Journal articles: 'Multilayer Graphene'

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Huang, Jen Ching, and Tsung Ching Lin. "Study on Mechanical Properties of Multilayer Graphene/Epoxy Nanocomposites." Key Engineering Materials 846 (June 2020): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.846.29.

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In this paper, the implementation and testing of multilayer graphene/epoxy resin nanocomposites are discussed. Firstly, the epoxy resin hardener is mixed with the multilayer graphene, and then mixed with the main agent, then poured into the mold, and the low temperature cooling system is used. The curing time of the epoxy resin is slowed down, and the bubble is removed before the complete hardening by the vacuum defoaming method, and the mechanical properties such as tensile strength and toughness are compared with the pure epoxy resin after being sufficiently hardened. In this paper, we investigated the effect of multilayer graphene content on mechanical properties by using the tensile test and impact test. We discussed the effect of multilayer graphene content on the coefficient of elasticity of the multilayer graphene/epoxy resin composites at different stretching rates. And the toughness of the multilayer graphene/epoxy resin composites was evaluated by impact test. After the experiment, it was found that the stretching rate has a certain degree of influence on the grapheme/epoxy resin composite material. And that the addition of 2% multilayer graphene to epoxy resin had the best effect and could effectively improve the coefficient of elasticity and toughness.

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First, Phillip N., Walt A. de Heer, Thomas Seyller, Claire Berger, Joseph A. Stroscio, and Jeong-Sun Moon. "Epitaxial Graphenes on Silicon Carbide." MRS Bulletin 35, no. 4 (April 2010): 296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2010.552.

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AbstractThis article reviews the materials science of graphene grown epitaxially on the hexagonal basal planes of SiC crystals and progress toward the deterministic manufacture of graphene devices. We show that the growth of epitaxial graphene on Si-terminated SiC(0001) differs from growth on the C-terminated SiC(0001) surface, resulting in, respectively, strong and weak coupling to the substrate and to successive graphene layers. Monolayer epitaxial graphene on either surface displays the expected electronic structure and transport characteristics of graphene, but the non-graphitic stacking of multilayer graphene on SiC(0001) determines an electronic structure much different from that of graphitic multilayers on SiC(0001). This materials system is rich in subtleties, and graphene grown on the two polar faces of SiC differs in important ways, but all of the salient features of ideal graphene are found in these epitaxial graphenes, and wafer-scale fabrication of multi-GHz devices already has been achieved.

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Polyakova, Polina V., and Julia A. Baimova. "Mechanical Properties of Graphene Networks under Compression: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 7 (April 3, 2023): 6691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076691.

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Molecular dynamics simulation is used to study and compare the mechanical properties obtained from compression and tension numerical tests of multilayered graphene with an increased interlayer distance. The multilayer graphene with an interlayer distance two-times larger than in graphite is studied first under biaxial compression and then under uniaxial tension along three different axes. The mechanical properties, e.g., the tensile strength and ductility as well as the deformation characteristics due to graphene layer stacking, are studied. The results show that the mechanical properties along different directions are significantly distinguished. Two competitive mechanisms are found both for the compression and tension of multilayer graphene—the crumpling of graphene layers increases the stresses, while the sliding of graphene layers through the surface-to-surface connection lowers it. Multilayer graphene after biaxial compression can sustain high tensile stresses combined with high plasticity. The main outcome of the study of such complex architecture is an important step towards the design of advanced carbon nanomaterials with improved mechanical properties.

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Voitko, K. V., O. M. Bakalinska, Yu V. Goshovska, Yu I. Sementsov, and M. T. Kartel. "Catalase-like properties of multilayer graphene oxides and their modified forms." Surface 12(27) (December 30, 2020): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2020.12.251.

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The catalytic system, that mimets catalase enzyme such as “multilayer graphene oxide /peroxide molecule” in aqueous media was investigated. The main factors that influence on catalyst’s effectiveness were determining. The catalytic activity of as-synthesized multilayered graphene oxides, and their modified forms (oxidized and nitrogen doped) were investigated in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxides at room temperature and physiological pHs by measuring the volume of released gases. A phosphate buffer with a pH of 5 to 8 was chosen as the reaction medium. The original and modified samples were characterized using XPS, TPD-MS, Boehm titration analyses. The effect of surface chemistry on the catalytic reaction proceeding has been studied. It was found that catalysis on the graphene plane is determined by the presence of heteroatoms in their structure. The catalytic process takes place in the kinetic zone over the entire accessible surface of the samples. The active sites of the catalysts contain a large amount of both nitrogen and oxygen-containing functional groups. In addition, the surface of graphene oxide is hydrophilic, which enhances the catalytic reaction in an aqueous medium. It has been established that the rate of hydrogen peroxide decomposition by reduced graphene oxide samples is lower than for samples modified with oxygen and nitrogen. The catalase-like activity of graphene increases in alkaline pH up to 7.8. Studies have shown that samples of multilayer graphenes with a high content of functional groups can be an alternative to the catalase enzyme as a catalyst for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in physiological solutions.

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Stajic, Jelena. "Twisted multilayer graphene." Science 365, no. 6456 (August 29, 2019): 879.2–880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.365.6456.879-b.

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Smirnova, D. A., I. V. Iorsh, I. V. Shadrivov, and Y. S. Kivshar. "Multilayer graphene waveguides." JETP Letters 99, no. 8 (June 2014): 456–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s002136401408013x.

