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Hicks, Malcolm Andrew. "Geotechnical Investigations of Wind Turbine Foundations Using Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW)." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6519.
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The geophysical technique known as Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves, or MASW (Park et al., 1999) is a relatively new seismic characterisation method which utilises Rayleigh waves propagation. With MASW, the frequency dependent, planar travelling Rayleigh waves are created by a seismic source and then measured by an array of geophone receivers. The recorded data is used to image characteristics of the subsurface.
This thesis explains how MASW was used as a geotechnical investigation tool on windfarms in the lower North Island, New Zealand, to determine the stiffness of the subsurface at each wind turbine site. Shear‐wave velocity (VS) profiles at each site were determined through the processing of the MASW data, which were then used to determine physical properties of the underlying, weathered greywacke.
The primary research site, the Te Rere Hau Windfarm in the Tararua Ranges of the North Island, is situated within the Esk Head Belt of Torlesse greywacke (Lee & Begg, 2002). Due to the high level of tectonic activity in the area, along with the high rates of weathering, the greywacke material onsite is highly fractured and weathering grades vary significantly, both vertically and laterally. MASW was performed to characterise the physical properties at each turbine site through the weathering profile. The final dataset included 1‐dimensional MASW shear‐wave evaluations from 100 turbine sites. In addition, Poisson’s ratio and density values were characterised through the weathering profile for the weathered greywacke. During the geotechnical foundation design at the Te Rere Hau Windfarm site, a method of converting shear wave velocity profiles was utilised. MASW surveying was used to determine VS profiles with depth, which were converted to elastic modulus profiles, with the input parameters of Poisson’s ratio and density.
This study focuses on refining and improving the current method used for calculating elastic modulus values from shear‐wave velocities, primarily by improving the accuracy of the input parameters used in the calculation.
Through the analysis of both geotechnical and geophysical data, the significant influence of overburden pressure, or depth, on the shear wave velocity was identified. Through each of the weathering grades, there was a non‐linear increase in shear wave velocity with depth. This highlights the need for overburden pressure conditions to be considered before assigning characteristic shear wave velocity values to different lithologies.
Further to the dataset analysis of geotechnical and geophysical information, a multiple variant non‐linear regression analysis was performed on the three variables of shear wave velocity, depth and weathering grade. This produced a predictive equation for determining shear wave
velocity within the Esk Head belt ‘greywacke’ when depth and weathering data are known. If the insitu geological conditions are not comparable to that of the windfarm sites in this study, a set of guidelines have been developed, detailing the most efficient and cost effective method of
using MASW surveying to calculate the elastic modulus through the depth profile of an
investigation site.
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Alzawad, Ahmed. "Bedrock Fracture Zone Delineation Using Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves in Carter Park, Bowling Green, Ohio." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1338837442.
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Asabere, Philip. "COMPARISON OF DISPERSION CURVES ACQUIRED USING MULTICHANNEL ANALYSIS OF SURFACE WAVES WITH VARIOUS STRIKER PLATE CONFIGURATIONS." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2016. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/368445.
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Civil Engineering<br>M.S.C.E.<br>There is growing appreciation and research regarding geophysical methods to evaluate near surface soil properties in geotechnical engineering. Geophysical methods are generally non-destructive test (NDT) methods that do not necessitate traditional sampling of soils. Instead, they rely on application of input signals and deduction of soil properties from the measured response of the domain. Geophysical methods include various seismic, magnetic and nuclear techniques applied at the surface and/or subsurface within boreholes. Surface seismic methods, which include Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW), are increasing in usage for geotechnical engineering purposes to evaluate stiffness properties of soils. MASW typically involves using a hammer to impact a base plate (also referred to as a striker plate) to transmit surface waves into the ground. These waves propagate through the underlying soils at a site and are received by an array of geophones placed on the ground surface. The manner in which the waves propagate is primarily influenced by soil stiffness, particularly against shear. Therefore, the signals recorded during an MASW survey can be analyzed to estimate the shear stiffness of the soils at a site, a parameter that is extremely important for seismic-related engineering purposes (e.g., site amplification, liquefaction, etc.). Aluminum plates are routinely used in a large number of MASW studies as a striker plate to couple the energy from a sledgehammer blow to the underlying soil layers. Various researchers have postulated that the material make-up of the striker plate has an effect on the frequency of the generated waves and, for that matter, the depth achieved with a typical MASW survey. For example, a less stiff material such as ultra-high-molecular-weight (UHMW) polyethylene is often recommended to increase low frequency energy of the input surface wave relative to aluminum. However, very limited research work has been performed in this area to systematically ascertain the effects of modifications to the striker plate material. Due to the limited direct research related to striker plates, MASW was utilized in this study to measure the dispersion curve resulting from MASW at various sites in the Philadelphia metropolitan area. Different striker plate configurations were used during testing to systematically quantify their effects on typical MASW results. The proposed striker base plate configurations included a one (1.0) inch thick aluminum plate, a one (1.0) inch thick aluminum plate over additional rubber mats of varying thickness, and multiple ultra-high-molecular-weight (UHMW) polyethylene plates of various thicknesses. The purpose of this testing was to examine the performance of each configuration, particularly at the low frequency range of the dispersion results. Also efforts were made to qualitatively access the durability of the configurations with respect to long term exposure to impact load.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Fletcher, William. "Potential Replacement of the US Navy's Rapid Penetration Test with the Method of Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves." UNF Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/841.
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The United States Navy (USN) currently utilizes a Rapid Penetration Test (RPT) on both land and in water as the means to determine whether sufficient soil bearing capacity exists for piles in axial compression, prior to construction of the Elevated Causeway System (Modular) [ELCAS(M)] pile-supported pier system. The USN desires a replacement for the RPT because of issues with the method incorrectly classifying soils as well as the need to have a less labor-and-equipment-intensive method for geotechnical investigation.
The Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) method is selected herein as the potential replacement for the RPT. The MASW method is an existing, geophysical method for determining soil properties based upon the acquisition and analysis of seismic surface waves used to develop shear wave velocity profiles for the soils at specific sites. Correlations between shear wave velocity and Cone Penetration Testing are utilized to classify soils, develop pile blow count estimates, and calculate soil bearing capacity.
This researcher found that the MASW method was feasible and reliable in predicting the required properties for terrestrial sites. However, it was not successful in predicting those properties for underwater marine sites due to issues with equipment and field setup. Future areas of improvement are recommended to address these issues and, due to the success of the method on land, it is expected that once the issues are addressed the MASW method will be a reliable replacement for the RPT method across the entire subaerial and subaqueous profile.
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Shams, Brian Sam. "The use of surface wave methods in terrain suceptible to shallow land slides in the city of Campos do Jordão, Brazil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/14/14132/tde-06062018-105603/.
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This study seeks to prove the usefulness of the Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) method as complementary data to conventional geotechnical and geological data in the characterization of areas of landslide risk. The setting is located in a low income housing neighborhood in the city of Campos do Jordão, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The area was devastated by numerous landslides between December 1999 to January 2000 after heavy rainfall in the area. The landslides in this area are known to be shallow. Refraction and MASW surveys were performed in this research and then processed to obtain seismic velocity profiles of the subsurface. In order to better identify the fundamental mode of the Rayleigh wave, separate surveys isolating the vertical and radial components of the Rayleigh wave were performed. By comparing the inverted shear wave ( ) and compressional wave ( ) profiles with the already known geotechnical and geological data of the site, a better understanding of the geological interfaces that constitute the landslide prone area is obtained.<br>Este estudo busca demonstrar a aplicabilidade do método de análise multicanal de ondas superficiais (MASW) e a importância da integração de seus resultados com os da investigação geológica-geotécnica para a caracterização de áreas sujeitas a deslizamentos de terra. O local de estudo situa-se em uma área residencial com precárias condições de infraestrutura urbana na cidade de Campos do Jordão, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Na área houve vários episódios de escorregamento entre dezembro de 1999 e janeiro de 2000 após a ocorrência de chuvas intensas. Os escorregamentos nesta área são classificados como rasos. Nesta pesquisa foram realizados ensaios de sísmica de refração e MASW e gerados perfis e seções de velocidade de propagação das ondas sísmicas. Para obter uma melhor identificação do modo fundamental da onda Rayleigh foram realizadas diferentes aquisições visando ao registro das componentes vertical e radial do movimento da onda. A integração dos perfis de velocidades da onda cisalhante (VS) e da onda compressional (VP) com os dados geológicos e geotécnicos obtidos anteriormente permitiu aprimorar o mapeamento das interfaces geológicas importantes para o estudo dos processos de escorregamento do local.
