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Journal articles on the topic 'Multiculturalism and the "War on Terror"'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Schulzke, Marcus. "Creating an Enemy: Social Militarization in the War on Terror." Canadian Political Science Review 5, no. 2 (2012): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24124/c677/2011257.

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One of the most prominent effects of social militarization is hostility toward anyone of the same nationality as the enemy. This is common in conventional wars, but has become even more pronounced in the War on Terror, as the enemy is hidden in the civilian population. Western fear of Muslims was common before this war, but has escalated since. Muslims are portrayed as a monolithic group that is intrinsically hostile to the west. The war narrative legitimizes xenophobia by associating individual actions with all members of a group, and for that reason, it is potentially dangerous to Canadian m

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2

Mahajan, Gurpreet. "Multiculturalism in the Age of Terror: Confronting the Challenges." Political Studies Review 5, no. 3 (2007): 317–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-9299.2007.00133.x.

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Multiculturalism appears to be under siege in Western liberal democracies. The encounter with organised terrorism has placed a question mark against the multicultural wisdom of recognising and accommodating cultural differences in the public arena. As concerns of national security dominate the post-9/11 world, distinctions between ‘us’ and ‘them’ are surfacing in a way that has prompted some to say that the present war on terror is actually a war on Islam. Will the multicultural ethic survive in this environment? Will states be willing to accommodate cultural diversity and live with the presen

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3

Chaudhuri, Arun. "Multiculturalism, minoritization and the War on Terror: The politicization of Hinduism in North America." Journal of Postcolonial Writing 48, no. 3 (2012): 252–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449855.2012.678709.

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4

Ahmed, Shamila. "British Muslims perceptions of social cohesion: from multiculturalism to community cohesion and the ‘war on terror’." Crime, Law and Social Change 71, no. 5 (2018): 581–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10611-018-9804-9.

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5

Rehman, Javaid. "Islam, "War on Terror" and the Future of Muslim Minorities in the United Kingdom: Dilemmas of Multiculturalism." Human Rights Quarterly 29, no. 4 (2007): 831–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2007.0047.

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6

Kedikli, Umut, and Mehmet Akça. "Rising Islamophobic Discourses in Europe and Fight Against Islamophobia on the Basis of International Organizations." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 9, no. 1 (2018): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2018-0001.

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Abstract European Civilization was built on the concepts of multiculturalism, tolerance, and dialogue but in the post-Cold War period, without considering these concepts, some European politicians, scientists, and the press have associated concepts of conflict, terror, disintegration, exclusion, and assimilation with Islam. Anti-immigrant and anti-Muslim attitudes are viewed as a new coherent ideology to replace anticommunism following the post-collapse period of the Soviet Union. Thus, a new enemy image and an exclusionist and alienating discourse aimed especially at Muslim societies in Europ

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7

Tufail, Waqas, and Scott Poynting. "A Common ‘Outlawness’: Criminalisation of Muslim Minorities in the UK and Australia." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 2, no. 3 (2013): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v2i3.125.

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Since mass immigration recruitments of the post-war period, ‘othered’ immigrants to both the UK and Australia have faced ‘mainstream’ cultural expectations to assimilate, and various forms of state management of their integration. Perceived failure or refusal to integrate has historically been constructed as deviant, though in certain policy phases this tendency has been mitigated by cultural pluralism and official multiculturalism. At critical times, hegemonic racialisation of immigrant minorities has entailed their criminalisation, especially that of their young men. In the UK following the

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8

Burdsey, Daniel. "Role with the Punches: The Construction and Representation of Amir Khan as a Role Model for Multiethnic Britain." Sociological Review 55, no. 3 (2007): 611–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.2007.00724.x.

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This article examines the rapid rise to fame of teenage British Asian boxer Amir Khan following his silver medal at the 2004 Olympic Games, and provides a critical discourse analysis of the way that he was subsequently constructed and represented by politicians and the media as a role model for multiethnic Britain. The analysis demonstrates that in the periods directly after both the 2004 Olympic Games and the 7 July 2005 London bombings, the majority of discourses about, and representations of, Khan were inextricably related to contemporary debates around multiculturalism, national identity,

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9

Bullock, Katherine. "Editorial." American Journal of Islam and Society 23, no. 4 (2006): i—vi. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v23i4.1583.

