Journal articles: 'Multi-static radar'

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Yan, Kun, Shiyou Wu, and Guangyou Fang. "Detection of Quasi-Static Trapped Human Being Using Mono-Static UWB Life-Detection Radar." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 3129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073129.

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In practical situations such as hostage rescue, earthquake and other similar events, the ultra-wideband (UWB) life-detection radar echo response from the respiration motion of the trapped person is always quasi-/non-periodic in respiration frequency or very weak in respiration amplitude, which can be called quasi-static vital sign. Although it is an extremely difficult task, considering the economic cost, the detection ability of the traditional UWB life-detection radars with only a pair of transceiver antennas is desired to be enhanced for locating the quasi-static trapped human being. This article proposes two different detection methods for quasi-static trapped human beings through the single/multiple observation points, which corresponds to the single-/multi-station radar operating mode, respectively. Proof-of-principle experiments were carried out by our designed radar prototypes, validating the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

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Yan, Kun, Shiyou Wu, Shengbo Ye, and Guangyou Fang. "A Novel Wireless-Netted UWB Life-Detection Radar System for Quasi-Static Person Sensing." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010424.

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In actual life-detection radar applications, a quasi-static person with weak respiration is difficult to find when relying on the echoes from a single fixed observation point. To effectively sense the weak respiration of a quasi-static person in complex through-wall and through-floor conditions, this paper proposes a novel multi-observation point detection system composed of multiple Golay complementary coded radars in which communication and synchronization are carried out wirelessly. The collaboration structure and Golay complementary coded transmitter improve the signal to noise ratio (SNR). Proof-of-principle experiments are carried out with our designed radar prototype and prove that the radar system can detect a respiring target 21 m behind a brick wall or a respiring target behind two levels of reinforced concrete floors, validating the effectiveness of a multi-observation point working mode for the efficient detection of weak human respiration.

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Ilcev, Dimov Stojce. "Introduction to Coastal HF Maritime Surveillance Radars." Polish Maritime Research 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2019-0056.

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Abstract This paper presents the main technical characteristics and working performances of coastal maritime surveillance radars, such as low-power High-Frequency Surface Wave Radars (HFSWR) and Over the Horizon Radars (OTHR). These radars have demonstrated to be a cost-effective long-range early-warning sensor for ship detection and tracking in coastal waters, sea channels and passages. In this work, multi-target tracking and data fusion techniques are applied to live-recorded data from a network of oceanographic HFSWR stations installed in Jindalee Operational Radar Network (JORN), Wellen Radar (WERA) in Ligurian Sea (Mediterranean Sea), CODAR Ocean Sebsorsin and in the German Bight (North Sea). The coastal Imaging Sciences Research (ISR) HFSWR system, Multi-static ISR HF Radar, Ship Classification using Multi-Frequency HF Radar, Coastal HF radar surveillance of pirate boats and Different projects of coastal HF radars for vessels detecting are described. Ship reports from the Automatic Identification System (AIS), recorded from both coastal and satellite Land Earth Stations (LES) are exploited as ground truth information and a methodology is applied to classify the fused tracks and to estimate system performances. Experimental results for all above solutions are presented and discussed, together with an outline for future integration and infrastructures.

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Seker, Ilgin, and Marco Lavalle. "Tomographic Performance of Multi-Static Radar Formations: Theory and Simulations." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040737.

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3D imaging of Earth’s surface layers (such as canopy, sub-surface, or ice) requires not just the penetration of radar signal into the medium, but also the ability to discriminate multiple scatterers within a slant-range and azimuth resolution cell. The latter requires having multiple radar channels distributed in across-track direction. Here, we describe the theory of multi-static radar tomography with emphasis on resolution, SNR, sidelobes, and nearest ambiguity location vs. platform distribution, observation geometry, and different multi-static modes. Signal-based 1D and 2D simulations are developed and results for various observation geometries, target distributions, acquisition modes, and radar parameters are shown and compared with the theory. Pros and cons of multi-static modes are compared and discussed. Results for various platform formations are shown, revealing that unequal spacing is useful to suppress ambiguities at the cost of increased multiplicative noise. In particular, we demonstrate that the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) mode, in combination with nonlinear spacing, outperforms the other modes in terms of ambiguity, sidelobe levels, and noise suppression. These findings are key to guiding the design of tomographic SAR formations for accurate surface topography and vegetation mapping.

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Stober, Gunter, Jorge L. Chau, Juha Vierinen, Christoph Jacobi, and Sven Wilhelm. "Retrieving horizontally resolved wind fields using multi-static meteor radar observations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 8 (August 27, 2018): 4891–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4891-2018.

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Abstract. Recently, the MMARIA (Multi-static, Multi-frequency Agile Radar for Investigations of the Atmosphere) concept of a multi-static VHF meteor radar network to derive horizontally resolved wind fields in the mesosphere–lower thermosphere was introduced. Here we present preliminary results of the MMARIA network above Eastern Germany using two transmitters located at Juliusruh and Collm, and five receiving links: two monostatic and three multi-static. The observations are complemented during a one-week campaign, with a couple of addition continuous-wave coded transmitters, making a total of seven multi-static links. In order to access the kinematic properties of non-homogenous wind fields, we developed a wind retrieval algorithm that applies regularization to determine the non-linear wind field in the altitude range of 82–98 km. The potential of such observations and the new retrieval to investigate gravity waves with horizontal scales between 50–200 km is presented and discussed. In particular, it is demonstrated that horizonal wavelength spectra of gravity waves can be obtained from the new data set.

