Academic literature on the topic 'Multicultural education - Namibia - Aims and objectives'

Christian-pluralist-multicultural education is a practice (applied) of theoretical studies that are textual (consist of ideals) of the scriptures, normative theological, pedagogical, philosophical, and the values of local cultural wisdom into Christian Education practices. The purpose of this research is to develop a pluralist-multicultural Christian education in the pluralistic context of North Maluku. To achieve the objective, this research uses qualitative research methods with data collection techniques of participatory observation, in-depth interviews, document studies, and focus group discussions. The subjects in this research are religious leaders who are members of the North Maluku religious community forum (FKUB) and educators who are determined using purpose sampling technique. Data and research findings were analyzed using interactive data analysis techniques to obtain the true meaning. The results of this study found out a conception of a pluarist-multicultural in Christian education in the context of education in North Maluku. There are several themes of research findings from the results of critical dialogue between facts and theory, namely (1) the vision and mission of developing Christian education in pluralist-multicultural perspective; (2) the aims of Christian education in pluralist-multicultural perspective; (3) the elaboration of the objectives of Christian education in pluralist-multicultural perspective; (4) the content of Christian education in pluralist-multicultural perspective; (5) the characteristics of the content of Christian education in pluralist-multicultural perspective; (6) Christian education learning methods in pluralist-multicultural perspective.

Purpose – This paper aims to explore the multicultural education strategies employed by primary school teachers in Georgia. Design/methodology/approach – In-depth interviews with 65 primary school teachers were used. The interviews were analyzed using the theoretical framework of multicultural educational approaches defined by James Banks. The approaches used by Georgian teachers were classified into four approaches to multicultural education: contributions, additive, transformation and social action approaches. Findings – The research revealed that the majority of teachers use the contributions and additive approaches to multicultural education. The use of the transformation approach by teachers is very rare and only happens if school textbooks, as well as exercises and assignments in the textbooks, provide this opportunity. The social action approach to multicultural education has not been used in primary grades in Georgia. The research revealed that some teachers reject diversity in their classroom as well as the necessity of developing their students’ intercultural sensitivity. These teachers have an informed and conscious approach to not using multicultural approaches in the teaching process. This approach is named by the author as the “inactive action approach”, which is specific to Georgia and is widely used in primary school classes. Practical implications – The study has scientific and practical importance. The findings of this study also have practical importance. They can be used for the implementation of teacher education and training programs in Georgia. Consideration of these findings will contribute to the implementation of the National Objectives of General Education and the National Curriculum of Georgia. Originality/value – This study makes contribution to the development of the field of multicultural education in Georgia.

This research aims to determine the development of humanistic multicultural education in learning Islamic religious education, and implementation of Islamic religious education in a culture of tolerance in SMA Negeri Model Madani Palu. This research uses qualitative method through purposive sampling technique approach. The result of this research showed that the development of humanistic multicultural values in the learning of Islamic education is carried out according to the objectives, materials, methods and evaluation of learning in the syllabus and RPP 3 (three) hours a week. Extracurricular activities held every Saturday as an additional lesson of Islamic religious education and manners through the school program “Bina Imtaq”. Culture of tolerance implemented through the learning of Islamic education and character through the attitude and exemplary teachers of Islamic education and teachers of other subjects

Abstract -The multicultural reality of the Indonesian nation is a gift from God Almighty. This study aims to provide a rationalization, the importance of optimizing the role of civic education as a multicultural education. This research uses a qualitative approach with literary study methods, data analysis processes in the form of: data reduction, data display, verification and drawing conclusions. The results of the research obtained are: 1) Citizenship education is able to play a role as multicultural education, because the objectives and scientific structure are very supportive, especially to provide comprehensive understanding to students, so that they voluntarily maintain the nation's multiculturalism, 2) Citizenship education is able to shape the morality of students, so that consciously and fully committed to taking care of the nation's culturality, because it is a form of faith and devotion to God Almighty, as well as the real implementation of the concept of good and smart citizens.
 Abstrak - Realita kemultikulturalan bangsa Indonesia, merupakan anugerah dari Tuhan Yang Maha Esa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan rasionalisasi, pentingnya mengoptimalkan peran pendidikan pendidikan kewarganegaraan sebagai pendidikan multikultural. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi litertur, proses analisis data berupa: reduksi data, display data, verifikasi serta penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh yaitu: 1) Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan mampu berperan sebagai pendidikan multikultural, karena tujuan dan struktur keilmuannya sangat mendukung, khususnya untuk memberikan pemahaman komprehensif kepada peserta didik, agar secara sukarela menjaga kemultikulturalan bangsa, 2) Pendidikan kewarganegaraan mampu membentuk moralitas peserta didik, agar secara sadar dan penuh komitmen untuk merawat kemultikulturalan bangsa, karena sebagai bentuk keimanan dan ketakwaannya terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa, serta implementasi nyata dari konsep warga negara yang baik dan cerdas..

