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1
Yern, Kam, Nor Zain, Mohd Jaafar, Mohd Sani, and Mohd Suhaimin. "Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria in Aquaculture Sources in Johor, Malaysia Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance." Journal of Tropical Life Science 12, no. 2 (2022): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/jtls.12.02.07.
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The intensive use of antibiotics in aquaculture results in the proliferation of antibiotic. In this study, antibiotic resistant bacteria from six different aquaculture sources (pond of Fisheries Research Institute (FRI), and rivers of Kukup, Pulai, Pendas Laut, Sungai Melayu and Kong Kong) were isolated. These isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance against seven antibiotics via the disc diffusion method. Finally, phenotypic and genotypic identification via 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were carried out. The results show that 58 out of 118 bacterial isolates are resistant to multiple antibiotics. The highest isolate resistance was observed towards rifampicin (89.66%), followed by ampicillin (79.31%) and sulfafurazole (67.24%). The isolates with multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR) index values with more than 20% were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The majority of the bacterial strains exhibit multiple antibiotic resistance, indicating that they were isolated from highly contaminated sources based on the tested water qualities profiles, which showed the high level of turbidity and total dissolved solid (TDS) in most sampling sites with the high number of MAR bacteria obtained.Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Multiple antibiotic resistance, Aquaculture sources,MAR index value, 16S rRNA gene sequencing
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Barosa, Nourshamsia C., Beverly B. Amparado, Mariam C. Kabirun, and Anabella G. Villarino. "Antibiotic Resistance Profiling and Evaluation of Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) Index of Bacterial Isolates from Surface Water of Lake Lanao, Philippines." International Journal of Pharma Medicine and Biological Sciences 9, no. 2 (2020): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijpmbs.9.2.75-80.
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Gunasekar, Bhuvaneshwari. "MULTIPLE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE INDEXING OF NON- FERMENTING GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 6 (2017): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i6.17717.
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Objective: The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indexing and finding Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria will help to indicate the origin from high risk of contamination where the antibiotics are often used. Hence this study was carried out to give the MAR index of non-fermenting Gram negative bacilli in a tertiary care hospital which would help our infection control team also.Methods: Drug resistance was tested by Kirby bauer’s disc diffusion method. MAR index was calculated using the formula, a/b (were a= number of antibiotics to which the organism was resistant and b= total number of antibiotics to which the organism was tested).Results: Out of 240 Gram negative non-fermenters isolated, 117 (49%) strains were greater than 0.2 of MAR index, 95(81%) was from in-patient department. 73(62%) were hospitalized for more than 3 days, 44 (38%) was from surgery department. 49(42%) was wound specimen. Out of 117 multiple antibiotic resistant isolates 99 (85%) were MDR isolates.Conclusion: 51% prevalence of isolates >0.2 MAR index shows that the source of contamination can still be brought up down by proper surveillance and management with proper usage of surface and skin disinfectants especially in surgery ward where the MAR index has indicated more usage of antibiotics
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Truyen, Hue N. D., and Thinh H. Nguyen. "Antibiotic resistance of Vibrio spp. isolated from white-leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) collected from Binh Dien Wholesale Market." Journal of Agriculture and Development 21, no. 02 (2022): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52997/jad.6.02.2022.
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The study was conducted to determine the levels of antibiotic resistance and multiple antibiotic resistance of 150 Vibrio spp. isolates from white-leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) collected from Binh Dien Wholesale Market in Ho Chi Minh City. Ten antibiotics were used to test the resistance of Vibrio ssp. isolates including ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Antibiotic susceptibility test results showed that the percentage of Vibrio spp. resistance to the above antibiotics was 92; 12; 0; 0; 3.3; 80; 3.3; 46.7; 3.3 and 18.0%, respectively. The percentage of multiple resistant isolates from two to five tested antibiotics was 88.7%. Especially, none of the isolates were sensitive to all tested antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index value was 0.259 indicating that these isolates were exposed to high-risk sources of contamination where antibiotics were commonly used.
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Anele B. C., Immanuel O. M., Uzor B. C., et al. "Isolation and Identification of Antibiotic-Susceptible Bacteria from Abattoir Effluent in Port Harcourt, River State, Nigeria." International Journal of Pathogen Research 12, no. 6 (2023): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2023/v12i6263.
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Abattoir environment can become a significant reservoir for antibiotic resistance bacteria, particularly in abattoirs that do not treat their waste before discharge. This study seeks to verify the antibiotics susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from abattoir wastewater in Port Harcourt, River State, Nigeria. The bacteria were isolated from the wastewater using a standard plating technique. The antibiotics sensitivity pattern of all bacterial isolates was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Isolates with high multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index (≥0.5) were screened for genes for pathogenicity (icaC, adhesion gene) and antibiotic resistance (QnrA gene). The abattoir wastewaters were contaminated by bacteria resistant to no less than two of the antibiotics experimented with (MAR index range, 0.2-1.0). The isolates were identified as Acinetobacter brisouii, Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus stratosphericus and Priestia flexa. Among these isolates, 2(50.0%) harboured the QnrA gene while 3(75.0%) harboured the icaC gene. The findings underscore the importance of abattoir wastewater as an environmental flashpoint for antibiotic resistance. Detection of bacteria with multiple antibiotic resistance in abattoir wastewater would inform cautious use of antibiotics, to check the spread of antibiotic resistance emanating from this source.
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Lelitawati, Mardiana, Nur’aini Kartikasari, Yordant Ad’ha Alhakim, et al. "Antibiogram Fingerprints of Bacteria Isolated from River Water Near a Hospital in Malang." BIO Web of Conferences 117 (2024): 01030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202411701030.
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The focus on the environment as one of the dimensions of the transmission and acquisition of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria has been increasing since the campaign to combat resistance adopted the One Health framework (human-animal-environment). Hospitals, as the highest users of antibiotics, often dispose of their waste into rivers, which has the potential to spread antibiotic resistance to the environment. This study examines the susceptibility profile of 18 bacteria isolated from river water near a hospital against 6 types of antibiotics. Based on the resistance patterns, two unique patterns of MARPs (Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Profiles) to antibiotics were observed: one isolate showed resistance to 4 antibiotics with a MARI (Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index) value of 0.6, and another showed resistance to 3 antibiotics with a MARI value of 0.5.
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İ, Karakaş, Hacıoğlu Doğru N, Gül Ç, and Tosunoğlu M. "The first record of Paraclostridium benzoelyticum and Enterococcus thailandicus bacteria isolated from the Eryx jaculus (Linnaeus, 1758) snake species distributed in Türkiye." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 28, no. 2 (2024): 297–304. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14676787.