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Ferreira, H., G. Poma, D. R. Acosta, J. Barzola-Quiquia, M. Quintana, L. Barreto, and A. Champi. "Laser power influence on Raman spectra of multilayer graphene, multilayer graphene oxide and reduced multilayer graphene oxide." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1143 (December 2018): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1143/1/012020.

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Davydov, V. N. "The recurrent relations for the electronic band structure of the multilayer graphene." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 474, no. 2220 (December 2018): 20180439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2018.0439.

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The structure of the electronic energy bands for stacked multilayer graphene is developed using the tight-binding approximation (TBA). The spectra of the Dirac electrons are investigated in vicinity of the Brillouin zone minima. The electron energy dependence on quasi-momentum is established for an arbitrary number of the graphene layers for multilayer graphene having even number of layers N = 2 n , ( n = 2, 3, 4, …) with the Bernal stacking ABAB … AB; or for odd number of layers N = 2 n + 1, ( n = 1, 2, 3, …) with stacking ABAB … A. It is shown that four non-degenerate energy branches of the electronic energy spectrum are present for any number of layers. Degeneracy is considered of graphene-like energy branches with linear dispersion law. Dependences of such branches number and their degeneracy are found on number of layers. The recurrent relations are obtained for the electronic band structure of the stacked ABA…, ABC… and AAA… multilayer graphene. The flat electronic bands are obtained for ABC-stacked multilayer graphene near the K -point at the Fermi level. Such an approach may be useful in the study of multivarious aspects of graphene's physics and nanotechnologies. Also paper gives new hints for deeper studies of graphite intercalation compounds.

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9

Wu, Qinke, Sangjun Jeon, and Young Jae Song. "Growth Phase Diagram of Graphene Grown Through Chemical Vapor Deposition on Copper." Nano 15, no. 10 (October 2020): 2050137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292020501374.

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The phase diagram for graphene growth was obtained to understand the physics of the growth mechanism and control the layer number or coverage of graphene deposited on copper via low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). Management of the number of graphene layers and vacancies is essential for producing defect-free monolayer graphene and engineering multilayered functionalized graphene. In this work, the effects of the CH4 and H2 flow rates were investigated to establish the phase diagram for graphene growth. Using this phase diagram, we selectively obtained fully covered and partially grown monolayer graphene, graphene islands through Volmer–Weber growth, and multilayer graphene through Stranski–Krastanov-like growth. The layer numbers and coverage were determined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The growth modes were determined by the competition between catalytic growth with CH4 and catalytic etching with H2 on the copper surface during CVD growth. Intriguingly, this phase diagram showed that multilayer graphene flakes can be grown via LPCVD even with low CH4 and H2 flows.

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Balan, Adriana Elena, Ali AL-Sharea, Esmaeil Jalali Lavasani, Eugenia Tanasa, Sanda Voinea, Bogdan Dobrica, and Ioan Stamatin. "Paraffin-Multilayer Graphene Composite for Thermal Management in Electronics." Materials 16, no. 6 (March 13, 2023): 2310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16062310.

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Multilayer graphene–paraffin composites with different contents of graphene (0–10 wt.%) were prepared using an ultra-high shear mixer. The aim is to improve the heat transfer in paraffin wax, which will lead to more-efficient thermal buffering in electronic applications. The multi-layer graphenes obtained by supercritical fluid exfoliation of graphite in alcohol were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Interesting morphological features were found to be related to the intercalation of paraffins between the multilayer graphene flakes. Thermal properties were also investigated in terms of phase change transition temperatures, latent heat by differential scanning calorimetry and thermal conductivity. It was found that the addition of graphene resulted in a slight decrease in energy storage capacity but a 150% improvement in thermal conductivity at the highest graphene loading level. This phase-change material is then used as a thermal heat sink for an embedded electronic processor. The temperature of the processor during the execution of a pre-defined programme was used as a performance indicator. The use of materials with multilayer graphene contents of more than 5 wt.% was found to reduce the processor operating temperature by up to 20%. This indicates that the use of such composite materials can significantly improve the performance of processors.

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11

Myers, Nathan M., Francisco J. Peña, Natalia Cortés, and Patricio Vargas. "Multilayer Graphene as an Endoreversible Otto Engine." Nanomaterials 13, no. 9 (May 5, 2023): 1548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13091548.

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We examine the performance of a finite-time, endoreversible Otto heat engine with a working medium of monolayer or multilayered graphene subjected to an external magnetic field. As the energy spectrum of multilayer graphene under an external magnetic field depends strongly on the number of layers, so too does its thermodynamic behavior. We show that this leads to a simple relationship between the engine efficiency and the number of layers of graphene in the working medium. Furthermore, we find that the efficiency at maximum power for bilayer and trilayer working mediums can exceed that of a classical endoreversible Otto cycle. Conversely, a working medium of monolayer graphene displays identical efficiency at maximum power to a classical working medium. These results demonstrate that layered graphene can be a useful material for the construction of efficient thermal machines for diverse quantum device applications.

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12

Hong, Hyo Chan, Jeong In Ryu, and Hyo Chan Lee. "Recent Understanding in the Chemical Vapor Deposition of Multilayer Graphene: Controlling Uniformity, Thickness, and Stacking Configuration." Nanomaterials 13, no. 15 (July 30, 2023): 2217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13152217.

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Multilayer graphene has attracted significant attention because its physical properties can be tuned by stacking its layers in a particular configuration. To apply the intriguing properties of multilayer graphene in various optoelectronic or spintronic devices, it is essential to develop a synthetic method that enables the control of the stacking configuration. This review article presents the recent progress in the synthesis of multilayer graphene by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). First, we discuss the CVD of multilayer graphene, utilizing the precipitation or segregation of carbon atoms from metal catalysts with high carbon solubility. Subsequently, we present novel CVD approaches to yield uniform and thickness-controlled multilayer graphene, which goes beyond the conventional precipitation or segregation methods. Finally, we introduce the latest studies on the control of stacking configurations in bilayer graphene during CVD processes.

