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Journal articles on the topic 'Multi Tariff'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Rickard, John, Allen Russell, and Christine Martini. "Welfare policy and multi-national monopolies." Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. Series B. Applied Mathematics 34, no. 2 (October 1992): 133–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0334270000008699.

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AbstractThis paper examines the role of import tariffs and consumption taxes when a product is supplied to a domestic market by a foreign monopoly via a subsidiary. It is assumed that there is no competition in the domestic market from internal suppliers. The home country is able to levy a profits tax on the subsidiary; the objective of our analysis is to determine the levels of tariff or consumption tax which maximise national welfare. Comparisons are made under the two alternative policies from the perspectives of national welfare, total national cost and average national cost. The major policy implication of the analysis is that a consumption tax is the more effective instrument for maximising national welfare provided the profits tax is less than a certain critical value; if the profits tax exceeds this value then a tariff, though in the form of a subsidy, is the most effective instrument. Our results complement, correct and extend an earlier analysis by Katrak (1977) [6].
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2

Kang, Jong Woo, and Suzette Dagli. "Tariff barriers and industrial spillover effects." Journal of Korea Trade 22, no. 3 (September 10, 2018): 228–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkt-03-2018-0018.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that higher tariffs under protectionism will have significant indirect impact through industrial forward and backward linkages, causing greater economic losses to tariff-imposing economies than to exporting countries. Design/methodology/approach The authors use partial equilibrium analysis based on unique multi-regional input-output (IO) data in measuring the second-round spillover effects of higher tariffs, also investigating the scenario of plausible substitutability across import sources as well as sectors based on historical import intensity data. Findings Higher tariffs do not only have a direct impact, but also a significant indirect impact—through forward and backward linkages. Indirect effects can be extensive across economies and sectors—both in forward and backward linkages such as in transport—when value chains are longer and more complex. When possible substitution effects between different import sources and sectors are considered, negative forward linkage effects can be smaller, while negative backward linkage effects become more pronounced. Nevertheless, both negative effects are still found to be much bigger in indirect impacts compared with direct impacts. Research limitations/implications This implies that higher tariffs, including administrative trade measures such as anti-dumping duties and countervailing duties could ironically entail rather greater negative impact on the tariff-imposing importing economies by damaging their exports of domestic sectors using the targeted imports as intermediate inputs, which could be severe if the importing sector has a long value chain in particular through deep forward linkages. Originality/value This paper uses unique multi-regional IO data covering 45 economies’ 35 sectors in analyzing the second-round spillover effects across countries and sectors and employs comparative statics under different scenarios.
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Ziemele, Jelena, Girts Vigants, Valdis Vitolins, Dagnija Blumberga, and Ivars Veidenbergs. "District Heating Systems Performance Analyses. Heat Energy Tariff." Environmental and Climate Technologies 13, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2014-0005.

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Abstract The paper addresses an important element of the European energy sector: the evaluation of district heating (DH) system operations from the standpoint of increasing energy efficiency and increasing the use of renewable energy resources. This has been done by developing a new methodology for the evaluation of the heat tariff. The paper presents an algorithm of this methodology, which includes not only a data base and calculation equation systems, but also an integrated multi-criteria analysis module using MADM/MCDM (Multi-Attribute Decision Making / Multi-Criteria Decision Making) based on TOPSIS (Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution). The results of the multi-criteria analysis are used to set the tariff benchmarks. The evaluation methodology has been tested for Latvian heat tariffs, and the obtained results show that only half of heating companies reach a benchmark value equal to 0.5 for the efficiency closeness to the ideal solution indicator. This means that the proposed evaluation methodology would not only allow companies to determine how they perform with regard to the proposed benchmark, but also to identify their need to restructure so that they may reach the level of a low-carbon business.
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Aulia, Rizka, and Kangkook Lee. "The Impact of Tariff Reduction on Poverty in Indonesia: Regional Level Analysis." Journal of Indonesia Sustainable Development Planning 2, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46456/jisdep.v2i1.111.

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The study examines the effect of trade liberalization on poverty reduction across districts in Indonesia during the period from 2000 to 2016 using the fixed effect approach. Tariff exposure is used to measure trade liberalization, which is computed at the district level by combining information on sector composition of the economy in each district and tariff lines by sectors. This study also distinguishes between tariff exposure for output products and intermediate inputs. This produces a measure indicating how changes in exposure to tariff reductions in outputs and inputs vary by region over the period. Due to the available multi-district and 17-year dataset, the study includes a set of fixed effects: the district-fixed effects and the time-fixed effects, which controls for aggregate time trend. The results indicate that the impact of output and input tariff on regional poverty headcount index (P0) is different. Output tariff has a negative correlation with poverty, while input tariff has a positive correlation with poverty. This suggests that trade liberalization in input sectors could reduce poverty in Indonesia. It is also found that GRDP per capita, literacy rates, and road length are negatively associated with poverty. Also, the effect of reducing input tariffs on poverty reduction will be larger if the districts have higher GRDP per capita and higher literacy rates.
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5

Jargstorf, Johannes, and Ronnie Belmans. "Multi-objective low voltage grid tariff setting." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 9, no. 15 (November 19, 2015): 2328–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2014.1165.

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6

Silva, Cátia, Pedro Faria, and Zita Vale. "Multi-Period Observation Clustering for Tariff Definition in a Weekly Basis Remuneration of Demand Response." Energies 12, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071248.

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Distributed energy resources can improve the operation of power systems, improving economic and technical efficiency. Aggregation of small size resources, which exist in large number but with low individual capacity, is needed to make these resources’ use more efficient. In the present paper, a methodology for distributed resources management by an aggregator is proposed, which includes the resources scheduling, aggregation and remuneration. The aggregation, made using a k-means algorithm, is applied to different approaches concerning the definition of tariffs for the period of a week. Different consumer types are remunerated according to time-of-use tariffs existing in Portugal. Resources aggregation and remuneration profiles are obtained for over 20.000 consumers and 500 distributed generation units. The main goal of this paper is to understand how the aggregation phase, or the way that is performed, influences the final remuneration of the resources associated with Virtual Power Player (VPP). In order to fulfill the proposed objective, the authors carried out studies for different time frames (week days, week-end, whole week) and also analyzed the effect of the formation of the remuneration tariff by considering a mix of fixed and indexed tariff. The optimum number of clusters is calculated in order to determine the best number of DR programs to be implemented by the VPP.
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7

Singh, D., and R. K. Misra. "Multi-objective feeder reconfiguration in different tariff structures." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 4, no. 8 (2010): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2010.0128.