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As if to give the lie to my last editorial, in which I argued that the “war onterror” was a smokescreen covering the imperial ambitions of the UnitedStates’ neo-conservative political elite, on the day that the issue went to press,Toronto’s Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) announced the arrest ofseventeen young Muslim men on terrorism-related charges. Five are under18, several are over 30, and the rest are in their late teens and early 20s.The shock permeated Toronto. Non-Muslims were shocked that “itcould happen here,” and Muslims were shocked that some of their own werewilling to kill fe

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10

Pasquino, Gianfranco. "War of terror, war on terror." Political Quarterly 87, no. 4 (2016): 611–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-923x.01_12308.

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11

Neegan, Erica. "Terror, Counter-Terror." American Journal of Islam and Society 22, no. 1 (2005): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v22i1.1737.

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Terror, Counter-Terror: Women Speak Out presents articles by severalwomen writers and women’s organizations. The book analyzes and interrogatesthe madness of male-dominated war and violence, and presentswomen’s perspectives on war and the 9/11 tragedy. Contributors includefeminist writers, authors, academics, and journalists; mothers, women ofcolor, Muslim women; and women who have had first-hand experiencewith war and its effects. The editors provide an excellent critical reappraisal of the ideas, concepts,and language that underpin the multilayered world of war, power, andpeace. The book als

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12

Giroux, Henry A. "War on terror." Third Text 18, no. 4 (2004): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0952882042000229827.

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13

Bondebjerg, Ib. "War on Terror war on democracy?" Northern Lights: Film and Media Studies Yearbook 7, no. 1 (2009): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/nl.7.29_1.

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14

Jamshed, Unsa, Amar Jahangir, and Nasira Fazil. "War on Terror: Socio-Economic Ramifications for Pakistan." Global International Relations Review V, no. I (2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(v-i).01.

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After the attack on the American twin tower on September 11, 2001, the Bush administration launched a war against the terrorists and Al-Qaeda hiding in Afghanistan. During this war, Pakistan became the front-line state due to its proximity to Afghanistan. The American war on terror also brought disastrous effects on Pakistan. Due to the war on terror, Pakistan faced and is still facing a number of challenges in its social and economic spheres. This paper is an attempt to highlight the socio-economic challenges faced by Pakistan due to the war on terror. The paper revolves around these research

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15

Nosenko, T. "Long War against Terror." World Economy and International Relations, no. 4 (2010): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2010-4-31-41.

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In the article, different reasons for the long-lasting war against international terrorism under the Islamist banner are analysed. Notwithstanding the "Al-Qaeda's" weakening, since autumn 2001, many new groups have sprung up threatening the international security. Till now, the war has been waged only against terrorists, but no serious attention has been paid to neutralization of radical Islamism as an ideology causing terrorism. In connection with the military actions in Iraq and Afghanistan, anti-western feelings have been growing up breeding radical Islamism. It is emphasized in the article

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16

McCormick, Patrick T. "Violence: Religion, Terror, War." Theological Studies 67, no. 1 (2006): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004056390606700106.

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17

Schanzer, Jonathan. "Yemen’s War on Terror." Orbis 48, no. 3 (2004): 517–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2004.04.013.

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18

Hughes, Geoffrey. "Words, war and terror." English Today 24, no. 1 (2008): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078408000047.

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ABSTRACTStarts with excerpt from Geoffrey Hughes, Words of War (ET17, 1989). The lexicon of war in the twenty-first century. The major development since this article was published (1989, the year that the Berlin Wall came down) was the terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon on 11 September 2001, now styled ‘9/11’. This used a stupefyingly original strategy of attacking the heart of America's capitalist and military establishment with the unconventional weapons of civilian aircraft and kamikazi pilots. Indeed, the bombing was a more ruthless variation of Pearl Harbour, bein

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19

Muhibullah, Ja’far. "A War on Terror." American Journal of Islam and Society 22, no. 1 (2005): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v22i1.1739.

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If you have never read a Paul Rogers’ article or book before, you will probablybe wondering who he is and from what angle he is approaching the“war on terror.” Paul Rogers is a professor of peace studies, as well as aninternational security correspondent who focuses upon trends in internationalconflict. More specifically, he examines western military responsesto regional conflicts and political violence. It is with this intellectual backgroundthat he intends to analyze and understand what is happening in theMiddle East (as events occur vis-à-vis “real time”) and predict future implicationsof B

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20

Zulkarnain, Hari, and Zulkarnain. "Criticism of the War on Terror." International Journal of Law and Politics Studies 3, no. 2 (2021): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijlps.2021.3.2.7.