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13

Liu, Daosen, Shengsheng Wei, and Dejun Wang. "Sensitivity Comparison between Monolayer Graphene and Multilayer Graphene." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 25, no. 3 (August 31, 2022): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v25i3.a10.

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Graphene is an excellent piezoresistive material. The gauge factor of graphene mirrors the sensitivity of electromechanical devices. This paper mainly studies the gauge factors of different layers of graphene under different deformation conditions. Specifically, a theoretical model was combined with linearized Boltzmann transport equation, and the density function theory (DFT) to explore how the layer number of graphene affects sensitivity. The results show that monolayer graphene is slightly more sensitive than two-layer graphene, and significantly more sensitive than three-layer graphene and four- layer graphene. In particular, monolayer graphene remains highly sensitive under large deformation conditions, which gives monolayer graphene a significant advantage over other layers of graphene. Furthermore, a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) pressure sensor was proposed with monolayer graphene, and compared with previous similar sensors with multilayer graphene in terms of sensitivity.

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Todorović, Dejan, Aleksandar Matković, Marijana Milićević, Djordje Jovanović, Radoš Gajić, Iva Salom, and Marko Spasenović. "Multilayer graphene condenser microphone." 2D Materials 2, no. 4 (November 26, 2015): 045013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/2/4/045013.

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15

Gao, He, and Hao Tang. "Synthesis of multilayer graphene and hollow multilayer graphene nanoparticles via gaseous detonation." Materials Letters 277 (October 2020): 128388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.128388.

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16

POTEMSKI, M. "LANDAU LEVEL SPECTROSCOPY OF DIRAC-LIKE FERMIONS IN MULTILAYER GRAPHENE." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 12n13 (May 20, 2009): 2665–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209062141.

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The results of spectroscopic (magneto-transmission and Raman scattering) studies1–8 of multilayers of carbon which are thermally decomposed from carbon-terminated surface of silicon carbide, and of thin layers of highly oriented pyrolytic and natural graphite were presented. Those carbon multilayers on silicon carbide which are not directly affected by the SiC / C interface and which in consequence are nearly charge neutral show the magneto-optical properties identical with the properties characteristic of a single graphite sheet, graphene. Inter Landau level transitions in this multilayer graphene have been studied in a wide spectral range from far-infrared to almost visible region. The dispersion relations of electronic states are found to reflect the form of the Dirac cone with almost perfect electron-hole symmetry and only weak deviations from linearity at high energies. Cyclotron resonance transition in multilayer graphene can be observed in magnetic fields down to 40 mT, and its width is practically independent on temperature up to 300 K. Such parameters as carrier mobility and minimal conductivity as well as the possibility to probe the immediate vicinity of the Dirac point were evaluated and discussed in detail. For comparison, the magneto-optical properties of thin layers of bulk graphite were also reported. The Dirac like electronic dispersion relations are also found in these systems, but only in the vicinity of the particular (H) point of the Brillouin zone. In general, the measured spectra are, however, more complex and reflect the three-dimensional character of graphene layers with Bernal stacking. Note from Publisher: This article contains the abstract only.

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Morsin, Marriatyi, Suhaila Isaak, Marlia Morsin, and Yusmeeraz Yusof. "Characterization of Defect Induced Multilayer Graphene." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 3 (June 1, 2017): 1452. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i3.pp1452-1458.

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<p class="Abstract">A study of oxygen plasma on multilayer graphene is done with different flow rates. This is to allow a controlled amount of defect fabricated on the graphene. Results from the study showed that the intensity ratio of defect between D peak and G peak was strongly depended on the amount of oxygen flow rate thus affected the 2D band of the spectra. The inter-defect distance L<sub>D </sub>≥ 15 nm of each sample indicated that low-defect density was fabricated. The surface roughness of the multilayer graphene also increased and reduced the conductivity of the multilayer graphene.</p>

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Colson, Matthew, Leandro Alvarez, Stephanie Michelle Soto, Sung Hee Joo, Kai Li, Andrew Lupini, Kashif Nawaz, et al. "A Novel Sustainable Process for Multilayer Graphene Synthesis Using CO2 from Ambient Air." Materials 15, no. 17 (August 26, 2022): 5894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15175894.

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Graphene produced by different methods can present varying physicochemical properties and quality, resulting in a wide range of applications. The implementation of a novel method to synthesize graphene requires characterizations to determine the relevant physicochemical and functional properties for its tailored application. We present a novel method for multilayer graphene synthesis using atmospheric carbon dioxide with characterization. Synthesis begins with carbon dioxide sequestered from air by monoethanolamine dissolution and released into an enclosed vessel. Magnesium is ignited in the presence of the concentrated carbon dioxide, resulting in the formation of graphene flakes. These flakes are separated and enhanced by washing with hydrochloric acid and exfoliation by ammonium sulfate, which is then cycled through a tumble blender and filtrated. Raman spectroscopic characterization, FTIR spectroscopic characterization, XPS spectroscopic characterization, SEM imaging, and TEM imaging indicated that the graphene has fifteen layers with some remnant oxygen-possessing and nitrogen-possessing functional groups. The multilayer graphene flake possessed particle sizes ranging from 2 µm to 80 µm in diameter. BET analysis measured the surface area of the multilayer graphene particles as 330 m2/g, and the pore size distribution indicated about 51% of the pores as having diameters from 0.8 nm to 5 nm. This study demonstrates a novel and scalable method to synthesize multilayer graphene using CO2 from ambient air at 1 g/kWh electricity, potentially allowing for multilayer graphene production by the ton. The approach creates opportunities to synthesize multilayer graphene particles with defined properties through a careful control of the synthesis parameters for tailored applications.

