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Journal articles on the topic 'Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 September 2023

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1

Park, Choon B., Richard D. Miller, and Jianghai Xia. "Multichannel analysis of surface waves." GEOPHYSICS 64, no. 3 (1999): 800–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444590.

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The frequency‐dependent properties of Rayleigh‐type surface waves can be utilized for imaging and characterizing the shallow subsurface. Most surface‐wave analysis relies on the accurate calculation of phase velocities for the horizontally traveling fundamental‐mode Rayleigh wave acquired by stepping out a pair of receivers at intervals based on calculated ground roll wavelengths. Interference by coherent source‐generated noise inhibits the reliability of shear‐wave velocities determined through inversion of the whole wave field. Among these nonplanar, nonfundamental‐mode Rayleigh waves (noise) are body waves, scattered and nonsource‐generated surface waves, and higher‐mode surface waves. The degree to which each of these types of noise contaminates the dispersion curve and, ultimately, the inverted shear‐wave velocity profile is dependent on frequency as well as distance from the source. Multichannel recording permits effective identification and isolation of noise according to distinctive trace‐to‐trace coherency in arrival time and amplitude. An added advantage is the speed and redundancy of the measurement process. Decomposition of a multichannel record into a time variable‐frequency format, similar to an uncorrelated Vibroseis record, permits analysis and display of each frequency component in a unique and continuous format. Coherent noise contamination can then be examined and its effects appraised in both frequency and offset space. Separation of frequency components permits real‐time maximization of the S/N ratio during acquisition and subsequent processing steps. Linear separation of each ground roll frequency component allows calculation of phase velocities by simply measuring the linear slope of each frequency component. Breaks in coherent surface‐wave arrivals, observable on the decomposed record, can be compensated for during acquisition and processing. Multichannel recording permits single‐measurement surveying of a broad depth range, high levels of redundancy with a single field configuration, and the ability to adjust the offset, effectively reducing random or nonlinear noise introduced during recording. A multichannel shot gather decomposed into a swept‐frequency record allows the fast generation of an accurate dispersion curve. The accuracy of dispersion curves determined using this method is proven through field comparisons of the inverted shear‐wave velocity ([Formula: see text]) profile with a downhole [Formula: see text] profile.

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2

O'Connell, D. R. H., and J. P. Turner. "Interferometric Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (IMASW)." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 101, no. 5 (2011): 2122–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120100230.

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3

Park, C. B., and R. D. Miller. "Roadside Passive Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW)." Journal of Environmental & Engineering Geophysics 13, no. 1 (2008): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/jeeg13.1.1.

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4

Miller, Richard D., Jianghai Xia, Choon B. Park, and Julian M. Ivanov. "Multichannel analysis of surface waves to map bedrock." Leading Edge 18, no. 12 (1999): 1392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1438226.

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5

Mi, Binbin, Jianghai Xia, Chao Shen, Limin Wang, Yue Hu, and Feng Cheng. "Horizontal resolution of multichannel analysis of surface waves." GEOPHYSICS 82, no. 3 (2017): EN51—EN66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2016-0202.1.

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The multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW) method has been effectively and widely used to determine near-surface shear-wave velocity. Horizontal resolution of the MASW method represents the minimum horizontal length of recognizable geologic anomalous bodies on a pseudo-2D S-wave velocity [Formula: see text] section. Accurately assessing the achievable lateral resolution is one of the main issues in lateral variation reconstruction using the MASW method. It is difficult to quantitatively estimate the horizontal resolution of the MASW method because of the many influencing factors, such as parameters of the observation system, the depth of an anomalous body, and the velocity contrast between the anomalous body and the surrounding rocks. We first analyzed the horizontal resolution of the MASW method based on numerical simulation experiments. According to different influencing factors of the horizontal resolution, we established different laterally heterogeneous models and observation systems and then simulated several synthetic multichannel records with a finite-difference method along a linear survey line using the roll-along acquisition mode. After the extraction of dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves and inversion for S-wave velocity profiles for each synthetic shot gather, a pseudo-2D S-wave velocity section can be generated by aligning the 1D S-wave velocity models. Ultimately, we evaluated the horizontal resolution capability of the MASW method on pseudo-2D [Formula: see text] maps. Our numerical investigation results and field data analysis indicate that [Formula: see text] values on the maps are not the same as the true [Formula: see text] values for structures whose lateral dimension is shorter than a receiver spread length and that anomalous bodies, which are larger and have high velocity contrast, are easier to distinguish on [Formula: see text] maps with a shorter receiver spread length. The horizontal resolution decreases with the increasing depth and is approximately one-half of the shortest Rayleigh wavelength that can penetrate to the depth.

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6

Cheng, Feng, Jianghai Xia, Yinhe Luo, et al. "Multichannel analysis of passive surface waves based on crosscorrelations." GEOPHYSICS 81, no. 5 (2016): EN57—EN66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0505.1.

