Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Multimodal transport of goods agreement'

O presente estudo aborda o o contrato de transporte multimodal, nacional e internacional, de mercadorias inicialmente no direito comparado e, posteriormente, sob a análise econômica do direito. Na primeira parte, com relação à abordagem comparada, será analisado primeiro o contrato nacional de transporte multimodal de mercadorias sob a perspectiva do direito Brasileiro, sua natureza jurídica e pressupostos do contrato de transporte multimodal de mercadorias, bem como o quadro legislativo, com atenção ao equívoco do Código Civil e o acerto da Legislação Específica. Ainda com relação à abordagem comparada, serão analisadas as dificuldades decorrentes da regulação do transporte multimodal de mercadorias no direito Internacional, primeiramente pelo Cenário Internacional e as dificuldades na Determinação da Lei Aplicável ao Contrato e, então, uma avaliação de cada uma das convenções unimodais possivelmente aplicáveis. Na segunda parte, sob a análise econômica do direito, será avaliada, primeiro, uma mudança de paradigma diante da análise econômica do contrato de transporte multimodal de mercadorias e a transição de uma visão individualista de contrato a caminho de uma transformação. Então, será abordado o surgimento de um ambiente contratual cooperativo pela aplicação da Teoria do Equilíbrio de Nash. Ao final, será demonstrada a superioridade do contrato de transporte multimodal de mercadorias sob a ótica da eficiência, ante o pouco alcance prático dos Contratos de Transporte Unimodais.
This paper discusses the multimodal contract, both national and international, for the transport of goods initially in comparative law and later under the economic analysis of law . In the first part of this paper, regarding the comparative approach, will first be analyzed the national contract for the multimodal transport of goods, from the perspective of Brazilian law. It will be analyzed the legal nature and conceptual characteristics of the multimodal freight transport contract and the legislative framework, with attention to the misconception of the Brazilian Civil Code and the success of Specific Legislation . Also regarding the comparative approach, it shall be analyzed the difficulties arising from the regulation of multimodal transport of goods in international law, first by the International Scenario and the difficulties in the determination of the law applicable to the contract and then a review of each of the unimodal conventions possibly applicable. In the second part of this work, under the economic analysis of law, it will be assessed, first, a paradigm shift on the economic analysis of multimodal freight transport contract and the transition from an individualistic approach. Then, it shall be addressed the emergence of a cooperative contractual environment through the application of the Nash Equilibrium Theory. In the end, it will be demonstrated the superiority of the multimodal transport of goods contract from the perspective of efficiency, compared to the little practical scope of unimodal transport of goods contracts.