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Li, Qiongyu, Fang Li, You Li, Yongping Du, Tien-Mo Shih, and Erjun Kan. "Hydrogen Induced Etching Features of Wrinkled Graphene Domains." Nanomaterials 9, no. 7 (June 28, 2019): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9070930.

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Wrinkles are observed commonly in CVD (chemical vapor deposition)-grown graphene on Cu and hydrogen etching is of significant interest to understand the growth details, as well as a practical tool for fabricating functional graphene nanostructures. Here, we demonstrate a special hydrogen etching phenomenon of wrinkled graphene domains. We investigated the wrinkling of graphene domains under fast cooling conditions and the results indicated that wrinkles in the monolayer area formed more easily compared to the multilayer area (≥two layers), and the boundary of the multilayer area tended to be a high density wrinkle zone in those graphene domains, with a small portion of multilayer area in the center. Due to the site-selective adsorption of atomic hydrogen on wrinkled regions, the boundary of the multilayer area became a new initial point for the etching process, aside from the domain edge and random defect sites, as reported before, leading to the separation of the monolayer and multilayer area over time. A schematic model was drawn to illustrate how the etching of wrinkled graphene was generated and propagated. This work may provide valuable guidance for the design and growth of nanostructures based on wrinkled graphene.

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Shkrebtii, Anatoli I., Benjamin Wilk, Robert Minnings, Reinaldo Zapata-Penã, Sean M. Anderson, Bernardo S. Mendoza, and Ihor M. Kupchak. "Graphene-Boron Nitride 2D Heterosystems Functionalized with Hydrogen: Structure, Vibrations, Optical Response, Electron Band Engineering and Bonding." Advances in Science and Technology 98 (October 2016): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.98.117.

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We characterise from first principles the structure and bonding in 2D heterosystems made of bilayers or trilayers of graphene and graphene-like-materials (GLMs), stacked on top of each other, and functionalized using hydrogen. The effects of electron band gap opening and tuning, as well as formation of strongly bonded multilayers have been predicted. The linear and nonlinear optical and vibrational spectra were modelled for hydrogenated alternating graphene monolayers with insulating hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) films. Here we focus mostly on the structural aspect of the 2D heterosystems. The simulated atomic and related electron structures indicate that submonolayer hydrogenation of the outer surfaces of multilayer systems induces covalent interlayer bonds and enables electron gap engineering in otherwise gapless graphene or wide-band gap h-BN. Calculated structural, vibrational, electronic and optical properties of the systems of interest aim to enabling in-situ noninvasive characterization of graphene based multilayers.

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Kumar Srivastava, Ashish, and Vimal Kumar Pathak. "Elastic properties of graphene-reinforced aluminum nanocomposite: Effects of temperature, stacked, and perforated graphene." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 234, no. 9 (June 9, 2020): 1218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420720930739.

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In this article, the elastic and shear moduli of the graphene sheet-reinforced aluminum nanocomposite have been investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. Different models have been simulated to study the effect of multilayer graphene sheet, perforation of GS, and temperature on the elastic and shear moduli of resulting nanocomposite. The simulation results show that the elastic and shear moduli of graphene sheet-reinforced aluminum are sensitive to the temperature changes, multilayer, and perforated graphene sheets. The temperature and perforation of graphene sheets exert adverse effects on the elastic and shear moduli of graphene sheet-reinforced aluminum nanocomposites. However, the multilayer graphene sheet leads to favorable effects on the stiffness properties of the nanocomposite. It is also observed that there is only a marginal effect of the chirality of graphene sheet on the out-of-plane shear moduli of the nanocomposite.

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Marinova, Vera, Stefan Petrov, Blagovest Napoleonov, Jordan Mickovski, Dimitrina Petrova, Dimitre Dimitrov, Ken-Yuh Hsu, and Shiuan-Huei Lin. "Multilayer Graphene for Flexible Optoelectronic Devices." Materials Proceedings 4, no. 1 (November 11, 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iocn2020-07900.

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Graphene has attracted considerable interest as a prospective material for future electronics and opto-electronics. Here, the synthesis process of large area few layers graphene by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (APCVD) technique is demonstrated. Quality assessments of graphene are performed and confirmed by Raman analysis and optical spectroscopy. Next, graphene was transferred on Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) substrates and implemented as transparent conductive electrode in flexible Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC) devices. Their electro-optical properties, such as voltage-dependent transmittance and flexibility behavior are measured and discussed. The stability of the sheet resistance after 1200 bending tests of graphene/PET structure is demonstrated. The obtained results open a great potential of graphene integration into the next generation Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) free flexible and stretchable optoelectronics.

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Liu, Aaron, and Qing Peng. "A Molecular Dynamics Study of the Mechanical Properties of Twisted Bilayer Graphene." Micromachines 9, no. 9 (August 31, 2018): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9090440.

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Graphene is one of the most important nanomaterials. The twisted bilayer graphene shows superior electronic properties compared to graphene. Here, we demonstrate via molecular dynamics simulations that twisted bilayer graphene possesses outstanding mechanical properties. We find that the mechanical strain rate and the presence of cracks have negligible effects on the linear elastic properties, but not the nonlinear mechanical properties, including fracture toughness. The “two-peak” pattern in the stress-strain curves of the bilayer composites of defective and pristine graphene indicates a sequential failure of the two layers. Our study provides a safe-guide for the design and applications of multilayer grapheme-based nanoelectronic devices.