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Passive seismic methods in highly populated urban areas have gained much attention from geophysics and civil engineering communities because traditional seismic surveys, especially in complex urbanized environments, might be improperly applied. In passive seismic methods, directional noise sources will inevitably bring azimuthal effects and spatial aliasing to dispersion measurements due to the fact that true randomness of ambient noise cannot be achieved in reality. To solve these problems, multichannel analysis of passive surface (MAPS) waves based on long noise sequence crosscorrelations is proposed. We have introduced a hybrid method of seismic interferometry and the roadside passive multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) using crosscorrelation to produce common virtual source gathers from 1 h multichannel noise records. Common virtual source gathers are then used to do dispersion analysis with an active scheme based on phase-shift measurement. Synthetic tests demonstrated the advantages of this method with azimuthal adjustment and dispersion imaging for directional noise source distribution. Two field applications were conducted, and results from the roadside passive MASW, MAPS, and spatial autocorrelation method were compared. Our study indicated the superiority of MAPS over the roadside passive MASW on the validity of azimuth detection, feasibility of combining the active MASW and MAPS, and accuracy in determining dispersion energy trends, especially at a relative low-frequency range ([Formula: see text]) in urban areas.

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7

Yablokov, A. V., and A. S. Serdyukov. "METHOD OF AUTOMATED EXTRACTING OF DISPERSION CURVES BASED ON TIME-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF SEISMIC DATAv." Russian Journal of geophysical technologies, no. 3 (February 20, 2019): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18303/2619-1563-2018-3-5.

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The paper discusses the method of multichannel analysis of surface waves. We propose an automated method of surface waves extraction, based on the time-frequency representation of seismograms and their subsequent spatial spectral analysis. This approach is robust for the extraction of smooth and realistic dispersion curves in automatic mode. This provides a more reliable assessment of high-velocity sections of shear waves by the method of multichannel analysis of surface waves. The article presents the results of testing of the developed approach with using noisy synthetic and real seismic data.

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8

Greenwood, William W., Dimitrios Zekkos, and Jerome P. Lynch. "UAV-Enabled Subsurface Characterization Using Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 147, no. 11 (2021): 04021120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0002611.

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9

Park, Choon B., Richard D. Miller, Jianghai Xia, and Julian Ivanov. "Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW)—active and passive methods." Leading Edge 26, no. 1 (2007): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2431832.

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10

Long, Michael, Andy Trafford, Tomás McGrath, and Peter O'Connor. "Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) for offshore geotechnical investigations." Engineering Geology 272 (July 2020): 105649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105649.

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11

Farhan, Muhammad, and Gunawan Handayani. "Shear Wave Velocity Analysis of 2-D Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW) to investigate subsurface Fault of Alternative Bridge Construction in Kelok Sago Jambi." Jurnal Matematika dan Sains 25, no. 1 (2020): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jms.2020.25.1.4.

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Every geotechnical measurement requires geophysical methods to classify soil types under the ground. S-wave velocity (Vs), P-wave velocity (Vp), and density (ρ), are the most important parameters in the classification of soils. There are various methods to determine Vs, one of them is P-S logging method. However, this method is less suitable to be applied in urban areas due to the difficulties of data acquisition and high expense in operational costs. In 1999, a seismic method uses surface waves to de-termine Vs profile with a higher signal to noise ratio which was known by the name of Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW). A surface wave, especially Rayleigh wave, creeps slowly on the surface with a larger amplitude than a body wave. The wavelengths of the surface wave will disperse in the layers system i.e. the phase velocity of the surface waves is now func-tion of frequency. MASW 2-D method is used in this paper to determine subsoil properties and to identify the fault under the bridge abutments plan (abutment 1 and abutment 2) in Kelok Sago Jambi.

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Le Ngal, Nwai, Subagyo Pramumijoyo, Iman Satyarno, Kirbani Sri Brotopuspito, Junji Kiyono, and Eddy Hartantyo. "Multi-channel analysis of surface wave method for geotechnical site characterization in Yogyakarta, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 76 (2019): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20197603006.

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On May 27th 2006, Yogyakarta earthquake happened with 6.3 Mw. It was causing widespread destruction and loss of life and property. The average shear wave velocity to 30 m (Vs30) is useful parameter for classifying sites to predict their potential to amplify seismic shaking (Boore, 2004) [1]. Shear wave velocity is one of the most influential factors of the ground motion. The average shear wave velocity for the top 30 m of soil is referred to as Vs30. In this study, the Vs30 values were calculated by using multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) method. The Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) method was introduced by Park et al. (1999). Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) is non-invasive method of estimating the shear-wave velocity profile. It utilizes the dispersive properties of Rayleigh waves for imaging the subsurface layers. MASW surveys can be divided into active and passive surveys. In active MASW method, surface waves can be easily generated by an impulsive source like a hammer, sledge hammer, weight drops, accelerated weight drops and explosive. Seismic measurements were carried out 44 locations in Yogyakarta province, in Indonesia. The dispersion data of the recorded Rayleigh waves were processed by using Seisimager software to obtain shear wave velocity profiles of the studied area. The average shear wave velocities of the soil obtained are ranging from 200 ms-1 to 988 ms-1, respectively.