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The war against terror in the mainstream of approaches and strategies is very stigmatizing towards certain cultures and results in unclear targets. The controversy over the U.S. attack on Iraq during the presidency of G W Bush Jr. was related to the issue of international legitimacy and the mainstream conceptions of terror and terrorism, with their derivative products in the approach and strategy of the war on terror. This research presents critical views from the international community on the conception of terror and terrorism and highlights the policy of the fight against terror. This resea

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21

Kedang, Ambrosius Yustinus. "Internasionalisasi dan Internalisasi Wacana War on Terror." JURNAL SOSIAL POLITIK 3, no. 2 (2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/sospol.v3i2.4883.

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AbstrakPeristiwa 9/11 menimbulkan reaksi tegas dari Amerika Serikat (AS). AS melalui Presiden Bush dalam pidatonya pada tanggal 20 September 2001 menyatakan perang melawan terorisme “War On Teror”. Pernyataan ini dengan cepat menginternasional dan menginternalisasi negara-negara di dunia termasuk Indonesia. War On Teror mengkonstruksi dunia, memberikan identitas, norma, tingkah laku dan kepentingan yang baru bagi aktor-aktor dalam hubungan internasional dan bagi komunitas internasional. Wacana War on Terror kemudian mendorong masing-masing negara untuk membentuk berbagai aturan (norma) dan lem

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22

Caron, James. "Why Decenter the “War on Terror” in Histories of the “War on Terror”?" International Journal of Middle East Studies 54, no. 2 (2022): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743822000411.

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When I first began my doctoral work on Afghanistan, and up until quite recently, I had never wanted to write about war. I began my PhD only a month before 11 September 2001, but already the field had been so overdetermined by war—by ideas of political Islam, by the political economy of violence—that I resolved to write a thesis about vital unanswered questions regarding Afghanistan's longer history. Of course I grew to regard this strategy of ignoring war as both naive and morally indefensible. For quite a while, this shaped my teaching more than my research. In my classes on Afghanistan's war

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23

Bennett, Bruce. "Framing terror: Cinema, docudrama and the ‘War on Terror’." Studies in Documentary Film 4, no. 3 (2010): 209–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/sdf.4.3.209_1.

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24

Tuman, John P., Jonathan R. Strand, and Majid Shirali. "FOREIGN POLICY ALIGNMENT WITH THE WAR ON TERROR: THE CASE OF JAPAN'S FOREIGN AID PROGRAM." Journal of East Asian Studies 17, no. 3 (2017): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jea.2017.14.

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AbstractMany scholars have suggested that Japan aligned its foreign policy with the US War on Terror. Part of Japan's alignment is said to have involved disbursement of foreign aid to support the US in Afghanistan and Iraq, and with other security interests associated with the War on Terror. To date, however, there has been little empirical study of this question. Employing a data set on Japanese aid to 133 countries between 1995 and 2008, we examine the War on Terror and Japanese ODA. We find that Japanese aid was aligned with some security interests in the War on Terror, but the effects were

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25

Wang, Yaojie, Xiaolong Cui, and Peiyong He. "Winning the War on Terror." International Journal of Information Technology and Web Engineering 17, no. 1 (2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitwe.288038.

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From the perspective of counter-terrorism strategies, terrorist risk assessment has become an important approach for counter-terrorism early warning research. Combining with the characteristics of known terrorists, a quantitative analysis method of active risk assessment method with terrorists as the research object is proposed. This assessment method introduces deep learning algorithms into social computing problems on the basis of information coding technology. We design a special "Top-k" algorithm to screen the terrorism related features, and optimize the evaluation model through convolutio

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26

Kampmark, Binoy. "Australia's “War on Terror” Discourse." Australian Journal of Politics & History 63, no. 1 (2017): 152–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajph.12339.

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27

Barwick, Nick. "Editorial: witnessing terror and war." Psychodynamic Practice 9, no. 3 (2003): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1475363031000138942.

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28

Calkin, Abigail B. "The Global War on Terror." Behavioral Development Bulletin 20, no. 2 (2015): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0101378.

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29

Oberleitner, Gerd. "A just war against terror?" Peace Review 16, no. 3 (2004): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1040265042000278487.

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30

Walklate, Sandra. "‘Seeing’ gender, war and terror." Criminology & Criminal Justice 18, no. 5 (2018): 617–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895818780193.

