 (January 1992): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x9208600128.

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Functional visual assessments of children with severe neurological and physical handicaps are difficult to conduct and frequently do not provide clear guidelines for training. The addition of a learn a routine procedure, which capitalizes on the child's interest of the moment, provides information on the child's patterns of responses, ability to accommodate to variations of a stimulus, and strategies for interaction.

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Panerai, Simonetta, Raffaele Ferri, Valentina Catania, Marinella Zingale, Daniela Ruccella, Donatella Gelardi, Daniela Fasciana, and Maurizio Elia. "Sensory Profiles of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder with and without Feeding Problems: A Comparative Study in Sicilian Subjects." Brain Sciences 10, no. 6 (May 31, 2020): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10060336.

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The aim of this study is to better understand the relationship between sensory and feeding problems in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) by comparing sensory responsiveness of ASD children with (ASD-W) and without (ASD-WO) feeding problems. The feeding and sensory characteristics of 111 children with ASD (37 ASD-W and 74 ASD-WO) were assessed by using two questionnaires tapping on feeding problems and two on sensory problems. A comparative study was carried out with between-group as well as intra-group comparisons design; a correlation analysis was also added. A statistically significant correlation was found between sensory and feeding problems. ASD-W children showed more severe and extensively impaired sensory responses than ASD-WO, with lower sensory adaptation and more generalized and severe deficits in all subdomains. Taste/Smell sensitivity was strongly impaired only in ASD-W, whereas in ASD-WO it was found to be a point of strength. Both groups showed a Hyporesponsive profile, though it was more marked in ASD-W. Both groups showed strengths in Visual/Auditory sensitivity, Low-Energy/Weak, and Movement sensitivity, again more marked in ASD-WO. These results might prove to be particularly useful for sensory training and psychoeducational treatment.

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Lawrence, Rachael J., Ian M. Wiggins, Jessica C. Hodgson, and Douglas E. H. Hartley. "Evaluating cortical responses to speech in children: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study." Hearing Research 401 (March 2021): 108155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2020.108155.

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Evaggelinou, Christina, and John N. Drowatzky. "Timing Responses of Children with Spina Bifida Having Varying Ambulatory Abilities." Perceptual and Motor Skills 73, no. 3 (December 1991): 919–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1991.73.3.919.

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The authors investigated the timing responses of upper extremities to light and sound stimuli of 24 ambulatory, household-only ambulatory, and nonambulatory children with spina bifida. Using a Lafayette reaction and movement timer, each subject performed four timing tasks: (a) simple reaction time, (b) choice reaction time, (c) simple movement time, and (d) choice movement time. A 2 × 3 × 4 analysis of variance with repeated measures indicated that the ambulatory spina bifida children performed all timing tasks faster and more accurately than the household-only ambulatory and nonambulatory children. In addition, the household-only ambulatory group performed the timing tasks faster and more accurately than the nonambulatory group. Therefore, different perceptual-motor processing abilities are inferred for children with spina bifida who ambulate with different ability. For maximum benefit, an individualized educational approach should be used to improve psychomotor abilities of spina bifida children who have differing levels of ambulation.

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Eggleston, Jeffrey D., Alyssa N. Olivas, Heather R. Vanderhoof, Emily A. Chavez, Carla Alvarado, and Jason B. Boyle. "Children With Autism Exhibit More Individualized Responses to Live Animation Biofeedback Than Do Typically Developing Children." Perceptual and Motor Skills 128, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 1037–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512521998280.

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Children with autism have displayed imbalances in responding to feedback and feedforward learning information and they have shown difficulty imitating movements. Previous research has focused on motor learning and coordination problems for these children, but little is known about their motoric responses to visual live animation feedback. Thus, we compared motor output responses to live animation biofeedback training in both 15 children with autism and 15 age- and sex-matched typically developing children (age range: 8–17 years). We collected kinematic data via Inertial Measurement Unit devices while participants performed a series of body weight squats at a pre-test, during live animation biofeedback training, and at post-test. Dependent t-tests (α = 0.05), were used to test for statistical significance between pre- and post-test values within groups, and repeated measures analyses of variance (α = 0.05) were used to test for differences among the training blocks, within each group. The Model Statistic technique (α = 0.05) was used to test for pre- and post-test differences on a single-subject level for every participant. Grouped data revealed little to no significant findings in the children with autism, as these participants showed highly individualized responses. However, typically developing children, when grouped, exhibited significant differences in their left hip position ( p = 0.03) and ascent velocity ( p = 0.004). Single-subject analyses showed more individualistic live animation responses of children with autism than typically developing children on every variable of interest except descent velocity. Thus, to teach children with autism new movements in optimal fashion, it is particularly important to understand their individualistic motor learning characteristics.