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Chalise, Batu K., and Braham Himed. "GLRT Detector in Single Frequency Multi-static Passive Radar Systems." Signal Processing 142 (January 2018): 504–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2017.07.001.

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Lü, Min, Jianxin Yi, Xianrong Wan, and Yuqi Liu. "Experimental research of drone monitoring using multi-static passive radar." Journal of Engineering 2019, no. 20 (October 1, 2019): 6795–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/joe.2019.0580.

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Liuv, Jiye, and Xihong Chen. "Time synchronisation for multi-static radar via microwave and troposcatter." Journal of Engineering 2018, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/joe.2017.0353.

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Nilavalan, R., A. Gbedemah, I. J. Craddock, X. Li, and S. C. Hagness. "Numerical investigation of breast tumour detection using multi-static radar." Electronics Letters 39, no. 25 (2003): 1787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20031183.

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10

Yang, Yichuan, Tianxian Zhang, Wei Yi, Lingjiang Kong, Xiaolong Li, and Xiaobo Yang. "Multi‐static radar power allocation for multi‐stage stochastic task of missile interception." IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation 12, no. 5 (March 2, 2018): 540–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-rsn.2017.0534.

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11

Ledergerber, Anton, and Raffaello D’Andrea. "A Multi-Static Radar Network with Ultra-Wideband Radio-Equipped Devices." Sensors 20, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 1599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061599.

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A growing number of devices, from car key fobs to mobile phones to WiFi-routers, are equipped with ultra-wideband radios. In the network formed by these devices, communicating modules often estimate the channel impulse response to employ a matched filter to decode transmitted data or to accurately time stamp incoming messages when estimating the time-of-flight for localization. This paper investigates how such measurements of the channel impulse response can be utilized to augment existing ultra-wideband communication and localization networks to a multi-static radar network. The approach is experimentally evaluated using off-the-shelf hardware and simple, distributed filtering, and shows that a tag-free human walking in the space equipped with ultra-wideband modules can be tracked in real time. This opens the door for various location-based smart home applications, ranging from smart audio and light systems to elderly monitoring and security systems.

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Xiao, Yang-Can, Ping Wei, and Ting Yuan. "Observability and Performance Analysis of Bi/Multi-Static Doppler-Only Radar." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 46, no. 4 (October 2010): 1654–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taes.2010.5595585.

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13

Zeng, HongCheng, Jie Chen, PengBo Wang, Wei Liu, XinKai Zhou, and Wei Yang. "Moving Target Detection in Multi-Static GNSS-Based Passive Radar Based on Multi-Bernoulli Filter." Remote Sensing 12, no. 21 (October 24, 2020): 3495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12213495.

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Over the past few years, the global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based passive radar (GBPR) has attracted more and more attention and has developed very quickly. However, the low power level of GNSS signal limits its application. To enhance the ability of moving target detection, a multi-static GBPR (MsGBPR) system is considered in this paper, and a modified iterated-corrector multi-Bernoulli (ICMB) filter is also proposed. The likelihood ratio model of the MsGBPR with range-Doppler map is first presented. Then, a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) online estimation method is proposed, which can estimate the fluctuating and unknown map SNR effectively. After that, a modified ICMB filter and its sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) implementation are proposed, which can update all measurements from multi-transmitters in the optimum order (ascending order). Moreover, based on the proposed method, a moving target detecting framework using MsGBPR data is also presented. Finally, performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by numerical simulations and preliminary experimental results, and it is shown that the position and velocity of the moving target can be estimated accurately.

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Miccinesi, Lapo, Alessandra Beni, and Massimiliano Pieraccini. "Multi-Monostatic Interferometric Radar for Bridge Monitoring." Electronics 10, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10030247.

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In recent years, interferometric radar has been extensively used as a sensor for static and dynamic monitoring of bridges. Generally speaking, a radar can only detect displacement components along the view direction. As the movement of a real bridge or of a large structure can be rather complex, this limitation can be a significant drawback in engineering practice. In order to overcome this limitation, in this article, a multi-monostatic radar for retrieving the displacement vector is proposed. It is basically a multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) interferometric radar, equipped with a transponder that consists of a pair of antennae, with relative amplifiers, connected to the radar with a radiofrequency (RF) cable. This arrangement allows for the simultaneous detection of two independent displacement components. The radar was successfully tested both in a controlled environment and in the field on a real bridge crossing the Arno river in Florence, Italy.

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Chalise, Batu K., Yimin D. Zhang, Moeness G. Amin, and Braham Himed. "Target localization in a multi-static passive radar system through convex optimization." Signal Processing 102 (September 2014): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2014.02.023.

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Chau, Jorge L., Derek McKay, Juha P. Vierinen, Cesar La Hoz, Thomas Ulich, Markku Lehtinen, and Ralph Latteck. "Multi-static spatial and angular studies of polar mesospheric summer echoes combining MAARSY and KAIRA." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 13 (July 6, 2018): 9547–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9547-2018.