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In this study, we focused on the characterization of ten bacterial isolates obtained from <em>Eryx jaculus</em> (oral, skin, feces, and cloaca samples) using cultural methods and determine some virulence factors (antibiotic resistance, VanA, and TetM resistant genes, biofilm, siderophore, and some enzymatic activities, etc.). Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) and virulence index (VI) of each strain were also calculated. <em>Citrobacter freundii</em> NH10 (EJF1), <em>Enterococcus thailandicus</em> 2545 (EJF2), <em>Enterococcus faecium</em> MG5232 (EJF3), <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> KR56 (EJF4, EJC1, EJS1), <em>Enterococcus mundtii</em> AF-1 (EJC2, EJC3), <em>Paraclostridium benzoelyticum</em> CM8 (EJO1), <em>Enterococcus faecalis</em> MG5206 (EJO2) have been identified and this is the first record of the <em>P. benzoelyticum</em> CM8 and <em>E. thailandicus</em> 2545 from <em>E. jaculus</em> species. It was observed that all isolates produced amylase, while most of them produced siderophore (n = 7), hemolysin (n = 6) and protease (n = 6). It was determined that EJF2 and EJC2 strains produced weak positive (++) biofilm, while the other eight strains produced strong positive (+++) biofilm. Different sensitivity and resistance rates were observed against various antibiotic classes. While AM10 and A10 were determined as the antibiotics with the highest sensitivity, aminoglycoside G120 showed 100% resistance in all isolates. Moreover, EJO1 and EJO2 strains were classified in the high threat category with high virulence and MAR indices. PCR analysis showed the presence of resistance genes VanA in strain EJF1 and TetM in strain EJF2.
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Akkan, Tamer. "Antibiotic Resistance Case Study: Enterobacteriaceae isolated from Batlama Creek in Giresun, Turkey." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 8 (2017): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i8.969-972.1262.
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Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from the freshwater of the Batlama Creek in Giresun, to measure their resistance levels against to antibiotics. A total of 9 antibiotics disc were applied for the resistance test. Antibiotic resistances of all isolates were at percentages for ampicillin (75%), erythromycin (64%), nalidixic acid (48%), tetracycline (39%), amikacin (34%), cefazolin and chloramphenicol (33%), cefuroxime (32%) and cefotaxime (23%), respectively. The highest resistant strain was resistant against to 9 antibiotics, while the weak resistance of 16 isolates were sensitive to all antibiotics. Moreover, Multiple antibiotic resistance index values were found to be higher than 0.2 for 77% of all isolates. High resistances of examined bacteria against to antibiotics indicated a dense and multisource pollution in the Batlama Creek. Consequently, a need for good surveillance programs to monitor antimicrobial resistance patterns in surface water bodies.
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David Augustine Aondoackaa, Samuel Yusuf, and Victoria Asibi Aondoackaa. "Multidrug resistant profiles of clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Shigella species." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 21, no. 2 (2024): 1617–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.2.0566.
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In order to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern and multi antibiotic resistance index of E.coli, Salmonella typhi and Shigella species, a total of 32 pre-identified clinical isolates were obtained and subjected to conventional biochemical and gram staining reaction for confirmation. Antibiotic susceptibility testing to ten commonly prescribed antibiotics (Amplicin (PN:30 mcg), Gentamicin (GEN:10 mcg), Streptomycin (STR:30 mcg), Septrin (SXT:30 mcg), Nalidixic acid (NAL:30 mcg), Ciprofloxacin (CIP:10 mcg), Augmentin (AU:30 mcg), Reflacin (PEF:10 mcg), Tarivid (OFX:10mcg), and Ceporexin (CEP:10 mcg) was considered using disc agar diffusion method and reported with the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute Interpretative chart. Zones of inhibition were measured and Multiple Antibiotic Resistance index was calculated. Salmonella isolates demonstrated a high rate of susceptibility to Tarivid (90%), Reflaxin (90%), Gentamycin (80%), ciprofloxacin (60%), Augmentin (80%) and moderately susceptible to Streptomycin (40%) and Septrin (20%) with high resistance to Nalidixic acid (90%), Amplicin (90%) and Ceporexin (70%). Nearly all Shigella isolates were susceptible to Augmentin (80%), Reflaxin (90%), Tarivid (80%), intermediate susceptibility was also noted in Streptomycin (40%) and Ceporexin (50%) while high resistance to ciprofloxacin (80%), Amplicin (90%), Septrin (70%) and Nalidixi acid (90%). High rate of resistance was observed to nearly five antibiotics in E,coli with low susceptibility rate to all the antibiotics tested. All the isolates had Multiple Antibiotic Resistance index greater than 0.2 and above. This may be as a result of previous exposure to antibiotics and development of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics, hence, antimicrobial susceptibility testing is imperative in selecting therapeutic options.
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Adijat, Joseph A., Odimayo M. S, Olokoba L. B, Olokoba A. B, and Popoola G. O. "Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index of Escherichia Coli Isolates in a Tertiary Hospital in South-West Nigeria." Medical Journal of Zambia 44, no. 4 (2017): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.55320/mjz.44.4.94.
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Background: The effectiveness of available antibiotics is reducing as microorganisms device means of evading its effects, resulting in the development of superbugs. Pathogens previously susceptible are becoming resistant, and spreading beyond the hospital environment. This change is a major concern for infection control and prevention and a huge economic burden for health care. This study aims to determine the drug sensitivity pattern of E. coli isolated in a tertiary hospital lab
 Methodology: Gram negative bacilli, lactose fermenter, motile, indole positive, glucose fermenter, gas producing isolate were identified as E.coli. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing to commonly prescribed antibiotics was carried out using the modified Kirby Bauer method and reported with the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute Interpretative chart. Mulitiple Antibiotic Resistance index was calculated as number of antibiotics to which isolate is resistant divided by the total number of antibiotics against which isolate was tested. 
 Result: Five hundred and twenty–seven isolates were identified, among which a high rate of resistance to cefuroxime (407), high rate of intermediate susceptibility to nalidixic acid (264) and high rate of sensitivity to ceftriaxone (388) was noted. Sixty percent of the isolates had an index ≤ 0.2. Of the 40% with Multiple Antibiotic Resistance index > 0.2, 61 % were from inpatient samples.
 Conclusion: The high Multiple Antibiotic Resistance index of the E. coli isolates indicates previous exposure to antibiotics and development of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics, hence, antimicrobial susceptibility testing is imperative in selecting therapeutic options. Attention also needs be paid to effective infection control and prevention to curb its spread among individuals.
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dela Peña, Laurice Beatrice Raphaelle O., Mae Ashley G. Nacario, Nicole R. Bolo, and Windell L. Rivera. "Multiple Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolates from Fecal and Water Sources in Laguna Lake, Philippines." Water 14, no. 9 (2022): 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091517.