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Duffy, Brendan Gilbert. "Development of Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) for Characterising the Internal Structure of Active Fault Zones as a Predictive Method of Identifying the Distribution of Ground Deformation." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2051.
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Bulk rock strength is greatly dependent on fracture density, so that reductions in rock strength associated with faulting and fracturing should be reflected by reduced shear coupling and hence S-wave velocity. This study is carried out along the Canterbury rangefront and in Otago. Both lie within the broader plate boundary deformation zone in the South Island of New Zealand. Therefore built structures are often, , located in areas where there are undetected or poorly defined faults with associated rock strength reduction. Where structures are sited near to, or across, such faults or fault-zones, they may sustain both shaking and ground deformation damage during an earthquake. Within this zone, management of seismic hazards needs to be based on accurate identification of the potential fault damage zone including the likely width of off-plane deformation. Lateral S-wave velocity variability provides one method of imaging and locating damage zones and off-plane deformation. This research demonstrates the utility of Multi-Channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) to aid land-use planning in such fault-prone settings. Fundamentally, MASW uses surface wave dispersive characteristics to model a near surface profile of S-wave velocity variability as a proxy for bulk rock strength. The technique can aid fault-zone planning not only by locating and defining the extent of fault-zones, but also by defining within-zone variability that is readily correlated with measurable rock properties applicable to both foundation design and the distribution of surface deformation. The calibration sites presented here have well defined field relationships and known fault-zone exposure close to potential MASW survey sites. They were selected to represent a range of progressively softer lithologies from intact and fractured Torlesse Group basement hard rock (Dalethorpe) through softer Tertiary cover sediments (Boby’s Creek) and Quaternary gravels. This facilitated initial calibration of fracture intensity at a high-velocity-contrast site followed by exploration of the limits of shear zone resolution at lower velocity contrasts. Site models were constructed in AutoCAD in order to demonstrate spatial correlations between S-wave velocity and fault zone features. Site geology was incorporated in the models, along with geomorphology, river profiles, scanline locations and crosshole velocity measurement locations. Spatial data were recorded using a total-station survey. The interpreted MASW survey results are presented as two dimensional snapshot cross-sections of the three dimensional calibration-site models. These show strong correlations between MASW survey velocities and site geology, geomorphology, fluvial profiles and geotechnical parameters and observations. Correlations are particularly pronounced where high velocity contrasts exist, whilst weaker correlations are demonstrated in softer lithologies. Geomorphic correlations suggest that off-plane deformation can be imaged and interpreted in the presence of suitable topographic survey data. A promising new approach to in situ and laboratory soft-rock material and mass characterisation is also presented using a Ramset nail gun. Geotechnical investigations typically involve outcrop and laboratory scale determination of rock mass and material properties such as fracture density and unconfined compressive strength (UCS). This multi-scale approach is espoused by this study, with geotechnical and S-wave velocity data presented at multiple scales, from survey scale sonic velocity measurements, through outcrop scale scanline and crosshole sonic velocity measurements to laboratory scale property determination and sonic velocity measurements. S-wave velocities invariably increased with decreasing scale. These scaling relationships and strategies for dealing with them are investigated and presented. Finally, the MASW technique is applied to a concealed fault on the Taieri Ridge in Macraes Flat, Central Otago. Here, high velocity Otago Schist is faulted against low velocity sheared Tertiary and Quaternary sediments. This site highlights the structural sensitivity of the technique by apparently constraining the location of the principal fault, which had been ambiguous after standard processing of the seismic reflection data. Processing of the Taieri Ridge dataset has further led to the proposal of a novel surface wave imaging technique termed Swept Frequency Imaging (SFI). This inchoate technique apparently images the detailed structure of the fault-zone, and is in agreement with the conventionally-determined fault location and an existing partial trench. Overall, the results are promising and are expected to be supported by further trenching in the near future.
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Ahammod, Shamim. "Determination of Vp, Vs, Glacial Drift Thickness and Poisson’s Ratio at a Site in Jay County, Indiana, Using Seismic Refraction and Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW) Analysis on a Common Data Set." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1451337593.
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Wang, Shuai School of Electrical Engineering & Telecommunication UNSW. "Soundfield analysis and synthesis: recording, reproduction and compression." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunication, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/31502.
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Globally, the ever increasing consumer interest in multichannel audio is a major factor driving the research intent in soundfield reconstruction and compression. The popularity of the well commercialized 5.1 surround sound system and its 6-Channel audio has been strongly supported by the advent of powerful storage medium, DVD, as well as the use of efficient telecommunication techniques. However, this popularity has also revealed potential problems in the development of soundfield systems. Firstly, currently available soundfield systems have rather poor compatibility with irregular speaker arrangements. Secondly, bandwidth requirement is dramatically increased for multichannel audio representation with good temporal and spatial fidelity. This master???s thesis addresses these two major issues in soundfield systems. It introduces a new approach to analyze and sysnthesize soundfield, and compares this approach with currently popular systems. To facilitate this comparison, the behavior of soundfield has been reviewed from both physical and psychoacoustic perspectives, along with an extensive study of past and present soundfield systems and multichannel audio compression algorithms. The 1th order High Spatial Resolution (HSR) soundfield recording and reproduction has been implemented in this project, and subjectively evaluated using a series of MUSHRA tests to finalize the comparison.
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Harvey, Alan Paul. "Nonlinear surface acoustic waves and applications." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.255827.
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Orozco, M. Catalina (Maria Catalina). "Inversion Method for Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW)." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5124.
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This research focuses on estimating the shear wave velocity (Vs) profile based on the dispersion curve obtained from SASW field test data (i.e., inversion of SASW data). It is common for the person performing the inversion to assume the prior information required to constrain the problem based on his/her own judgment. Additionally, the Vs profile is usually shown as unique without giving a range of possible solutions. For these reasons, this work focuses on: (i) studying the non-uniqueness of the solution to the inverse problem; (ii) implementing an inversion procedure that presents the estimated model parameters in a way that reflects their uncertainties; and (iii) evaluating tools that help choose the appropriate prior information.
One global and one local search procedures were chosen to accomplish these purposes: a pure Monte Carlo method and the maximum likelihood method, respectively. The pure Monte Carlo method was chosen to study the non-uniqueness by looking at the range of acceptable solutions (i.e., Vs profiles) obtained with as few constraints as possible. The maximum likelihood method was chosen because it is a statistical approach, which enables us to estimate the uncertainties of the resulting model parameters and to apply tools such as the Bayesian criterion to help select the prior information objectively.
The above inversion methods were implemented for synthetic data, which was produced with the same forward algorithm used during inversion. This implies that all uncertainties were caused by the nature of the SASW inversion problem (i.e., there were no uncertainties added by experimental errors in data collection, analysis of the data to create the dispersion curve, layered model to represent a real 3-D soil stratification, or wave propagation theory). At the end of the research, the maximum likelihood method of inversion and the tools for the selection of prior information were successfully used with real experimental data obtained in Memphis, Tennessee.