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Zhang, Qi, Xing Pang, and Yulong Zhao. "Effect of the External Velocity on the Exfoliation Properties of Graphene from Amorphous SiO2 Surface." Crystals 11, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11040454.

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External action has a significant influence on the formation of high-quality graphene and the adhesion of graphene on the surface of the MEMS/NEMS device. The atomic-scale simulation and calculation can further study the exfoliation process of graphene by external actions. In multilayer graphene systems where graphene layers were simulated weakly contacted with SiO2 substrate, a constant vertical upward velocity (Vup) was applied to the topmost layer. Then two critical velocities were found, and three kinds of distinct exfoliation processes determined by critical upward velocities were observed in multilayer graphene systems. The first critical velocities are in the range of 0.5 Å/ps–3.18 Å/ps, and the second critical velocities are in the range of 9.5 Å/ps–12.1 Å/ps. When the Vup is less than the first critical velocity, all graphene layers will not be exfoliated. When Vup is between the first and second critical Vup, all layers can be exfoliated almost synchronously at last. When Vup is larger than the second critical Vup, the topmost layer can be exfoliated alone, transferring energy to the underlying layers, and the underlying layers are slowly exfoliated. The maximum exfoliation force to exfoliate the topmost layer of graphene is 3200 times larger than that of all graphene layers. Moreover, it is required 149.26 mJ/m2 to get monolayer graphene from multilayers, while peeling off all layers without effort. This study explains the difficulty to get monolayer graphene and why graphene falls off easily during the transfer process.

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Chen, Duoli, Chaoliang Gan, Xiaoqiang Fan, Lin Zhang, Wen Li, Minhao Zhu, and Xin Quan. "Improving the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of XNBR Using ILs/KH550-Functionalized Multilayer Graphene." Materials 12, no. 17 (August 30, 2019): 2800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12172800.

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Graphene has been considered an ideal nanoscale reinforced phase for preparing high-performance composites, but the poor compatibility and weak interfacial interaction with the matrix have limited its application. Here a highly effective and environmentally friendly method for the functionalization of graphene is proposed through an interaction between as-exfoliated graphene and (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (KH550), in which 1-butylsulfonate-3-methylimidazolium bisulfate (BSO3HMIm)(HSO4) ionic-liquids-modified graphene was prepared via an electrochemical exfoliation of graphite in (BSO3HMIm)(HSO4) solution, then (BSO3HMIm)(HSO4)-modified graphene as a precursor was reacted with amine groups of KH550 for obtaining (BSO3HMIm)(HSO4)/KH550-functionalized graphene. The final products as filler into carboxylated acrylonitrile‒butadiene rubber (XNBR) improve the dynamic mechanical properties. The improvement in the dynamic mechanical properties of the nanocomposite mainly depends on high interfacial interaction and graphene’s performance characteristics, as well as a good dispersion between functionalized graphene and the XNBR matrix.

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Zhang, Na, Yiqun Mao, Shuangshuang Wu, and Wei Xu. "Effects of the Ball Milling Process on the Particle Size of Graphene Oxide and Its Application in Enhancing the Thermal Conductivity of Wood." Forests 13, no. 8 (August 19, 2022): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13081325.

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To improve the dispersion of graphene oxide particles in wood for better thermal conductivity, this paper proposes the feasibility of obtaining graphene oxide with a smaller particle size using ball milling and its application in melamine resin-modified poplar veneer. The median diameter of multilayer graphene oxide was measured to learn the effects of different ball milling conditions on the particle size of graphene oxide, and the optimum ball milling process was chosen. In addition, the microscopic characterization of graphene oxide under the optimum ball milling process was carried out to investigate the microstructural changes in multilayer graphene after ball milling. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of the graphene oxide/melamine resin-impregnated mixture modified veneer with the optimum ball milling process was also tested. The results show that, under the optimum ball milling process conditions of SDS wet ball milling with a vibration frequency of 30 Hz for 60 min, the particle size of the multilayer graphene was the smallest, and the median diameter could be reduced to 124 nm. Simultaneously, the thermal conductivity of the melamine resin-modified poplar veneer enhanced by the ball-milled graphene reached 0.405 W·m−1·K−1. In addition, it revealed that the number of graphene oxide layers was reduced to four after ball milling. However, the multilayer graphene was partially oxidized, the lamellar structure was destroyed and the crystallinity was reduced.

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Wu, Gui Long, Long Liu, Xiao Zong, Yan He, and Ze Peng Wang. "Study on Thermal Conductivity of Multilayer Graphene/NR Composite." Advanced Materials Research 933 (May 2014): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.933.3.

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Graphene/NR composite was prepared in emulsion blending and the multilayer graphene was about 4-8 layers. Different mass fraction of this kind of graphene was mixed into NR in this work.The thermal conductivity of this compositive system was respected to be improved apparently since the high thermal conductivity of graphene. In this work, TEM(Transmission electron microscope) was used to observe the structure and morphology of the multilayer graphene. NETZSCH LFA was used to research the change of thermal conductivity with the fraction of grahene changing. DSC(differential scanning calorimetry) was used to research the structure change in the series of composites. The TEM results showed that the graphene we used is 4-5 layers. LFA had proved that the multilayer graphene has affected the thermal conductivity of matrix greatly and DSC also provided evidence to support the same views.