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Due to the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, antibiotic residues accumulate in natural environments, leading to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs). The presence of ARBs in bodies of water poses health hazards to the surrounding community. This study focused on Laguna Lake, the largest lake in the Philippines, which serves as a water source for agriculture and domestic purposes. We aimed to detect the presence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli from the lake waters and potential reservoirs of resistance as well as determine the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices of the isolates. E. coli (n = 450) was isolated from fecal-associated samples (chicken, cow, pig, human, sewage) and water samples (sites in Laguna Lake and selected river tributaries). The isolates were subjected to an antibiotic resistance assay using VITEK 2®. Among the 16 antibiotics tested, the isolates exhibited varying resistance to 14, but complete susceptibility to amikacin and tigecycline was observed. Isolates were most frequently resistant to ampicillin (196/450, 43.6%). Among fecal-associated samples, chicken isolates exhibited the highest MAR index (0.174), whereas samples from Pila River exhibited the highest MAR index (0.152) among water samples. The results of this study demonstrate the presence of multidrug-resistant E. coli in samples collected around Laguna Lake and reveal fecal and sewage sources as potential reservoirs of ARBs in the water body. With this information, the public is urged to use antibiotics responsibly to help mitigate the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Joseph, A. A., M. S. Odimayo, Lb Olokoba, AB Olokoba, and GO Popoola. "Multiple antibiotic resistance iIndex of EscherichiaColi isolates in a tertiary hospital in south-west Nigeria." Medical Journal of Zambia 44, no. 4 (2017): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.55320/mjz.44.4.284.
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 Background: The effectiveness of available antibiotics is reducing as microorganisms device means of evading its effects, resulting in the development of superbugs. Pathogens previously susceptible are becoming resistant, and spreading beyond the hospital environment. This change is a major concern for infection control and prevention and a huge economic burden for health care. This study aims to determine the drug sensitivity pattern of E. coli isolated in a tertiary hospital labMethodology: Gram negative bacilli, lactose fermenter, motile, indole positive, glucose fermenter, gas producing isolate were identified as E.coli. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing to commonly prescribed antibiotics was carried out using the modified Kirby Bauer method and reported with the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute Interpretative chart. Mulitiple Antibiotic Resistance index was calculated as number of antibiotics to which isolate is resistant divided by the total number of antibiotics against which isolate was tested.Result: Five hundred and twenty–seven isolates were identified, among which a high rate of resistance to cefuroxime (407), high rate of intermediate susceptibility to nalidixic acid (264) and high rate of sensitivity to ceftriaxone (388) was noted. Sixty percent of the isolates had an index 0.2. Of the 40% with Multiple Antibiotic Resistance index > 0.2, 61 % were from inpatient samples.Conclusion: The high Multiple Antibiotic Resistance index of the E. coli isolates indicates previous exposure to antibiotics and development of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics, hence, antimicrobial susceptibility testing is imperative in selecting therapeutic options. Attention also needs be paid to effective infection control and prevention to curb its spread among individuals.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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David, Augustine Aondoackaa, Yusuf Samuel, and Asibi Aondoackaa Victoria. "Multidrug resistant profiles of clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Shigella species." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 21, no. 2 (2024): 1617–27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14036377.
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In order to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern and multi antibiotic resistance index of <em>E.coli, Salmonella typhi and Shigella </em>species<em>,</em> a total of 32 pre-identified clinical isolates were obtained and subjected to conventional biochemical and gram staining reaction for confirmation. Antibiotic susceptibility testing to ten commonly prescribed antibiotics (Amplicin (PN:30 mcg), Gentamicin (GEN:10 mcg), Streptomycin (STR:30 mcg), Septrin (SXT:30 mcg), Nalidixic acid (NAL:30 mcg), Ciprofloxacin (CIP:10 mcg), Augmentin (AU:30 mcg), Reflacin (PEF:10 mcg), Tarivid (OFX:10mcg), and Ceporexin (CEP:10 mcg) was considered using disc agar diffusion method and reported with the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute Interpretative chart. Zones of inhibition were measured and Multiple Antibiotic Resistance index was calculated. <em>Salmonella </em>isolates demonstrated a high rate of susceptibility to Tarivid (90%), Reflaxin (90%), Gentamycin (80%), ciprofloxacin (60%), Augmentin (80%) and moderately susceptible to Streptomycin (40%) and Septrin (20%) with high resistance to Nalidixic acid (90%), Amplicin (90%) and Ceporexin (70%). Nearly all <em>Shigella</em> isolates were susceptible to Augmentin (80%), Reflaxin (90%), Tarivid (80%), intermediate susceptibility was also noted in Streptomycin (40%) and Ceporexin (50%) while high resistance to ciprofloxacin (80%), Amplicin (90%), Septrin (70%) and Nalidixi acid (90%). High rate of resistance was observed to nearly five antibiotics in <em>E,coli</em> with low susceptibility rate to all the antibiotics tested. All the isolates had Multiple Antibiotic Resistance index greater than 0.2 and above. This may be as a result of previous exposure to antibiotics and development of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics, hence, antimicrobial susceptibility testing is imperative in selecting therapeutic options.
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Arimie Adah, Deborah, Lawal Saidu, Sonnie Joshua Oniye, Moshood Abiola Raji, Oluwafemi Babatunde Daodu, and Adakole Sylvanus Adah. "Diversity of Antibiotic-resistant of Tentative Motile Aeromonas Species Isolated From Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) Cultured in Earthen Ponds." Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 18, no. 1 (2024): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijvm.18.1.1005326.
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Background: Aeromonas species is one of the most important causes of diseases in Clarias gariepinus, a public health threat with significant economic losses. Objectives: In this research, the prevalence and variety of Aeromonas species isolated from C. gariepinus cultured in an earthen pond were investigated, as well as the antibiogram and multiple antibiotic resistance index Methods: Aeromonas species were isolated by culture and biochemical test and confirmed using a Microbact 24E kit. The antibiotic susceptibility to 10 antibiotics was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: Aeromonas species were isolated with a prevalence of 43.1% with 4 different phenospecies with the highest prevalence of 46(24 %) for Aeromonas hydrophila followed by 15(7.8%) for Aeromonas caviae, then 10(5.2%) for Aeromonas veronii sobria, and the least was observed for Aeromonas veronii veronii 6(3.1%). The Aeromonas species showed high resistance to amoxicillin, ampicillin, colistin sulfate, oxytetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and penicillin, with varying resistant patterns, and the multiple antibiotic resistance index values ranged between 0.20 and 0.80. Conclusion: There was a diversity of Aeromonas species associated with multiple antibiotic-resistant leading to the wide spread of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, there is a need to control the use of antibiotics and ensure the effective use of biosecurity and preventive management measures in fish farms.
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Adetoyosi, Olutosin Daniels, and Adedotun Ibiyemi David. "Profiling and antibiotic resistance of some human intestinal isolates." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 17, no. 3 (2023): 520–32. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8133032.