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Sritharan, Kumudesh. "Applications of surface acoustic waves (SAW) for chemical and biological analysis." kostenfrei, 2008. http://d-nb.info/994505051/34.
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Rosenblad, Brent Lyndon. "Experimental and theoretical studies in support of implementing the spectral-analysis-of-surface-wave (SASW) method offshore /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Bertel, Jeffrey D. "Analytical study of the spectral-analysis-of-surface-waves method at complex geotechnical sites." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4625.
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Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 21, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Kalinski, Michael E. "Determination of in situ V[subscript s] and G[subscript max] using surface wave measurements in cased and uncased boreholes /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Yoon, Sungsoo. "Array-Based Measurements of Surface Wave Dispersion and Attenuation Using Frequency-Wavenumber Analysis." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7246.
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Surface wave methods have been used to determine dynamic properties of near-surface soils in geotechnical engineering for the past 50 years. Although the capabilities of engineering surface wave methods have improved in recent years due to several advances, several issues including (1) near-field effects, (2) combined active and passive measurements, and (3) accurate measurements of surface wave attenuation still require study to further improve the capabilities of modern surface wave methods.
Near-field effects have been studied for traditional surface wave methods with two receivers and several filtering criteria to mitigate the effects have been recommended. However, these filtering criteria are not applicable to surface wave methods with multiple receivers. Moreover, the criteria are not quantitatively based and do not account for different types of soil profiles, which strongly influence near-field effects. A new study of near-field effects on surface wave methods with multiple receivers was conducted with numerical and experimental methods. Two normalized parameters were developed to capture near-field effects. Quantitatively based near-field effect criteria for an ideal homogeneous half-space and three typical soil profiles are presented.
Combining active and passive surface wave measurements allows developing a shear wave velocity profile to greater depth without sacrificing the near-surface resolution offered by active measurements. Generally, active and passive measurements overlap in the frequency range from approximately 4 to 10 Hz, and there are often systematic differences between the two measurements. The systematic errors in active and passive surface wave methods were explored to explain and resolve the differences, allowing for a more accurate composite dispersion curve.
The accuracy of measured surface wave attenuation is improved by properly accounting for (1) geometric spreading, (2) near-field effects, and (3) ambient noise. In this study, a traditional estimation method and a frequency-wavenumber method utilizing sub-arrays were investigated using displacement data from numerical simulations, focusing on near-field and ambient noise effects. Detailed procedures for the frequency-wavenumber estimation method are developed based on a study of the primary factors affecting attenuation estimates. The two methods are also evaluated using experimental displacement data obtained from surface wave field measurements with three different arrays.
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Zywicki, Daren Joseph. "Advanced signal processing methods applied to engineering analysis of seismic surface waves." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20232.
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Sodeify, Kamran. "Modelling for response analysis of earth dams subjected to travelling surface waves." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295725.
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Marchioreto, Adriano. "Implementação, testes e avaliação do método SASW (Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44133/tde-07082015-110048/.
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O SASW (\"Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves\") é um método geofísico de ensaio não destrutivo, baseado na geração e detecção de ondas elásticas de superfície (Rayleigh), e o estudo da natureza dispersiva desta onda. A aplicação desse método em geotecnia objetiva, a partir da determinação das velocidades de propagação das ondas S, definir os parâmetros elásticos dinâmicos dos diferentes materiais em subsuperfície. Este trabalho visou o desenvolvimento de um sistema instrumental para registro de ondas sísmicas e sua utilização na implementação, teste e avaliação do método SASW. O método SASW envolve a detecção de ondas superficiais do tipo Rayleigh e é realizado na superfície do terreno, não necessitando de furos de sondagem ou qualquer outra infraestrutura, tornando-se assim mais econômico do que os dois métodos sísmicos mais usados para o estudo de parâmetros elásticos do solo (\"crosshole\" e \"downhole\"), pois ambos métodos medem as velocidades de propagação de ondas de corpo P e S, e requerem a perfuração e revestimento de furos de sondagem. Como a natureza dispersiva da onda se dá em termos de freqüência, todo o processamento dos sinais é realizado no domínio da freqüência. A metodologia para execução dos ensaios SASW envolve três etapas: a) aquisição dos dados de campo; b) determinação da curva de dispersão das ondas Rayleigh e c) Inversão da curva de dispersão para obter um perfil de velocidade da onda S. Para cada uma das etapas foi feita uma descrição dos procedimentos adotados, com especial ênfase ao tópico b, uma vez que no processo de cálculo das curvas de dispersão ocorrem os maiores problemas do método. Foram escolhidos para apresentação e descrição três estudos de caso que permitiram discutir e avaliar em detalhe a aplicabilidade, vantagens e desvantagens do método. No primeiro caso, considerado como bom, as curvas de dispersão obtidas para diferentes espaçamentos de geofones se sobrepuseram numa ) determinada faixa de freqüências. No segundo exemplo, classificado como de qualidade intermediária, as curvas variaram pouco de uma para outra. No terceiro exemplo, considerado ruim, as curvas para diferentes espaçamentos entre geofones não convergiram, tendo sido necessário tentar uma nova estratégia para confeccionar a curva de dispersão representativa da área. A terceira etapa do método consiste na inversão da curva de dispersão. Diversos modelos iniciais foram gerados e todos eles, após algumas dezenas de iterações, apresentaram a mesma tendência. Para os ensaios no campus da USP obtiveram-se as curvas de dispersão coincidentes que permitiram a obtenção de um modelo de velocidade consistente. No caso do campus da UNICAMP os valores concordaram bem até 4 metros de profundidade com os valores de velocidade obtidos pelo ensaio \"crosshole\", porém para profundidades maiores do que 4 metros os valores divergem. No caso da UNESP (Bauru) os valores de ambos os métodos divergiram totalmente. Concluiu-se que, apesar do sistema instrumental desenvolvido ter se comportado bem, a completa automatização do ensaio é impossível pois no método de geração de curvas de dispersão, a intervenção do intérprete é fundamental. Isto é devido, em grande parte à dificuldade de geração de ondas de baixa frequência.<br>The Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW) is a non-destructive test based on the generation and detection of elastic surface waves (Rayleigh), and the study of the dispersion behavior of these waves. The application of this method to geotechnical problems aims at defining the elastic parameters of the different materials from the determination of the S wave propagation velocity. The objective of this thesis was to develop an instrumental system to record seismic waves and its utilization in the implementation, test and evaluation of the SASW method. The SASW method consists in the detection of Rayleigh surface waves and do not require boreholes or any other infrastructure since it is performed from thesurface. This allows it to be more economical than the crosshole or downhole tests that require the perforation and casing of boreholes to measure the P and S propagation velocities. The processing is carried out in frequency domain since the dispersive nature of the wave is in terms of frequency. The SASW methodology consists in three steps: a) data acquisition; b) determination of the dispersion curve of the Rayleigh wave and c) the inversion of the dispersion curve to obtain an S wave profile. It is presented a description of the adopted procedure for each step of the processing. Care was taken with the b) item since the major problems of the method appear during the calculation of the dispersion curve. Three case studies were presented. This allowed discussing and evaluating in detail the applicability, advantages and disadvantages of the method. The first case, classified as good, the dispersion curves, calculated from different geophone spacing, overlapped in a certain frequency window. In the second study, classified as intermediate quality, the dispersion curves presented some variations. The third example, classified as bad, the dispersion curves from different geophone spacing did not converge and it was necessary to try a new methodology to generate the dispersion curve of the area. The third step of the method consists in the inversion of the dispersion curve. Several initial models were generated and, after few dozens of iterations, presented the same trend. For the experiments in the USP campus very coincident dispersion curves were obtained and, consequently, a very consistent model was generated. In the UNICAMP campus case study the values agreed well, up to 4 meters of depth, with the crosshole results but diverge for higher depths. In the UNESP campus case study the results diverge completely. It was concluded that the instrument developed was appropriate to perform SASW tests. The automation of the tests is not possible due to the need of a high degree of interpret intervention. It is due mainly to the difficult to generate low frequencies.