Objectives: Breast cancer contributes substantially to morbidity and mortality in Namibia as is the case in most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, there is a dearth of nationally representative studies that examine the odds of screening for breast cancer in Namibia and SSA at large. This paper aims to fill this gap by examining the determinants of breast cancer screening guided by the Health Belief Model. Methods: We applied hierarchical binary logit regression models to explore the determinants of breast cancer screening using the 2013 Namibia Demography and Health Survey (NDHS). We accounted for the effect of unobserved heterogeneity that may affect breast cancer, testing behaviours among women cluster level. The NDHS is a nationally representative dataset that has recently started to collect information on cancer screening. Results: The results show that women who have health insurance coverage (odds ratio (OR) = 1.62, p ≤ 0.01), maintain contact with health professionals (OR = 1.47, p = 0.01), and who have secondary (OR = 1.38, p = 0.01) and higher (OR = 1.77, p ≤ 0.01) education were more likely to be screened for breast cancer. Factors that influence women’s perception of their susceptibility to breast cancer such as birthing experience, age, region and place of residence were associated with screening in this context. Conclusions: Overall, the health belief model predicted women’s testing behaviours and also revealed the absence of relevant risk factors in the NDHS data that might influence screening. Overall, our results show that strategies for early diagnosis of breast cancer should be given major priority by cancer control boards as well as ministries of health in SSA. These strategies should centre on early screening and may involve reducing or eliminating barriers to health care, access to relevant health information and encouraging breast self-examination.

Aims and objectives: Personality psychologists argue that personality is the result of nature and nurture. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the latter. The present study considers the effect of multilingualism, a social factor, on personality. Methodology: A total of 651 multilinguals from around the world filled out an online questionnaire containing questions about participants’ language profile and a so-called “Big 5” questionnaire: the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire (short form). Data and analysis: Correlation analyses were run between the level of multilingualism of participants and their scores on five personality traits. A parceled structural equation model was then used to examine the influence of multilingualism on three personality subscales. Findings: The model indicated significant positive path coefficients between the level of multilingualism and Flexibility, Social Initiative and Open-mindedness. Significance: Our findings confirm and expand earlier research that showed that multilingualism/multiculturalism can be considered to be enduring environmental factors that contribute to the shaping of personality profiles.

Abstract Multilingual and multicultural crews have become the rule rather than the exception in the globalised maritime world. Professionals as well as researchers indicate that this increases the risk of miscommunication both on board and in external communication with major consequences for efficiency and safety (Deboo 2004, de la Campa Portela 2005 & 2006, Horck 2005, Squire 2006, Trenkner 2010). The mission statements of international shipping companies1 reveal objectives that aim not only to provide professional services, ensure safety, increase security and protect the marine environment but also to deal with cultural and linguistic diversity and how to harness its strengths and eliminate its weaknesses. Effective communication at sea plays a key role in achieving these objectives as well as in creating a harmonious and efficient working atmosphere on board. This paper offers an analysis of a survey-based research project (University of Antwerp and Antwerp Maritime Academy2 which aims to determine the linguistic and intercultural features of maritime communication that hinder or aid the quality of work onboard a merchant ship. Having established the profile of the respondent group, the paper explores the influence of (inter)cultural and linguistic features such as verbal and non-verbal communication, intercultural factors (ethical and social norms, thinking patterns, turn-taking in conversation, cross-cultural prejudices), gender issues and organisational factors on the quality of communication in the maritime sector.

This article focuses on a case study of internationalisation of education, a process of change pertaining to the mission, vision and delivery of education. Teachers working in international schools can be understood as gearing a student’s disposition towards the ability and preparedness to handle and value differences and diversity. In an effort to cope with a number of challenges from within and outside of the Netherlands, a Dutch school group in Amsterdam embarked on a process of change by adopting an international dimension to the students’ experience. Instead of these schools becoming more similar to each other, i.e. converging towards an internationalising ‘master-viewpoint’, the schools’ alignment under pressure showed a process of ‘anisomorphism’: their education’s primary function, approach, tasks, role and objectives for society were changing into different internationalising directions. However, the pragmatic expectations and actions, particularly of the parents and the students, were creating new boundaries and rationales for the schools as bargaining zones. The ‘shifting borders’ between the schools were becoming more connected with a growing international focus, yet had different pragmatic and ideological implications for each of them. The result was that these borders became permeable, a nominal erosion of differences between the ‘international’ school selectively catering for children of internationally mobile families and the other schools catering for all children in the Netherlands. ‘International schools’ became places where students were trained to engage with difference and diversity and where the students had not necessarily been crossing geographical borders. This raises the issue of the role of education in a multicultural and globalising society, as – in this case – an increase in institutional diversity within the specific Dutch national context, and an increased uncertainty about the multiple aims of education, stretched the educational as well as social boundaries which constrain the futures for which students are being prepared.