Ces dernières années, les problèmes environnementaux sont fortement associés à l'industrie des transports, les modes de transport de marchandises deviennent plus que la contribution la plus importante entre les autres secteurs. Malgré les avantages du transport intermodal, il a toujours des impacts négatifs, qui sont associés aux émissions. Cependant, la pollution est devenue intéressante entre les secteurs académique et industriel. Ainsi, pour atténuer les impacts négatifs du transport de marchandises, cela gagne de plus en plus en pertinence dans le domaine de la logistique. Pour répondre à ces enjeux et défis, pour identifier les apports de la logistique verte à l'optimisation du transport de marchandises, augmenter l'efficacité des opérations d'optimisation liées à la plateforme de transport multimodal.Le fonctionnement optimal du transport de conteneurs est particulièrement important lorsque le transport de marchandises de manière écologique peut être réalisé en combinant différents modes de transport et en coordonnant des activités telles que la recherche du chemin le plus court. Dans le système de transport multimodal de conteneurs, la sélection du mode de transport et de l'itinéraire a un effet important sur le processus de transport des conteneurs de transport. Dans cette thèse, pour organiser le transport multimodal de manière plus efficace, le facteur de routage des conteneurs est considéré avec le facteur de trajet du mode de transport. On étudie l'influence des caractéristiques incertaines du fonctionnement du nœud sur le mode de transport et le choix de l'itinéraire dans le processus de conversion du mode de transport du transport multimodal conteneurisé. Pour minimiser le coût total, un modèle de programmation mixte avec des contraintes de temps est introduit. La transformation graphique est utilisée pour transformer le problème en modèle de chemin le plus court avec des caractéristiques aléatoires et des contraintes de temps de transport dans les opérations de nœud. En vérifiant et en analysant les résultats, le chemin obtenu est acceptable d'un point de vue coût et temps. Ainsi, cela réduit la congestion du trafic et minimise les émissions. Dans le contexte de la congestion du trafic et de la réduction des émissions, cette thèse propose une technologie de peloton pour améliorer la consommation de carburant, la flexibilité routière et optimiser les opérations de transport de conteneurs. Dans cette thèse, un système de téléphérique pour le transport de petites marchandises est proposé et analysé afin de réduire la congestion du trafic dans la zone urbaine.La recherche conclue à l'optimisation des plates-formes de transport multimodal vise à réduire les impacts négatifs sur l'environnement et à maximiser la rentabilité en maximisant les services offerts qui minimisent le coût total de transport ainsi que le temps de transport entre chaque paire de nœuds Origine-Destination (OD) dans le réseau de transport. Ces travaux contribuent également à réduire les émissions de dioxyde de carbone en diminuant la consommation de carburants et en réduisant les coûts d'exploitation. Sur la base de ces travaux, des plates-formes de transport de conteneurs plus efficaces et efficientes peuvent être réalisées. Cette thèse introduit la base théorique de l'optimum de transport multimodal qui permet l'intégration entre différents modes. Parallèlement, il contribue à la logistique de l'efficacité du transport multimodal / intermodal
In recent years, environmental issues are highly associated with the transport industry, modes of goods transport become more than contribution as largest between other sectors. Despite the benefits of intermodal transport, it still has negative impacts, which are associated with emission. However, pollution has become interesting between academic and industrial sectors. Thus, to mitigate the negative impacts caused by goods transport, that gains more and more relevance in the logistics domain. To meet these issue and challenges, to identify the contributions that green logistics to the optimization of freight transport, the increase the efficiency of the multimodal transport platform related optimization operations.The optimal operating of container transport is particularly important where goods transport in an environmentally way can be achieved by combining different modes of transport and coordinating activities such as finding the shortest path. In the multimodal container transport system, the selection of the transport mode and route has a large effect on the transport container transport process. In this thesis, to organize multimodal transport in a more efficient manner the container routing factor is considered along with the path factor of transport mode. The influence of the uncertain characteristics of the node operation on the transport mode and route choice in the process of converting the transport mode from containerized multimodal transport is studied. To minimize the total cost, an integer mixed programming model with time constraints is introduced. The graphical transformation is used to transform the problem into the shortest path model with random characteristics and transport time constraints in the node operations. By verifying and analyzing the results, the path obtained is acceptable from a cost and time perspective. Thus, this reducing traffic congestion and minimizing emissions. In the context of traffic congestion and emissions reduction, in this thesis a platoon technology is proposed to improve to reduce fuel consumption, road flexibility and optimize container transport operations. In this thesis, a ropeway system for the transport of small-scale goods is proposed and analyzed to reduce the traffic congestion within the urban area.The research concluded to optimization multi-modal transport platforms aims to reduce negative impacts on the environment and maximize profitability maximizing the services offered that minimize the total transportation cost as well as minimize the transportation time between each pair of Origin-Destination (O-D) nodes in the transport network. This work also contributes to reducing carbon dioxide emissions by decreasing consumption fuels and reducing operating costs. Based on this work, more effective and efficient container transport platforms can be achieved. This thesis introduces the theoretical base of optimal of multi-modal transport which can integration between different modes. Meanwhile, it contributes to logistics of multi/inter-modal transport efficiency