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13

ISLAM, Taohidul, Zamri CHIK, and Mohd Marzuki MUSTAFA. "Noise Reduction Technique Applied to the Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 86, no. 5 (2012): 1306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.2012.00750.x.

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14

Lu, Zhiqu, and James Sabatier. "Multichannel analysis of surface waves method for shallow soil profile exploration." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 125, no. 4 (2009): 2520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4783476.

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15

Syamsuddin, Erfan, Sabrianto Aswad, Muhammad Alimuddin Hamzah Assegaf, et al. "Seismic Site Classification Using the Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves Method." POSITRON 12, no. 2 (2022): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/positron.v12i2.53869.

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The soil has a variety of qualities that affect its ability to support the weight of a structure. One of these features is soil stiffness, which can be determined using the surface wave method to prevent soil collapse. Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) is one of the non-invasive methodologies used in this study to investigate subsurface structures in North Sumatra, Indonesia. This method utilizes the dispersion properties of Rayleigh waves, producing a dispersion curve to get the shear wave velocity (Vs) through inversion. The shear wave velocity can be used to examine the soil stiffness qualities. The dispersion curve explains the relationship between shear wave velocity and depth, which can subsequently be used as a site class parameter. This survey uses three lines with one shot for each line which uses thirty geophones. The seismic source used is a gun with the type M16.38 Cal. Each line consists of 30 geophones with a distance of 5 m. The entire track is 160 m long and lasts for 2048 seconds with a sampling rate of 0.00025 seconds. The average shear wave velocity measured at three measurements was 372.5 m/s on line P1, 347.1 m/s on line P2A, and 311.0 m/s on line P2B, respectively. Overall, the soil classification on the P1 line is class C, and the P2A and P2B lines are class D, which is suitable for development planning areas.

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16

Olafsdottir, Elin Asta, Sigurdur Erlingsson, and Bjarni Bessason. "Tool for analysis of multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) field data and evaluation of shear wave velocity profiles of soils." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 55, no. 2 (2018): 217–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0302.

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Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) is a fast, low-cost, and environmentally friendly technique to estimate shear wave velocity profiles of soil sites. This paper introduces a new open-source software, MASWaves, for processing and analysing multichannel surface wave records using the MASW method. The software consists of two main parts: a dispersion analysis tool (MASWaves Dispersion) and an inversion analysis tool (MASWaves Inversion). The performance of the dispersion analysis tool is validated by comparison with results obtained by the Geopsy software package. Verification of the inversion analysis tool is carried out by comparison with results obtained by the software WinSASW and theoretical dispersion curves presented in the literature. Results of MASW field tests conducted at three sites in south Iceland are presented to demonstrate the performance and robustness of the new software. The soils at the three test sites ranged from loose sand to cemented silty sand. In addition, at one site, the results of existing spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) measurements were compared with the results obtained by MASWaves.

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17

Neducza, Boriszláv. "Stacking of surface waves." GEOPHYSICS 72, no. 2 (2007): V51—V58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2431635.

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The seismic surface wave method (SWM) is a powerful means of characterizing near-surface structures. Although the SWM consists of only three steps (data acquisition, determination of dispersion curves, and inversion), it is important to take considerable care with the second step, determination of the dispersion curves. This step is usually completed by spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) or multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW). However, neither method is ideal, as each has its advantages and disadvantages. SASW provides higher horizontal resolution, but it is very sensitive to coherent noise and individual geophone coupling. MASW is a robust method able to separate different wave types, but its horizontal resolution is lower. Stacking of surface waves (SSW) is a good compromise between SASW and MASW. Using a reduced number of traces increases the horizontal resolution of MASW, and utilizing other shot records with the same receivers compensates for the decreased signal-to-noise ratio. The stacking is realized by summing the [Formula: see text] amplitude spectra of windowed shot records, where windowing produces higher horizontal resolution and stacking produces improved data quality. Mixing is applied between the stacks derived with different parameters, as different frequency ranges require different windowing. SSW was tested and corroborated on a deep seismic data set. Horizontal resolution is validated by [Formula: see text] plots at different frequencies, and [Formula: see text] plots present data quality.

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18

Li, Hongxing, Chunhui Tao, Cai Liu, et al. "Multichannel analysis of surface waves based on short array stacked Correlation gather." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 146 (July 2021): 106747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2021.106747.

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19

Ning, Ling, Tianyu Dai, Ya Liu, Chaoqiang Xi, Hao Zhang, and Changwei Zhou. "Application of multichannel analysis of passive surface waves method for fault investigation." Journal of Applied Geophysics 192 (September 2021): 104382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2021.104382.