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The cases of antibiotic resistance in Enterobacteriaceae are of great global concern. This study aimed at contributing towards the fight against antibiotic resistance and ameliorate the management/treatment of Enterobacteriaceae-linked diseases. Ten (10) rectal swab samples were collected from five (5) male and five (5) females and two isolates were identified from the samples collected. The isolates were identified through colonial, morphological and biochemical tests carried out following standard procedures. Isolates were investigated for their antibiotic resistance profile, Multiple Antibiotic Resistance indices (MARi), pathogenicity and their resistance genes were identified through molecular means using plasmid amplification and primers. Primers used include. <em>ermB, BlaTem, qnrB</em> genes Result obtained showed the isolates to be <em>Escherichia coli </em>and <em>Klebsiella oxytoca</em>. <em>E. coli</em> showed Alpha (α) heamolysis, while <em>Klebsiella oxytoca </em>showed gamma (γ) heamolysis . <em>E. coli</em> was resistant to 75% of the antibiotics used, <em>Klebsiella oxytoca</em> was sensitive to 42% of all the antibiotics. All the test organisms were resistant to all classes of Cephalosporins. The plasmid profiling revealed that all isolates have low molecular weight plasmids. The molecular fingerprinting of the isolates using gene primers viz -a viz <em>ermB</em>, <em>BlaTem, qnrB</em> genes showed <em>E. coli </em>to have resistance genes for macrolides (<em>ermB</em> gene) while none of the isolates had resistance factor against quinolones (<em>qnrB </em>gene). This study showed a high carriage of Enterobacteriaceae having phenotypic resistance with corresponding plasmid-borne resistance genes. The need to understand how bacteria adapt to the antibiotic environment will lead to new therapeutic strategies for antibiotic-resistant infections. Interventions measures to minimize the abundance of antibiotic-resistant commensals and opportunistic pathogens may include faecal microbiota transplantation and the use of live biotherapeutics.
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Nguyen, Kha H. N. "Antibiotic resistance of E. coli isolated from whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) collected from wet markets and supermarkets in Ho Chi Minh city and their transferability." Journal of Agriculture and Development 02 (April 29, 2019): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.52997/jad.12.02.2019.
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In this study, a collection of 130 E. coli isolated from white-leg shrimp collected from three wet markets and two supermarkets in Ho Chi Minh City was analysed to examine their antibiotic resistance characteristics and the transferability of resistance markers. High levels of resistance to ampicillin, tetracyclines, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid and chloramphenicol were observed. The percentage of multiple drug resistance (4 to 10 tested antibiotics) was 73.8%. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index values of 0.4 to 0.73 (of each sample collection site) indicated that these isolates were exposed to high risk sources of contamination where antibiotics were commonly used. Conjugation experiments demonstrated the successful transfer of all or part of the resistance phenotypes of shrimp isolates to the human recipient strains
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Pashang, Rosha, Farhan Yusuf, Simon Zhao, Shadi Deljoomanesh, and Kimberley A. Gilbride. "Widespread detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from natural aquatic environments in southern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 65, no. 4 (2019): 322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2018-0286.
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To elucidate how widespread antibiotic resistance is in the surface water environment, we studied the prevalence of antibiotic resistance bacteria at four locations in southern Ontario. We found that the percentage of bacteria resistant to the antibiotic tetracycline was higher at the river site, which flows through agricultural land, and lower at the lake sites. A total of 225 colonies were selected for further testing of antibiotic disc susceptibility to eight different antibiotics to calculate the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) score and the antibiotic resistance index for each site. Although the isolates from the lake site outside the city displayed resistance to fewer antibiotics, their MAR scores were not significantly different from that of the lake sites adjacent to urban beaches, showing that MAR was widespread in the natural water environments tested. Isolation of colonies under selection pressure to tetracycline was found to have a significant effect on the likelihood that the isolates would contain multiple resistance traits for other antibiotics. Identification of isolates selected on tetracycline was compared with that of isolates that were sensitive to tetracycline, and the community composition was found to be distinctly different, although isolates from the genera Chryseobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Stenotrophomonas were found in both communities.
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Adah, Deborah Arimie, Lawal Sa'idu, Sonnie Joshua Oniye, Moshood Abiola Raji, and Adakole Sylavnus Adah. "Occurrence of Aeromonas spp. Resistant to Some Selected Antibiotics Isolated from Farmed Clarias gariepinus." Journal of Applied Veterinary Science And Technology 4, no. 1 (2023): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/javest.v4.i1.2023.24-29.
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Background: One of the major causes of disease in Clarias gariepinus is Aeromonas spp. which has been linked to significant economic losses and poses a risk to public health. Purpose: The prevalence and heterogeneity of Aeromonas species isolated from Clarias gariepinus cultured in concrete tanks, as well as the antibiogram and multiple antibiotic resistance index, were examined. Methods: In this study, using culture, biochemical characterization, and Microbact 24E kit, Aeromonas species isolates were confirmed. The Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method assessed the antibiotic susceptibility to 10 different antibiotics. Results: Four different species of Aeromonas were identified, with an overall prevalence of 55 (28.6%). Aeromonas hydrophila had the highest prevalence of 35 (18.6%), followed by 10 (5.2%) for Aeromonas caviae, then 5 (2.6 %) for Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria, and Aeromonas veronii biovar veronii, respectively. The Aeromonas species exhibited high resistance to amoxicillin, ampicillin, colistin sulphate, oxytetracycline, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, and penicillin, with varied patterns of resistance, and the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index values ranged between 0.10 and 0.80. Conclusion: Several antibiotic-resistant Aeromonas species were linked to the widespread emergence of antimicrobial resistance. As a result, it is crucial to regulate the use of antibiotics in fish farms and to ensure that biosecurity and preventive management strategies are applied effectively.
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Hafiza Jawairia Hashmi and Nazia Jamil. "High Burden of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Detected in Different Water Sources Can Direct the Spread of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Environment." Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences 60, S (2023): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-sp1)783.
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Antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections are of global concern nowadays. Environmental sources like water and soil are playing a key role in spreading antibiotic-resistance genes to humans, animals, and other environments. Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify and report the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRs) in environmental water sources that can direct the spread of resistant genes to other bacteria/environments. Methodology: Environmental water samples were collected from 2 livestock farms and a fish pond. Bacterial isolation and identification were carried out by following Burgey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using the disk diffusion method and CLSI guidelines. Multiple antibiotic-resistant indexes were calculated. Whole genome sequences of previously reported bacteria were downloaded from NCBI to detect the resistance genes associated with phenotypic drug resistance and compared using the bioinformatics approach. Results: Microbial load was significantly high in all water sources. Following Genera were the most common: Klebsiella, Escherichia, Proteus, Serratia, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, and Staphylococcus. Out of 10 classes of antibiotics, resistance against 8 classes were identified. Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index range of isolated strains was between 0.4 and 0.9. Key Findings: Resistance against beta-lactam antibiotics was highest in our isolated strains with a MAR index of greater than 0.4 altogether. Conclusion: High burden of multidrug-resistant bacteria were detected in all water samples which can trigger the silent pandemic of antibacterial resistance.
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Kathleen, M. M., L. Samuel, C. Felecia, et al. "Antibiotic Resistance of Diverse Bacteria from Aquaculture in Borneo." International Journal of Microbiology 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2164761.