In September 2008, a consignment of pirated batteries, which were marked with Panasonic’s trademark, were retained by Swedish Customs. Panasonic sent a warning letter to the freight forwarding company, Tavatur, demanding it to destroy the batteries through the simplified procedure in (EC) No 1383/2003. However, since Sweden has not implemented the simplified procedure, Tavatur was unable to destroy the batteries without a court order from Sweden. Panasonic therefore sued Tavatur, the legal dispute being what liability freight forwarders have for pirated goods. Due to technical developments within different modes of transport, freight forwarders’ role has changed over the last few decades, from simple duties where the freight forwarder held an intermediary position, to a more independent role in which they now have to be legally classified as either a carrier or an agent. Unfortunately, legal development within multimodal transport has failed to keep pace with the speed of technical development. Bills of Lading, for example, have historically been working as receipts, but due to modern packing techniques, they have lost the normal evidence function they once had. Although there are some international regulations concerning freight forwarding services, they do not extend beyond the countries in which such conditions are used. When a dispute occurs between transport operators, which follow different regulations, the liability of the freight forwarders is unclear. Therefore, freight forwarders are in the need of harmonised legislation, especially concerning their liability for trademark infringements. Nonetheless, there are ways in which freight forwarder can avoid these disputes with right-holders, namely; by protecting themselves with legal cost insurance and via establish their liability through the use of contracts. However, Sweden and other Member States, which have not implemented the simplified procedure, should reconsider an implementation of it.

The United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods of 24th May 1980 is an appropriate answer to the legal and political problems raised by through carriage and containerisation.
Traditionally, when goods were transferred from one mode to another they were also transferred to a new legal regime. There was no coherent legal regime governing carrier liability for goods moving in multimodal transport. The Convention creates a new liability system and confer international legal sanction on the responsibilities and immunities flowing from the multimodal transport contract.
The Convention compromises between the needs of developing countries--who called for provisions on regulation and control of multimodal operations at the domestic level--and the demands of developed countries--who wanted the convention to deal primarily with private law matters and pointed to the danger of conflicts with modal conventions.
The Convention is not yet in force but its provisions are the basis of current through carriage contracts.

La distribution du fret urbain est essentielle au fonctionnement des économies urbaines.Cependant, il contribue de manière significative à des problèmes tels que la congestion dutrafic et la pollution de l'environnement. Afin de répondre aux défis de la société moderne,l'organisation des processus logistiques nécessite des effets d'optimisation synergique desprocessus physiques et l'application de technologies innovantes. L'accent est mis surl'optimisation continue des processus dans le but de fournir au client final des services plusrapides, de meilleure qualité et plus rentables. L'objectif principal de cette recherche est decontribuer à l'écologisation de la distribution de fret urbain, qualité et rapidité des serviceset minimisation des coûts du transport en développant de nouveaux modèles mathématiqueset algorithmes concernant le problème de collecte et livraison de marchandises. Ainsi, cettethèse montre l’importance de l’intégration du drone avec les camions dans la distribution dequelques marchandises
The distribution of urban freight is essential to the functioning of urban economies.However, it contributes significantly to problems such as traffic congestion andenvironmental pollution. In order to meet the challenges of modern society, the organizationof logistics processes requires synergistic optimization effects of physical processes and theapplication of innovative technologies. The emphasis is on the continuous optimization ofprocesses with the aim of providing the end customer with faster, better and more profitableservices. The main objective of this research is to contribute to the greening of urban freightdistribution, quality and speed of services and minimization of transport costs by developingnew mathematical models and algorithms concerning the problem of collection and deliveryof goods. Thus, this thesis shows the importance of the integration of the drone with thetrucks in the distribution of some goods

The transport of dangerous goods is one of the most complicated kinds of transportation. Dangerous goods have characteristics that can be hazardous for people, properties and environment. That is why the dangerous shipment have to be transported according to the special rules. The ADR agreement heads towards the unification of those rules between all contracting parties and it also contributes to the elimination or reduction of accidents.

The master‘s thesis focuses on the risks of transporting dangerous goods by road. The introductory part deals with related legislation of the Czech Republic is analyzed, followed by international legislation. In the European Union, the transport of dangerous goods is regulated primarily by the European agreement concerning the International carriage of dangerous goods by road (ADR). Between 2002 and 2019, master‘s thesis analyzes and describes the statistics of traffic accidents with the presence of dangerous goods. Furthermore, this master‘s thesis also analyzes the characteristics of the sources of traffic accident risks, and when activating the risk, the possible effects of traffic accidents and subsequent leakage of dangerous goods are described. In fulfilling the aims of the master‘s thesis, agreement was found in the causes of traffic accidents in statistics and in the literature in the fact that in 80% it is the fault of the human factor. Analysis of a set of 10 large accidents with the presence of dangerous goods using a modified "What, if" method identified impacts on public assets. Based on these identified impacts, measures were proposed that would be appropriate to apply in the public interest.