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20

Ivanov, Julian, Birgit Leitner, William Shefchik, J. Tyler Shwenk, and Shelby L. Peterie. "Evaluating hazards at salt cavern sites using multichannel analysis of surface waves." Leading Edge 32, no. 3 (2013): 298–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle32030298.1.

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21

Pan, Yudi, Jianghai Xia, Yixian Xu, and Lingli Gao. "Multichannel analysis of Love waves in a 3D seismic acquisition system." GEOPHYSICS 81, no. 5 (2016): EN67—EN74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0261.1.

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Multichannel analysis of Love waves (MALW) analyzes high-frequency Love waves to determine near-surface S-wave velocities, and it is getting increasing attention in the near-surface geophysics and geotechnique community. Based on 2D geometry spread, in which sources and receivers are placed along the same line, current MALW fails to work in a 3D seismic acquisition system. This is because Love-wave particle motion direction is perpendicular to its propagation direction, which makes it difficult to record a Love-wave signal in 3D geometries. We have developed a method to perform MALW with data acquired in 3D geometry. We recorded two orthogonal horizontal components (inline and crossline components) at each receiver point at the same time. By transforming the raw data from rectangular coordinates (inline and crossline components) to radial-transverse coordinates (radial and transverse components), we recovered Love-wave data along the transverse direction at each receiver point. To achieve a Love-wave dispersion curve, the recovered Love-wave data were first transformed into a conventional receiver offset domain, and then transformed into the frequency-velocity ([Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]) domain. Love-wave dispersion curves were picked along the continuous dispersive energy peaks in the [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] domain. The validity of our proposed method was verified by two synthetic tests and a real-world example.

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22

Yablokov, Alexandr V., and Aleksander S. Serdyukov. "STUDY OF UNCERTAINTY OF THE INVERSION OF DISPERSION CURVES OF SURFACE WAVES USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 2, no. 3 (2021): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2021-2-3-82-89.

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The results of using an adapted sampling algorithm by the Monte Carlo method to estimate the ambiguity domain of the inversion of synthetic dispersion curves of the phase velocities of surface waves using artificial neural networks are discussed in the paper. The expediency of using the considered algorithm for calculating a probabilistic estimate of the results of the inverse problem solution in the method of multichannel analysis of surface waves has been confirmed.

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23

Sundararajan, N., A. Al Lazki, and A. Seshunarayana. "Multichannel analysis of surface waves for bedrock depth estimation over granites, Hyderabad, India." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2009, no. 1 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2009ab132.

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24

Stan-Kłeczek, Iwona, and Maciej J. Mendecki. "Application of Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves to S-Phase Wave Anisotropy Estimation." Acta Geophysica 64, no. 5 (2016): 1593–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acgeo-2016-0058.

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25

Cameron, Antonio E., and Camelia C. Knapp. "A New Approach to Predict Hydrogeological Parameters Using Shear Waves from the Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves Method." Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics 26, no. 3 (2021): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.32389/jeeg21-008.

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For near-surface contaminant characterization, the accurate prediction of hydrogeological parameters in anisotropic and heterogeneous environments has been a challenge since the last decades. However, recent advances in near-surface geophysics have facilitated the use of geophysical data for hydrogeological characterization in the last few years. A pseudo 3-D high resolution P-wave shallow seismic reflection survey was performed at the P Reactor Area, Savannah River Site, South Carolina in order to delineate and predict migration pathways of a large contaminant plume including trichloroethylene. This contaminant plume originates from the northwest section of the reactor facility that is located within the Upper Atlantic Coastal Plain. The data were collected with 40 Hz geophones, an accelerated weight-drop as seismic source and 1 m receiver spacing with near- and far-offsets of 0.5 and 119.5 m, respectively. In such areas with near-surface contaminants, a detailed subsurface characterization of the vadose zone hydraulic parameters is very important. Indeed, an inexpensive method of deriving such parameters by the use of seismic reflection surveys is beneficial, and our approach uses the relationship between seismic velocity and hydrogeological parameters together with empirical observations relating porosity to permeability and hydraulic conductivity. Shear wave velocity ( Vs) profiles were estimated from surface wave dispersion analysis of the seismic reflection data and were subsequently used to derive hydraulic parameters such as porosity, permeability, and hydraulic conductivity. Additional geophysical data including core samples, vertical seismic profiling, surface electrical resistivity tomography, natural gamma and electrical resistivity logs allowed for a robust assessment of the validity and geological significance of the estimated Vs and hydrogeological models. The results demonstrate the usefulness of this approach for the upper 15 m of shallow unconsolidated sediments even though the survey design parameters were not optimal for surface wave analysis due to the higher than desired frequency geophones.

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Liu, Ya, Jianghai Xia, Feng Cheng, Chaoqiang Xi, Chao Shen, and Changjiang Zhou. "Pseudo-linear-array analysis of passive surface waves based on beamforming." Geophysical Journal International 221, no. 1 (2020): 640–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa024.