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8

Balashov, Evgeny, and Ariadna Kirillova. "Tariff policy and investment support for the modernization of the public utility infrastructure of the municipality." E3S Web of Conferences 244 (2021): 06004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124406004.

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At the present stage, it becomes relevant to search for a new model of tariff formation in the housing and communal services (HCS) in accordance with the scale and significance of restructuring the economy and the conditions of functioning during a pandemic, as well as effective mechanisms for regulating tariffs and reducing the cost of production and provision of services. Despite the progress in improving the tariff policy, determined by the long-term period of the formation of parameters for changing the regulated tariffs and the use of the existing multi-level system of social protection of the population when paying for housing and communal services in the regulation of prices for the organizations of the communal complex, the expansion of methodological approaches to the regulation of tariff policy, the existing system of social protection of the population when paying for housing and communal services, the availability of information on the activities of regulated organizations, the task of accelerating the growth of the Russian economy and the sustainable functioning of housing and communal services dictate the need to consider tariff policy as one of the tools of resource efficiency and find additional sources of funding. The problems systematized in the article require decision-making to eliminate them at the state, regional and municipal levels. The necessity of combining a significant number of separate sectoral documents on the communal sector into a single federal law has been proved, which will regulate and establish unified regulatory and methodological principles for the formation of tariffs and will make this process more transparent. The paper discusses the problems of increasing the importance of the share of the investment component in the tariffs for utilities, as well as factors such as deductions from profits (with their financial stability), raising borrowed funds, selling bonds and systematic audit of their production and economic activities, increasing the transparency of costs.
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Guo, Meixin, Lin Lu, Liugang Sheng, and Miaojie Yu. "The Day After Tomorrow: Evaluating the Burden of Trump's Trade War." Asian Economic Papers 17, no. 1 (February 2018): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00592.

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During his U.S. presidential campaign Donald Trump threatened China with the imposition of high import tariffs on its exports to the United States. To evaluate the repercussions of such an action, this paper uses Eaton and Kortum's 2002 multi-sector, multi-country general equilibrium model with intersectional linkages to forecast how exports, imports, output, and real wages would change if Trump's threat of 45 percent tariffs is carried out. To view plausible scenarios, we evaluate the case of a unilateral action on the part of the United States, as well as a scenario where China retaliates by imposing an equally high 45 percent tariff on its imports from the United States. In addition, because the high U.S. trade deficit with China is a factor that underpins calls for tariff action, we explore simulations where the trade balance is restored to balance as well as a scenario in which the trade balance is unchanged. In all of the scenarios, the calibration exercise suggests that a trade war triggered by high U.S. import tariffs will lead to a collapse in U.S.–China bilateral trade. In all of the scenarios, the United States will experience large social welfare losses, whereas China may lose or gain slightly depending on the effect of trade war on the U.S.–China trade balance. Globally, some small open economies may experience small benefits, while other countries may suffer collateral damage.
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ZHANG, KUN, QIAO-MEI LIANG, LI-JING LIU, MEI-MEI XUE, BI-YING YU, CE WANG, RONG HAN, et al. "IMPACTS OF MECHANISMS TO PROMOTE PARTICIPATION IN CLIMATE MITIGATION: BORDER CARBON ADJUSTMENTS VERSUS UNIFORM TARIFF MEASURES." Climate Change Economics 11, no. 03 (July 20, 2020): 2041007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007820410079.

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Because free-riding behavior is an inherent characteristic of climate change, how to protect the economic benefits of the emission reduction regions and prompt the noncooperative region to join the emission reduction coalition is particularly important. In this study, we use a global multi-region multi-sector CGE model to compare the impacts of border carbon adjustment (BCA) and two unified tariff mechanisms based on different implementation principles on USA. The results show that the BCA is more effective in reducing carbon leakage in USA than the uniform tariff mechanisms. However, for GDP and welfare losses, the scenario Tariff-carbon-reduction results in greater GDP and welfare losses in USA, which is more conducive to prompting USA to implement carbon reduction policies than the BCA measures. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of carbon price levels and key substitution elasticity further confirmed the results.
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11

Rahmawan, Nanda Bagus, and Siskarossa Ika Oktora. "THE IMPACT OF ZERO IMPORT TARIFF POLICY AND AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL ACTION PLAN ON INDONESIAN COAL EXPORT TO CHINA." Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan 12, no. 1 (July 31, 2018): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30908/bilp.v12i1.263.

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Indonesia dan Tiongkok merupakan pelaku utama perdagangan batu bara dunia. Indonesia adalah eksportir batu bara terbesar dan pemasok utama kebutuhan batu bara Tiongkok, sedangkan Tiongkok adalah importir batu bara terbesar di dunia. Kebijakan tarif impor nol persen pada komoditas batu bara yang diterapkan Tiongkok pada Januari 2008, berdampak pada meningkatnya ekspor batu bara Indonesia ke Tiongkok. Namun, setelah Tiongkok mengeluarkan kebijakan Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, ekspor batu bara Indonesia ke Tiongkok mulai menurun pada tahun 2014. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh kebijakan tarif impor nol persen dan Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan terhadap ekspor batu bara Indonesia ke Tiongkok. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis intervensi multi input. Data yang digunakan berasal dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan tarif impor nol persen yang diterapkan oleh Tiongkok memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan positif dan permanen terhadap ekspor batu bara Indonesia ke Tiongkok. Sementara itu, kebijakan Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan negatif dan permanen. Rekomendasi kebijakan adalah implementasi kebijakan tentang standar minimum kualitas batu bara yang dihasilkan. Dengan demikian, kualitas ekspor batu bara Indonesia dapat menyesuaikan spesifikasi permintaan pasar dari negara pengimpor yang menerapkan kebijakan pengendalian pencemaran udara. Indonesia and China are the main actors of world coal trading. Indonesia is the largest coal exporter and the main supplier of Chinese coal needs, while China is the world's largest coal importer. The zero import tariff policy on coal commodities applied by China in January 2008, has an impact on increasing Indonesian coal exports to China. However, after China issued its policy of Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, Indonesian coal exports to China began to decline in 2014. The objective of this research is to study the influence of zero import tariff policy and Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan to the Indonesian coal exports to China. The method used in this research is the multi-input intervention analysis. Data used are developed from BPS. The results show that the zero import tariff policy applied by China has significantly positive and permanent effect on Indonesian coal exports to China. Meanwhile, the policy of Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan has significantly negative and permanent effect. Policy recommendation is the implementation of policy about minimum standards of coal quality that may be produced. Thus, Indonesian coal exports quality will able to adjust market demand specification from importing countries that implement policies about pollution control.
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Abrego, Lisandro, Maria Alejandra Amado, Tunc Gursoy, Garth Nicholls, and Hector Perez-Saiz. "The African Continental Free Trade Agreement." IMF Working Papers 19, no. 124 (June 7, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781498314398.001.