Cette étude porte sur la question de l’efficacité de la convention d’arbitrage à l’égard des opérateurs du transport maritime de marchandises. Dans un premier temps, la question qui se pose est celle de la détermination du droit applicable à l’efficacité de ladite clause. A cet égard, notre attention se concentre sur l’interprétation et l’application des principes propres à l’arbitrage international par la jurisprudence maritime. L’examen des clauses d’arbitrage insérées dans un contrat de transport maritime ne saurait échapper aux spécificités du droit de transport maritime ainsi qu’aux dispositions des conventions maritimes internationales. Par ailleurs, l’approche du sujet par la méthode comparative nous permettra de découvrir, à travers les solutions concrètes finalement retenues dans les trois systèmes juridiques en question, que l’effet juridique de la clause compromissoire est directement lié à l a position contractuelle de ces opérateurs. Parmi les personnes impliquées dans le transport maritime, le destinataire des marchandises nous intéresse plus particulièrement. Ce dernier n’étant pas présent, en effet, au moment de la formation du contrat, les conditions de son engagement par une clause compromissoire insérée, presque toujours « par référence » dans le titre de transport, font l’objet d’un vif débat doctrinal et jurisprudentiel
This study is primarily focused on the enforceability of arbitration agreements incorporated in contracts of carriage of goods by sea. First, we will cover the important issue of determining the law applicable to these arbitration agreements. Special attention will be given to how courts tend to implement general international arbitration principles to maritime disputes. An arbitration agreement incorporated in acontract of carriage of goods by sea should also be analyzed in light of the specificities of maritime transport law and applicable international shipping conventions. Moreover, the comparative methodology used herein will show that the enforceability of arbitration agreements is closely related to the qualification of the operators involved in the contract. In particular, among the commercial players involved in the carriage of the goods, we sought to examine the legal position of the consignee of the goods. Indeed, since the consignee is absent at the moment of the contract formation, the binding effect there upon of the arbitration agreement, which is generally incorporated “by reference” to the bill of lading, is highly debated by scholars and judges

Aim of the Master’s thesis is analysis of problems of the dangerous goods road transportation, especially transport of flammable liquids. It analyses the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road and its special requirements. Thesis also covers road tanker accidents and the removal of leaked petroleum products. In practical portion the work on resistance testing of asphalt mixtures against several types of fuel is presented.

L'objet de ce mémoire est d'étudier la façon dont la limitation de responsabilité est appliquée dans le transport multimodal international de marchandises. La première partie du mémoire déterminera le concept du transport multimodal, ainsi que les origines de la limitation de responsabilité dans le transport de marchandises. On étudiera aussi comment la responsabilité est limitée dans les divers modes de transport qui peuvent composer le transport multimodal, avec un spécial intérêt sur l'Amérique du Nord. La deuxième partie du mémoire fera une analyse des diverses conventions et traités internationaux qui peuvent régir le transport multimodal international, en étudiant la façon dont la limitation de responsabilité est régie par ces conventions. De même, une analyse sera faite sur l'utilité et justification actuelle d'une limite à la responsabilité des transporteurs de marchandises. Finalement on étudiera les possibilités d'obtenir un traité international qui régisse le transport multimodal et qui puisse établir une limite de responsabilité uniforme a travers le monde.
The purpose of this thesis is to study the manner in which liabilities are limited in the international multimodal transport of goods. The first part of the thesis will establish the concept of multimodal transport, as well as the origins of the limitation of liability in the transportation of goods. We shall also study how the liability is limited in the various modes of transport that conform multimodal transport, making a special emphasis in North America. The second part of the thesis will analyze the different conventions and international treaties that may regulate the multimodal transport of goods, by studying the manner in which limitation of liability is regulated in these conventions. It will also analyze will be made about the present need and justification of a limitation of liability for transporters of goods. Finally, we shall study the possibility of an international treaty being created which will regulate the multimodal international transport of goods and which will establish a uniform limitation of liability through out the world.
"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de L.L.M. en droit des affaires"