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Abstract. Polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSEs) have been long associated with noctilucent clouds (NLCs). For large ice particles sizes and relatively high ice densities, PMSEs at 3 m Bragg wavelengths are known to be good tracers of the atmospheric wind dynamics and to be highly correlated with NLC occurrence. Combining the Middle Atmosphere ALOMAR Radar System (MAARSY) and the Kilpisjärvi Atmospheric Imaging Receiver Array (KAIRA), i.e., monostatic and bistatic observations, we show for the first time direct evidence of limited-volume PMSE structures drifting more than 90 km almost unchanged. These structures are shown to have horizontal widths of 5–15 km and are separated by 20–60 km, consistent with structures due to atmospheric waves previously observed in NLCs from the ground and from space. Given the lower sensitivity of KAIRA, the observed features are attributed to echoes from regions with high Schmidt numbers that provide a large radar cross section. The bistatic geometry allows us to determine an upper value for the angular sensitivity of PMSEs at meter scales. We find no evidence for strong aspect sensitivity for PMSEs, which is consistent with recent observations using radar imaging approaches. Our results indicate that multi-static all-sky interferometric radar observations of PMSEs could be a powerful tool for studying mesospheric wind fields within large geographic areas.

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Subedi, Saurav, Yimin D. Zhang, Moeness G. Amin, and Braham Himed. "Group Sparsity Based Multi-Target Tracking in Passive Multi-Static Radar Systems Using Doppler-Only Measurements." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 64, no. 14 (July 15, 2016): 3619–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2016.2552498.

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Borisov, E. G. "Determination of the location of air objects in polistatic radar system parasitising on radiation telecommunication systems." Civil Aviation High TECHNOLOGIES 21, no. 5 (October 28, 2018): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26467/2079-0619-2018-21-5-105-116.

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Currently, in areas of large cities there is a steady trend towards an increase in the spatial density of telecommunications systems. Saturation of the radio spectrum with analogue and digital systems used to solve problems of radio communication and television allows on their basis improving the technologies for semi-active radar detecting and determining the coordinates of air objects. The introduction of radar surveillance using transmitters not intended for radar purpose is often called a semi-active radar using outside or “parasitic” emission sources. The advantages of the systems are the minimization of the deployment costs, low operational energy costs, a low probability of establishing distortions, stealth operation, environmental friendliness and lack of requirements for radio frequency resource allocation. The relatively large elevations of the antennas of communication and television transmitters with the existing emitted power create favorable conditions for the detection of low altitude air objects. The digital signals of modern telecommunications systems have a spectrum width that provides acceptable resolution and accuracy for measuring the full range and angular coordinates. In general, a system of this type is a poly-static (multi-static) system consisting of one or more radiation sources and one or more receiving positions scattered in space. The promising task such systems solve along with airspace control is air traffic control. The article considers options for determining the rectangular coordinates of air objects in a system of bistatic radar stations using radio emission from external sources for target detection. The variants of the location of air objects with different composition of primary measurements of coordinates and a number of transmitting positions are considered. Analytical expressions are given for calculating the projections of the target velocity vector on the axis of the Cartesian coordinate system. The accuracy of airborne positioning for multi-static radar systems of this type is estimated.

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Vierinen, J., J. L. Chau, N. Pfeffer, M. Clahsen, and G. Stober. "Coded continuous wave meteor radar." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, no. 7 (July 30, 2015): 7879–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-7879-2015.

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Abstract. The concept of coded continuous wave meteor radar is introduced. The radar uses a continuously transmitted pseudo-random waveform, which has several advantages: coding avoids range aliased echoes, which are often seen with commonly used pulsed specular meteor radars (SMRs); continuous transmissions maximize pulse compression gain, allowing operation with significantly lower peak transmit power; the temporal resolution can be changed after performing a measurement, as it does not depend on pulse spacing; and the low signal to noise ratio allows multiple geographically separated transmitters to be used in the same frequency band without significantly interfering with each other. The latter allows the same receiver antennas to be used to receive multiple transmitters. The principles of the signal processing are discussed, in addition to discussion of several practical ways to increase computation speed, and how to optimally detect meteor echoes. Measurements from a campaign performed with a coded continuous wave SMR are shown and compared with two standard pulsed SMR measurements. The type of meteor radar described in this paper would be suited for use in a large scale multi-static network of meteor radar transmitters and receivers. This would, for example, provide higher spatio-temporal resolution for mesospheric wind field measurements.

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Jinli, Meng, and Wang Ning. "Main-lobe jamming cancellation for multi-static radar by joint range-Doppler processing." Journal of Engineering 2019, no. 20 (October 1, 2019): 6807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/joe.2019.0617.

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Naghsh, Mohammad Mahdi, Mahmoud Modarres-Hashemi, Shahram ShahbazPanahi, Mojtaba Soltanalian, and Petre Stoica. "Unified Optimization Framework for Multi-Static Radar Code Design Using Information-Theoretic Criteria." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 61, no. 21 (November 2013): 5401–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2013.2278154.

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22

Song, Jun, Zhengyu Zhao, and Chen Zhou. "A new location precision model for multi-static over-the-horizon radar system." Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences 15, no. 2 (February 12, 2010): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11859-010-0211-z.

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23

Lyu, Xiaoyong, and Jun Wang. "Sequential Multi-Sensor JPDA for Target Tracking in Passive Multi-Static Radar With Range and Doppler Measurements." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 34488–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2905265.