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The administration of antimicrobials in aquaculture provides a selective pressure creating a reservoir of multiple resistant bacteria in the cultured fish and shrimps as well as the aquaculture environment. The objective of this study was to determine the extent of antibiotic resistance in aquaculture products and aquaculture’s surrounding environment in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Ninety-four identified bacterial isolates constituted of 17 genera were isolated from sediment, water, and cultured organisms (fish and shrimp) in selected aquaculture farms. These isolates were tested for their antibiotic resistance against 22 antibiotics from several groups using the disk diffusion method. The results show that the highest resistance was observed towards streptomycin (85%,n=20), while the lowest resistance was towards gentamicin (1.1%,n=90). The multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR) index of the isolates tested ranged between 0 and 0.63. It was suggested that isolates with MAR index > 0.2 were recovered from sources with high risk of antibiotic resistant contamination. This study revealed low level of antibiotic resistance in the aquaculture bacterial isolates except for streptomycin and ampicillin (>50% resistance,n=94) which have been used in the aquaculture industry for several decades. Antibiotic resistant patterns should be continuously monitored to predict the emergence and widespread of MAR. Effective action is needed to keep the new resistance from further developing and spreading.
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M. Kurdi Al-Dulaimi, Mohammed, Sahilah Abd. Mutalib, Maaruf Abd. Ghani, Nurul Aqilah Mohd. Zaini, and Ahmad Azuhairi Ariffin. "Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR), Plasmid Profiles, and DNA Polymorphisms among Vibrio vulnificus Isolates." Antibiotics 8, no. 2 (2019): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8020068.
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Sixty strains (n = 60) of Vibrio vulnificus were examined for their multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index, plasmid profiles, and DNA polymorphisms. Thirty-seven strains (n = 37) were isolated from cockles (Anadara granosa) in Malaysia, while 23 (n = 23) isolates were isolated from clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) in Qatar. All isolates were resistant to two or more of the antibiotics tested, with the most common resistances were demonstrated towards penicillin (93%), ampicillin (70%), cephalothin (65%), clindamycin (66%), vancomycin (64%), and erythromycin (51%). The antibiotic that experienced the least resistance was kanamycin (6%), and all isolates were susceptible to cefoperazone, streptomycin, and tetracycline. The MAR index for the V. vulnificus isolated from Malaysia and Qatar, possessed similar values which ranged from 0.2 to 0.7, respectively. Plasmid analysis demonstrated that 65% of V. vulnificus strains harbored plasmids, while 35% were not. Nineteen (P1–P19) plasmids profiles were observed. No specific cluster or group was observed although they were isolated from different sample sources and locations by phylogenetic analysis using GelCompar II software at an 80% similarity level. Results demonstrated the high MAR index and genomic heterogeneity of V. vulnificus, which are of great concern to the human health of those who have consumed cockles and clams from the study area.
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SULAIMAN, Mamunu Abdulkadir, H. S. Muhammad, Aliyu Muhammad Sani, Aminu Ibrahim, Ibrahim Muhammad Hussain, and Zainab Garba Anchau. "EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF PLASMID CURING ON ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE ON SOME CLINICAL ISOLATES OF ESCHERICHIA COLI." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 4, no. 3 (2020): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0403-335.
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Multidrug resistance (MDR) exhibited by some strains of Escherichia coli may be due to acquiring mobile genetic element (R-plasmid) by the bacteria, or intrinsically induced by inappropriate use of antibiotics by the hosts. Infection by such strains may result to prolonged illness and greater risk of death. The study evaluated the impact of curing on antibiotic resistance on selected clinical isolates of E. coli. Twenty clinical isolates of E. coli from our previous studies were re-characterized using conventional microbiological techniques. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was determined by disk diffusion method, MDR selected based on resistance to ≥ 2 classes of antibiotics. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was determined as ratio of the number of antibiotic resisted to the total number of antibiotics tested and considered significant if ≥. 0.2. The isolates that showed significant MAR index were subjected to plasmid curing using acridine orange, thereafter, profiled for plasmid and the cured ones were re-tested against the antibiotics they initially resisted. Out of the 20 isolates, 19 (95%) were confirmed as E. coli, all (100%) of which were MDRs, which was highest against augmentin (78.9%) followed by amoxacillin (52.6%). However, after the plasmid curing only 6 (31.6%) out of the 19 isolates cured retained significant MAR index and the level of the significance had reduced drastically in 16 (84.2%) isolates. Conclusively, curing assay can completely eliminate R-plasmid acquired resistance. More studied on plasmid curing agents for possible augmentation of the agents into antibiotics may see the rise of successful antibiotic era again.
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Matyar, Fatih. "Hastane Kanalizasyonlarından İzole Edilen Gram-negatif Bakterilerin Tiplendirilmesi ve Çoklu Antibiyotik Dirençliliklerinin Saptanması." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 4, no. 10 (2016): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v4i10.845-849.759.
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In this study it was aimed to determine the microbial diversity and level of antibiotic resistance patterns of Gram-negative bacterial isolates from the hospital sewages. The 219 Gram-negative bacterial isolates to 16 different antibiotics (belonging 10 classes), was investigated by agar diffusion method. A total of 18 species of bacteria were isolated: the most common strains isolated from all samples were Klebsiella oxytoca (27.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (20.5%) and Escherichia coli (20.1%). There was a high incidence of resistance to ampicillin (98.6%), streptomycin (95.9%) and erythromycin (90.0%), and a low incidence of resistance to cefepim (13.2%), imipenem (5.0%) and meropenem (3.2%). 35.6% of all bacteria isolated from hospital sewage were resistant to 9 different antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic resistances (MAR) index ranged from 0.25 to 0.94. Results show that hospital sewages have a significant proportion of antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria, and these bacteria constitute a potential risk for public health.
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Rajendiran, Sakshaleni, Yuvaneswary Veloo, Salina Abdul Rahman, et al. "One Health Approach: Antibiotic Resistance Among Enterococcal Isolates in Dairy Farms in Selangor." Antibiotics 14, no. 4 (2025): 380. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14040380.
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Background/Objectives: Antibiotic resistance is a growing public health concern. The One Health approach is essential in addressing antibiotic (AR) resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to determine AR among enterococcal isolates in dairy farms across various domains based on the emerging dairy industry. Methods: A total of 208 enterococcal isolates from the workers = 70, milk = 76, and environment = 62 of eight dairy farms in Selangor, Malaysia, were used in this study. The bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) were conducted utilising the Vitek-2 system. Results: Approximately 28% of the isolates exhibited susceptibility to all tested antibiotics. A relatively higher proportion of isolates demonstrated resistance to tetracycline, which was followed by erythromycin. The multidrug resistance (MDR) and multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index were low in this study. Conclusions: The studied dairy farms exhibited lower AR, MDR, and MAR index values. Nevertheless, ongoing surveillance is essential due to the recent expansion of the dairy farming industry.
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Adugna, Chimdesa, and Krishna Moorthy Sivalingam. "Prevalence of Multiple Drug-Resistant Bacteria in the Main Campus Wastewater Treatment Plant of Wolaita Sodo University, Southern Ethiopia." International Journal of Microbiology 2022 (November 23, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1781518.