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SUMMARY Linear arrays are usually deployed for passive surface-wave investigations because of their high efficiency and convenience. In populated urban areas, it is almost impossible to set up a 2-D array in terms of the restriction from the existing infrastructures. The limited azimuthal coverage, however, lacks the ability to attenuate velocity overestimation caused by directional noise sources. We came up with a novel idea to compensate the azimuthal coverage by adding two more offline receivers to a conventional linear array, which is called pseudo-linear-array analysis of passive surface waves (PLAS). We used a beamforming algorithm to capture noise sources distribution and extract accurate dispersion curves. We used array response function to explain the superiority of the pseudo-linear array over the linear array and present the basic workflow of PLAS. Synthetic tests and field examples demonstrated the feasibility of PLAS to measure unbiased dispersion image. Comparison with mostly used passive surface wave methods (refraction microtremor, multichannel analysis of passive surface waves, spatial autocorrelation method, frequency–wavenumber analysis) suggested that PLAS can serve as an alternative passive surface wave method, especially in urban areas with restricted land accessibility and short-time acquisition demands.

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Ofrikhter, Vadim G., and Ian V. Ofrikhter. "Investigation of municipal solid waste massif by method of multichannel analysis of surface waves." Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication 2, no. 57 (2016): 1956–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.tc215-01.

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Trupti, S., K. N. S. S. S. Srinivas, P. Pavan Kishore, and T. Seshunarayana. "Site characterization studies along coastal Andhra Pradesh—India using multichannel analysis of surface waves." Journal of Applied Geophysics 79 (April 2012): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2011.12.006.

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Antipov, V. V., and V. G. Ofrikhter. "Field estimation of deformation modulus of the soils by multichannel analysis of surface waves." Data in Brief 24 (June 2019): 103974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.103974.

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30

Kump, Joseph, and Eileen R. Martin. "Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves Accelerated (MASWAccelerated): Software for efficient surface wave inversion using MPI and GPUs." Computers & Geosciences 156 (November 2021): 104903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2021.104903.

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Vignoli, Giulio, Claudio Strobbia, Giorgio Cassiani, and Peter Vermeer. "Statistical multioffset phase analysis for surface-wave processing in laterally varying media." GEOPHYSICS 76, no. 2 (2011): U1—U11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3542076.

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Standard procedures for dispersion analysis of surface waves use multichannel wavefield transforms. By using several receivers, such procedures integrate the information along the entire acquisition array. That approach improves data quality and robustness significantly, but its side effects are spatial averaging and loss of lateral resolution. Recently, a new approach was developed to address that issue and maximize lateral resolution. The new method uses multioffset phase analysis to detect and locate sharp lateral variations in velocity. By using the phase analysis approach, the number of usable channels can be maximized, thereby gaining data quality without compromising lateral resolution. In fact, such preliminary data analysis also allows selection of the appropriate traces on which to perform multichannel processing. Such multioffset phase analysis can be enhanced by f-k filtering, which assures the selection of only one wave-propagation mode, and by a statistical analysis that takes advantage of data redundancy of multishot data, usually collected, for example, in land refraction surveys. Moreover, this novel statistical method with f-k filtering can be used to retrieve a dispersion curve, in principle, for each receiver location. The quasi-continuous pseudoimage of shear-wave velocity as a function of offset and frequency allows a characterization of lateral variations in velocity, whether they are sharp or smooth.

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Schwenk, J. Tyler, Steven D. Sloan, Julian Ivanov, and Richard D. Miller. "Surface-wave methods for anomaly detection." GEOPHYSICS 81, no. 4 (2016): EN29—EN42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0356.1.

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Perimeter-defense operations, geohazard assessment, and engineering characterization require the detection and localization of subsurface anomalies. Seismic waves incident upon these discontinuities generate a scattered wavefield. We have developed various surface-wave techniques, currently being fielded, that have consistently delivered accurate and precise results across a wide range of survey parameters and geographical locations. We use the multichannel analysis of surface waves approach to study the multimode Rayleigh wave, the backscatter analysis of surface waves (BASW) method to detect anomalies, 3D visualization for efficient seismic interpretation, BASW correlation for attribute analysis, and instantaneous-amplitude integration in the complex BASW method. Discrete linear moveout functions and [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] filter designs are optimized for BASW considering the fundamental and higher mode dispersion trends of the Rayleigh wave. Synthetic and field data were used to demonstrate multimode BASW and mode separation, which accentuated individual scatter events, and ultimately increased confidence in points of interest. Simple correlation algorithms between fundamental and higher-mode BASW data offer attribute analysis that limits the subjective interpretation of BASW images. Domain sorting and Hilbert transforms allow for 3D visualization and rapid interpretation of an anomaly’s wavefield phenomena within an amplitude cube. Furthermore, instantaneous-amplitude analysis can be incorporated into a more robust complex BASW method that forgives velocity-estimation inaccuracies, while requiring less rigorous preprocessing. Our investigations have suggested that a multifaceted surface-wave analysis provides a valuable tool for today’s geophysicists to fulfill anomaly-detection survey requirements.