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Musiyenko, O. V., R. V. Chopyk, and N. B. Kizlo. "Influence of swimming on sensory functioning, quality of life and behavior of children with autism." Health, sport, rehabilitation 6, no. 3 (September 16, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.34142/hsr.2020.06.03.07.

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Aim: to establish the influence of swimming as a means of adaptive physical education on behavior, emotional state, sensory, motor coordination and quality of life of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD).Material and methods. Three children with autism who were swimming were examined. Research methods: pedagogical observations, pedagogical experiment, method of expert evaluations, questionnaires.Results. There is a significant improvement in the behavior of children with ASD: reducing aggression and autoaggression, reducing the frequency of stereotyped movements, reducing opposition, improving emotional state, improving willpower, improving coordination and dexterity. According to the results of expert assessment, against the background of increasing the results of dexterity, the formation of swimming skills, a significant increase in positive emotions, the acquisition of communication skills there is a significant reduction in problem behavior. Swimming is a powerful sensory stimulus for children with ASD, they improve their sensory profile by promoting proper sensory responses. Swimming contributes to a significant increase in the quality of life of both children and their parents.Conclusions: Swimming is a powerful sensory stimulus for children with ASD. As a result of swimming lessons in children with ASD there is an improvement in behavior, development of communication skills, development of smooth movements, growth of positive emotions, development of swimming skills. Swimming also helps to improve the quality of life of children with ASD and their parents. In children with ASD, swimming helps to improve certain indicators of the sensory profile. Individual swimming lessons can be recommended for children with ASD as an effective means of adaptive physical education.

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Tang, Hong, Man C. M. Tsui, Brian H. C. Cheung, and Guofu Zhang. "Special Education: Clinical Application of Chinese Version Sensory Profile." Asian Education Studies 1, no. 1 (March 3, 2016): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/aes.v1i1.34.

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Chinese Version Sensory Profile (Cheung &Siu, 2009) is a validated tool for healthcare professionals to analyse the impact on how sensory impairment may affect children in carrying out daily activities.In this study, a total of 15 caregivers were recruited from a special school for mental handicap in Hong Kong to complete a survey in respect of the children’s condition (11 males and 4 females aged 6 to 15 years old).Results showed that the proportion falling on imbalance and dysfunction category was highest in visual processing (66.6%) and lowest in emotional/social responses (26.6%). In order for children with sensory impairments to engage in daily life and learning through the process, a series of activities are recommended to parents and teachers.

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Chen, Chao-Yin, Ann C. Bonham, Charles G. Plopper, and Jesse P. Joad. "Selected Contribution: Neuroplasticity in nucleus tractus solitarius neurons after episodic ozone exposure in infant primates." Journal of Applied Physiology 94, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 819–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00552.2002.

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Acute ozone exposure evokes adverse respiratory responses, particularly in children. With repeated ozone exposures, however, despite the persistent lung inflammation and increased sensory nerve excitability, the central nervous system reflex responses, i.e., rapid shallow breathing and decreased lung function, adapt, suggesting changes in central nervous system signaling. We determined whether repeated ozone exposures altered the behavior of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons where reflex respiratory motor outputs are first coordinated. Whole cell recordings were performed on NTS neurons in brain stem slices from infant monkeys exposed to filtered air or ozone (0.5 ppm, 8 h/day for 5 days every 14 days for 11 episodes). Although episodic ozone exposure depolarized the membrane potential, increased the membrane resistance, and increased neuronal spiking responses to depolarizing current injections ( P < 0.05), it decreased the excitability to vagal sensory fiber activation ( P < 0.05), suggesting a diminished responsiveness to sensory transmission, despite overall increases in excitability. Substance P, implicated in lung and NTS signaling, contributed to the increased responsiveness to current injections but not to the diminished sensory transmission. The finding that NTS neurons undergo plasticity with repeated ozone exposures may help to explain the adaptation of the respiratory motor responses.