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In March 2018, representatives of member countries of the African Union signed the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement. This agreement provides a framework for trade liberalization in goods and services and is expected to eventually cover all African countries. Using a multi-country, multi-sector general equilibrium model based on Costinot and Rodriguez-Clare (2014), we estimate the welfare effects of the AfCFTA for 45 countries in Africa. Three different model specifications—comprising both perfect competition and monopolistic competition—are used. Simulations include full elimination of import tariffs and partial but substantial reduction in non-tariff barriers (NTBs). Results reveal significant potential welfare gains from trade liberalization in Africa. As intra-regional import tariffs in the continent are already low, the bulk of these gains come from lowering NTBs. Overall gains for the continent are broadly similar under the three model specifications used, with considerable variation of potential welfare gains across countries in all model structures.
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13

Jiang, Xin Kuang, and Xu Chen. "Research on Prediction Model of the Impact of New Telecom Services Tariff Based on the Customer Choice Behavior." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 3249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.3249.

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This paper studies the impact of new telecom services tariff on the customers inside (customers who have ever chosen the original telecom service packages) and the revenue variation from the perspective of utility and customer choice behavior. On the basis of the quantification of telecom services tariff, a measurement model is built through multi-nominal logit (MNL) choice rule to predict the impact. Important indicators such as utility of service packages, transfer probability of the customers inside and expected change of revenue are obtained, which are useful for market orientation, revenue prediction and optimization management of the new telecom services tariff.
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Abrenica, Maria Joy V., Ricardo Rafael S. Guzman, and Maria Socorro Gochoco-Bautista. "Trade Wars and the Disarray in the Global Trading System: Implications for the Philippines." Asian Economic Papers 18, no. 3 (December 2019): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00718.

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This study uses the Caliendo and Parro ( 2015 ) multi-sector, multi-country, general equilibrium Ricardian trade model with national and international input-output linkages to assess the impact on welfare of higher tariffs due to the U.S.–China trade war in the case of the Philippines. A sample of 65 countries including a constructed rest of the world is used, with 31 ICIO tradeable and non-tradeable sectors and 2015 as the base year. The constructed scenario is of the U.S.–China tariff tit-for-tat and retaliatory measures taken by Mexico, Canada, EU, Russia, and Turkey against the United States during 2018. The findings show that the Philippines and others in the sidelines could incur larger welfare losses than those directly involved in the conflict, in contrast with the sanguine prediction of other models.
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Mendes, Krisley, and André Luchine. "Non-tariff barriers removal in the Brazilian coffee industry." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 19, no. 3 (October 30, 2020): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-04-2020-0027.

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Purpose This study aims to identify and classified non-tariff measures (NTMs) on Brazilian imports of robusta coffee beans, calculated a tariff-equivalent of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) and assessed the effects of removing NTBs from upstream and downstream domestic instant coffee supply chain. Design/methodology/approach The analysis uses documentary research to identify NTMs and the price-wedge method is applied to estimate a tariff-equivalent. The effects of suppressing the tariff-equivalent were evaluated using a partial equilibrium model with constant elasticity of substitution (Armington, 1969) and by incorporating vertical integration and uncertainty (Hallren and Opanasets, 2018). Findings The results show that NTMs seemingly hinder the entrance of coffee beans into the domestic market. The tariff-equivalent was estimated at 13.61%. Suppressing it reveals that the share of domestic coffee beans used to produce domestic instant coffee falls 0.21 p.p. while the share of domestic instant coffee consumed by the international trade rises 8.60 p.p. Originality/value What makes this paper original is that this paper investigated the effects of NTMs in a developing country, namely, Brazil. Although Brazil is one of the largest agricultural producers in the world, it has not appeared in literature in this type of analysis until now. Furthermore, it contributes to the literature on using existing techniques to investigate the impact of NTM removal on individual products in a specific country, in contrast to more recent papers that discuss using multi-country and multi-product data sets at the HTS-6 level. Thus, this paper demonstrates how a case study approach can be useful in quantifying policy changes.
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Charandabi, Sina E., Farnaz Ghashami, and Kamyar Kamyar. "US-China Tariff War: A Gravity Approach." Business and Economic Research 11, no. 3 (August 2, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v11i3.18757.

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Trade wars occur as a consequence of countries imposing tariffs and/or other trade barriers on one another. Such phenomenon is often a result of nationalism, unilateralism, and protectionism, and intensifies due to retaliation by different sides of the war. We use recent multinational trade data to measure the effects of single- and multi-sided tariffs on international trade. The methodology used in the paper is the structural Gravity model first introduced by Anderson and van Wincoop (2003). Theoretical implications and references of gravity equations are also presented throughout the article.
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Kwon, Yeongenn, Taeyoung Kim, Keon Baek, and Jinho Kim. "Multi-Objective Optimization of Home Appliances and Electric Vehicle Considering Customer’s Benefits and Offsite Shared Photovoltaic Curtailment." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 3, 2020): 2852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112852.

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A Time-of-Use (TOU)-tariff scheme, helps residential customers to adjust their energy consumption voluntarily and reduce energy cost. The TOU tariff provides flexibility in demand, alleviate volatility caused by an increase in renewable energy in the power system. However, the uncertainty in the customer’s behavior, causes difficulty in predicting changes in residential demand patterns through the TOU tariff. In this study, the dissatisfaction model for each time slot is set as the energy consumption data of the customer. Based on the actual customer’s consumption pattern, the user sets up a model of dissatisfaction that enables aggressive energy cost reduction. In the proposed Home Energy Management System (HEMS) model, the efficient use of jointly invested offsite photovoltaic (PV) power generation is also considered. The optimal HEMS scheduling result considering the dissatisfaction, cost, and PV curtailment was obtained. The findings of this study indicate, that incentives are required above a certain EV battery capacity to induce EV charging for minimizing PV curtailment.
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Anosike, Nnamdi B., Jude E. Dara, Ugochukwu C. Ngwaka, and Frances O. Enemuoh. "Analysis of Nigerian Electricity Generation Multi Year Tariff Order Pricing Model." Energy and Power Engineering 09, no. 10 (2017): 541–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/epe.2017.910038.