Teaching experience of speaking skills tends to be underestimated by the teacher. Because speaking, especially in Bahasa Indonesia, is considered as the mother tongue used in pupil's daily communication. In general, madrasas ibtidaiyah teachers assume that speaking skills in Bahasa Indonesia are not so essential compared to reading and writing. Speaking skills considered to be something that has been studied by pupils since birth at home so that speaking skills are not emphasized to be taught more on the primary level. When designing the learning process, the teacher only focuses on material and students' cognitive without paying attention to student skills in conveying the context or conversation. This study aims to develop a learning activities model of speaking with the content of character building and a multicultural perspective. The researchers applied the ASSURE model as the approach to developing the learning model. The findings of this study showed that the learning model is carried out by analyzing the characteristics of students, setting learning objectives, choosing media, learning methods, and teaching materials, utilizing teaching materials, involving students in learning activities, evaluating and revising learning programs. The content of character education and multiculturalism perspective are applied as teaching material.

… multicultural education does not necessarily have to imply the study of foreign second languages but the former without the later is limited and will have difficulty in producing the results it often claims to want to achieve, i.e. tolerance, peace and cross-cultural understanding (Crozet et al., 1999). This volume of Acta Linguistica Asiatica is dedicated to the area of teaching Asian languages in non-native surroundings. It is our great pleasure to announce 9 research papers on language teaching and articulation covering a wide-area of Central and Eastern Europe. The papers show us a map of Asian language teaching sites, including secondary and tertiary education, and their background systems.In her work “Poučevanje tujih jezikov v slovenskem šolskem sistemu: prostor tudi za japonščino?”, which opens the present volume, Bronka STRAUS outlines the picture of Slovene educational system. The paper reminds us that language teaching when taught as a curricular course, must be incorporated into the country’s system.The article »Chinese as a Foreign Language in Slovene Upper Secondary Education and Outline of Curriculum Renewal«by Mateja PETROVČIČ proposes a dynamic curriculum reform in secondary education mostly but targets tertiary education as well.The next article, authored by Nagisa MORITOKI ŠKOF and named »Learner Motivation and Teaching Aims of Japanese Language Instruction in Slovenia«, discusses main aims and objectives to teaching Japanese at secondary level education, and looks into the ways of how to find the place for Japanese language teaching in Slovene language curricula.Kristina HMELJAK SANGAWA in her paper “Japanese Language Teaching at Tertiary Level in Slovenia: Past Experiences, Future Perspectives” gives an introduction to the history and contents of Japanese language teaching in tertiary education in Slovenia.Following are the two articles concern teaching Asian languages in Serbia. Ana JOVANOVIĆ’s research, entitled »Teaching Chinese at the University Level – Examples of Good Practices and Possibilities for Further Developments«, presents several cases of Chinese language teaching and articulation from primary all the way to tertiary education.On the other hand, »Current State of Japanese Language Education in Serbia and Proposal for Future Solutions« by Divna TRIČKOVIĆ’s similarly discusses the Japanese language courses and their present situation in secondary education. The author points out the need for a well-thought pick up of both the teacher and the textbook, and offers an exemplar from University of Beograd.The next two articles on teaching Asian languages in Romania concern articulation mainly. Angela DRAGAN in her work »Teaching Japanese Language in Tertiary and Secondary Education: State and Private Institutions in Romania« offers a perspective on articulation at tertiary level mainly, while on the other hand, Mariana LUNGU discusses it from the view of secondary education. The Ion Creanga National college in Bucharest is the only institution in Romania which provides Japanese language education at secondary level ongoing every year.The final article by Karmen FEHER MALAČIČ “Teaching of the Japanese and Chinese Language in Extracurricular Courses for Children, Adolescents and Adults in Slovenia” brings the story back to Slovenia in a form of a survey on teaching Asian languages as extracurricular subjects. The author considers the problems and perspectives that arise within such extracurricular course and at the same time shape language education within curricular course. Nagisa Moritoki Škof