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Lee, Seung-Woo. "Computational electromagnetic approaches for the analysis of rough surface scattering and artificial composite materials /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5997.
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McEnaney, Kevin Bernard. "Magneto-absorption of surface acoustic waves by a 2-dimensional electron gas." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293651.
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Dowaikh, Mohammad Abdulghani. "Surface and interfacial waves and deformations in pre-stressed elastic materials." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis, 1990. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/709/.
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Neal, Thomas C. "Analysis of Monterey Bay CODAR-derived surface currents, March to May 1992." Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 1992. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/52761036.html.
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Zomorodian, Seyed Mohammad Ali. "Shear wave velocity of soils by the spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) method." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10395.
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Spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) method is an in-situ seismic method used for determining the thickness and elastic properties of soil and pavement. The SASW method is fast and economical to perform since no boreholes are required. The method is suitable for sites where the use of large equipment is difficult or where sublayer conditions make it difficult to perform other seismic tests. The SASW method is also ideal for preliminary field investigations to be conducted prior to more detailed site investigation, and for quality control and monitoring of ground improvement. The purpose of this research was to improve the SASW method by incorporating multi-mode propagation in the backcalculation procedure. In order to facilitate the investigation carried out in this study, two computer programs were developed to simulate SASW tests (and also Steady-State surface wave tests) and to calculate theoretical dispersion curves. The program for calculating theoretical dispersion curves was based on the root-searching procedure used in existing backcalculation methods. The computer programs developed in this study were used in a case study to demonstrate difficulties encountered by existing methods in dealing with multi-mode situations. It was shown that: (i) wavelength filtering criteria used by existing methods yield inconsistent (i.e. erroneous) dispersion curves when more than one propagation mode participate in the wave field, and (ii) backcalculation procedures based on root-searching cannot identify predominant propagation modes and hence fail to yield accurate results in the case of multi-mode propagation. Two developments were made in the present study to overcome the above difficulties. First, a new wavelength filtering criterion was adopted. In this criterion, the dispersion data point for a particular frequency is rejected (i.e. filtered out) if the values of phase velocity obtained from two different receiver-to-receiver spacings are not in close agreement. In this manner, inconsistencies that might result in the dispersion due to multi-mode propagation are avoided. Second, a new procedure to calculate the theoretical dispersion curve was developed. This procedure is based on the maximum vertical flexibility coefficient (at each frequency) of the theoretical layered model. Unlike root-searching methods, the maximum vertical flexibility coefficient method easily identifies predominant propagation modes. A computer program was developed in this study for backcalculation of SASW data based on the flexibility coefficient method. Least-squares optimization using the down-hill simplex method was also implemented in this program to automate the backcalculation process. The accuracy of the above proposed procedures was demonstrated using SASW field tests. The shear wave velocity profiles obtained using the procedures developed in this study are in good agreement with those obtained from other in-situ seismic tests. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Sohail, Ayesha. "Analysis of non-linear surface waves induced by harmonic forcing in a flow cell." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2793/.
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Emelyanenko, Artyom. "Measurements and interpretation of lateral electromagnetic waves on the surface of low conductivity media." Thesis, Griffith University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/393637.
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Measurements of electromagnetic fields are used for a wide range of applications. Often such measurements provide a non-destructive and non-intrusive way of obtaining information about the internal structure and other properties of the medium. Observations may be conducted across a very broad frequency range. Depending on the application domain, the frequency bands may range from the UHF band in biomedical engineering to the ULF band in geophysics.
This thesis reports on several experiments where the electric and magnetic fields were measured on the surface of different media for the purpose of determining the electric properties of the material (electric conductivity and relative permittivity).
A series of interference nulls were observed while measuring the electric field at UHF frequencies on the surface of a large, uniform sand dune. The source of the field was a transmitter buried in sand. The same pattern was observed after substituting the active transmitter with a passive scatterer exposed to a surface located electromagnetic transmitter. The scatterer then became a source of the electromagnetic field producing the interference pattern identical to the pattern observed in case of the active transmitter. Modelling of the surface electric field was done using known closed-form solutions for a uniform halfspace and by using an FDTD EM solver. Both approaches showed a close match with the measured fields. By varying the resistivity and the electric permittivity in the constructed models, it is demonstrated that the observed pattern (position of the nulls, nulls depth) depend on these electric properties. The inverse problem is posed with the goal of determining the electric properties of the material using the observed field. The inverse problem was solved, and the conductivity and relative permittivity of sand were determined. Two experiments conducted in different conditions showed the following results: conductivity 1×10-6 S/m and relative permittivity of 2.13 in dry conditions and conductivity 3×10-3 S/m and relative permittivity of 2.86 in wet conditions.
Another experiment reports the measurements of the surface electric field on the top surface of a small three-dimensional concrete block at microwave frequencies (1 – 5 GHz). A copper rod was placed in concrete during sample manufacturing to serve as a scatterer. The FDTD solver was used for modelling and determining the inverse problem solution.
At VLF frequencies, several experiments were conducted using surface impedance measurement equipment TranSIM. TranSIM allows registering amplitude of the electric and magnetic field in the time domain in the frequency range between 100 Hz – 50 kHz. The equipment was used to measure the EM fields produced by lightning strikes. Data collection was conducted on a site where the geology is known. The short-time Fourier transform was used to obtain the spectra of the electric and magnetic fields and the surface impedance was determined in the frequency range 0.5-20 kHz. Frequency sections of apparent resistivity were constructed along the measurement profiles and can be interpreted in terms of the geological sections.
These experiments and subsequent data interpretation techniques represent a novel approach of determining electric properties of the material by observing the electromagnetic field on the surface of the media.
Experiments conducted at UHF and microwave (S-band) frequencies utilize the innovative approach of using the field reradiated by a passive scatterer embedded in the material. Potential applications allow using that approach for non-intrusive data collection when a passive conductor is already present or can be put in the material during manufacturing.
Experiments conducted at VLF frequency range utilize the data collection equipment developed at Griffith University by Mogensen and Thiel. Novel data collection and data processing approach of registering solitary short samples of electric and magnetic fields produced by lightning strikes is discussed. It is shown that the EM field observed in that way can be used consistently for creating a reliable geoelectric model of the media.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>School of Eng & Built Env<br>Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology<br>Full Text
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Venkata, Pradeep Kumar Garudadri. "SURFACE WAVE SCATTERING FROM METALLIC NANO PARTICLES: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2006. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukymeen2006t00408/Thesis%5FPGV%5FFinal%5Fn.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Kentucky, 2006.<br>Title from document title page (viewed on June 1, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 94 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-93).
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Blake, Daniel R. "Surface layer thickness and velocity determined using the Multi Channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) method compared with microtremor resonance analysis-Federal Road, Greene County, Ohio." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1348429251.
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McAllister, Mark Laing. "Analysis of laboratory and field measurements of directionally spread nonlinear ocean waves." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28762.