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Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important reservoirs for the development of drug resistance and a potential route for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment. One of the most serious challenges in Ethiopia is the widespread emergence of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens. The bacteria were isolated between September 2018 and May 2019 from the main campus of Wolaita Sodo University in Southern Ethiopia. Using an enrichment process and selective media isolation, 380 wastewater treatment plant samples were collected and screened for the presence of various bacterial isolates. Of a total of 380 wastewater treatment samples, 136 were isolated. Positive prevalence was documented in 136 sample isolates of bacteria from six genera. Escherichia coli 34 (8.94%), Salmonella spp. 15 (3.94%), Shigella spp. 32 (8.42%), Staphylococcus aureus 23 (6.05%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 21 (5.52%), and Proteus spp. 11 (2.89%). The general prevalence of bacterial isolates was assessed, and 136 (37.58%) samples tested positive for culture. Furthermore, isolates were used to determine sensitivity/resistance patterns using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method and the agar well diffusion technique, respectively. Multiple drug resistance isolates and multiple values of the antibiotic resistance index were evaluated and recorded according to the resistant pattern. Some organisms were sensitive to sparfloxacin and tobramycin, while Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to methicillin and others showed the highest resistance. At least four of the seven antibiotic classes were found to be resistant to multiple drug resistance isolates, and some classes of antibiotics were found to be highly sensitive to these isolates. Multiple antibiotic resistance index values ranged from 0.37 to 0.75, with Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus having the highest score values. The current study has shown that some of the bacterial isolates were resistant to common antibiotics. Therefore, it is recommended that the emergence of multiple drug resistance increased rapidly, pathogenic bacteria inappropriate treated wastewater treatment plant systems were continuously contaminated, and bacterial resistance increased day by day as a result of environmental factors. As a result, due to the serious challenges facing the community’s health, multiple drug-resistant prevention and control strategies must be implemented.
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Çiftçi Türetken, Pelin Saliha, Samet Kalkan, and Gülşen Altuğ. "Investigation of multiple resistance frequencies (antibiotic and heavy metal) of bacteria isolated from Gökçeada Island coastal marine sediment." Aquatic Research 8, no. 1 (2025): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3153/ar25001.
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Marine sediments are important reservoirs for antibiotics and heavy metals. Bacteria play a key role in polluted sedimentary habitats. This study aimed to identify heavy metal and antibiotic resistance in marine sediment bacteria isolated from Gökçeada Island in Turkiye. The samples were collected seasonally from 10 different sampling stations in 2015. Ninety isolates determined by VITEK 2 were tested against seven antibiotics using the disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration values were measured against four heavy metal salts. The antibiotic resistance frequency rates were ordered as sulphonamides compound (93.3%), cefotaxime (78.9), ampicillin (77.8%), oxacillin (67.8%), rifampicin (57.8%), imipenem (1.1%), and oxytetracycline (0%). The heavy metal resistance ratios against ZnCl2, CuSO4, Pb(CH3COO)2, and HgCl2 were measured as 100%, 100%, 96.7%, and 73.3% respectively. The multiple heavy metal resistance index values were ranged from 0.75 (22.2%) to 1.0 (77.8%). The results show significant heavy metal and antibiotic contamination in the sediments of the Gökçeada Island. It is recommended that measures be taken against antibiotics and heavy metal pollution, as well as identifying and monitoring critical control points.
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Perewari, D. O., K. Otokunefor, and O. E. Agbagwa. "Multidrug resistant <i>Escherichia coli</i> in poultry birds from a poultry farm in Rivers State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 31, no. 2 (2025): 43–47. https://doi.org/10.4314/njbas.v31i2.7.
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The recent incidence of multidrug resistance is alarming, and it is a major threat to poultry farmers and consumers of poultry meat and egg. The present study employed standard microbiological procedures to isolate Escherichia coli from a total of 50 poultry birds, further biochemical identification was done, and the susceptibility profile was determined using the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The results indicate that 90.9% of isolated Escherichia coli from poultry birds exhibit multidrug resistance to three or more drug classes. Based on antibiotic susceptibility testing, extremely high resistance rates were observed for Augmentin 100%, Cefuroxime 95.50%, and tetracycline 90.91% which could result from excessive antibiotics usage in poultry husbandry. An additional Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index was determined which shows MAR indices greater than 0.2 indicating a high-risk source of contamination via antibiotic usage, no extreme MAR index values (>0.8) were detected in this study. The study presents an increased MDR prevalence rate of E. coli to tested antibiotics. This suggests that poultry products have an increased multidrug resistance due to the usage of essential antibiotics in poultry farming, which have resulted in an increased spread of microbial resistance and as such required urgent monitoring.
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FANG, JIEHONG, HUI CHENG, TING YU, and HAN JIANG. "Occurrence of Virulence Factors and Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance in Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Pacific Mackerel at Markets in Zhejiang, China." Journal of Food Protection 83, no. 8 (2020): 1411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/jfp-20-091.
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ABSTRACT Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a widespread bacterium in the marine environment and is one of the leading causes of food-derived bacterial poisoning in humans worldwide. The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, virulence factors, and antibiotic and heavy metal resistance profiles of V. parahaemolyticus in Pacific mackerel (Pneumatophorus japonicus) from different markets in Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China. In total, 112 (31.11%) V. parahaemolyticus isolates were identified from 360 Pacific mackerel samples, with an extremely low occurrence of the virulence genes trh (1.79%, 2 of 112) and tdh (0%, 0 of 112). Antibiotic resistance testing revealed that most isolates showed resistance to ampicillin (96.43%, 108 of 112) and streptomycin (90.18%, 101 of 112), whereas all strains were sensitive to kanamycin, florfenicol, cefamandole, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Furthermore, 46.43% (52 of 112) of isolates, which had 12 different phenotypes, were classified as multidrug resistant. In addition, the multiple antibiotic resistance index values of isolates were between 0.05 and 0.63, and the maximum multiple antibiotic resistance index was attributed to two isolates that exhibited resistance to 12 antibiotics. Heavy metal resistance patterns were similar among the six different markets. The majority of isolates showed resistance to Cd2+ (78.57%) and Pb2+ (51.79%), and fewer were resistant to Cu2+ (37.50%), Zn2+ (25.00%), Co2+ (9.82%), Ni2+ (6.25%), and Mn2+ (4.46%). No isolates were resistant to Cr3+. In total, 22.32% (25 of 112) of strains were multiheavy metal resistant. Furthermore, multidrug resistance and multiheavy metal resistance were found to be positively correlated in the V. parahaemolyticus strains by using Pearson's correlation analysis (P = 0.008; R = 0.925). This information will contribute to the monitoring of variations in the antibiotic and heavy metal resistance profiles of V. parahaemolyticus strains from seafood and provide insight into the appropriate use of antibiotics and the safe consumption of seafood. HIGHLIGHTS
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Sen, Swagata, and Mihir Lal Saha. "Bacteria Associated With the Leafy Salad Vegetables Of Old Dhaka City and Their Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (Mar) Index." Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 31, no. 2 (2023): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v31i2.60893.