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Mahajan, Ambrish Kumar, and Praveen Kumar. "Subsurface Site Characterization of Donga Fan, Northwest Himalaya using Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves and Response Analysis." Current Science 119, no. 12 (2020): 1948. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v119/i12/1948-1960.

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Tokeshi, K., P. Harutoonian, C. J. Leo, and S. Liyanapathirana. "Use of surface waves for geotechnical engineering applications in Western Sydney." Advances in Geosciences 35 (June 27, 2013): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-35-37-2013.

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Abstract. Current in situ methods used to geotechnically characterize the ground are predominantly based on invasive mechanical techniques (e.g. CPT, SPT, DMT). These techniques are localized to the tested area thus making it quite time consuming and costly to extensively cover large areas. Hence, a study has been initiated to investigate the use of the non-invasive Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) and Multichannel Simulation with One Receiver (MSOR) techniques to provide both an evaluation of compacted ground and a general geotechnical site characterization. The MASW technique relies on the measurement of active ambient vibrations generated by sledgehammer hits to the ground. Generated vibrations are gathered by interconnected electromagnetic geophones set up in the vertical direction and in a linear array at the ground surface with a constant spacing. The MSOR technique relies on one sensor, one single geophone used as the trigger, and multiple impacts are delivered on a steel plate at several distances in a linear array. The main attributes of these non-invasive techniques are the cost effectiveness and time efficiency when compared to current in situ mechanical invasive methods. They were applied to infer the stiffness of the ground layers by inversion of the phase velocity dispersion curves to derive the shear wave velocity (Vs) profile. The results produced by the MASW and the MSOR techniques were verified against independent mechanical Cone Penetration Test (CPT) and Standard Penetration Test (SPT) data. This paper identifies that the MASW and the MSOR techniques could be potentially useful and powerful tools in the evaluation of the ground compaction and general geotechnical site characterization.

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Cheng, Feng, Jianghai Xia, Yixian Xu, Zongbo Xu, and Yudi Pan. "A new passive seismic method based on seismic interferometry and multichannel analysis of surface waves." Journal of Applied Geophysics 117 (June 2015): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2015.04.005.

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Rozi Kurniawan, Muhammad Fachrul, Sorja Koesuma, and Budi Legowo. "Vs30Mapping and Site Classification in Surakarta City Based on Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves Method." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1204 (April 2019): 012087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1204/1/012087.

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Stan-Kłeczek, Iwona, and Maciej J. Mendecki. "Correction to: Application of Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves to S-Phase Wave Anisotropy Estimation." Acta Geophysica 66, no. 6 (2018): 1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11600-018-0229-8.

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El-Raouf, Amr Abd, Ibrar Iqbal, Julia Meister, Kamal Abdelrahman, Hassan Alzahrani, and Osman M. Badran. "Earthflow reactivation assessment by multichannel analysis of surface waves and electrical resistivity tomography: A case study." Open Geosciences 13, no. 1 (2021): 1328–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0310.

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Abstract In this study, we investigated the stability and reactivation of preexisting Tonghua landslide deposits in China, including the adjacent stable slope. We used an integrated approach, combining a multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). We used ERT to determine groundwater seepage paths, weathering conditions, water content, and the depth to bedrock. High-resolution two-dimensional (2D) shear-wave velocity MASW images, on the other hand, played an essential role in detecting both horizontal and vertical compositions, disjointedness, and sliding surfaces related to lithological borders. Based on seismic models, we considered four geological layers encountered in the stable slope, including fractured (gravel) and weathered (phyllite) materials, as a sliding mass. We combined the 2D resistivity profiles obtained to create pseudo-three-dimensional ERT images to estimate water-saturated and unsaturated masses. From the tomography results, we identified different preexisting deposits, including buried arable clay deposits, old accumulated earthflow deposits, a water accumulation zone, and a fissure runoff. Based on the resistivity results, the bottom of the earthflow deposits is susceptible to water, and oversaturation can reactivate the earthflow.

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39

Adegbola, R. B., K. F. Oyedele, L. Adeoti, and A. B. Adeloye. "Multichannel analysis of the surface waves of earth materials in some parts of Lagos State, Nigeria." Materials and Geoenvironment 63, no. 2 (2016): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rmzmag-2016-0007.