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Surface gravity waves exist in the oceans as multi-directional nonlinear phenomena. Understanding how these two properties interact is intrinsically important in itself. Furthermore, an understanding of this relationship may be used to gain insight into other oceanic phenomena. This thesis first describes an experimental investigation into the relationship between directionality and non-linearity (Part I). This relationship was then used as a tool to estimate the directional spreading of field data (Part II). Experiments have been conducted in which directionally spread focused wave groups were created in a wave tank. The relationship between the degree of directional spreading and the second-order bound harmonics of the wave groups was examined, in particular the formation of a `set-up'. These measurements were then compared to predictions from second-order theories, finding good agreement. The two-dimensional structure of the bound waves was explored giving new insight into the underlying physics. Experiments were then carried out for directionally spread crossing wave groups. It is believed that the crossing of two sufficiently separated wave groups may be the cause of an anomalous set-up in the second-order bound waves observed for some extreme and potentially freak waves. This set-up is reproduced experimentally. Again, the results of these test agreed very well when compared to second-order theory. The insight gained from the foregoing experiments was then utilised in the analysis of field data. A method, which requires only a single measurement to estimate the observed degree of directional spreading, was applied to a large dataset of field measurements from the North Alwyn platform in the North Sea. This method was then compared to conventional approaches, which require multiple concurrent measurements. The method that requires only a single measurement was shown to be effective, and presents a promising approach to gaining additional insight about the directional spreading of point observations.
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Shinall, Brian Darnell. "Using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy to characterize thin composite films." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10157.
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Casey, Thomas J. "Shear wave data collection in mid America using an automated surface source during seismic cone testing." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/32804.
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Suriyavanagul, Pongsak. "Characterization of pavement structure on the OH-SHRP test road using spectral-analysis-of-surface-waves method." Ohio : Ohio University, 1998. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1175196001.
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Goetz, Ryan P. Rosenblad Brent L. "Study of the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) method for characterization of deep soils in the Mississippi Embayment." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5334.
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The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on December 22, 2009). Thesis advisor: Dr. Brent L. Rosenblad. Includes bibliographical references.
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Lopez, Guiomar. "Evaluation, analysis, and application of HF radar wave and current measurements." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/9291.
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This study investigates the accuracy of the wave products retrieved by a 12-MHz high-frequency (HF) phased-array radar, and establishes their potential to characterise wave-current interactions. The two stations composing the system were deployed in 2011 to overlook the Wave Hub, a test site for marine renewable energy devices located on the south-western coast of the United Kingdom. The system was conceived and configured to reduce the inaccuracies introduced by short time averaging and minimal overlap between stations, both associated with the most traditional HF radar deployments, whose primary activity is current measurement. Wave spectra were retrieved by two independent inversion algorithms, which were evaluated both independently and relative to each other. This process helped determining the errors associated to the algorithm used, and differentiated them from those inherent to the radar technology itself. The first method investigated was a semi-empirical algorithm distributed with Wellen Radars (WERA), which was calibrated using in situ measurements collected within the radar footprint. Evaluated through comparison against measurements acquired by three in situ devices, the results revealed estimates of significant wave height with biases below 9 cm, Pearson correlations higher than 0.9, and RMS errors that range from 29 to 44 cm. The relative error of wave energy period comparisons was within 10% for periods between 8 and 13 s, while both under- and overestimations were observed above and below that range, respectively. The validation demonstrated that when locally calibrated, the algorithm performs better than in its original form in all metrics considered. Observed discrepancies were mainly attributable to single-site estimations, antenna sidelobes, and the effect of the second-harmonic peaks of the Doppler spectrum. As opposed to the semi-empirical inversion, the second method evaluated in this work provides estimates of the full directional spectrum. Compared against the in situ measurements, the radar spectra were more spread over frequencies and directions, and had a lower energy content at the peak of the spectrum. In terms of parameter estimation, this was generally translated in a slight underestimation of wave periods, but accurate estimates of significant wave heights. Pearson correlations between these parameters and the in situ measurements for the bulk of the spectrum were higher than 0.9, and both types of measurements resulted in similar standard deviations. The inversion algorithm showed a high skill estimating mean wave directions, which revealed linear correlations higher than 0.8, when compared to the in situ devices. Overall, the inversion algorithm has shown to be capable of providing accurate estimates of directional spectra and the parameters derived from them, and at present the main drawback of the method is the data return, which due to the high data quality requirements of the algorithm, did not exceed 55% over the 8-month period studied here. In the second part of this work, the validated measurements were examined to determine their ability to reproduce the effects of wave-current interactions. The fine structure of the surface current was first evaluated, and revealed a circulation dominated by tides. The residual flow was seen to respond to the wind, as well as to the stratification present in the area during the spring and summer months. These data were then used to assess their contribution to wave refraction over the radar domain. The results show modulations in the wave phase parameters, which resulted from both the temporal and spatial derivatives of the surface current velocities. The evaluation of HF radar wave measurements provided in this work has shown that, properly configured, this technology can produce accurate estimates of several statistical descriptors of the wave field. Together with the highly accurate surface currents also measured by this device, the spatial wave data obtained has proved to have great potential for studying wave-current interactions; a skill that can be of support to coastal wave modelling.
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Lowery, Kristen Mary. "Dynamic Analysis of an Inflatable Dam Subjected to a Flood." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35802.
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A dynamic simulation of the response of an inflatable dam subjected to a flood was carried out to determine the survivability envelope of the dam where it can operate without rupture, or overflow. A fully nonlinear free-surface flow was applied in two dimensions using a mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation.
<p>
An ABAQUS finite element model was used to determine the dynamic structural response of the dam. The problem was solved in the time domain which allows the prediction of a number of transient phenomena such as the generation of upstream advancing waves, and dynamic structural collapse. Stresses in the dam material were monitored to determine when rupture occurs. An iterative study was performed to find the service envelope of the dam in terms of the internal pressure and the flood Froude number for two flood depths. It was found that the driving parameter governing failure of the dam was the internal pressure. If this pressure is too low, the dam overflows; if this pressure is too high, the dam ruptures. The fully nonlinear free-surface flow over a semi-circular bottom obstruction was studied numerically in two dimensions using a similar solution formulation as that used in the previous study. A parametric study was performed for a range of values of the depth-based Froude number up to 2.5 and non-dimensional obstacle heights up to 0.9. When wave breaking does not occur, three distinct flow regimes were identified: subcritical, transcritical and supercritical. When breaking occurs it may be of any type: spilling, plunging or surging. In addition, for values of the Froude number close to 1, the upstream solitary waves break. A systematic study was undertaken, to define the boundaries of each type of breaking and non-breaking pattern, and to determine the drag and lift coefficients, free surface profile characteristics and transient behavior.<br>Master of Science
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Thiele, Sebastian. "Air-coupled detection of Rayleigh surface waves to assess material nonlinearity due to precipitation in alloy steel." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50276.
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Nonlinear ultrasonic waves have demonstrated high sensitivities to various microstructural changes in metal including coherent precipitates; these precipitates introduce a strain field in the lattice structure. The thermal aging of certain alloy steels leads to the formation of coherent precipitates, which pin dislocations and contribute to the generation of a higher harmonics in an initially monochromatic wave.
The objective of this research is to develop a robust technique to perform nonlinear Rayleigh wave measurements in metals using a non-contact receiving transducer. In addition a discussion about the data processing based on the two-dimensional diffraction and attenuation model is provided in order to calculate the relative nonlinearity parameter.
A precipitate hardenable material, 17-4 PH stainless steel, is used to obtain different precipitation stages by thermal treatment and the influence of precipitates on the ultrasonic nonlinearity is assessed.
Conclusions about the microstrucutural changes in the material are drawn based on the nonlinear Rayleigh surface wave measurement and complementary measurements of thermo-electric power, mircohardness and ultrasonic velocity.
The results show that the nonlinearity parameter is sensitive to coherent precipitates in the material and moreover that precipitation characteristics can be characterized based on the obtained experimental data.
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Gill, Eric William. "The scattering of high frequency electromagnetic radiation from the ocean surface : an analysis based on a bistatic ground wave radar configuration /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0003/NQ42476.pdf.
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Tufekci, Sinan. "Combined Surface-Wave and Resistivity Imaging for Shallow Subsurface Characterization." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1250891786.