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Hendaoui, Ali, and Abdullah Alshammari. "Preparation of Nitrogen-doped Holey Multilayer Graphene Using High-Energy Ball Milling of Graphite in Presence of Melamine." Materials 16, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010219.

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Holey graphene, consisting of graphene sheets with in-plane nanopores, has recently attracted more attention as it expands graphene applications to other fields inaccessible by the pristine graphene. To ensure an effective implementation of holey graphene in the market, it is crucial to explore new preparation methods that are simple, cost effective, eco-friendly, versatile, and scalable. While ball milling of graphite in presence of exfoliating agents was found very effective in the preparation of graphene (doped and undoped) and graphene-composites, this technique remains unexplored for the preparation of holey graphene. In the present work, Nitrogen-doped multilayer holey graphene sheets were prepared by an all-solid, one-step procedure based on high-energy ball milling of graphite as the starting material in presence of melamine in a shaker-type mill for 1 hour under ambient conditions. Melamine acted simultaneously as an exfoliating agent to enhance the exfoliation of graphene layers and a diluent to protect graphite against the continuous fragmentation into amorphous carbon during the high-energy “shock” mode of ball milling. The high-energy “shock” mode of ball milling of graphite in presence of melamine induced the formation of multilayer defective graphene as an intermediate product before being converted into N-doped multilayer holey graphene after the removal of the in-plane defects during the milling process. The characterization of the final product confirmed the formation of N-doped multilayer holey graphene with a content in nitrogen as high as 12.96 at.%, making it promising for energy storage and energy conversion applications.

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29

Min, Hongki, and Allan H. MacDonald. "Electronic Structure of Multilayer Graphene." Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement 176 (2008): 227–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptps.176.227.

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Zhu, Shou-En, Shengjun Yuan, and G. C. A. M. Janssen. "Optical transmittance of multilayer graphene." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 108, no. 1 (September 30, 2014): 17007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/108/17007.

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Nishioka, Masaya, and A. M. Goldman. "Spin transport through multilayer graphene." Applied Physics Letters 90, no. 25 (June 18, 2007): 252505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2750397.

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Kovalska, Evgeniya, Ihor Pavlov, Petro Deminskyi, Anna Baldycheva, F. Ömer Ilday, and Coskun Kocabas. "NLL-Assisted Multilayer Graphene Patterning." ACS Omega 3, no. 2 (February 6, 2018): 1546–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b01853.

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Hao, Lei, and L. Sheng. "Optical conductivity of multilayer graphene." Solid State Communications 149, no. 43-44 (November 2009): 1962–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2009.07.034.

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Qiao, Yancong, Yunfan Wang, He Tian, Mingrui Li, Jinming Jian, Yuhong Wei, Ye Tian, et al. "Multilayer Graphene Epidermal Electronic Skin." ACS Nano 12, no. 9 (July 24, 2018): 8839–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b02162.

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Frasca, D., D. Schulze, V. Wachtendorf, C. Huth, and B. Schartel. "Multifunctional multilayer graphene/elastomer nanocomposites." European Polymer Journal 71 (October 2015): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.07.050.

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Qi, Limei, and Chang Liu. "Broadband multilayer graphene metamaterial absorbers." Optical Materials Express 9, no. 3 (February 19, 2019): 1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.9.001298.

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Novikov, Yu N., V. A. Gritsenko, G. Ya Krasnikov, and O. M. Orlov. "Multilayer graphene-based flash memory." Russian Microelectronics 45, no. 1 (January 2016): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063739715060050.

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Kuroda, Marcelo A., J. Tersoff, Dennis M. Newns, and Glenn J. Martyna. "Conductance through Multilayer Graphene Films." Nano Letters 11, no. 9 (September 14, 2011): 3629–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl201436b.

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Sadeghi, Mehdi, and Vahid Ahmadi. "Multilayer graphene based optical bistability." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 35, no. 3 (February 8, 2018): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.35.000528.

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Andrade, Joseph A., Jan Folkson, Mohamed Boukhicha, Amanda J. Carr, and Matthew D. Eisaman. "Bifacial Multilayer Graphene Float Transfer." Advanced Functional Materials 30, no. 49 (September 13, 2020): 2005103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202005103.

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Almassov, Nurlan, Sean Kirkpatrick, Zhanna Alsar, Nurzhan Serik, Christos Spitas, Konstantinos Kostas, and Zinetula Insepov. "Crosslinking Multilayer Graphene by Gas Cluster Ion Bombardment." Membranes 12, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12010027.

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In this paper, we demonstrate a new, highly efficient method of crosslinking multilayer graphene, and create nanopores in it by its irradiation with low-energy argon cluster ions. Irradiation was performed by argon cluster ions with an acceleration energy E ≈ 30 keV, and total fluence of argon cluster ions ranging from 1 × 109 to 1 × 1014 ions/cm2. The results of the bombardment were observed by the direct examination of traces of argon-cluster penetration in multilayer graphene, using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Further image processing revealed an average pore diameter of approximately 3 nm, with the predominant size corresponding to 2 nm. We anticipate that a controlled cross-linking process in multilayer graphene can be achieved by appropriately varying irradiation energy, dose, and type of clusters. We believe that this method is very promising for modulating the properties of multilayer graphene, and opens new possibilities for creating three-dimensional nanomaterials.

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Murguía-Romero, Gabriela, Angel Sánchez, and Ricardo Zavaleta-Madrid. "Electromagnetic Properties in Multilayer Graphene within the Ritus Formalism: Transverse Electrical Conductivity." Advances in Science and Technology 98 (October 2016): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.98.125.