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The present work aimed to evaluate the bacteria associated with the most popular leafy salad vegetables like Coriander, Mint, and Lettuce and their antibiotic resistance pattern. Samples were collected from Rayshaheb Bazar, Nazira Bazar, and Shyam Bazar during June-August 2019. The maximum bacterial load was found in Coriander and the minimum bacterial load was in Mint. A total of 149 colonies were isolated and 35 isolates were selected for Culture and Sensitivity test against 15 common antibiotics like Amoxicillin (Ax), Cefixime (CFM), Levofloxacin (Lev), Clarithromycin (CLR), Ceftriaxone (CRO), Neomycin (N), Kanamycin (K), Ciprofloxacin (Cip), Erythromycin (E), Doxycycline (Do), Vancomycin (VA), Cefuroxime (CXM), Chloramphenicol (C), Rifampicin (RA), and Gentamycin (CN). Sixteen antibiotic resistant bacterial isolates were selected for their identification and drug resistance pattern. Among these 15 antibiotic resistant bacterial isolates, only 2 were Gram positive and were identified as Enterococcus faecalis and the Gram negative bacteria belonged to the genus Enterobacter (9), Serratia (3), Klebsiella (2).The drug resistance pattern showed that most of the isolated bacteria were resistant against Amoxicillin and susceptible to Chloramphenicol. The (multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) inedx of the isolated bacteria ranged between 33.33% and 86.67% which is very alarming. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 31(2): 361-369, 2022 (July)
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Bayode, Michael Tosin, Adewale Oluwasogo Olalemi, and Babayemi Olawale Oladejo. "Multiple antibiotic resistant index and detection of qnrS and qnrB genes in bacterial consortium of urine samples from clinical settings." European Journal of Biological Research 11, no. 1 (2021): 45–56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4304311.
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The multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR) index and detection of resistant genes in the bacterial consortium of urine samples collected from University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Akure (UNIMEDTH) was evaluated with all microbiological and biotechnological techniques employed utilizing specified standards in this study. <em>Escherichia coli </em>had the highest bacterial count (311.50 ± 0.707 CFU/ml) while <em>Staphylococcus saprophyticus </em>had the least (13.00 ± 2.828 CFU/ml). <em>Enterococcus faecalis</em>, and <em>Pseudomonas</em> <em>aeruginosa</em> isolate showed marked resistance against four classes of antibiotics tested. The MAR index of bacterial isolates ranged from 0.5 to 1.0. Fluoroquinolone-resistant <em>P. aeruginosa</em> identified to be <em>P. aeruginosa</em> via 16S rDNA analysis sequence analysis of 417 base pairs with strain mcbay1 deposited in GenBank with accession number MT423976 was positive for qnrS resistant gene. <em>E. faecalis</em> identified by 16S rRNA sequence analysis of 264 bp of the strain mcbay 2 deposited in GenBank with accession number MT423977 was also positive for qnrB resistant gene. The presence of resistant genes in ciprofloxacin-resistant <em>P. aeruginosa</em> and quinolone-resistant <em>E. faecalis</em> in urine samples further emphasized the need for the regulation of over-the-counter prescription and antibiotic susceptibility survey of anti-pseudomonal and anti-enterococcal quinolones in hospital settings.
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Manyi-Loh, Christy, Sampson Mamphweli, Edson Meyer, and Anthony Okoh. "Characterisation and Antibiotic Resistance of Selected Bacterial Pathogens Recovered from Dairy Cattle Manure during Anaerobic Mono-Digestion in a Balloon-Type Digester." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (2018): 2088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112088.
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Dairy cattle manure serves as a potential source of contamination and infection of animals, humans and the environment. Manure samples withdrawn from a balloon-type digester during anaerobic digestion were evaluated for the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens. The bacterial load of the samples was determined via a viable plate count method and the recovered isolates were subjected to characterisation and identification. These isolates were employed in antibiotic susceptibility testing using a disc diffusion method against a suite of 10 conventional antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was calculated and MAR phenotypes were generated. Although all the bacterial pathogens showed a certain degree of resistance to the studied antibiotics, a marked resistance was demonstrated by Campylobacter sp. to co-trimoxazole (87.5%) and nalidixic acid (81.5%). Remarkably, a high resistance (82.42%) was demonstrated against the antibiotic class, macrolide, followed by beta-lactams (40.44%), suggesting that bacterial resistance depended on the chemical structure of the antibiotics. However, individual bacterial isolates varied in resistance to particular antibiotics. Of the 83 bacterial isolates, 40(48.19%) observed MAR > 0.2 and, thus, were described as multidrug-resistant isolates. A total of 28 MAR phenotypes were revealed with the highest frequency of MAR phenotypes (37.5%) expressed against 3 antibiotics. Results indicated a high risk of exposure to various antibiotics and wide diversity of antibiotic resistance.
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Sukri, Asif, Siti Shahara Zulfakar, Illya Syahirah Mohd Taib, Nurul Fathiah Omar, and Noraziah Mohamad Zin. "The High Occurrence of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella spp. Isolated from Raw Chicken Meat and Contact Surfaces at Wet Market in Malaysia." Sains Malaysiana 50, no. 12 (2021): 3765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5012-25.
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Post-slaughter processing steps during poultry meat production contribute to Salmonella contamination and may transmit multidrug-resistant Salmonella to chicken meats and contact surfaces. This study was undertaken to identify Salmonella spp. strains isolated from chicken meats and their contact surfaces, and to determine their antibiotic resistance profiles. A total of 20 samples were collected from raw chicken meat and its contact surfaces from a shop in Pasar Chow Kit, Kuala Lumpur. Identification of presumptive Salmonella colonies was conducted by using biochemical tests and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted by using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against 11 antibiotics. Salmonella enterica Group I was only detected in seven samples. The antibiogram testing showed that all the seven Salmonella isolates (100%) were multidrug-resistant and all isolates were resistant to penicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and tetracycline. Resistance towards trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin and ampicillin was observed in four isolates. However, sensitivity was recorded for cephalexin, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone in six isolates. The highest multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 1.00 (resistance to all eleven antibiotics tested) was observed in one isolate (P2) while the lowest MAR index of 0.36 (resistance to four antibiotics tested) was observed in three isolates (CB, M2 and M3). Our results demonstrated that raw chicken and meat contact surface were a source of multidrug-resistant Salmonella and can contribute to significant health concern in Malaysia. Stringent hygienic procedure during chicken meat processing should be therefore be practised.
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Hutu, Ioan, Bianca Cornelia Lungu, Ioana Irina Spataru, et al. "Microbiological and Molecular Investigation of Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Western Romanian Dairy Farms: An Epidemiological Approach." Animals 14, no. 15 (2024): 2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14152266.