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Fader, Amelia Erin. "Integration of surface seismic waves, laboratory measurements, and downhole acoustic televiewer imaging, in geotechnical characterization: Ogden, KS." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15118.
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Master of Science<br>Department of Geology<br>Abdelmoneam Raef<br>Geotechnical site characteristics are a function of the subsurface elastic moduli and the geologic structures. This study integrates borehole, surface and laboratory measurements for a geotechnical investigation that is focused on investigating shear-wave velocity (Vs) variation and its implication to geotechnical aspects of the Ogden test site in eastern Kansas. The area has a potential of seismicity due to the seismic zone associated with the Nemaha formation where earthquakes pose a moderate hazard. This study is in response to recent design standards for bridge structures require integrating comprehensive geotechnical site characterization. Furthermore, evaluation of dynamic soil properties is important for proper seismic response analysis and soil modeling programs. In this study, near surface geophysical site characterization in the form of 2D shear-wave velocity (Vs) structure that is compared with laboratory measurements of elastic moduli and earth properties at simulated in situ overburden pressure conditions and synergy with downhole Acoustic Televiewer time and amplitude logs, proved very robust “validated” workflow in site characterization for geotechnical purposes. An important component of a geotechnical site characterization is the evaluation of in-situ shear modulus, Poisson’s ratio and reliable and accurate elastic modulus ([lambda]) and shear modulus ([mu]) estimates are important in a good geotechnical site characterization. The geophysical site characterization, undertaken in this study, will complement and help in extrapolating drilling and core-based properties deduced by the geotechnical engineers interested at the test site.
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Blimbaum, Jordan Matthew. "Finite element analysis of acoustic wave transverse to longitudinal coupling during transverse combustion instability." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44757.
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Velocity-coupled combustion instability is a major issue facing lean combustor design in modern gas turbine applications. In this study, we analyze the complex acoustic field excited by a transverse acoustic mode in an annular combustor. This work is motivated by the need to understand the various velocity disturbance mechanisms present in the flame region during a transverse instability event. Recent simulation and experimental studies have shown that much of the flame response during these transverse instabilities may be due to the longitudinal motion induced by the fluctuating pressure field above the nozzles. This transverse to longitudinal coupling has been discussed in previous work, but in this work it is given a robust acoustic treatment via computational methods in order to verify the mechanisms by which these two motions couple.
We will provide an in-depth discussion of this coupling mechanism and propose a parameter, Rz, also referred to as the Impedance Ratio, in order to compare the pressure/velocity relationship at the nozzle outlet to quasi one-dimensional theoretical acoustic approximations. A three-dimensional inviscid simulation was developed to simulate transversely propagating acoustic pressure waves, based on an earlier experiment designed to measure these effects. Modifications to this geometry have been made to account for lack of viscosity in the pure acoustic simulation and are discussed.
Results from this study show that transverse acoustic pressure excites significant axial motion in and around the nozzle over a large range of frequencies. Furthermore, the development of Rz offers a defined physical parameter through which to reference this important velocity-coupled instability mechanism. Therefore, this study offers an in-depth and quantifiable understanding of the instability mechanism caused by transversely propagating acoustic waves across a combustor inlet, which can be applied to greatly improve annular combustor design in future low-emissions gas turbine engines.
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Gibbens, Clem Alexander Molloy. "The Use of the Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) Method as an Initial Estimator of Liquefaction Susceptibility in Greymouth, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10244.
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Combined analysis of the geomorphic evolution of Greymouth with Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) provides new insight into the geotechnical implications of reclamation work.
The MASW method utilises the frequency dependent velocity (dispersion) of planar Rayleigh waves created by a seismic source as a way of assessing the stiffness of the subsurface material. The surface wave is inverted to calculate a shear wave velocity (Park et al., 1999). Once corrected, these shear-wave (Vs) velocities can be used to obtain a factor of safety for liquefaction susceptibility based on a design earthquake.
The primary study site was the township of Greymouth, on the West Coast of New Zealand’s South Island. Greymouth is built on geologically young (Holocene-age) deposits of beach and river sands and gravels, and estuarine and lagoonal silts (Dowrick et al., 2004). Greymouth is also in a tectonically active region, with the high seismic hazard imposed by the Alpine Fault and other nearby faults, along with the age and type of sediment, mean the probability of liquefaction occurring is high particularly for the low-lying areas around the estuary and coastline. Repeated mapping over 150 years shows that the geomorphology of the Greymouth Township has been heavily modified during that timeframe, with both anthropogenic and natural processes developing the land into its current form. Identification of changes in the landscape was based on historical maps for the area and interpreting them to be either anthropogenic or natural changes, such as reclamation work or removal of material through natural events.
This study focuses on the effect that anthropogenic and natural geomorphic processes have on the stiffness of subsurface material and its liquefaction susceptibility for three different design earthquake events. Areas of natural ground and areas of reclaimed land, with differing ages, were investigated through the use of the MASW method, allowing an initial estimation of the relationship between landscape modification and liquefaction susceptibility. The susceptibility to liquefaction of these different materials is important to critical infrastructure, such as the St. John Ambulance Building and Greymouth Aerodrome, which must remain functional following an earthquake. Areas of early reclamation at the Greymouth Aerodrome site have factors of safety less than 1 and will liquefy in most plausible earthquake scenarios, although the majority of the runway has a high factor of safety and should resist liquefaction. The land west of the St. John’s building has slightly to moderately positive factors of safety. Other areas have factors of safety that reflect the different geology and reclamation history.
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Brühl, Markus [Verfasser], and Hocine [Akademischer Betreuer] Oumeraci. "Direct and inverse nonlinear Fourier transform based on the Korteweg-deVries equation (KdV-NLFT) - A spectral analysis of nonlinear surface waves in shallow water / Markus Brühl ; Betreuer: Hocine Oumeraci." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1175820547/34.
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Partan, James Willard. "Analysis of acoustic communication channel characterization data in the surf zone." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/86872.
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Thesis (S.M. in Electrical Engineering)--Joint Program in Oceanography and Oceanographic Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2000.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-65).<br>by James Willard Partan.<br>S.M.in Electrical Engineering
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Padilla, Scott T. "Novel Transducer Calibration and Simulation Verification of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Channels on Acoustic Microfluidic Devices." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6922.
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The work and results presented in this dissertation concern two complimentary studies that are rooted in surface acoustic waves and transducer study.
Surface acoustic wave devices are utilized in a variety of fields that span biomedical applications to radio wave transmitters and receivers. Of interest in this dissertation is the study of surface acoustic wave interaction with polydimethylsiloxane. This material, commonly known as PDMS, is widely used in the microfluidic field applications in order to create channels for fluid flow on the surface of a piezoelectric substrate. The size, and type of PDMS that is created and ultimately etched on the surface of the substrate, plays a significant role in its operation, chiefly in the insertion loss levels experienced. Here, through finite element analysis, via ANSYS® 15 Finite Element Modeling software, the insertion loss levels of varying PDMS sidewall channel dimensions, from two to eight millimeters is investigated. The simulation is modeled after previously published experimental data, and the results demonstrate a clear increase in insertion loss levels with an increase in channel sidewall dimensions. Analysis of the results further show that due to the viscoelastic nature of PDMS, there is a non -linear increase of insertion loss as the sidewall dimensions thicken. There is a calculated variation of 8.31 decibels between the insertion loss created in a microfluidic device with a PDMS channel sidewall thickness of eight millimeters verse a thickness of two millimeters. Finally, examination of the results show that insertion loss levels in a device are optimized when the PDMS sidewall channels are between two and four millimeters.