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Memon, Muhammad Salih, Faiz Muhammad Shaikh, Dr Nanik Ram, and Dr Anwar Ali Shah G.Syed. "IMPACT OFSAFTA ON TEXTILE EXPORT ON ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN BY USING COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBIUM MODEL (CGE)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2016): 2641–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v11i1.4934.

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This research investigates the Impact of PAK-INDIA Textile trade on Economy of Pakistan. Data were collected from GTAP-7 database. Data were  collected from 70 Textile exporters by using simple random technique and data were analyzed by using GEM-software. Different simulation run on GTAP-7 database and various tariff rates appliedThe first scenario is when normal trading relation with India will be restored; it means that both countries will give the MFN (Most Favored Nations) status to each other. In the second scenario, the SAFTA will be operative and there will be free trade between India and Pakistan and both countries will remove all tariffs and custom duties from each others’ imports. The Global trade analysis GTAP model is used to analyze the possible impact of SAFTA on Pakistan in a multi country, multi sector applied General equilibrium frame work. Results based on this research reveal that on SAFTA, grounds, here will be net export benefits in Pakistan’s economy.
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Et al., Hendro Lukman. "The Effects of Taxation toward Decision of Transfer Pricing on Multi-National Companies in Indonesia." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.768.

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In globalization today, business is no longer limited by distance, time, and place. In order to maintain growth, multinational companies need to do production efficiency by developing international supply chain. Therefore, companies conduct inhouse production or in other countries that can produce products at cheaper prices than producing in origin country so that they can divert profits or optimize tax benefits. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of tax rates and tax regulations on ethical behavior as a moderation of transfer pricing decisions carried out by multi-national companies in Indonesia. From 30 multi-national companies in Indonesia used as samples that were processed using Partial Least Square, shows that tax regulations have no negative effect to the management in making the decision of transfer pricing, but tariff and ethics have affect positively, as well as when the tax rule and tax tariff are mediated by ethics.
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Alexander, Ian, Aftab Raza, and Joseph Daniel Wright. "KESC's 2002 multi-year tariff determination: lessons for Pakistan and South Asia." International Journal of Regulation and Governance 3, no. 2 (2003): 161–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ijr-120033.

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Avci-Surucu, Ezgi, A. Kursat Aydogan, and Doganbey Akgul. "Bidding structure, market efficiency and persistence in a multi-time tariff setting." Energy Economics 54 (February 2016): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.10.017.

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Nojavan, Sayyad, Kazem Zare, and Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo. "Robust bidding and offering strategies of electricity retailer under multi-tariff pricing." Energy Economics 68 (October 2017): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.10.027.

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Kardanov, V. A., and V. N. Kulik. "Administrative regulation measures for foreign trade in the European union (on the example of the Republic of Poland) and in the Eurasian economic union (on the example of the Russian Federation)." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 2 (April 7, 2019): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2019-2-101-105.

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The European Union is the largest trading partner for the Eurasian Economic Union. The multi-integration of the Eurasian Economic Union with foreign countries practically guarantees a positive result. The issues, related with non-tariff measures regulating foreign trade, have been considered in the article. For the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Russian Federation in particular, in the near future, the main task should be step-by-step standardization and elimination of almost all non-tariff barriers to trade, as these values significantly aggravate the counter-trade in goods and services and hinder further integration. And this concerns, above all, the development towards the European Union.
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Egorov, V. V. "Multi-criteria path rationalization in the conditions of multi-type passenger transport systems." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 5 (July 6, 2021): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2021-5-109-116.

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The article proposes methods of searching passenger travel routes in conditions where one or more optimization criteria must be taken into account in the presence of a pedestrian system and multi-type transport systems with their topologies, sets of parameters and tariff plans. The author carried out the research by means of mathematical modeling of the transport system in the form of its deterministic graph model. The author chose Dijk-stra's algorithm as the basic algorithm, on the basis of which the modifications of the previous ones were carried out and the construction of a new search technique was carried out. As a result, the study obtained algorithms for solving single-criteria and multi-criteria problems on graphs. For multicriterial problems, the author used the convolution method and the method of ordering criteria by the degree of decreasing their significance. The field of application of the developed algorithms is information systems focused on the end user and on the structures that design and manage transport networks.
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Somefun, D. J. A., E. H. Gerding, and J. A. La Poutré. "Efficient methods for automated multi-issue negotiation: Negotiating over a two-part tariff." International Journal of Intelligent Systems 21, no. 1 (2005): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/int.20122.

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Li, Wenjin, Bingkang Li, Rengcun Fang, Peipei You, Yuxin Zou, Zhao Xu, and Sen Guo. "Risk Evaluation of Electric Power Grid Enterprise Related to Electricity Transmission and Distribution Tariff Regulation Employing a Hybrid MCDM Model." Mathematics 9, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9090989.

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In China, a new-round marketization reform of electricity industry is in progress, and the electricity transmission and distribution tariff reform is the core and important task. Currently, the electricity transmission and distribution tariff regulation has gone to the second round in China, and the electric power grid enterprises are facing a closed-loop regulatory system and an increasingly strict regulatory environment. Therefore, it is urgent to evaluate the risk of electric power grid enterprise that is related to electricity transmission and distribution tariff regulation, which can aid the electricity regulators and electric power grid enterprise operators to manage risk and promote the sustainable development of electric power industry. In this paper, a hybrid novel multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method combining the fuzzy Best-Worst method (FBWM) and improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method based on a vague set is proposed for the risk evaluation of electric power grid enterprise related to electricity transmission and distribution tariff regulation. The risk evaluation index system is built. Subsequently, the FBWM is utilized to determine the optimal weights of electric power grid enterprise risk criteria, and the improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method that is based on vague set is employed to rank the comprehensive risk grade of electric power grid enterprise related to electricity transmission and distribution tariff regulation. The risk of a province-level electric power grid enterprise that is located in Northern China is empirically evaluated using the proposed MCDM method, and the result indicates that the overall risk of this province-level electric power grid enterprise belongs to ‘High’ grade, but it is very close to ‘Very High’ grade. The results indicate that the proposed hybrid novel MCDM method in this paper is effective and practical. Meanwhile, it provides a new view for the risk evaluation of electric power grid enterprise that is related to electricity transmission and distribution tariff regulation.
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Bawono, A. A., and E. Kusrini. "Tariff calculating model for natural gas transportation through open access transmission pipeline with multi tariff system to increase gas usage as clean energy." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 105 (January 2018): 012125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/105/1/012125.