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This article explores the questions posed for criminology when war and terror are seen through a gendered lens. Following Barberet this lens demands blurring the boundaries between peace-time, war-time and post-conflict situations. These boundaries frame the nomos of criminology and once challenged the connections to be made between the ‘callousness’ of femicide and the ‘callousness’ of environmental destruction are exposed. Using photographs as the vehicle through which such a challenge can be maintained, the gendered analysis that follows poses conceptual and methodological questions for the

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31

Reese, Stephen D., and Seth C. Lewis. "Framing the War on Terror." Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism 10, no. 6 (2009): 777–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884909344480.

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32

Stevenson, Jonathan. "Demilitarising the ‘War on Terror’." Survival 48, no. 2 (2006): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396330600765443.

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33

Zanger, Anat. "BetweenHomelandandPrisoners of War: remaking terror." Continuum 29, no. 5 (2015): 731–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2015.1068733.

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34

Rogers, Paul. "Reconsidering the War on Terror." RUSI Journal 152, no. 4 (2007): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071840701574664.

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35

Bashir, Sadaf. "POLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF PAKISTAN’S ENGAGEMENT IN THE US-LED ‘WAR ON TERROR’." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 02 (2022): 828–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i2.534.

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This study examines the political dimensions of Pakistan’s engagement as a frontline state in the US-led ‘War on Terror.’ The study argues that the ‘War on Terror’ overwhelmingly impacted Pakistan’s political milieu. Internally, the ‘War on Terror’ undermined civilian institutions, contributed to political fragmentation and increased military and violence. Moreover, the US-backed prolonged Musharraf rule, US structural presence in the country and deepening civil-military imbalance squeezed the political space of Pakistan Peoples Party-led government, thereby further complicating Pakistan’s pol

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36

Deflem, Mathieu. "Ending the War on the War on Terror." Contexts 8, no. 4 (2009): 76–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ctx.2009.8.4.76.

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37

Calcutt, Bill. "Just war theory and the war on terror." Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism 6, no. 2 (2011): 108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2011.605125.

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38

Robinson, Cheri. "Residente’s ‘War’ and the reframing of terror." Studies in Spanish & Latin American Cinemas 17, no. 3 (2020): 331–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/slac_00025_1.

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The music video ‘Guerra’/‘War’ (Pérez Joglar or Residente 2017), directed and sung by the Puerto Rican musician Residente (René Pérez Joglar), features war-scarred landscapes, fleeing refugees, overcrowded camps and eerily idyllic suburban life. The discordant realities challenge viewers’ potential apathy towards ongoing conflicts and refugee crises while the rap lyrics in Spanish, when sung by the listener, conflate the singer with suffering groups, thus placing suffering and terror centre-stage through visuals and lyrics. This article proposes that Residente begins his music video with a nar

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39

Spence, Keith. "World Risk Society and War against Terror." Political Studies 53, no. 2 (2005): 284–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2005.00529.x.

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I interpret the ‘war against terror’, declared following September 11 2001, as adopting concepts drawn from the work of Ulrich Beck, as a projection of world risk society. Despite its global character, war against terror is constructed through outmoded vocabularies of national security and sovereignty, within which the reasoned negotiation of risk is marginalized. This exclusion contributes to the intensification rather than reduction of terror and terrorism. In so doing the moment of violence inscribed within the concept of the political resurfaces in the constitution of war against terror, H

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40

Chumburidze, Tea. "How to Fight the War on Terror: Civilization and Ideology." Journal in Humanities 2, no. 1 (2014): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31578/hum.v2i1.271.

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The purpose of this article is to understand what the concept of ‘victory’ in the war on terror would actually mean. The traditionalnotion of winning a war is clear, defeating an enemy on the battlefield and forcing it to accept political terms. However, it isimportant to determine what does victory or defeat mean in a war on terror? Will this kind of war ever end? How long will it take?Former U.S. President George Bush’s approach to the war on terror implicated the use of offensive measures against terroristorganizations. This approach was criticized by leading Democrats who argued that it wa

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41

Akram, Nabel, and Komal Tariq. "War on Terrorism in Pakistan: Security Challenges and Safety Prioritization." Social Science and Humanities Journal 8, no. 04 (2024): 34765–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/sshj.v8i04.981.