The second portion of this dissertation concerns the calibration of an ultrasonic transducer. This work is inspired by the need to properly quantify the signal generated by an ultrasonic transducer, placed under a static loading condition, that will be used in measuring ultrasonic bone conducted frequency perception of human subjects. Ultrasonic perception, classified as perception beyond the typical hearing limit of approximately 20 kHz, is a subject of great interest in audiology. Among other reasons, ultrasonic signal perception in humans is of interest because the mechanism by which either the brain or the ear interprets these signals is not entirely understood. Previous studies have utilized ultrasonic transducers in order to study this ultrasonic perception; however, the calibration methods taken, were either incomplete or did not properly account for the operation conditions of the transducers. A novel transducer calibration method is detailed in this dissertation that resolves this issue and provides a reliable means by which the signal that is being created can be compared to the perception of human subjects.
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Hobiger, Manuel. "Polarisation des ondes de surface : caractérisation, inversion et application à l'étude de l'aléa sismique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00577887.
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L'aléa sismique d'un site donné peut être largement influencé par des effets de site. Afin d'évaluer ces effets, la structure locale du sous-sol ainsi que les propriétés du champ d'onde doivent être étudiées. Les ondes de surface (ondes de Love et de Rayleigh) s'avèrent utiles, leurs propriétés (courbes de dispersion, ellipticité des ondes de Rayleigh) étant directement liées à la structure du sous-sol. Le paramètre clé pour l'identification du type d'onde est la polarisation. Dans la première partie de la thèse, de nouvelles méthodes pour l'estimation de paramètres de polarisation d'ondes de surface sont développées. Deux méthodes, DELFI et RayDec, estiment l'ellipticité des ondes de Rayleigh à partir d'enregistrements d'un seul capteur sismique. La troisième méthode, MUSIQUE, est basée sur la méthode MUSIC et utilise les enregistrements multi-composantes de réseaux sismiques afin de distinguer ondes de Love et ondes de Rayleigh et d'estimer leurs propriétés. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, une étude théorique de l'inversion de courbes d'ellipticité montre quelles parties de ces courbes véhiculent les informations importantes sur la structure du sol et comment l'inversion peut être améliorée. Le schéma d'inversion résultant est alors testé en l'appliquant à des données réelles mesurées pour 14 sites européens. Finalement, 22 séismes enregistrés par un réseau de capteurs dans la vallée de Santa Clara en Californie sont analysés par MUSIQUE. La répartition azimutale, les courbes de dispersion, la courbe d'ellipticité et les énergies des différents types d'ondes sont analysées et soulignent l'importance des ondes de surface diffractées dans le champ d'ondes enregistré.
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Carcolé, Carrubé Eduard. "Three-dimensional spatial distribution of scatterers in the crust by inversion analysis of s-wave coda envelopes. A case study of Gauribidanur seismic array site (Southern india) and Galeras volcano (South-western Colombia)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9321.
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In this thesis, coda waves recorded by local seismographic networks will be analyzed to estimate the three-dimensional spatial distribution of scatterers (SDS). This will be done by using the single scattering approximation. This approach leads to a huge system of equations that can not be solved by traditional methods. For the first time, we will use the Simultaneous Iterative Reconstructive Technique (SIRT) to solve this kind of system in seismological applications. SIRT is slow but provides a means to carry out the inversion with greater accuracy. There is also a very fast non-iterative method that allows to carry out the inversion 102 times faster, with a higher resolution and reasonable accuracy: the Filtered Back-Projection (FBP). If one wishes to use this technique it is necessary to adapt it to the geometry of our problem. This will be done for the first time in this thesis. The theory necessary to carry out the adaptation will be developed and a simple expression will be derived to carry out the inversion.<br/><br/>FBP and SIRT are then used to determine the SDS in southern India. Results are almost independent of the inversion method used and they are frequency dependent. They show a remarkably uniform distribution of the scattering strength in the crust around GBA. However, a shallow (0-24 km) strong scattering structure, which is only visible at low frequencies, seems to coincide with de Closepet granitic batholith which is the boundary between the eastern and western parts of the Dharwar craton.<br/><br/>Also, the SDS is estimated for the Galeras volcano, Colombia. Results reveal a highly non-uniform SDS. Strong scatterers show frequency dependence, which is interpreted in terms if the scale of the heterogeneities producing scattering. Two zones of strong scattering are detected: the shallower one is located at a depth from 4 km to 8 km under the summit whereas the deeper one is imaged at a depth of ~37 km from the Earth's surface. Both zones may be correlated with the magmatic plumbing system beneath Galeras volcano. The second strong scattering zone may be probably related to the deeper magma reservoir that feeds the system.
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Utkutug, Deniz. "A Parametric Study Investigating The Inertial Soil-structure Interaction Effects On Global And Local Deformation Demands Of Multistory Steel Mrf Structures Resting On Surface Rigid Mat Foundations." Phd thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12610490/index.pdf.
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In reality, dynamic response of a structure supported on a compliant soil may vary significantly from the response of same structure when supported on a rigid base. A parametric study is conducted for the analysis of the variation in the global and the local deformation demands caused by the inertial soil-structure interaction effects. For the purposes of the study, nonlinear dynamic analyses are performed on 7 steel moment-resisting frame models, which are prepared by the virtue of fixed-base and flexible-base (interacting) conditions. Foundation is modeled with the Truncated Cone Model (Wolf, 1994) with the frequency independent coefficients. Free-field earthquake acceleration records are selected to conform to NEHRP equivalent Site Classes C and D. The study is limited to the structures founded on surface rigid mat foundations subjected to vertically propagating horizontally polarized coherent shear waves. Statistical analysis based on multiple linear regression procedure is performed to represent the variation in the response. Within the scope of the study, the wave parameter and the aspect ratio are observed to be directly proportional to the variation in the response, as a general trend. Maximum beneficial contribution of the SSI is found to be 6% in both global and local deformation demands. In addition, the contribution of inertial interaction effects is found to be in a decreasing trend for the increasing levels of ductility demands. Finally, upper limits of wave parameter for H/R=0.5, 1, 2 and 3 are calculated where the variation in the demands are capped at 1.0.
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Vigne, Aurélie. "Microfluidic tools for the engineering of enzymes of therapeutic interest." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0391/document.
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Cette thèse concerne le développement d’outils microfluidique pour l’ingénierie d’enzymes d’intérêt thérapeutique. La microfluidique à base de gouttelettes présente un énorme potentiel dans le domaine de la biologie quantitative. Nous développons des outils microfluidiques pour l’évolution dirigée de l’enzyme L-asparaginase, enzyme utilisée comme traitement de laleucémie lymphoblastique aiguë. Ce traitement est basée sur une enzyme d’origine bactérienne,ce qui conduit à déclencher des réactions immunitaires qui se traduit par l’interruption du traitement, souvent fatale pour le patient. Cependant, une version humaine de l’enzyme L-asparaginase, qui est moins immunogénique, n’est à l’heure actuelle pas suffisamment active pour être utilisée. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’alors d’analyser et de cribler des banques de mutants d’enzymes en utilisant des méthodes classiques de mutagenèse et d’analyser chaque mutant individuellement par le biais de la microfluidique. Pour cela, plusieurs systèmes microfluidiques ont été développés et optimisés afin de répondre à différents critères de sélection pour l’analyse et la sélection de l’enzyme L-asparaginase. La version bactérienne a servi de contrôle positif pour l’optimisation des systèmes microfluidiques afin de pouvoir analyser et de cribler des banques de mutants de la version humaine de l’enzyme L-asparaginase<br>This thesis deals with the development of microfluidic tools for the engineering ofenzymes of therapeutic interest. Droplet microfluidics has enormous potential in the field ofquantitative biology. We are developing microfluidic tools based on the directed evolutionof the enzyme L-asparaginase, an enzyme used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Thistreatment is based on an enzyme of bacterial origin, which leads to immune reactions thatresult in the interruption of treatment, often fatal for the patient. However, a human version ofthe enzyme L-asparaginase, which is less immunogenic, is currently not sufficiently active to beused. The main objective of this thesis is to analyze and screen enzyme mutant libraries usingstandard mutagenesis methods and to analyze each mutant individually through microfluidics.For this, several microfluidic systems have been developed and optimized for different selectioncriteria for the analysis and selection of the enzyme L-asparaginase. The bacterial versionserving as a positive control for the optimization of microfluidic workflows to analyze andscreen mutant libraries of the human version of the enzyme L-asparaginase
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Moueddene, Kada. "Analyse d'images en sismique : pretraitement et extraction d'informations par la morphologie mathematique." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30006.