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Within the framework of the Quantum Field Theory, we discuss how to study electromagnetic properties of a multilayer graphene sample in the presence of electric and magnetic fields, both perpendicular to the graphene planes. We deal with the multilayer system by taking into account the quantum mechanical supersymmetric property of the monolayer Hamiltonian. We solve the Dirac equation for the graphene charge carriers by using the Ritus formalism. This formalism consists in the diagonalization of the operator with and the Dirac gamma matrices which contain information about the pseudo-spin. We calculate the charge carrier propagator for the monolayer case, and we obtain the photon polarization operator, the leading quantum correction to the classical Lagrangian density that encodes the electromagnetic properties of the system through the constitutive equations. With the quantum supersymmetrical properties of both, the monolayer and the multilayer graphene Hamiltonians, it is possible to extend our results to obtain the charge carrier propagator for the multilayer case.

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Orrill, Michael, Dustin Abele, Michael J. Wagner, and Saniya LeBlanc. "Sterically Stabilized Multilayer Graphene Nanoshells for Inkjet Printed Resistors." Electronic Materials 2, no. 3 (September 14, 2021): 394–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronicmat2030027.

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In the field of printed electronics, there is a pressing need for printable resistors, particularly ones where the resistance can be varied without changing the size of the resistor. This work presents ink synthesis and printing results for variable resistance, inkjet-printed patterns of a novel and sustainable carbon nanomaterial—multilayer graphene nanoshells. Dispersed multilayer graphene nanospheres are sterically stabilized by a surfactant (Triton X100), and no post-process is required to achieve the resistive functionality. A surface tension-based adsorption analysis technique is used to determine the optimal surfactant dosage, and a geometric model explains the conformation of adsorbed surfactant molecules. The energetic interparticle potentials between approaching particles are modeled to assess and compare the stability of sterically and electrostatically stabilized multilayer graphene nanoshells. The multilayer graphene nanoshell inks presented here show a promising new pathway toward sustainable and practical printed resistors that achieve variable resistances within a constant areal footprint without post-processing.

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Lee, Jae-Hwang, Phillip E. Loya, Jun Lou, and Edwin L. Thomas. "Dynamic mechanical behavior of multilayer graphene via supersonic projectile penetration." Science 346, no. 6213 (November 27, 2014): 1092–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1258544.

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Multilayer graphene is an exceptional anisotropic material due to its layered structure composed of two-dimensional carbon lattices. Although the intrinsic mechanical properties of graphene have been investigated at quasi-static conditions, its behavior under extreme dynamic conditions has not yet been studied. We report the high–strain-rate behavior of multilayer graphene over a range of thicknesses from 10 to 100 nanometers by using miniaturized ballistic tests. Tensile stretching of the membrane into a cone shape is followed by initiation of radial cracks that approximately follow crystallographic directions and extend outward well beyond the impact area. The specific penetration energy for multilayer graphene is ~10 times more than literature values for macroscopic steel sheets at 600 meters per second.

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Brudnik, Sergei V., Elena V. Yakovleva, Nikolay V. Gorshkov, Denis I. Artyukhov, and Andrei V. Yakovlev. "Electrode material based on multilayer graphene oxide for chemical current sources." Electrochemical Energetics 21, no. 4 (December 16, 2021): 206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1608-4039-2021-21-4-206-215.

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The results of the studies of the electrochemical synthesis of multilayer graphene oxide were presented, and the possibility of using it as an electrode material of the supercapacitor was shown. In an alcohol suspension the thickness of the particles of multilayer graphene oxide was less than 0.1 µm with an area of more than 100 µm2. The graphene oxide-based electrode has a high specific capacity of 107 F·g−1 and a high charge retention rate of 97% after 5000 cycles. It was shown that the graphene oxide electrode had a maximum specific energy of 8.7 W·h·kg−1 at the current density of 0.1 A·g−1 and had a maximum power of 2291.1 W·kg−1 at the current density of 4 A·g−1. The application of a lithium-thionyl chloride cell with a multilayer graphene oxide cathode on a nickel grid was tested. It was found that graphene oxide synthesized using the electrochemical method is a promising electrode material for creating a symmetric supercapacitor.

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Pisarkiewicz, Tadeusz, Wojciech Maziarz, Artur Małolepszy, Leszek Stobiński, Dagmara Agnieszka Michoń, Aleksandra Szkudlarek, Marcin Pisarek, Jarosław Kanak, and Artur Rydosz. "Nitrogen Dioxide Sensing Using Multilayer Structure of Reduced Graphene Oxide and α-Fe2O3." Sensors 21, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21031011.

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Multilayers consisting of graphene oxide (GO) and α-Fe2O3 thin layers were deposited on the ceramic substrates by the spray LbL (layer by layer) coating technique. Graphene oxide was prepared from graphite using the modified Hummers method. Obtained GO flakes reached up to 6 nanometers in thickness and 10 micrometers in lateral size. Iron oxide Fe2O3 was obtained by the wet chemical method from FeCl3 and NH4OH solution. Manufactured samples were deposited as 3 LbL (GO and Fe2O3 layers deposited sequentially) and 6 LbL structures with GO as a bottom layer. Electrical measurements show the decrease of multilayer resistance after the introduction of the oxidizing NO2 gas to the ambient air atmosphere. The concentration of NO2 was changed from 1 ppm to 20 ppm. The samples changed their resistance even at temperatures close to room temperature, however, the sensitivity increased with temperature. Fe2O3 is known as an n-type semiconductor, but the rGO/Fe2O3 hybrid structure behaved similarly to rGO, which is p-type. Both chemisorbed O2 and NO2 act as electron traps decreasing the concentration of electrons and increasing the effective multilayer conductivity. An explanation of the observed variations of multilayer structure resistance also the possibility of heterojunctions formation was taken into account.