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YAMAGUCHI, Ryo, Shouhei KIDERA, and Tetsuo KIRIMOTO. "Accurate Imaging Method for Moving Target with Arbitrary Shape for Multi-Static UWB Radar." IEICE Transactions on Communications E96.B, no. 7 (2013): 2014–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.e96.b.2014.

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Cong, Xu, He Zishu, and Tang Lizhi. "Weak target echo detection based on low rank signal in multi-static passive radar." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1325 (October 2019): 012169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1325/1/012169.

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Zainuddin, Suraya, Nur Emileen Abd Rashid, Idnin Pasya, Raja Syamsul Azmir Raja Abdullah, and Korhan Cengiz. "A small vessel detection using a co-located multi-frequency FMCW MIMO radar." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 5144. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i6.pp5144-5152.

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Small vessels detection is a known issue due to its low radar cross section (RCS). An existing shore-based vessel tracking radar is for long-distance commercial vessels detection. Meanwhile, a vessel-mounted radar system known for its reliability has a limitation due to its single radar coverage. The paper presented a co-located frequency modulated continuous waveform (FMCW) maritime radar for small vessel detection utilising a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration. The radar behaviour is numerically simulated for detecting a Swerling 1 target which resembles small maritime’s vessels. The simulated MIMO configuration comprised two transmitting and receiving nodes. The proposal is to utilize a multi-frequency FMCW MIMO configuration in a maritime environment by applying the spectrum averaging (SA) to fuse MIMO received signals for range and velocity estimation. The analysis was summarised and displayed in terms of estimation error performance, probability of error and average error. The simulation outcomes an improvement of 2.2 dB for a static target, and 0.1 dB for a moving target, in resulting the 20% probability of range error with the MIMO setup. A moving vessel's effect was observed to degrade the range error estimation performance between 0.6 to 2.7 dB. Meanwhile, the proposed method was proven to improve the 20% probability of velocity error by 1.75 dB. The impact of multi-frequency MIMO was also observed to produce better average error performance.

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Zhou, Xueqin, Hong Ma, and Hang Xu. "An Experimental Multi-Target Tracking of AM Radio-Based Passive Bistatic Radar System via Multi-Static Doppler Shifts." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 15, 2021): 6196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186196.

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This paper presents a description of recent research and the multi-target tracking in experimental passive bistatic radar (PBR) system taking advantage of numerous non-cooperative AM radio signals via multi-static doppler shifts. However, it raises challenges for use by multiple spatially distributed AM radio illuminators for multi-target tracking in PBR system due to complex data association hypotheses and no directly used tracking algorithm in the practical scenario. To solve these problems, after a series of key array signal processing techniques in the self-developed system, by constructing a nonlinear measurement model, the novel method is proposed to accommodate nonlinear model by using the unscented transformation (UT) in Gaussian mixture (GM) implementation of iterated-corrector cardinality-balanced multi-target multi-Bernoulli (CBMeMBer). Simulation and experimental results analysis verify the feasibility of this approach used in a practical PBR system for moving multi-target tracking.

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Vierinen, Juha, Jorge L. Chau, Nico Pfeffer, Matthias Clahsen, and Gunter Stober. "Coded continuous wave meteor radar." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 2 (March 3, 2016): 829–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-829-2016.

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Abstract. The concept of a coded continuous wave specular meteor radar (SMR) is described. The radar uses a continuously transmitted pseudorandom phase-modulated waveform, which has several advantages compared to conventional pulsed SMRs. The coding avoids range and Doppler aliasing, which are in some cases problematic with pulsed radars. Continuous transmissions maximize pulse compression gain, allowing operation at lower peak power than a pulsed system. With continuous coding, the temporal and spectral resolution are not dependent on the transmit waveform and they can be fairly flexibly changed after performing a measurement. The low signal-to-noise ratio before pulse compression, combined with independent pseudorandom transmit waveforms, allows multiple geographically separated transmitters to be used in the same frequency band simultaneously without significantly interfering with each other. Because the same frequency band can be used by multiple transmitters, the same interferometric receiver antennas can be used to receive multiple transmitters at the same time. The principles of the signal processing are discussed, in addition to discussion of several practical ways to increase computation speed, and how to optimally detect meteor echoes. Measurements from a campaign performed with a coded continuous wave SMR are shown and compared with two standard pulsed SMR measurements. The type of meteor radar described in this paper would be suited for use in a large-scale multi-static network of meteor radar transmitters and receivers. Such a system would be useful for increasing the number of meteor detections to obtain improved meteor radar data products.

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Niu, Jie, Xingdong Liang, and Xin Zhang. "Time-Varying Kelvin Wake Model and Microwave Velocity Observation." Sensors 20, no. 6 (March 12, 2020): 1575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061575.

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In the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging of ship-induced wakes, it is difficult to obtain the Doppler velocity of a Kelvin wake due to the lack of time-varying wake models and suitable radar equipment. The conventional Kelvin wake investigation based on the static Kelvin wake model failed to reflect time-varying characteristics, which are significant in the application of the Kelvin wake model. Therefore, a time-varying Kelvin wake model with consideration of geometric time-varying characteristics and the hydrodynamic equation is proposed in this paper, which reflects the wake’s time-varying change lacking in the conventional Kelvin wake investigation. The Doppler velocity measurement, measured by a specially designed radar, can be exploited to verify the time-varying model by the comparison of velocity fields. Ground-based multi-input multi-output (MIMO) millimeter wave radar imaging through the simultaneous switching of transceiver channels was used to obtain the Doppler velocity for the first time. Finally, promising results have been achieved, which are in good agreement with our proposed model in consideration of the experimental scene. The proposed time-varying model and radar equipment provide velocity measurements for the Kelvin wake observation, which contains huge application potential.