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Zhou, Suyang, Wennan Zhuang, Zhi Wu, Wei Gu, Xin Zhan, Zhong Liu, and Siming Cao. "Optimized scheduling of multi-region Gas and Power Complementary system considering tiered gas tariff." Energy 193 (February 2020): 116677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116677.

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Popović, Vladimir Dragan, Pavle Gladović, Milica Miličić, and Milan Stanković. "Methodology of Selecting Optimal Fare System for Public Transport of Passengers." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 30, no. 5 (October 31, 2018): 539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v30i5.2538.

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According to the European Committee (EC) on Transport, the future road transport strategy lies in creating a strong road transport sector which is based on a well-functioning internal market, fair competition and workers’ rights, decarbonization, and use of digital technologies. Urban and suburban passenger transportation systems, according to the principles of the EC, have a key role in achieving the goal of sustainable development and sustainable transport in cities. The fare, ticketing, and payment modes have a significant impact on public urban transport systems, primarily in terms of collecting transport service fees, and represent the basic source of financing of such systems, in addition to subsidies and grants from city budgets. This paper presents the selection methodology of the optimal fare system for urban public transport, applicable for all cities with an organized public city passenger transport (PCPT) system. Based on the established criteria with respect to setting tariff limits and fare systems, passenger demand, and the enterprise organizing the transport, the tariff system was selected. The presented method is that of multi- criteria optimization of the tariff system with numerical results on the example of the City of Novi Sad.
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Pei, Rui, Jihua Xie, Hanlin Zhang, Kaiyu Sun, Zhi Wu, and Suyang Zhou. "Robust Multi-Layer Energy Management and Control Methodologies for Reefer Container Park in Port Terminal." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 4456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154456.

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The full electrification of ports is a promising prospect for saving energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The control scheme of the reefer container is particularly important for the energy management of the port, as the operation of the reefer container is one of the main energy consumers of ports. This paper proposes a reefer container hierarchical control scheme that contains a day-ahead module and intra-day module which is used to generate a rough scheduling strategy based on forecast data and fine-tuning the strategy, respectively. The final strategy should realize the economical operation while ensuring that each reefer container does not exceed the temperature limit during operation. Numerical analysis on the reefer container park with 200 and 850 containers using the Time of Use (TOU) tariff and super-peak tariff is fully analyzed. In the case of 200 containers, the proposed method helps reduce operating costs by about 14.7%, and 18% in the scenario of 850 containers. The proposed method can effectively save container operating costs and ensure that the internal temperature of the container does not exceed the limit while changing the distribution of energy which could help alleviate the peak load problem of the port electric system.
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Zhai, Rongrong, Lingjie Feng, Hai Yu, Chao Li, and Yongping Yang. "Optimization of Dispatching Electricity Market with Consideration of a Solar-Assisted Coal-Fired Power Generation System." Energies 12, no. 7 (April 3, 2019): 1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071284.

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This study investigates the multi-objective optimization of load dispatch of a solar-assisted coal-fired power generation system. The improved environmental/economic load dispatch model considers coal consumption, NOx emissions, and power purchase cost. The singular weighted method is utilized to solve this multi-objective and multi-constraint optimization problem. A power system that includes five power generators, one of which is retrofitted to a solar-assisted coal-fired unit, is also analyzed. It can be concluded that the loads of solar-assisted coal-fired units are higher than the original coal-fired unit, and with the increase of solar radiation, the gap between the loads of two units also increases. In addition, after retrofitting, the coal consumption, the NOx emission, and power costs of units reduce by about 2.05%, 0.45%, and 0.14%, respectively. From the study on the on-grid power tariff, where the tariff drops from 16.29 cents/kWh to 3.26 cents/kWh, NOx emissions drop from 12.31 t to 11.28 t per day, a reduction of about 8.38%. The cost of purchasing electricity decreases from $ 2,982,161.8 to $ 2,020,505.0 per day, a decrease of 32.25%. Therefore, when both coal-fired units and solar-assisted coal-fired units exist in a region, the use of solar-assisted coal-fired power generation units should be prioritized.
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Diewert, W. E., A. H. Turunen-Red, and A. D. Woodland. "Tariff Reform in a Small Open Multi-Household Economy with Domestic Distortions and Nontraded Goods." International Economic Review 32, no. 4 (November 1991): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2527044.

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Risfendra, Risfendra, Gheri Febri Ananda, and Alphin Stephanus. "Internet of Things on Electrical Energy Monitoring Using Multi-Electrical Parameter Sensors." MOTIVECTION : Journal of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering 3, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.46574/motivection.v3i1.79.

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This study aims to apply the Internet of Things to monitoring electricity energy consumption. The system is designed to replace the manual and conventional measurement of electrical energy. Uncontrolled use of electricity is one of the causes of high levels of electrical energy consumption. Therefore, consumers need to know the amount of electrical energy consumption in real-time. The device is designed using the PZEM-004T which is used as a sensor to read electrical multi-parameter, Arduino as the main control, and ESP8266 as a data sender on the Cloud system. The test results showed that the device has been able to read and display electricity quantity data in the form of voltage, current, power, and electricity tariff accumulation in real-time displayed on the ThingSpeak platform. The test on the PZEM-004T sensor has an accuracy rate of 94.96% for reading current values and 99.42% for reading voltage values. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menerapkan teknologi Internet of Things pada monitoring konsumsi energi listrik. Sistem dirancang untuk menggantikan pengukuran energi listrik yang masih manual dan konvensional. Penggunaan listrik yang tidak terkontrol merupakan salah satu penyebab tingginya tingkat pemakaian energi listrik. Oleh karena itu, konsumen perlu mengetahui jumlah pemakaian energi listrik secara realtime. Alat dirancang menggunakan PZEM-004T yang digunakan sebagai sensor untuk membaca multi-parameter listrik, Arduino sebagai kendali utama, dan ESP8266 sebagai pengirim data pada sistem Cloud. Hasil pengujian menunjukan bahwa alat telah mampu membaca dan menampilkan data besaran listrik berupa tegangan, arus, daya, dan akumulasi tarif listrik secara realtime yang ditampilkan pada platform ThingSpeak. Pengujian pada sensor PZEM-004T memiliki tingkat akurasi 94.96% untuk pembacaan nilai arus dan 99. 42% untuk pembacaan nilai tegangan.
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Mykytyuk, Petro, and Mykhailo Fedirko. "METHODICAL APPROACHES TO THE FORMATION OF THE TARIFF POLICY OF THERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION IN THE CONDITIONS OF MULTI-FUEL MODE." Economic Analysis, no. 28(1) (2018): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2018.01.079.