M.Ed.<br>Namibia with its new education system, is confronted like other multicultural countries, by a multicultural education dilemma. For the maintenance of effective education in Namibia, the exigencies of reality, of which multiculturalism is one, should be accommodated in the education system. There are obviously various views of multicultural education. This study attempts on the basis of derived criteria from these various views, to ascertain whether the education system of Namibia satisfies the requirement of multicultural sensitivity. The multicultural education dilemma is presented initial!y, followed by an investigation of the theoretic basis of various society models. Chapter 3 presents a short exposition of the education system before and after the independence of the country. In chapter 4 the new education system is investigated on the basis of the derived criteria and it is concluded that the education system does not meet the requirement of multicultural sensitivity. The final chapter suggests for the sake of curriculum relevance and for improving education practice, broad recommendations in respect of a multicultural sensitive curriculum.

The structure of an education system and its curricula reflects the influence of a specific paradigm. Since the onset of colonial rule and apartheid in South Africa about everything in the South African society, including the education system and curricular issues in particular, have been shaped in accordance with the macro paradigm: the modern Western paradigm. The emergence of a new paradigm: the postmodern paradigm, created the possibility of a new order of thinking which influenced all societal domains and aspects and propelled the society into the new millennium. Since 1994 a new approach forms the corner stone of all the new South African policy documents on education. It is for this reason that the issue of an arts education curriculum is investigated from a paradigmatic point of view with reference to the modern, the postmodern and the African paradigms. Various components, roles and dynamics of educational curricula cast in the modern paradigm framework are compared with characteristics of their counterparts in the postmodern paradigm framework, and how they can influence the design of curricula, especially arts education. The contribution of an African paradigmatic perspective is accounted for. A new approach to curriculum development based on the ideals of a learner-centred education approach, an outcomes-based education approach and the integration of subjects into specific learning areas has officially been adopted as the approach for transforming education and curricular issues, resulting in the present Curriculum 2005. Within the context of the Arts and Culture learning area of this Curriculum, the study concentrates on and emphasises the integration of the four art forms of dance, drama, music and visual art in order to overcome the legacy of fragmentation of a curriculum. The study culminates in a proposed integrated arts education outline for curriculum development that defines the rationale and vision for South African arts education. The researcher contends that there is sufficient scope for arts education to contribute its unique aesthetic values to the new national curriculum in South Africa and that integration of these art forms does not in any way diminish the unique character of each.<br>Didactics<br>D. Ed. (Didactics)