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Vilidaite, Greta, Anthony M. Norcia, Ryan J. H. West, Christopher J. H. Elliott, Francesca Pei, Alex R. Wade, and Daniel H. Baker. "Autism sensory dysfunction in an evolutionarily conserved system." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1893 (December 12, 2018): 20182255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2255.

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There is increasing evidence for a strong genetic basis for autism, with many genetic models being developed in an attempt to replicate autistic symptoms in animals. However, current animal behaviour paradigms rarely match the social and cognitive behaviours exhibited by autistic individuals. Here, we instead assay another functional domain—sensory processing—known to be affected in autism to test a novel genetic autism model in Drosophila melanogaster . We show similar visual response alterations and a similar development trajectory in Nhe3 mutant flies (total n = 72) and in autistic human participants (total n = 154). We report a dissociation between first- and second-order electrophysiological visual responses to steady-state stimulation in adult mutant fruit flies that is strikingly similar to the response pattern in human adults with ASD as well as that of a large sample of neurotypical individuals with high numbers of autistic traits. We explain this as a genetically driven, selective signalling alteration in transient visual dynamics. In contrast to adults, autistic children show a decrease in the first-order response that is matched by the fruit fly model, suggesting that a compensatory change in processing occurs during development. Our results provide the first animal model of autism comprising a differential developmental phenotype in visual processing.

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Petrosino, Linda, Donald Fucci, Lee Ellis, and Daniel Harris. "Effects of Auditory Masking on Lingual Vibrotactile Magnitude-Estimation Scaling Responses of Young Children." Perceptual and Motor Skills 68, no. 2 (April 1989): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.68.2.523.

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Studies of lingual vibrotactile magnitude-estimation scaling have focused primarily on the responses of normal young adults. Little is known about the scaling responses of young children to suprathreshold vibratory stimulation because of the complexities of the experimental procedure. Binaural auditory masking is one aspect of the procedure that has recently been studied in adults. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of binaural auditory masking on lingual vibrotactile magnitude-estimation responses of young children. Four children whose mean age was 4.6 yr. completed magnitude-estimation scaling tasks for eight lingual vibrotactile suprathreshold intensity levels (6, 10, 16, 20, 26, 30, 36, 40 dB SL) under masking and no masking conditions. Results suggest possible effects of auditory masking on the lingual vibrotactile magnitude-estimation scaling responses of these young children that have not been found for such responses of adults.

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El-Sheikh, Mona, and E. Mark Cummings. "Availability of Control and Preschoolers' Responses to Interadult Anger." International Journal of Behavioral Development 15, no. 2 (June 1992): 207–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502549201500203.

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This study examined relations between availability of control and psychobiological and self-reported responses to interadult anger in 4-to 5 year-olds. Children heard two angry interactions between adults, followed by a reconciliation, while their heart rate, and skin conductance response, and level were monitored. Following exposure to each episode they were also interviewed regarding their responses. Control options made available to the experimental group subjects included: (1) terminating exposure to one of the arguments; and (2) proposing an intervention for an expenmenter to carry out. Children in the comparison group just listened to the interactions. The availability of control was associated with greater physiological reactivity to anger. On the other hand, children for whom control options were not available more often perceived adults as distressed and showed a decline in suggestions of control-oriented strategies over trials. The results demonstrate that, in a multi-response investigation, some dimensions of responding varied as a function of experimental manipulations of the availability of control.

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McCormick, Carolyn, David Hessl, Suzanne L. Macari, Sally Ozonoff, Cherie Green, and Sally J. Rogers. "Electrodermal and Behavioral Responses of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders to Sensory and Repetitive Stimuli." Autism Research 7, no. 4 (April 30, 2014): 468–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.1382.

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M, Cotter, Tikir S, and Molholm S. "A-060 A Developmental Analysis of Auditory Processing and Symptom Severity in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 35, no. 6 (August 28, 2020): 850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa068.060.