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Introduction. In the conditions of formation a society of sustainable development the important task of the communal heat power engineering of Ukraine is to provide housing and communal, budget, social, and commercial spheres with the services on the supply of thermal energy at the level of European standards. However, the institutional, organizational and economic environment that has developed in municipal heat and power engineering does not allow solving this issue in its entirety. The urgency of the problem is exacerbated in the context of the integration intentions of Ukraine. Ukraine in its legislative initiatives declares the choice of a European model for the functioning of energy markets, as well as its desire to integrate into the European energy space, which requires the development of market relations in areas where the regime of natural monopoly operates. Formation of market relations in the municipal heat energy market means the development of a competitive environment and the emergence of independent heat energy producers using different types of fuels. The cost of producing heat depends on the type of fuel, that is, the market has a multi-fuel mode of its production. For this reason, the problem of tariff policy formation, which would reflect the economic relations that are emerging in the market, arises. Purpose. The article aims to substantiate and develop practical recommendations for the formation of the tariff policy of thermal energy production in Ukraine in the conditions of multi-fuel mode. Results. The basic models of the functioning have been determined with the help of systematization and generalization of international experience of functioning of competitive markets of thermal energy in developed countries. In this context, the basic model of functioning of the competitive heat energy market has been determined. This model is defined as an acceptable one for Ukrainian realities. It is determined that an acceptable model for developing a competitive environment in the heat energy market is the "Single Buyer" model, which is a compromise in modern Ukrainian economic realities. This model gives a moderate reduction in the average weighted tariff for the end user, stimulates the operator to increase the efficiency of its own production, and fosters fair competition between the operator and the independent producer.
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Taha, Ahmad F., Nadim A. Hachem, and Jitesh H. Panchal. "A Quasi-Feed-In-Tariff policy formulation in micro-grids: A bi-level multi-period approach." Energy Policy 71 (August 2014): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.04.014.

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Totare, Ninad Prakash, and S. Bindu. "Total Factor Productivity Analysis in the Regime of Multi-Year Tariff Policy Using Fisher Index Method." International Review of Electrical Engineering (IREE) 16, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/iree.v16i2.18976.

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Clements, William, Surendra Pandit, Prashanna Bajracharya, Joe Butchers, Sam Williamson, Biraj Gautam, and Paul Harper. "Techno-Economic Modelling of Micro-Hydropower Mini-Grids in Nepal to Improve Financial Sustainability and Enable Electric Cooking." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 13, 2021): 4232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144232.

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In rural Nepal, micro-hydropower plant mini-grids provide renewable electricity to thousands of communities but the plants often have poor financial sustainability. Widespread uptake of electric cooking in such communities is currently not feasible due to high peak loads and limited capacity. In this paper, we develop a Remote-Areas Multi-Energy Systems Load Profiles (RAMP)-based stochastic techno-economic model for evaluating the economic viability of off-grid communities and improving their financial sustainability by introducing new appliances, productive end uses, and demand-side management measures. The model can be used to understand community electricity demand, assess economic status, determine equitable and profitable tariff structures, and plan new connections including electric cooking promotion or new industrial machines. Detailed electric cooking load modelling functionality was developed to represent Nepali cooking practices, scalable to approximate widespread uptake of electric cooking, and adaptable to other cookers and contexts. The model showed that a payment structure based on electricity consumption rather than a flat tariff could increase the income of a case study community in Eastern Nepal by 400%, although increased monthly payments for certain households from NPR 110 (USD 0.93) to NPR 500–1100 (USD 4.22–9.29) could present difficulty. However, households could reduce their electricity consumption and a more equitable tariff structure could be chosen while preserving plant profitability. The number of industrial machines such as mills could be doubled and up to 40 households provided with electric cookers if demand-side management measures were introduced.
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Meyiwa, Ayanda, and Mihalis Chasomeris. "Restructuring Port Governance in South Africa." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 9, no. 3 (December 3, 2016): 854–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v9i3.74.

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South Africa’s (SA) ports do not have a clearly defined port doctrine. They have certain elements resembling the Anglo-Saxon port doctrine, others the Continental doctrine and still others the Asian port doctrine. Thus, SA encounters conflicting port objectives: it runs a complementary ports system where costs are not reflective of prices charged, and the revenues and costs allocated to various commodity types remain unjustified. This is against the backdrop of intra-port, inter-port and multimodal cross-subsidisation, which found justification in SA’s developmental objectives but has been viewed as unjustifiable under current economic conditions, giving rise to dissatisfaction among various port stakeholders regarding Transnet as a state-owned enterprise and Transnet National Ports Authority’s (TNPA) governance and pricing practices that have not been adequately addressed. Using content analysis, 18 stakeholders’ submissions on the 2013-2014 TNPA tariff application, 15 stakeholders’ submissions regarding the multi-year tariff application, and 16 submissions regarding the 2014-2015 tariff application were assessed. The focus was on finding links between challenges faced by stakeholders and whether solutions would be found through SA adopting a different port doctrine. The findings show that while the Asian doctrine is more aligned with SA’s developmental objectives, adoption of it may prove premature in view of the current and foreseeable economic conditions. The study shows that the local port system may not find a perfect fit into any of the known port models and established port doctrines, but, instead, that SA needs to articulate its own port doctrine.
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Morelli, Carlo. "Regulating the post-independence textile trade: Anglo-Indian tariff negotiations from independence to the Multi-Fibre Arrangement." Business History 63, no. 1 (November 20, 2018): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2018.1517751.

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41

Alvisi, Stefano, and Marco Franchini. "A robust approach based on time variable trigger levels for pump control." Journal of Hydroinformatics 19, no. 6 (August 5, 2017): 811–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2017.141.