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Olsen, Karl Erik, and Heiner Kuschel. "From the editors of the special issue: Passive and multi-static radar for civil applications." IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine 32, no. 2 (February 2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/maes.2017.172002.

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Song Ping, 宋萍, and 刘以安 Liu Yian. "Multi-Static Sky-Wave Over-the-Horizon Radar Location Model Based on Improved Dragonfly Algorithm." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 55, no. 11 (2018): 112001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop55.112001.

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Ali Mhmood Karwi, Abbas. "Effect of Complex Structural Material Coated the Flight Body to Measure the Absorption of Radar Radiation at Different Elevations of Flight Latitude." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.23 (April 20, 2018): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.23.11921.

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Avoiding radar detection is a prime importance in several fields. We design multi reinforced polymeric materials to absorb radar waves, these materials have low density, high elastic modulus, high tensile strength good erosion resistance and good fatigue strength. Composite materials are made by three principle techniques, injection, spraying and compression. Jet technique was used to measure materials resistance for erosion. We find that polytetrafluroethylene with multi mixtures has the best specification than other polymeric materials. We manufacture twenty-one alloys (A, B, C, D, E, F…..W) used in this work. Composite materials (A-W) are making by adding fillers to matrices. Absorption coefficient of fillers and matrices was evaluated and measured alone or as a composite. Dynamic and static radar cross section shapes (eight shapes)were studied in this work. The better shapes for absorption waves are (spherical, conical, cylindrical, and parabolic). All parameters controlled reflectivity and absorption were studied. We found that the maximum rate of absorption is more than (70%), this percent observed in certain coating layers. Metallurgical and mechanical work on composite materials have been investigated. Model designed to compute multi variables affecting on absorption and reflection.

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Scheiblhofer, Werner, Reinhard Feger, Andreas Haderer, and Andreas Stelzer. "Concept and realization of a low-cost multi-target simulator for CW and FMCW radar system calibration and testing." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 10, no. 2 (February 13, 2018): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078718000028.

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AbstractWe present the realization of an frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar target simulator, based on a modulated-reflector radar system. The simulator, designed for the 24 GHz frequency band, uses low-cost modulated-reflector nodes and is capable to simultaneously generate multiple targets in a real-time environment. The realization is based on a modular approach and thus provides a high scalability of the whole system. It is demonstrated that the concept is able to simulate multiple artificial targets, located at user-selectable ranges and even velocities, utilized within a completely static setup. The characterization of the developed hardware shows that the proposed concept allows to dynamically and precisely adjust the radar cross-section of each single target within a dynamic range of 50 dB. Additionally, the provided range-proportional target frequency bandwidth makes the system perfectly suitable for fast and reliable intermediate frequency-chain calibration of multi-channel radar systems. Within this paper we demonstrate the application of the concept for a linear sweeped frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar. The presented approach is applicable to any microwave-based measurement system using frequency differences between transmit- and receive signals for range- and velocity evaluation, such as (non-)linear sweeped as well as pure Doppler radar systems.

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Chau, Jorge Luis, Juan Miguel Urco, Juha Pekka Vierinen, Ryan Andrew Volz, Matthias Clahsen, Nico Pfeffer, and Jörg Trautner. "Novel specular meteor radar systems using coherent MIMO techniques to study the mesosphere and lower thermosphere." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 4 (April 5, 2019): 2113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2113-2019.

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Abstract. Typical specular meteor radars (SMRs) use one transmitting antenna and at least a five-antenna interferometric configuration on reception to study the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region. The interferometric configuration allows the measurement of the angle-of-arrival (AOA) of the detected meteor echoes, which in turn is needed to derive atmospheric parameters (e.g., mean winds, momentum fluxes, temperatures, and neutral densities). Recently, we have shown that coherent MIMO configurations in atmospheric radars, i.e., multiple input (transmitters) and multiple output (receivers), with proper diversity in transmission can be used to enhance interferometric atmospheric and ionospheric observations. In this study we present novel SMR systems using multiple transmitters in interferometric configuration, each of them employing orthogonal pseudorandom coded transmitted sequences. After proper decoding, the angle of departure (AOD) of the detected meteor echoes with respect to the transmitter site are obtained at each receiving antenna. We present successful bistatic implementations of (1) five transmitters and one receiver using coded continuous wave (CW) (MISO-CW), and (2) five transmitters and five receivers using coded CW (MIMO-CW). The latter system allows simultaneous independent observations of the specular meteor trails with respect to the transmitter (AOD) and with respect to the receiver (AOA). The quality of the obtained results is evaluated in terms of the resulting mean winds, the number of detections and the daily diffusion trail vs. altitude behavior. We show that the proposed configurations are good alternatives to explore the MLT region. When combined with multi-static approaches, they can increase the number of meteor detections, thereby improving the quality of atmospheric estimates and allowing the measurement of new atmospheric parameters (e.g., horizontal divergence, vorticity), The use of multiple collocated transmitters for interferometric AOD determination makes building a multi-static radar network easier logistically, as only one receiver per receiving site antenna is sufficient.