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Zhang, Qi, Xin Ma, and Yulong Zhao. "Adhesion Behavior between Multilayer Graphene and Semiconductor Substrates." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 2107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112107.

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A high bonding strength between graphene and a semiconductor surface is significant to the performance of graphene-based Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems/Nano-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS/NEMS) devices. In this paper, by applying a series of constant vertical upward velocities (Vup) to the topmost layer of graphene, the exfoliation processes of multilayer graphene (one to ten layers) from an Si semiconductor substrate were simulated using the molecular dynamics method, and the bonding strength was calculated. The critical exfoliation velocities, adhesion forces, and adhesion energies to exfoliate graphene were obtained. In a system where the number of graphene layers is two or three, there are two critical exfoliation velocities. Graphene cannot be exfoliated when the Vup is lower than the first critical velocity, although the total number of graphene layers can be exfoliated when the Vup is in the range between the first critical velocity and second critical velocity. Only the topmost layer can be exfoliated to be free from the Si surface if the applied Vup is greater than the second critical velocity. In systems where the number of graphene layers is four to ten, only the topmost layer can be free and exfoliated if the exfoliation velocity is greater than the critical velocity. It was found that a relatively low applied Vup resulted in entire graphene layers peeling off from the substrate. The adhesion forces of one-layer to ten-layer graphene systems were in the range of 25.04 nN–74.75 nN, and the adhesion energy levels were in the range of 73.5 mJ/m2–188.45 mJ/m2. These values are consistent with previous experimental results, indicating a reliable bond strength between graphene and Si semiconductor surfaces.

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Dobrovolskas, Darius, Shingo Arakawa, Shinichiro Mouri, Tsutomu Araki, Yasushi Nanishi, Jūras Mickevičius, and Gintautas Tamulaitis. "Enhancement of InN Luminescence by Introduction of Graphene Interlayer." Nanomaterials 9, no. 3 (March 12, 2019): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9030417.

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Indium nitride (InN) luminescence is substantially enhanced by the introduction of a multilayer graphene interlayer, mitigating the lattice mismatch between the InN epilayer and the Gallium nitride (GaN) template on a sapphire substrate via weak van der Waals interaction between graphene and nitride layers. The InN epilayers are deposited by radio-frequency plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and are characterized by spatially-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy using confocal microscopy. A small blue shift of the emission band from the band gap evidences a low density of equilibrium carriers, and a high quality of InN on multilayer graphene. A deposition temperature of ~375 °C is determined as optimal. The granularity, which is observed for the InN epilayers deposited on multilayer graphene, is shown to be eliminated, and the emission intensity is further enhanced by the introduction of an aluminum nitride (AlN) buffer layer between graphene and InN.

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Lin, Miao-Ling, Min Feng, Jiang-Bin Wu, Fei-Rong Ran, Tao Chen, Wei-Xia Luo, Heng Wu, et al. "Intralayer Phonons in Multilayer Graphene Moiré Superlattices." Research 2022 (May 30, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2022/9819373.

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Moiré pattern in twisted multilayers (tMLs) induces many emergent phenomena by subtle variation of atomic registry to modulate quasiparticles and their interactions, such as superconductivity, moiré excitons, and moiré phonons. The periodic superlattice potential introduced by moiré pattern also underlies patterned interlayer coupling at the interface of tMLs. Although this arising patterned interfacial coupling is much weaker than in-plane atomic interactions, it is crucial in moiré systems, as captured by the renormalized interlayer phonons in twisted bilayer transitional metal dichalcogenides. Here, we determine the quantitative relationship between the lattice dynamics of intralayer out-of-plane optical (ZO) phonons and patterned interfacial coupling in multilayer graphene moiré superlattices (MLG-MS) by the proposed perturbation model, which is previously challenging for MLGs due to their out-of-phase displacements of adjacent atoms in one atomic plane. We unveil that patterned interfacial coupling introduces profound modulations on Davydov components of nonfolded ZO phonon that are localized within the AB-stacked constituents, while the coupling results in layer-extended vibrations with symmetry of moiré pattern for moiré ZO phonons. Our work brings further degrees of freedom to engineer moiré physics according to the modulations imprinted on the phonon frequency and wavefunction.

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Dong, Jun, Weili Wang, Xiaofeng Wang, Shaojun Qiu, Maohua Du, Bo Tan, Yanjing Yang, and Taizhong Huang. "Influences of Multilayer Graphene and Boron Decoration on the Structure and Combustion Heat of Al3Mg2 Alloy." Nanomaterials 10, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10102013.

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To improve the engine-driven performance of propellants, high-energy alloys such as Al and Mg are usually adopted as annexing agents. However, there is still room for improvement in the potential full utilization of alloy energy. In this study, we investigated how to improve combustion efficiency by decorating Al3Mg2 alloy with multilayer graphene and amorphous boron. Scanning electron microscopy and Raman tests showed that decorating with multilayer graphene and amorphous boron promoted the dispersion of Al3Mg2 alloy. The results showed that decorating with 1% boron and 2% multilayer graphene improved the combustion heat of Al3Mg2 alloy to 32.8 and 30.5 MJ/kg, respectively. The coexistence of two phases improved the combustion efficiency of the matrix Al3Mg2 alloy.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Multilayer Graphene'

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