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Abstract An approach for the control of a pumping plant feeding a tank at the inlet of a water distribution system is presented. The approach is aimed at minimizing the energy costs by maximizing pumping during off-peak electricity tariff periods. It is based on trigger levels which are variable during the day according to a prefixed pattern in order to ensure that the water level in the elevated tank is at its minimum and maximum values at the end of the peak and off-peak tariff periods, respectively. The pattern of the trigger levels is defined by solving a multi-objective problem aimed at minimizing the energy costs and the number of pump switches. The approach was applied to a couple of real cases with a single tank. The approach was compared with other methodologies typically used for pump control, i.e. fixed trigger levels (FTLs) and pump scheduling (PS). The results show for the two particular cases that the proposed approach achieves energy costs that are lower than those obtainable by using FTLs, and comparable with those obtainable by using PS. This is based on achieving a similar number of pump switches.
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42

Gencoglu, Gencer, and Nuri Merzi. "Trading-off Constraints in the Pump Scheduling Optimization of Water Distribution Networks." Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering 10, no. 1 (August 23, 2016): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4090/juee.2016.v10n1.135-143.

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Pumps are one of the essential components of water supply systems. Depending of the topography, a water supply system may completely rely on pumping. They may consume non-negligible amount of water authorities' budgets during operation. Besides their energy costs, maintaining the healthiness of pumping systems is another concern for authorities. This study represents a multi-objective optimization method for pump scheduling problem. The optimization objective contains hydraulic and operational constraints. Switching of pumps and usage of electricity tariff are assumed to be key factors for operational reliability and energy consumption and costs of pumping systems. The local optimals for systems operational reliability, energy consumptions and energy costs are investigated resulting from trading-off pump switch and electricity tariff constraints within given set of boundary conditions. In the study, a custom made program is employed that combines genetic algorithm based optimization module with hydraulic network simulation software -EPANET. Developed method is applied on the case study network; N8-3 pressure zone of the Northern Supply of Ankara (Turkey) Water Distribution Network. This work offers an efficient method for water authorities aiming to optimize pumping schedules considering expenditures and operational reliability mutually.
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Gencoglu, Gencer, and Nuri Merzi. "Trading-off Constraints in the Pump Scheduling Optimization of Water Distribution Networks." Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering 10, no. 1 (August 23, 2016): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4090/juee.2016.v10n1.135143.

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Pumps are one of the essential components of water supply systems. Depending of the topography, a water supply system may completely rely on pumping. They may consume non-negligible amount of water authorities' budgets during operation. Besides their energy costs, maintaining the healthiness of pumping systems is another concern for authorities. This study represents a multi-objective optimization method for pump scheduling problem. The optimization objective contains hydraulic and operational constraints. Switching of pumps and usage of electricity tariff are assumed to be key factors for operational reliability and energy consumption and costs of pumping systems. The local optimals for systems operational reliability, energy consumptions and energy costs are investigated resulting from trading-off pump switch and electricity tariff constraints within given set of boundary conditions. In the study, a custom made program is employed that combines genetic algorithm based optimization module with hydraulic network simulation software -EPANET. Developed method is applied on the case study network; N8-3 pressure zone of the Northern Supply of Ankara (Turkey) Water Distribution Network. This work offers an efficient method for water authorities aiming to optimize pumping schedules considering expenditures and operational reliability mutually.
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Manuel de Villena, Miguel, Raphael Fonteneau, Axel Gautier, and Damien Ernst. "Evaluating the Evolution of Distribution Networks under Different Regulatory Frameworks with Multi-Agent Modelling." Energies 12, no. 7 (March 28, 2019): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071203.

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In the context of increasing decentralised electricity generation, this paper evaluates the effect of different regulatory frameworks on the evolution of distribution networks. This problem is addressed by means of agent based modelling in which the interactions between the agents of a distribution network and an environment are described. The consumers and the distribution system operator are the agents, which act in an environment that is composed by a set of rules. For a given environment, we can simulate the evolution of the distribution network by computing the actions of the agents at every time step of a discrete time dynamical system. We assume the electricity consumers are rational agents that may deploy distributed energy installations. The deployment of such installations may alter the remuneration mechanism of the distribution system operator. By modelling this mechanism, we may compute the evolution of the electricity distribution tariff in response to the deployment of distributed generation.
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Elgammal, Adel, and Curtis Boodoo. "Optimal Energy Management Strategy for a DC Linked Hydro–PV–Wind Renewable Energy System for Hydroelectric Power Generation Optimization." European Journal of Energy Research 1, no. 3 (August 25, 2021): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejenergy.2021.1.3.16.

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The goal of this article is to create an intelligent energy management system that will control the stand-alone microgrid and power flow of a grid associated that includes Battery Energy Storage System, Fuel Cell, Wind Turbine, Diesel Generator, Photovoltaic, and a Hydro Power Plant. Storage systems are required for high dependability, while control systems are required for the system's optimum and steady functioning. The control, operation, and planning of both energy demand and production are all part of energy management. By controlling unpredictable power and providing an appropriate control algorithm for the entire system, the suggested energy management strategy is designed to handle diverse variations in power demand and supply. Under the TOU Tariff, the problem is presented as a discrete time multi-objective optimization method to minimize grid imported energy costs. It also maximizes earnings from surplus RE sales to the grid at a pre-determined RE feed-in tariff. Simulations were run using SIMULINK/MATLAB to validate and evaluate the suggested energy management approach under various power demand and power supply scenarios. The simulations indicate that the proposed energy management can fulfill demand at all times utilizing unreliable renewables like wind, solar, and hydroelectric power plants, as well as hydrogen fuel cells and batteries, without affecting load supply or power quality.
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Yildirim, Erdal, and Mehmet Aktacir. "Optimization of photovoltaic system and technology in view of a load profile: Case of public building in Turkey." Thermal Science 23, no. 6 Part A (2019): 3567–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180305302y.

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The optimum sizing of photovoltaic technologies depends on certain variables such as the daily energy consumption of buildings and available solar potential of the location. The purpose of this paper is to define the optimum photovoltaic panel area with no battery system to supply the daytime electricity usage of a Vocational School in Sanl?urfa, Turkey. First, the maximum photovoltaic panel areas are found at the 100% self-consumption for the Mono-Si, Multi-Si, and CdTe photovoltaic technologies. Besides, for defining optimum installation powers, an economic analysis has been carried out. The seasonal performances of economical optimum capacities are investigated under the feed-in tariff scenario. At 100% self-consumption, the maximum photovoltaic panel areas are found 130 m2, 160 m2, and 170 m2 for Mono-Si, Multi-Si and CdTe respectively. The results show that the installation of Mono-Si (115 m2), Multi-Si (150 m2), and CdTe (210 m2) photovoltaic systems at 1.65, 1.75, and 2.3 times as the daily peak electricity consumption, is the most optimal selection according to economic indicators.
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Sridhar, J. P., and R. Prakash. "Multi-objective whale optimization based minimization of loss, maximization of voltage stability considering cost of DG for optimal sizing and placement of DG." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i2.pp835-839.