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This paper highlights the dynamics of war on terror among the Pakistan, Afghanistan and the United States of America. It provides the strategic importance such as political, economic and militarily interests in the region. This study also shows the policies and strategies adopted by the US and Pakistan to save their interests in the American led war on terror. War against terror or war on terror, is an internationally military campaign that was launched by the Bush administration. The fatalistic incident known as 9/11 happened in 2001 in which approximately 2700 people were killed and numberle

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42

Lipschultz, Jeremy Harris. "Framing Terror: Violence, Social Conflict, and the “War on Terror”." Electronic News 1, no. 1 (2007): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19312430709336902.

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Lipschultz, Jeremy Harris. "Framing Terror: Violence, Social Conflict, and the "War on Terror"." Electronic News 01, no. 01 (2007): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s19312431en0101_5.

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44

Jarvis, Lee. "Times of terror: writing temporality into the War on Terror." Critical Studies on Terrorism 1, no. 2 (2008): 245–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17539150802184637.

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45

Jung, Byongsam. "Effects of Multiculturalism Education for KOREAN MILITARY CADETS." J-Institute 1, no. 2 (2016): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22471/terror-ism.2016.1.2.07.

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46

Ishrat, Afshan Abbasi, Kumar Khatwani Mukesh, and Yasmin Panhwar Farida. "Social Costs of War Against Terrorism in Pakistan (2002–2012)." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 13, no. 2 (2020): 127–40. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2020/v13i02/146113.

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Abstract <strong>Objective:</strong> The terrorist attacks of September 9/11 ensued war on terror, which had world-wide implications. Being a front-line state in this war, Pakistan faced several human security challenges and risks on social, economic, and psychological grounds. This article critically analyses the impact of war on terror, which jeopardized lives of common people and aggravated militancy and extremism in the country. <strong>Method:</strong> This is a qualitative case study research that tries to establish an in-depth understanding of the social phenomenon of war on t

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47

Arar, Khalid. "Internationalisation and Multiculturalism in Maltese Society." Malta Journal of Education 1, no. 1 (2020): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.62695/wsnf9660.

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Migration is an ancient phenomenon; however, the extent, duration, and consequences of present-day international migration seem far more complex and challenging than in the past. In the 21st century, various factors generate migration, ranging from civil and international wars to political and economic crises (for example, Venezuela) and to simply the search for a better life (Arar, Orucu and Waite 2020). Over the last three decades, many wars have displaced enormous populations - including the first and second Gulf Wars, the Gaza War, the Somalian Civil War, the Bosnian War, the Arab Spring c

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48

Hesford, Wendy S. "Staging Terror." TDR/The Drama Review 50, no. 3 (2006): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram.2006.50.3.29.

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What might at first appear as two disparate performance spaces—a gallery and a theatre—are actually complementary aspects of the traumatic real. The juxtaposition of the Inconvenient Evidence photography exhibit on abuses at Abu Ghraib prison and the documentary play Guantánamo: “Honor Bound to Defend Freedom” suggests a correspondence between the documentary spectacles of war and theatre.

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49

Mehmood, Shahid, Sadia Sulaiman, and Abdul Jabbar. "Discourse analysis of the US War on Terror policy in Afghanistan." Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS) 3, no. 1 (2022): 487–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/3.1.34.

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This paper discusses discourse analysis on the “war on terror” after 9/11. It argues that the USA framed a specific discourse based on securing and legitimizing its political and strategic objectives in the war on terror in Afghanistan. This study uses the qualitative method of discourse analysis to analyse official texts and key statements by the U.S. Government on the war on terror after 9/11. It explains that the U.S. discourse on the war on terror resulted from the geo-strategic overstretch policy. The withdrawal of the U.S. from Afghanistan was a failure of discourse; however, it question

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50

Ishfaq, Uroosa, Kashif Ashfaq, and Muhammad Haroon. "War on Terror and its Implications on Khyber Pakhtunkhwa." Global International Relations Review V, no. IV (2022): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(v-iv).02.

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Pakistan’s role as a front-line country for the US in the War on Terror has profound implications for its domestic politics and foreign policy. With a majority Pashtun population, KPK has been a target of the War on Terror because of its social setup, cultural restraints, and the faith of its population at the boundary with Afghanistan. The socio-cultural similarities and geographical proximity with Afghanistan have made it important for Al-Qaeda militants. The War on Terror in KPK had negative political, economic,and social repercussions for the area and as a result, created hatred in the Pas

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