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Techniques de traitement d'images appliquees aux diagraphies sismiques. En particulier, utilisation des operateurs de morphologie mathematique pour les problemes de pretraitement et d'extraction d'informations. Deux exemples d'application sont presentes: tir de bruits pour l'extraction des spectres de vitesses et tir au centre pour le filtrage des ondes de surface et des arrivees refractees
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Morais, Douglas Souza Figueiredo. "Estudo da crosta no sudoeste do cráton amazônico utilizando técnicas sismológicas /." Rio Claro, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182036.
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Orientador: João Carlos Dourado<br>Resumo: Técnicas sismológicas como Função do Receptor, Análise de Dispersão de Ondas de Superfície, Correlação de ruídos sísmicos e razão espectral H/V são cada vez mais estudadas e utilizadas para o conhecimento geológico da crosta. Sendo possível determinar a composição crustal média e os principais contatos obtidos por fortes contrastes de impedância tais como limite crosta superior e inferior, assim como, limite crosta inferior e manto superior (descontinuidade de Moho). O conhecimento da velocidade de percurso das ondas de um sismo registrados através de uma estação sismográfica fornecem informações, como: o tempo de percurso, relação Vp/Vs e outros. A região de Pontes e Lacerda/MT está localizada no Sudoeste do Cráton Amazônico e o levantamento dos dados se deram em fases distintas com implantação de sismômetros alinhados em direção perpendicular (NE-SW) às principais estruturas da Faixa Móvel Aguapeí (NNW-SSE). Além da coleta de dados dessas estações temporárias foram compilados dados de sismos para a estação fixa PTLB, esta estação faz parte das estações sismológicas coordenadas pela UNB (Universidade Nacional de Brasília) e pela USP (Universidade de São Paulo). A espessura média encontrada na crosta para a região variou pouco para as diferentes técnicas abordadas, sendo que, para a técnica de Função do Receptor (estação fixa PTLB) foi obtido valor de aproximadamente 44 Km de espessura e, para as estações temporárias (S01 ao S10) valor médio de 42 km. Já a seção sísmica gerad... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Seismic techniques such as receiver function, surface wave dispersion, seismic noise correlation and H / V spectral ratio are increasingly studied and used for geological knowledge of the crust. It is possible to determine the average crustal composition and the main contacts obtained by strong impedance contrasts as upper and lower crust boundary, as well as, lower crust limit and upper mantle (Moho discontinuity). The knowledge of the speed of travel of the waves of an earthquake recorded through a seismographic station provides information, such as: the travel time, Vp / Vs ratio and others. The region of Pontes e Lacerda / MT is located in the Southwest of the Amazonian craton and the data were taken in different phases with the implantation of seismometers aligned in a perpendicular direction (NE-SW direction) to the main structures of the Faixa Móvel Aguapeí (direction NNW- SSE). In addition to collecting data from these temporary stations, earthquake data were collected for the PTLB fixed station. The average thickness found in the crust for the region did not vary much for the different techniques, and for the Receiver Function (PTLB fixed station), a value of approximately 44 Km of thickness was obtained and for the temporary stations (S01 to S10) average value of 42 km. The seismic section generated by the correlation of the signals for all short-time temporary stations brought the signals coherence in 4s, 5s and later coherence ranging from 9.5 to 11 seconds. This ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor
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Naskar, Tarun. "Testing of Ground Subsurface using Spectral and Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves." Thesis, 2017. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/3775.
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Two surface wave testing methods, namely, (i) the spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW), and (ii) the multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW), form non-destructive and non-intrusive techniques for predicting the shear wave velocity profile of different layers of ground and pavement. These field testing tools are based on the dispersive characteristics of Rayleigh waves, that is, different frequency components of the surface wave travel at different velocities in layered media. The SASW and MASW testing procedure basically comprises of three different components: (i) field measurements by employing geophones/accelerometers, (ii) generating dispersion plots, and (iii) predicting the shear wave velocity profile based on an inversion analysis.
For generating the field dispersion plot, the complexities involved while doing the phase unwrapping calculations for the SASW technique, while performing the spectral calculations on the basis of two receivers’ data, makes it difficult to automate since it requires frequent manual judgment. In the present thesis, a new method, based on the sliding Fourier transform, has been introduced. The proposed method has been noted to be quite accurate, computationally economical and it generally overcomes the difficulties associated with the unwrapping of the phase difference between the two sensors’ data. In this approach, the unwrapping of the phase can be carried out without any manual intervention. As a result, an automation of the entire computational process to generate the dispersion plot becomes feasible. The method has been thoroughly validated by including a number of examples on the basis of surface wave field tests as well as synthetic test data.
While obtaining the dispersion image by using the MASW method, three different transformation techniques, namely, (i) the Park’s wavefield transform, (ii) the frequency (f) -wavenumber ( ) transform and (iii) the time intercept ( -phase slowness (p) transform have been utilized for generating the multimodal dispersion plots. The performance of these three different methods has been assessed by using synthetic as well as field data records obtained from a ground site by means of 48 geophones. Two-dimensional as well as three-dimensional dispersion plots were generated. The Park’s wavefield transformation method has been found to be especially advantageous since it neither requires a very high sampling rate nor an inclusion of the zero padding of the data in a wavenumber (distance) domain.
In the case of an irregular dispersive media, a proper analysis of the higher modes existing in the dispersion plots becomes essential for predicting the shear wave velocity profile of ground on the basis of surface wave tests. In such cases, the establishment of the predominant mode becomes quite significant. In the current investigation for Rayleigh wave propagation, the predominant mode has been computed by maximizing the normalized vertical displacements along the free surface. Eigenvectors computed from the thin layer approach (TLM) approach are analyzed to predict the corresponding predominant mode. It is noted that the establishment of the predominant mode becomes quite important where only two to six sensors are employed and the governing (predominant) modal dispersion curve is usually observed rather than several multiple modes which can otherwise be identified by using around 24 to 48 multiple sensors.
By using the TLM, it is, however, not possible to account for the exact contribution of the elastic half space in the dynamic stiffness matrix (DSM) approach. A method is suggested to incorporate the exact contribution of the elastic half space in the TLM. The numerical formulation is finally framed as a quadratic eigenvalue problem which can be easily solved by using the subroutine polyeig in MATLAB. The dispersion plots were generated for several chosen different ground profiles. The numerical results were found to match quite well with the data available from literature.
In order to address all the three different aspects of SASW and MASW techniques, a series of field tests were performed on five different ground sites. The ground vibrations were induced by means of (i) a 65 kg mass dropped freely from a height of 5 m, and (ii) by using a 20 pound sledge hammer. It was found that by using a 65 kg mass dropped from a height of 5 m, for stiffer sites, ground exploration becomes feasible even up to a depth of 50-80 m whereas for the softer sites the exploration depth is reduced to about 30 m. By using a 20 lb sledge hammer, the exploration depth is restricted to only 8-10 m due to its low impact energy.
Overall, it is expected that the work reported in the thesis will furnish useful guidelines for (i) performing the SASW and MASW field tests, (ii) generating dispersion plots/images, and (iii) predicting the shear wave velocity profile of the site based on an inversion analysis.