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Huge need in electricity causes placement of Distribution Generation (DG)s like Photovoltaics (PV) systems in distribution side for enhancing the loadability by improving the voltage stability and minimization of loss with minimum cost. Many optimal placements of DG have done in focus of minimum loss and improving voltage profile. This Whale optimization is a new optimization technique framed with mathematics of spiral bubble-net feeding behavior of humpback whales for solving a power system multi-objective problem considering cost of the power tariff and DG. Here main objectives are minimizing loss and cost with maximization of voltage stability index. IEEE 69 power system data is used for solution of the proposed method.
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Salam, Aziza Rahmaniar, and Immanuel Lingga. "PELUANG EKSPOR PRODUK PERIKANAN INDONESIA DI PASAR EFTA." Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan 8, no. 2 (June 13, 2017): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jsekp.v8i2.5672.

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Indonesia-European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IE-CEPA) dibentuk dengan tujuan agar terjadi peningkatan akses ekspor ke pasar EFTA dan peningkatan investasi EFTA di Indonesia. Paper ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peluang ekspor produk perikanan Indonesia di pasar EFTA dalam rangka kerjasama perdagangan IE-CEPA. Melalui metode indicative potential trade, diperoleh hasil bahwa untuk produk fish and marine product, dari 130 pos tarif HS 6 digit dalam (kelompok produk udang kecil dan udang biasa, produk filet ikan beku untuk jenis ikan selain Swordfish dan Toothfish, Pasta Udang, Tuna olahan, produk ikan segar termasuk cumi segar), terdapat 20 pos tarif yang sangat berpotensi untuk masuk ke pasar EFTA. Namun terdapat hambatan yaitu masih adanya tarif bea masuk yang masih tinggi di negara anggota EFTA untuk 20 pos tarif produk perikanan tersebut. Hambatan non tarif terkait dengan kepentingan pemerintah negara anggota EFTA untuk melindungi rakyatnya dari kemungkinan masuknya makanan-makanan yang tercemar dan dapat membahayakan kesehatan selain juga memproteksi industri dalam negerinya. Kendala yang sering dihadapi atas ekspor produk ikan Indonesia adalah tingginya kandungan logam berat (Timbal, Kadmium dan Nikel) pada produk ikan yang diekspor. Dalam kerjasama bilateral Indonesia dan EFTA, Indonesia harus dapat memperjuangkan penurunan/penghapusan hambatan tarif maupun non tarif di pasar EFTA dan pemerintah harus mendorong pelaku usaha untuk mulai melakukan penetrasi pasar ke EFTA dan diversifikasi produknya khususnya untuk ikan dan produk perikanan.Title: Indonesia Fishery Product’s Export Opportunities in the EFTA MarketIndonesia-European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IE CEPA) was formed with the aim to increase market access to EFTA and support EFTA’s investment in Indonesia. This paper aims to determine Indonesian fishery product export opportunities in EFTA markets in the framework of the IE-CEPA. With indicative potential trade method, showed for fish products and marine products, from 130 tariff lines in the HS 6 digit (shrimps and prawns, frozen fish fillet products for fish species other than Swordfish and Toothfish, Shrimp Pasta, processed tuna, fresh fish products including fresh calamari), there are 20 tariff are potential to enter the EFTA market. However, there are still barriers where tariffs are still high in EFTA member states for 20 tariff lines of fishery products, and non-tariff barriers related to the interests of EFTA member governments to protect people from the possible entry of contaminated foods and can be dangerous health as well as protecting domestic industries. Obstacles often were faced by Indonesia on export of fish products are the high content of heavy metals such as Lead, Cadmium and Nickel on exported fish products. In the bilateral cooperation between Indonesia and EFTA, Indonesia should be able to fight for reduction / elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers in the market EFTA and the government should encourage businesses to begin to penetrate the EFTA market and the diversification of its product especially for fish and marine product.
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de Araujo, Wanderbeg C., Karla P. Oliveira-Esquerre, and Oz Sahin. "Development of a Multi-Methodological Approach to Support the Management of Water Supply Systems." Water 13, no. 12 (June 13, 2021): 1655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13121655.

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The benefits provided by a model of system dynamics are directly related to its correct construction. One of the main challenges in the process of building such models is that they must be able to effectively represent a specific problematic situation. Thus, the main objective of this study is to develop a multi-methodological approach, adapting the problem structuring method of strategic options development and analysis (SODA) in the initial stage of the system dynamics (SD) model. The role of each of them clearly represents the contribution of this study: the SODA in the structuring (representation) phase of the problem and proposition of alternatives and the SD in the evaluation phase of these alternatives. To illustrate its application, the multimethodological approach developed was used to simulate scenarios considering management strategies, and the various variables affecting a water supply system, including population growth, in order to evaluate more “assertive” water management strategy(s) that could have been adopted to address the water crisis (2012–2017) and analysis future scenarios. The results show that, based on the vision of specialists with enough experience for the case studied, it was possible to structure the problem, and therefore propose a set of strategies (alternatives), which were: water loss control, wastewater reuse, application of more efficient tariffs to reduce water waste, inter-basin water transfer, and awareness regarding the use of water resources. After the survey of alternatives, scenarios were simulated considering these water management strategies. Simulation results showed that actions taken on the demand side would only be effective for a short period of water scarcity, (for example, the impact of the scarcity-based tariff on water consumption reduction). For severe drought scenarios and with a water producing system heavily dependent on rainfall, such action would no longer be efficient. However, water supply management-oriented strategies, e.g., inter-basin water transfers (PISF) and wastewater reuse, are highly effective in securing water supply and preventing water supply collapse in the region. The development of this multi-methodological approach is expected to be useful to support managers in the decision-making and implementation of water management strategies.
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Mori, Shunsuke, Taku Harada, Jun-ichi Masuda, and Tuyoshi Kokubun. "A Model of Energy Market with CGS and Multi-quality Tariff System Comparison between Perfect Competition and Stackerberg Behavior." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 121, no. 6 (2001): 748–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes1990.121.6_748.

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