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Rech, Felix, and Kai Huang. "Radar for projectile impact on granular media." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 12, no. 9 (May 29, 2020): 855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078720000586.

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AbstractFrom the prevention of natural disasters such as landslide and avalanches, to the enhancement of energy efficiencies in chemical and civil engineering industries, understanding the collective dynamics of granular materials is a fundamental question that are closely related to our daily lives. Using a recently developed multi-static radar system operating at 10 GHz (X-band), we explore the possibility of tracking a projectile moving inside a granular medium, focusing on possible sources of uncertainties in the detection and reconstruction processes. On the one hand, particle tracking with continuous-wave radar provides an extremely high temporal resolution. On the other hand, there are still challenges in obtaining tracer trajectories accurately. We show that some of the challenges can be resolved through a correction of the IQ mismatch in the raw signals obtained. Consequently, the tracer trajectories can be obtained with sub-millimeter spatial resolution. Such an advance can not only shed light on radar particle tracking, but also on a wide range of scenarios where issues relevant to IQ mismatch arise.

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Zhao, Yongsheng, Dexiu Hu, Yongjun Zhao, Zhixin Liu, and Chuang Zhao. "Refining Inaccurate Transmitter and Receiver Positions Using Calibration Targets for Target Localization in Multi-Static Passive Radar." Sensors 19, no. 15 (July 31, 2019): 3365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19153365.

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Transmitter and receiver position errors have been known to significantly deteriorate target localization accuracy in a multi-static passive radar (MPR) system. This paper explores the use of calibration targets, whose positions are known to the MPR system, to counter the loss in target localization accuracy arising from transmitter/receiver position errors. This paper firstly evaluates the Cramér–Rao lower bound (CRLB) for bistatic range (BR)-based target localization with calibration targets, which analytically indicates the potential of calibration targets in enhancing localization accuracy. After that, this paper proposes a novel closed-form solution, which includes two steps: calibration step and localization step. Firstly, the calibration step is devoted to refine the inaccurate transmitter and receiver locations using the BR measurements from the calibration targets, and then in the calibration step, the target localization can be accurately achieved by using the refined transmitter/receiver positions and the BR measurements from the unknown target. Theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that the proposed method can attain the CRLB at moderate measurement noise level, and exhibits the superiority of localization accuracy over existing algorithms.

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Shin, Hyuk-Soo, Kwang-Goo Yeo, Myung-Deuk Joeng, Hoongee Yang, Yongsik Jung, and Wonzoo Chung. "Clock Synchronization for Multi-Static Radar Under Non-Line-of-Sight System Using Robust Least M-Estimation." Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences 37C, no. 10 (October 30, 2012): 1004–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2012.37c.10.1004.

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MORI, Yasunari, Takayoshi YUMII, Yumi ASANO, Kyouji DOI, Christian N. KOYAMA, Yasushi IITSUKA, Kazunori TAKAHASHI, and Motoyuki SATO. "Calibration Method for Multi Static Linear Array Radar with One Dimensional Array Antenna Arranged in Staggered Manner." IEICE Transactions on Electronics E101.C, no. 1 (2018): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transele.e101.c.26.

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KIDERA, Shouhei, and Tetsuo KIRIMOTO. "Multi-Static UWB Radar Approach Based on Aperture Synthesis of Double Scattered Waves for Shadow Region Imaging." IEICE Transactions on Electronics E94-C, no. 8 (2011): 1320–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transele.e94.c.1320.

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NIWA, Yoshihiro, Shouhei KIDERA, and Tetsuo KIRIMOTO. "Image Expansion Approach for Target Buried in Dielectric Medium with Extended RPM to Multi-Static UWB Radar." IEICE Transactions on Electronics E96.C, no. 1 (2013): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transele.e96.c.119.

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Yu, De, Hong Ma, Li Cheng, Yang Li, Yong Qin, Shi Yin, and Wenjun Chen. "Method and field experiment of target tracking via multi‐static Doppler shifts in high‐frequency passive radar." IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation 10, no. 7 (August 2016): 1201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-rsn.2015.0472.

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PRATIWI, HANA, MUJIB RAMADAN HIDAYAT, AHMAD FATHAN MAARIF, ALOYSIUS ADYA PRAMUDITA, and FIKY YOSEP SURATMAN. "Radar FMCW dengan IQ Demodulator Jamak untuk Deteksi Pernafasan pada Pengaruh Clutter." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 8, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v8i1.125.