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Abstract Objective Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) exhibit abnormal responses to sensory events that interfere with the development of social communication. Previous studies have demonstrated that abnormal auditory processing contributes to this response; however, it remains unclear how this deficit is related to ASD severity throughout development. This cross-sectional study examines the relationship between auditory processing and symptom severity in a developmental sample of children, hypothesizing that auditory sensory event related potentials (ERP) will be associated with ASD severity as measured by the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), and that there will be interaction between age and severity. Method This study included children (ages 6-18) with ASD (n = 116, female = 21) as diagnosed by the ADOS and typically developing children (n = 142, female =76). Exclusion criteria includes Performance IQ below 85, abnormal hearing or vision, and presence of a neurological disorder. Participants performed an audiovisual reaction task in which they pressed a button on a response pad when seeing or hearing the instructed stimuli while recording electroencephalography (EEG). Results Electrophysiological indices of auditory processing were identified based on peak amplitudes of averaged N1 responses, an early auditory ERP. A positive correlation was found between severity scores and N1 peak amplitudes (N1a (r(85) = .56, p < .001) and N1b (r(85) = .44, p < .001)). Approximately 72% (R2 = .716) of symptom severity variance can be accounted for by linear combination of ERPs. A linear model demonstrated a significant age by severity interaction with N1b, B = -2.7, F(2,84) = 20.6, p < .001. Conclusions Abnormal early auditory processing is associated with symptom severity, and this effect is more pronounced throughout earlier ages.

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Blumenstein, Tobias, Ana Alves-Pinto, Varvara Turova, Simon Aschmann, Ines Lützow, and Renée Lampe. "Sensory Feedback Training for Improvement of Finger Perception in Cerebral Palsy." Rehabilitation Research and Practice 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/861617.

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Purpose. To develop and to test a feedback training system for improvement of tactile perception and coordination of fingers in children and youth with cerebral palsy.Methods. The fingers of 7 probands with cerebral palsy of different types and severity were stimulated using small vibration motors integrated in the fingers of a hand glove. The vibration motors were connected through a microcontroller to a computer and to a response 5-button keyboard. By pressing an appropriate keyboard button, the proband must indicate in which finger the vibration was felt. The number of incorrect responses and the reaction time were measured for every finger. The perception and coordination of fingers were estimated before and after two-week training using both clinical tests and the measurements.Results. Proper functioning of the developed system in persons with cerebral palsy was confirmed. The tactile sensation of fingers was improved in five of seven subjects after two weeks of training. There was no clear tendency towards improvement of selective use of fingers.Conclusion. The designed feedback system could be used to train tactile perception of fingers in children and youth with cerebral palsy. An extensive study is required to confirm these findings.

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Hirschfeld, Gerrit, Markus R. Blankenburg, Moritz Süß, and Boris Zernikow. "Overcoming pain thresholds with multilevel models—an example using quantitative sensory testing (QST) data." PeerJ 3 (November 3, 2015): e1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1335.

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The assessment of somatosensory function is a cornerstone of research and clinical practice in neurology. Recent initiatives have developed novel protocols for quantitative sensory testing (QST). Application of these methods led to intriguing findings, such as the presence lower pain-thresholds in healthy children compared to healthy adolescents. In this article, we (re-) introduce the basic concepts of signal detection theory (SDT) as a method to investigate such differences in somatosensory function in detail. SDT describes participants’ responses according to two parameters, sensitivity and response-bias. Sensitivity refers to individuals’ ability to discriminate between painful and non-painful stimulations. Response-bias refers to individuals’ criterion for giving a “painful” response. We describe how multilevel models can be used to estimate these parameters and to overcome central critiques of these methods. To provide an example we apply these methods to data from the mechanical pain sensitivity test of the QST protocol. The results show that adolescents are more sensitive to mechanical pain and contradict the idea that younger children simply use more lenient criteria to report pain. Overall, we hope that the wider use of multilevel modeling to describe somatosensory functioning may advance neurology research and practice.

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Ihanus, Juhani, Mirja Keinonen, and Satu Vanhamäki. "Rorschach Movement Responses and the Tat Transcendence Index in Physically Handicapped Children." Perceptual and Motor Skills 74, no. 3_suppl (June 1992): 1115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.74.3c.1115.

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It has been supposed that those who give many Rorschach movement responses and score high on the TAT Transcendence Index are more inhibited in their motor activity. In previous studies motor inhibition was investigated by experimentally preventing motor activity. In the present study the effects of long-term motor inhibition on movement perception and fantasy level were explored in 19 physically handicapped children, ages 11 to 15 years. Analysis showed that the physically handicapped children produced more (both human and animal) movement responses than the 19 normal children. Fantasy in the TAT was also higher in the former group. The theoretical basis of projective movement responses and fantasy in physical handicap needs more clarification. A more detailed approach in qualitative analysis of the movement responses is also important.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Multi-sensory responses in children'

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