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Abstract We present a method that utilizes multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW), which was used to measure shear wave velocities, with a view to establishing the probable causes of road failure, subsidence and weakening of structures in some local government areas in Lagos, Nigeria. MASW data were acquired using a 24-channel seismograph. The acquired data were processed and transformed into a two-dimensional (2-D) structure reflective of the depth and surface wave velocity distribution within a depth of 0–15 m beneath the surface using SURFSEIS software. The shear wave velocity data were compared with other geophysical/ borehole data that were acquired along the same profile. The comparison and correlation illustrate the accuracy and consistency of MASW-derived shear wave velocity profiles. Rigidity modulus and N-value were also generated. The study showed that the low velocity/ very low velocity data are reflective of organic clay/ peat materials and thus likely responsible for the failure, subsidence and weakening of structures within the study areas.

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Serdyukov, Aleksander S., Aleksander V. Yablokov, Anton A. Duchkov, Anton A. Azarov, and Valery D. Baranov. "Slant f-k transform of multichannel seismic surface wave data." GEOPHYSICS 84, no. 1 (2019): A19—A24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0430.1.

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We have addressed the problem of estimating surface-wave phase velocities through the spectral processing of seismic data. This is the key step of the well-known near-surface seismic exploration method, called multichannel analysis of surface waves. To increase the accuracy and ensure the unambiguity of the selection of dispersion curves, we have developed a new version of the frequency-wavenumber ([Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]) transform based on the S-transform. We obtain the frequency-time representation of seismic data. We analyze the obtained S-transform frequency-time representation in a slant-stacking manner but use a spatial Fourier transform instead of amplitude stacking. Finally, we build the [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] image by analyzing the spatial spectra for different steering values of the surface-wave group velocities. The time localization of the surface-wave packet at each frequency increases the signal-to-noise ratio because of an exclusion of noise in other time steps (which does not fall in the effective width of the corresponding wavelet). The new [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] transform, i.e., the slant [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] (SFK) transform, renders a better spectral analysis than the conventional [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] transform and yields more accurate phase-velocity estimation, which is critical for the surface-wave analysis. The advantages of the SFK transform have been confirmed by synthetic- and field-data processing.

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Yablokov, A. V., and A. S. Serdyukov. "Uncertainty quantification of phase velocity surface waves multy-modal inversion using machine learning." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 2, no. 2 (2022): 312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2022-2-2-312-318.

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The paper is devoted to uncertainty quantification of the inverse problem solution of the multichannel analysis of surface waves method - the inversion of the curves of the phase velocity via frequency dependence. The uncertainty estimation approach is based on the Monte Carlo sampling strategy and a multilayer fully connected artificial neural network to approximate nonlinear dependence of shear wave velocity and layers thickness via values of phase velocity surface waves. Frequency-dependent noise in the data and errors of the inverse operator are projected onto the inverse problem solution. The results of unimodal and multimodal inversion are compared on the example of synthetic data processing. The experimental results show that using of machine learning approaches makes it possible to quickly and accurately estimate the posterior probability density of the reconstructed velocity model parameters.

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Ivanov, Julian, Richard D. Miller, Daniel Feigenbaum, Sarah L. C. Morton, Shelby L. Peterie, and Joseph B. Dunbar. "Revisiting levees in southern Texas using Love-wave multichannel analysis of surface waves with the high-resolution linear Radon transform." Interpretation 5, no. 3 (2017): T287—T298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2016-0044.1.

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Shear-wave velocities were estimated at a levee site by inverting Love waves using the multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) method augmented with the high-resolution linear Radon transform (HRLRT). The selected site was one of five levee sites in southern Texas chosen for the evaluation of several seismic data-analysis techniques readily available in 2004. The methods included P- and S-wave refraction tomography, Rayleigh- and Love-wave surface-wave analysis using MASW, and P- and S-wave cross-levee tomography. The results from the 2004 analysis revealed that although the P-wave methods provided reasonable and stable results, the S-wave methods produced surprisingly inconsistent shear-wave velocity [Formula: see text] estimates and trends compared with previous studies and borehole investigations. In addition, the Rayleigh-wave MASW method was nearly useless within the levee due to the sparsity of high frequencies in fundamental-mode surface waves and complexities associated with inverting higher modes. This prevented any reliable [Formula: see text] estimates for the levee core. Recent advances in methodology, such as the HRLRT for obtaining higher resolution dispersion-curve images with the MASW method and the use of Love-wave inversion routines specific to Love waves as part of the MASW method, provided the motivation to extend the 2004 original study by using horizontal-component seismic data for characterizing the geologic properties of levees. Contributions from the above-mentioned techniques were instrumental in obtaining [Formula: see text] estimates from within these levees that were very comparable with the measured borehole samples. A Love-wave approach can be a viable alternative to Rayleigh-wave MASW surveys at sites where complications associated with material or levee geometries inhibit reliable [Formula: see text] results from Rayleigh waves.

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Tsuji, Takeshi, Tor Arne Johansen, Bent Ole Ruud, Tatsunori Ikeda, and Toshifumi Matsuoka. "Surface-wave analysis for identifying unfrozen zones in subglacial sediments." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 3 (2012): EN17—EN27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0222.1.