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ABSTRAK Pada pendeteksian pernafasan menggunakan sistem radar maka adanya pantulan dari sejumlah objek statis di sekitar target akan memberikan pengaruh pada hasil pendeteksian. Modifikasi pada sistem FMCW telah diusulkan untuk memberikan kemampuan dalam mendeteksi pernafasan multi target. Konsep deteksi fasa dilaborasi pada metode usulan untuk menghadirkan kemampuan deteksi pergeseran kecil. IQ demodulator jamak diusulkan sebagai konsep modifikasi pada sistem FMCW untuk permasalah tersebut. Pengujian kemampuan sistem usulan pada kondisi clutter dilakukan dengan melakukan kajian teoritis dan simulasi komputer. Pengujian dilakukan pada kawasan waktu dan kawasan frekuensi. Hasil-hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa metode IQ demodulator jamak yang diusulkan memiliki kemampuan dalam mendeteksi pernafasan secara multi target dan mampu mempertahankan kemampuan tersebut pada kondisi adanya clutter. Kata kunci: deteksi pernafasan, multi target, FMCW, IQ demodulator, clutter ABSTRACT In the detection of respiration using a radar system, the reflection of static objects around the target will have an effect to the detection results. Modifications to the FMCW system have been proposed to provide the ability to detect multi-target respiration. The concept of phase detection is elaborated on the proposed method to provide small shift detection capabilities. Multiple IQ demodulator is proposed as a modified concept on the FMCW system for this problem. Testing the ability of the proposed system under clutter conditions is carried out by conducting theoretical studies and computer simulations. Tests carried out in the time zone and frequency region. The results obtained indicate that the proposed multiple-method IQ demodulator has the ability to detect multi-target respiration and is able to maintain that ability in the presence of clutter. Keywords: respiration detection, multi target, FMCW, IQ demodulator, clutter

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Blagoveshchenskaya, N. F., H. C. Carlson, V. A. Kornienko, T. D. Borisova, M. T. Rietveld, T. K. Yeoman, and A. Brekke. "Phenomena induced by powerful HF pumping towards magnetic zenith with a frequency near the F-region critical frequency and the third electron gyro harmonic frequency." Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 1 (January 8, 2009): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-131-2009.

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Abstract. Multi-instrument observational data from an experiment on 13 October 2006 at the EISCAT/HEATING facility at Tromsø, Norway are analysed. The experiment was carried out in the evening hours when the electron density in the F-region dropped, and the HF pump frequency fH was near and then above the critical frequency of the F2 layer. The distinctive feature of this experiment is that the pump frequency was just below the third electron gyro harmonic frequency, while both the HF pump beam and UHF radar beam were directed towards the magnetic zenith (MZ). The HF pump-induced phenomena were diagnosed with several instruments: the bi-static HF radio scatter on the London-Tromsø-St. Petersburg path, the CUTLASS radar in Hankasalmi (Finland), the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) UHF radar at Tromsø and the Tromsø ionosonde (dynasonde). The results show thermal electron excitation of the HF-induced striations seen simultaneously from HF bi-static scatter and CUTLASS radar observations, accompanied by increases of electron temperature when the heater frequency was near and then above the critical frequency of the F2 layer by up to 0.4 MHz. An increase of the electron density up to 25% accompanied by strong HF-induced electron heating was observed, only when the heater frequency was near the critical frequency and just below the third electron gyro harmonic frequency. It is concluded that the combined effect of upper hybrid resonance and gyro resonance at the same altitude gives rise to strong electron heating, the excitation of striations, HF ray trapping and extension of HF waves to altitudes where they can excite Langmuir turbulence and fluxes of electrons accelerated to energies that produce ionization.

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Rajkumar, Dr S., Aklilu Teklemariam, and Addisalem Mekonnen. "Hybrid Multi-Sensor Integration for Static or Dynamic Obstacle Detection, Tracking and Classification for Autonomous Vehicle." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 06 (June 22, 2021): 1288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/06424.

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Autonomous Vehicles (AV) reduces human intervention by perceiving the vehicle’s location with respect to the environment. In this regard, utilization of multiple sensors corresponding to various features of environment perception yields not only detection but also enables tracking and classification of the object leading to high security and reliability. Therefore, we propose to deploy hybrid multi-sensors such as Radar, LiDAR, and camera sensors. However, the data acquired with these hybrid sensors overlaps with the wide viewing angles of the individual sensors, and hence convolutional neural network and Kalman Filter (KF) based data fusion framework was implemented with a goal to facilitate a robust object detection system to avoid collisions inroads. The complete system tested over 1000 road scenarios for real-time environment perception showed that our hardware and software configurations outperformed numerous other conventional systems. Hence, this system could potentially find its application in object detection, tracking, and classification in a real-time environment.

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SASAKI, Yuta, Fang SHANG, Shouhei KIDERA, and Tetsuo KIRIMOTO. "Accurate 3-Dimensional Imaging Method by Multi-Static RPM with Range Point Clustering for Short Range UWB Radar." IEICE Transactions on Communications E100.B, no. 8 (2017): 1498–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2016ebp3327.

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Lee, Yoonjin, Christian D. Kummerow, and Imme Ebert-Uphoff. "Applying machine learning methods to detect convection using Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-16 (GOES-16) advanced baseline imager (ABI) data." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 2699–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2699-2021.