Text in Afrikaans<br>Die doel van die studie was om 'n model te ontwikkel vir openbare bibiioteekdiensiewering in 'n ontwikkelende land met 'n multikulturele samelewing. Die kernprobleem was om die teoretiese fundering van dienslewering en die toepassing daarvan in die praktyk te ondersoek. Die eerste subprobleem was om die eienskappe van 'n professie en professionele dienslewering te ondersoek. Die eienskappe van die professionalis/bibiiotekaris wat leiding aan die gebruiker moet gee, is geidentifiseer. Sleutelelemente is: outonomie (gekoppel aan deskundigheid en opieiding), 'n altruistiese diensorientasie en funksionele diens (volgens professionele riglyne en standaarde) aan alle groepe in die gemeenskap, ongeag sosiale kias. Die tweede subprobleem was om die doelstellings en funksies van die openbare biblioteek en die roi van gebruikersleiding daarin te ontleed. Daar is gevind dat diensleweringsfunksies in die teorie swak gefundeer is. 'n Kategorisering is voorgestel wat onderskei tussen ondersteuningsfunksies, diensleweringsfunksies en bestuursfunksies. Gebruikersleiding is geidentifiseer as oorkoepelende begrip en kernelement van alle diensleweringsfunksies wat gerig is op die optimalisering van die waarde van inligting tot beswil van die samelewing. Die derde subprobleem was om die ontstaan van 'n diensbegrip in die openbare biblioteek te beskryf en paradigmaverskuiwings uit te wys. Professionele riglyne, beginsels en standaarde, is ontleed. Afleidings is gemaak oor 'n heersende diensbegrip en rol van die openbare biblioteek. Daar is bevind dat die riglyne vir die identifisering van gebruikersgroepe en hulle behoeftes asook diensleweringsfunksies ontoereikend is. 'n Kategorisering van potensiele gebruikersgroepe en hul behoeftes is gedoen en 'n model vir openbare biblioteekdiensiewering ontwikkel om die leemte in teoretisering te vul. Die model onderskei 'n diensparadigma van dienslewering aan alie individue en groepe in die gemeenskap en missie van ontwikkeling; die primere doeiltelling opvoeding; beginsels van gemeenskapskontak; behoeftebepaling en toegang lot inligting; diensfunksies en uitreikaktiwiteite; die professionalis-klientverhouding; wetgewing, organisatoriese strukture en omgewingsfaktore. Die model is in 'n vraelysopname in die Suid-Afrikaanse openbare biblioteekpraktyk getoets. Daar is bevind dat die doelsteliings nagestreef en diensfunksies toegepas word. Die grootste probleme word in organisatoriese strukture en finansiering ondervind. Hierdie sake moet dringend aandag kry om die gestelde missie, naamlik om 'n wesenlike rol te speel in die ontwikkeling van die hele Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing, te verwesenlik.<br>The purpose of the study was to develop a model for public library service rendering in a developing and multicultural society. The core problem was to investigate the theoretical foundation of service rendering and the application thereof in practice. The first subproblem was to examine the characteristics of a profession and professional service rendering. The characteristics of the professional/ librarian who has to provide guidance to the user were identified. Key elements are: autonomy (linked to expertise and training), an altruistic service orientation and functional service (according to professional guidelines and standards) to all groups in the community irrespective of social class. The second subproblem was to analyse the aims and functions of the public library and the role of user guidance in it It was found that service rendering functions are not theoretically well grounded. A categorisation is proposed which distinguishes between supporting, service rendering and management functions. User guidance is identified as an umbrella concept and core element of all service rendering functions which is directed at optima/isirtg the value of information to the benefit of society. The third subproblem was to describe the origins of a service concept in the public library and to expose paradigm shifts. Professional guidelines, principles and standards were analysed. Conclusions were drawn about a predominant service concept and the role of the public library. It was found that guidelines for the identification of user groups and their needs as well as service rendering functions are inadequate. A categorisation of potential user groups and their needs was compiled and a model for public library service rendering was developed to bridge the gap in XXtheorisation. The model distinguishes a paradigm of service to all Individuals and groups in the community and a developmental mission; the primary aim of education; service principles of community networking, needs assessment and information access; service functions and outreach activities; the professionalclient- relationship; legislation, organisational structures and environmental factors. The model was tested in South African public library practice by means of a questionnaire survey. It was found that aims are pursued and service functions are applied. The greatest problems are experienced In organisational structures and financing. These issues must be urgently addressed to realise the public library's declared mission, namely to play a substantial role in the development of the South African society as a whole.<br>Information Science<br>D. Litt. et Phil. (Information Science)

This study begins by analysing and exploring problems associated with (a) history teaching as part of the Human and Social Sciences learning area, (b) history teaching within an Outcomes-based approach, and (c) history teaching and racism. In an effort to provide solutions to these problems the study proceeds to propose a framework for teaching history within the Human and Social Sciences learning area, to suggest a viable Outcomes-based approach to teaching history in the context of this learning area, and an attempt is also made to provide criteria for an anti-racist approach to history teaching. Further, teaching and learning strategies of how far learners can exhibit antiracist perspectives and attitudes have been developed. Overall, the study found that an interdisciplinary approach - intended to preserve history's identity within the Human and Social Sciences learning area- is worthwhile and essential, given the rich potential of the discipline to enrich and even gain from the unique insights that other disciplines within the learning area can provide. It is evident that history, either by itself or in association with other disciplines, lends itself well to Outcomes-based Education; and that while it is important and necessary to differentiate between learning outcomes on the one hand, and aims and objectives on the other, the former and the latter two demonstrate some significant overlaps. Given the crucial importance of improving race and a range of other relations in South Africa, the findings of the study seem to prove to be a feasible and indeed critically important way in which history teaching could deal with racial and other forms of viprejudice, injustice and discrimination. This seems to be the case because the findings reveal that learners registered progress in various aspects of anti-racist history teaching. Given the gains by learners, therefore, an Outcomes-based history teaching within the Human and Social Sciences learning area would seem to be an essential approach to learning programme development in the South African system of education and training.<br>Educational Studies<br>D. Ed. (Didactics)

Diversity in contemporary classrooms (across class, race, gender, and other social identity groups) is here to stay. Social justice education is a viable alternative to reach out to all participants with equity towards construction of democracy. In this chapter, the authors share about their co-teaching experience in a required Multicultural Education course for pre-service teachers where a social justice framework guided their work. They expand on the course objectives and their social justice aims. They describe how their praxis was conducive to building community in the classroom and being with each other. They expose and explore, however, a misalignment between theory and praxis surrounding social justice education when preservice teachers transition from teacher preparation programs to their own classrooms as practicing teachers. They describe through the concrete experience of one of the authors how practicing teachers are faced with different particular variables that may hinder the full realization of a social justice approach to education.