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To reveal the extent of freezing in subglacial sediments, we estimated S-wave velocity along a glacier using surface-wave analysis. Because the S-wave velocity varies significantly with the degree of freezing of the pore fluid in the sediments, this information is useful for identifying unfrozen zones within subglacial sediments, which again is important for glacier dynamics. We used active-source multichannel seismic data originally acquired for reflection analysis along a glacier at Spitsbergen in the Norwegian Arctic and proposed an effective approach of multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) in a glacier environment. Common-midpoint crosscorrelation gathers were used for the MASW to improve lateral resolution because the glacier bed has a rough topology. We used multimode analysis with a genetic algorithm inversion to estimate the S-wave velocity due to the potential existence of a low-velocity layer beneath the glacier ice and the observation of higher modes in the dispersion curves. In the inversion, we included information of ice thickness derived from high-resolution ground-penetrating radar data because a simulation study demonstrated that the ice thickness was necessary to estimate accurate S-wave velocity distribution of deep subglacial sediment. The estimated S-wave velocity distribution along the seismic line indicated that low velocities occurred below the glacier, especially beneath thick ice ([Formula: see text] for ice thicknesses larger than 50 m). Because this velocity was much lower than the velocity in pure ice ([Formula: see text]), the pore fluid was partially melted at the ice–sediment interface. At the shallower subglacial sediments (ice thickness less than 50 m), the S-wave velocity was similar to that of the pure ice, suggesting that shallow subglacial sediments are more frozen than sediments beneath thick ice.

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Sloan, Steven D., Jeffery J. Nolan, Seth W. Broadfoot, Jason R. McKenna, and Owen M. Metheny. "Using near-surface seismic refraction tomography and multichannel analysis of surface waves to detect shallow tunnels: A feasibility study." Journal of Applied Geophysics 99 (December 2013): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2013.10.004.

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Harry, D. L., J. W. Koster, J. C. Bowling, and A. B. Rodriguez. "Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves Generated During High-resolution Seismic Reflection Profiling of a Fluvial Aquifer." Journal of Environmental & Engineering Geophysics 10, no. 2 (2005): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/jeeg10.2.123.

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Tran, Khiem T., Justin Sperry, Michael McVay, Scott J. Wasman, and David Horhota. "Shear Wave Velocity Profiles of Roadway Substructures from Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves and Waveform Tomography." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2655, no. 1 (2017): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2655-06.

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Assessment of roadway subsidence caused by embedded low-velocity anomalies is critical to the health and safety of the traveling public. Surface-based seismic techniques are often used to assess roadways because of data acquisition convenience and large depths of characterization. To mitigate the negative impact of closing a traffic lane under traditional seismic testing, a new test system that uses a land streamer is presented. The main advantages of the system are the elimination of the need to couple the geophones to the roadway, the use of only one source at the end of the geophone array, and the movement of the whole test system along the roadway quickly. For demonstration, experimental data were collected on asphalt pavement overlying a backfilled sinkhole that was experiencing further subsidence. For the study, a 24-channel land streamer and a propelled energy generator to generate seismic energy were used. The test system was pulled by a pickup truck along the roadway and the data were collected with 81 shots at every 3 m for a road segment of 277.5 m, with a total data acquisition time of about 1 h. The measured seismic data set was analyzed by the standard multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and advanced two-dimensional (2-D) waveform tomography methods. Eighty-one one-dimensional shear wave velocity (VS) profiles from the MASW were combined to obtain a single 2-D profile. The waveform tomography method was able to characterize subsurface structures at a high resolution (1.5- × 1.5-m cells) along the test length to a depth of 22.5 m. Very low S-wave velocity was obtained at the repaired sinkhole location. The 2-D VS profiles from the MASW and waveform tomography methods are consistent. Both methods were able to delineate high- and low-velocity soil layers and variable bedrock.

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Diene, Cheikh Diallo, and Mapathé Ndiaye. "Design and Application of a Multichannel Analysis Surface Waves Acquisition System for the Pavement Layers Investigation." Open Journal of Civil Engineering 12, no. 01 (2022): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2022.121003.

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Parhi, Partha Sarathi, Umashankar Balunaini, and Sasanka Mouli Sravanam. "Seismic site characterization of a few Indian coal ash deposits using multichannel analysis of surface waves." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 155 (April 2022): 107192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2022.107192.

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Xia, Jianghai, Yixian Xu, Yinhe Luo, Richard D. Miller, Recep Cakir, and Chong Zeng. "Advantages of Using Multichannel Analysis of Love Waves (MALW) to Estimate Near-Surface Shear-Wave Velocity." Surveys in Geophysics 33, no. 5 (2012): 841–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-012-9174-2.

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Strelec, Stjepan, Jasmin Jug, Denis Tezak, and Josip Mesec. "Improving Rigidity of Clay by Using Explosives and Proofing by Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 221 (March 1, 2019): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/221/1/012056.

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