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Abstract. An ability to accurately detect convective regions is essential for initializing models for short-term precipitation forecasts. Radar data are commonly used to detect convection, but radars that provide high-temporal-resolution data are mostly available over land, and the quality of the data tends to degrade over mountainous regions. On the other hand, geostationary satellite data are available nearly anywhere and in near-real time. Current operational geostationary satellites, the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-16 (GOES-16) and Satellite-17, provide high-spatial- and high-temporal-resolution data but only of cloud top properties; 1 min data, however, allow us to observe convection from visible and infrared data even without vertical information of the convective system. Existing detection algorithms using visible and infrared data look for static features of convective clouds such as overshooting top or lumpy cloud top surface or cloud growth that occurs over periods of 30 min to an hour. This study represents a proof of concept that artificial intelligence (AI) is able, when given high-spatial- and high-temporal-resolution data from GOES-16, to learn physical properties of convective clouds and automate the detection process. A neural network model with convolutional layers is proposed to identify convection from the high-temporal resolution GOES-16 data. The model takes five temporal images from channel 2 (0.65 µm) and 14 (11.2 µm) as inputs and produces a map of convective regions. In order to provide products comparable to the radar products, it is trained against Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS), which is a radar-based product that uses a rather sophisticated method to classify precipitation types. Two channels from GOES-16, each related to cloud optical depth (channel 2) and cloud top height (channel 14), are expected to best represent features of convective clouds: high reflectance, lumpy cloud top surface, and low cloud top temperature. The model has correctly learned those features of convective clouds and resulted in a reasonably low false alarm ratio (FAR) and high probability of detection (POD). However, FAR and POD can vary depending on the threshold, and a proper threshold needs to be chosen based on the purpose.

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Liu, Yanhong, Wen Ye, and Bo Wang. "A Flexible Baseline Measuring System Based on Optics for Airborne DPOS." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 7, 2021): 5333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165333.

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Three-dimensional imaging for multi-node interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) or multi-task imaging sensors has become the prevailing trend in the field of aerial remote sensing, which requires multi-node motion information to carry out the motion compensation. A distributed position and orientation system (DPOS) can provide multi-node motion information for InSAR by transfer alignment technology. However, due to wing deformation, the relative spatial relationship between the nodes will change, which will lead to lower accuracy of the transfer alignment. As a result, the flexible baseline between the nodes affects the interferometric phase error compensation and further deteriorates the imaging quality. This paper proposes a flexible baseline measuring system based on optics, which achieves non-connect measurement and overcomes the problem that it is difficult to build an accurate wing deformation model. An accuracy test was conducted in the laboratory, and results showed that the measurement accuracy of the baseline under static and dynamic conditions was less than 0.3 mm and 0.67 mm, respectively.

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Yang, Junying, Xiaolan Qiu, Mingyang Shang, Lihua Zhong, and Chibiao Ding. "Motion Phase Compensation Methods for Azimuth Ambiguity Suppression in HRWS SAR." Remote Sensing 13, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 3543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13173543.

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The azimuth multi-channel synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is widely used in marine observation, because of its excellent imaging ability of high-resolution and wide-swath (HRWS) signals. Different from the static targets, the azimuth ambiguity of the ships on the open sea resulting from the radial motion seriously affects the SAR image quality and ship detection probability. As a result, two methods of azimuth ambiguity suppression for moving ships based on motion phase compensation are proposed to apply to different practical application conditions. The simulation and real measured data experiments verify the ability of image quality improvement by proposed methods.

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Luce, H., G. Hassenpflug, M. Yamamoto, and S. Fukao. "Comparisons of refractive index gradient and stability profiles measured by balloons and the MU radar at a high vertical resolution in the lower stratosphere." Annales Geophysicae 25, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-47-2007.

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Abstract. Many experimental studies have demonstrated that VHF Stratosphere-Troposphere (ST) radar echo power is proportional to the generalized refractive index gradient squared M2 when using a vertically oriented beam. Because humidity is generally negligible above the tropopause, VHF ST radars can thus provide information on the static stability (quantified by the squared Brunt-Väisälä frequency N2) at stratospheric heights and this capability is useful for many scientific applications. Most studies have been performed until now at a vertical resolution of 150 m or more. In the present paper, results of comparisons between radar- and (balloon borne) radiosonde-derived M2 and N2 are shown at a better vertical resolution of 50 m with the MU radar (34.85° N, 136.15° E; Japan) by benefiting from the range resolution improvement provided by the multi-frequency range imaging technique, using the Capon processing method. Owing to favorable winds in the troposphere, the radiosondes did not drift horizontally more than about 30 km from the MU radar site by the time they reached an altitude of 20 km. The measurements were thus simultaneous and almost collocated. Very good agreements have been obtained between both high resolution profiles of M2, as well as profiles of N2. It is also shown that this agreement can still be improved by taking into account a frozen-in advection of the air parcels by a horizontally uniform wind. Therefore, it can be concluded that 1) the range imaging technique with the Capon method really provides substantial range resolution improvement, despite the relatively weak Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNR) over the analyzed region of the lower stratosphere, 2) the proportionality of the radar echo power to M2 at a vertical scale down to 50 m in the lower stratosphere is experimentally demonstrated, 3) the MU radar can provide stability profiles with a vertical resolution of 50 m at heights where humidity is negligible, 4) stable stratospheric layers as thin as 50 m or less have at least a horizontal extent of a few km to several tens of kilometers and can be considered as frozenly advected over scales of a few tens of minutes.

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Razmi, Amin, Mohammad Ali Masnadi-Shirazi, and Alireza Masnadi-Shirazi. "TRACKING UNKNOWN NUMBER OF STEALTH TARGETS IN A MULTI-STATIC RADAR WITH UNKNOWN RECEIVER DETECTION PROFILE USING RCS MODEL." Progress In Electromagnetics Research M 70 (2018): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierm18041802.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Multi-static radar'

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