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
海洋法律研究所
98
International multimodal transport is in the booming development in recent years. It involves at least two modes of transport (such as railway, sea, land transportation and airway) between at least two states. Besides, it provides more efficient and more safety service in door – to – door transportation, hence, multimodal transport plays a significant role in the international transportation There is no specific and unify legal support to the multimodal transport so far. However, “United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea (Rotterdam Rule)” took effect in 2009, the new legal regime will affect the multimodal transport and sea carriage. Although the status quo of the relationship between Taiwan and China is much closer than ever, most of transportation regulations which made are incomplete and unsuitable. Therefore, the target of the thesis is to explore the multimodal transport regulations after consulting relevant regulations applied in international conventions, the maritime law in Taiwan and People’s Republic of China. It is expected to provide few useful suggestions on modifying Taiwan’s maritime regulations and laws.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
The multimodal transport of goods is intrinsically linked to international trade and the way in which world trade is conducted today. However, its practical implementation raises several questions whose answers are not at all clear, giving rise to an extensive debate. Starting with its own definition, the legal nature of the contract, the complex contractual relations that take place and, finally, the liability regime applicable to the parties when producing some kind of damage. This last point will be the one to which we shall devote a great deal of attention. At the same time, international trade and the transport of goods have been undergoing various changes as a result of technological advances. From containerisation to shipping techniques, including the development of ships and other means of transport. Today, we may be witnessing a new movement or even a technological revolution that is taking its initial steps, but that promises to change the international transport of goods as a whole. We are talking about blockchain technology.Although its use is linked to financial technology, in particular cryptocurrency, it has many applications in the field of freight transport. Upstream, the inherent risks can be reduced by accessing in real time the exact location of the goods, their specific conditions and all their movements, although in this context it is used in parallel with the Internet of Things (IoT). On the other hand, in addition to allowing a significant reduction of the use of paper documents, it also reduces their processing time, making the whole process faster. At the same time, it helps the parties to conduct all business transactions in a more transparent manner. Downstream, if the legal conflict cannot be avoided, the blockchain can serve as an aid to decision making by turning it easier to locate the moment at which the damage originates, thus making the choice of a network system to govern liability issues more palatable, as we will have the opportunity to defend.
O transporte multimodal de mercadorias está intrinsecamente ligado ao comércio internacional e à forma como hoje se efetuam as trocas comerciais a nível mundial. Porém, a sua concretização prática levanta várias questões cujas respostas não são de todo claras, dando aso a um extenso debate. Começando pela sua própria definição, pela natureza jurídica do contrato, pelas complexas relações contratuais que se desenrolam e, por fim, pelo regime de responsabilidade aplicável às partes aquando da produção de algum tipo de dano. Este último ponto será aquele que merecerá da nossa parte uma redobrada atenção. Paralelamente, o comércio internacional e bem assim o transporte de mercadorias tem vindo a sofrer várias alterações fruto dos avanços tecnológicos que foram surgindo. Desde a contentorização às técnicas de navegação, passando pelo desenvolvimento dos navios e dos restantes meios de transporte. Hoje, talvez estejamos a assistir a um novo movimento ou até a uma revolução tecnológica que está a dar os seus passos iniciais, mas que promete mudar o transporte internacional de mercadorias no seu todo. Falámos da tecnologia blockchain.Apesar da sua utilização estar associada à tecnologia financeira, em concreto às criptomoedas, são inúmeras as suas aplicações no âmbito do transporte de mercadorias. A montante, é possível reduzir os riscos inerentes, acedendo em tempo real à localização exata dos bens, às suas condições especificas e a todas as suas movimentações, sendo neste âmbito utilizada em paralelo com a Internet of Things (IoT). Por outro lado, além de possibilitar uma redução significativa do uso de documentos em papel, diminui também o tempo de processamento dos mesmos, tornando todo o processo mais célere. Simultaneamente, auxilia as partes a conduzirem todas as transações comerciais de forma mais transparente. A jusante, não se conseguindo evitar o conflito jurídico, a blockchain pode servir de auxílio ao poder decisório, na medida em que facilita a localização do momento em que se origina o prejuízo, tornando, assim, mais recetível a escolha de um sistema de rede para reger as questões de responsabilidade civil, tal como teremos a oportunidade de defender.