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Antimicrobial therapy is the most frequently used medical intervention for bovine mastitis in the dairy industry. This study aims to monitor the extent of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) problem in Staphylococcus aureus in the dairy industry in Western Romania. Twenty farms were selected by random sampling in a transverse epidemiological study conducted across four counties in Western Romania and divided into livestock units. This study assessed the association between the resistance genes to phenotypic expression of resistance and susceptibility. Isolates of S. aureus were identified and q-PCR reactions were used to detect antibiotic resistance genes. One hundred and fifty bovine and 20 human samples were positive for S. aureus. Twenty five percent of bovine isolates (30/120) and none(0/30) of the human isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). All isolates were susceptible to fosfomycin, ciprofloxacin, netilmicin, and resistant to ampicillin and penicillin. S. aureus isolates regarded as phenotypically resistant (R) were influenced by the origin of the samples (human versus bovine, χ2 = 36.510, p = 0.013), whether they were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (χ2 = 108.891, p < 0.000), the county (χ2 = 103.282, p < 0.000) and farm of isolation (χ2 = 740.841, p < 0.000), but not by the size of the farm (χ2 = 65.036, p = 0.306). The multiple antibiotic resistance index was calculated for each sample as the number regarded as phenotypically resistant (R)/total antibiotics tested (MARI = 0.590 ± 0.023) was significantly higher (p < 0.000) inmethicillin-resistant S. aureus (0.898 ± 0.019) than non-methicillin-resistant S. aureus (0.524 ± 0.024) isolates. For the antibiotics tested, the total penetrance (P%) of the resistance genes was 59%, 83% for blaZ, 56% for cfr, 50% for erm(B), 53% for erm(C), 57% for mecA and 32% for tet(K). Penetrance can be used as a parameter for guidance towards a more accurate targeting of chemotherapy. P% in S. aureus was strongly positively correlated with the multiple antibiotic resistance index (r = +0.878, p < 0.000) with the potential to use the same limit value as an antibiotic management decision criterion. Considering cow mastitis, the penetrance value combined with the multiple antibiotic resistance index suggests that penetrance could serve as a useful parameter for more precise targeting of chemotherapy for S. aureus.
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Kim, Ye Ji, Lyu Jin Jun, Da Won Lee, et al. "Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacterial Pathogens That Infect Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Cultivated in Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (2022): 8110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138110.
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Paralichthys olivaceus (olive flounder) is widely cultivated in Korea. However, data on the antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial pathogens that infect olive flounders in Korea are limited. The susceptibility of 84 strains of 3 pathogenic bacteria (Streptococcus spp., Vibrio spp., and Edwardsiella piscicida) to 18 antibiotics was tested using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) panels, and the distribution of the MIC values for each species was confirmed. Among the panel antibiotics, nine commonly used antibiotics were selected, and the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index and antibiotic resistance pattern were indicated using the disk diffusion method. It was confirmed that most of the isolates had a MAR index greater than 0.2, indicating a high-risk source. The distribution patterns of the MIC values and resistance pattern between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria showed slightly different results. Ampicillin, erythromycin, and clindamycin were more effective against gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria. However, the MIC values of flumequine for gram-positive bacteria were higher than those of gram-negative bacteria. Through the distribution patterns of the MIC values and resistance patterns presented in this study, the need for monitoring the multidrug-resistant bacteria in aquaculture is emphasised.
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Akinnibosun, FI, and JA Adetitun. "Drug resistance and plasmid profile of bacterial isolates from automated teller machine keypads in Benin city." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 54, no. 3 (2019): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v54i3.42675.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the drug resistance and plasmid profile of bacterial isolates from automated teller machine (ATM) keypads in Benin City, Nigeria. Samples were collected from the keypads of ATMs situated in banking premises and open access areas using stratified random sampling method at 5 different locations. Isolated bacteria were characterized by extensive phenotypic and biochemical identification procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern and plasmid profile of the isolates were carried out using standard methods. The bacteria isolated were: Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacteria sp., Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pyogenes. Each isolate exhibited marked resistance to the antibiotics, with multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index > 0.2. Escherichia coli showed the highest resistance (MAR index, 1) while Micrococcus luteus exhibited the least resistance (MAR index, 0.5) to the antibiotics used. Plasmid profile of the isolates revealed the presence of plasmids in the isolates, with a reduction in antibiotic resistance after plasmid curing in some isolates. This indicated plasmid-mediated resistance among majority of the isolates. From the results obtained, it is pertinent therefore, to adopt proper measures aimed at preventing outbreak of diseases associated with these multi-drug resistant bacteria isolated from ATM keypads.
 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.54(3), 231-240, 2019
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Tripathi, Kshama, and A. K. Sharma. "Seasonal variation in bacterial contamination of water sources with antibiotic resistant faecal coliforms in relation to pollution." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 3, no. 2 (2011): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v3i2.202.
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Water sample were collected from piped supplies, surface water and ground water sources in different locations of Lucknow city during summer, monsoon and winter season. Bacteriological quality of samples was determined by enumerating coliform isolated were subject to antibiotic susceptibility test with disc diffusion method. Maximum coliform and faecal coliform contamination were recorded during summer (67% and 75%) and monsoon (67% and 58.3%) while minimum during winter (50% and 50%). All the test isolates exhibited resistance (for nine antibiotics) was shown by river isolates. Antibiotic resistance index (ARI) ranged from 0.050 to 0.150 exhibiting the broad spectrum resistance for 3 to 9 out of 10 antibiotics tested. Occurrence of faecal pollution indicator organisms and multiple antibiotics resistance bacterial population in drinking water is alarming and a sign of potential health with therapeutic problems.
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Nandi, Suchhanda. "Antibiotic resistance of bacterial Isolates from Food and Environment: In vitro and In silico Analysis." Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 17, no. 1 (2024): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21786/bbrc/17.1.5.
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Manifold types of environmental samples have been known to be contaminated with potential bacterial pathogens stretching the global world with several infections in humans. Among six samples including five environmental samples and one food sample were taken up for in vitro study. Applying the disc diffusion method using 10 antibiotics, the isolated bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics was performed and MAR (multiple antibiotic resistance) index was calculated. All the bacterial isolates were sensitive to AK (amikacin), CIP (ciprofloxacin), VA (vancomycin), TE (tetracycline), MRP (meropenem), and IPM (imipenem), and resistant to AMP (ampicillin). The calculated MAR index of the isolates varied from 0.1 to 0.3, where the value was 0.3 for Bacillus sp, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus subtilis. In silico molecular docking was also performed to know the binding affinity of two antibiotics IMP and AK against bacterial target proteins (gyrase B and sortase A), wherein the binding energies ranged from -5.7 to -6.8 kcal/mol. The current findings revealed the emergence of antibiotic resistance among bacterial strains in environmental and food samples as well as provided information on bacterial contamination of environmental and food samples. The present study also determined the antibiotic susceptibility pattern and the MAR index to know the source environmental quality. Therefore, routine surveillance of environmental and food samples is warranted to monitor antibiotic resistance of the individual bacterial strains associated.
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Akkan, Tamer, and Cengiz Mutlu. "Giresun (Karadeniz) Kıyı Şeridinden İzole Edilen Enterobacteriaceae Üyelerinde Antibiyotik Direnç Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 4, no. 8 (2016): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v4i8.640-650.721.
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In this study the resistance of 200 Enterobacteriaceae isolates recovered from seawater in Giresun Coasts (Black Sea) to 9 different antibiotics was investigated by agar diffusion methods. Antibiotic resistance levels of isolates was determined respectively, Erythromycin (E): 82%, Cefazolin (CZ): 46.50%, Cefotaxime (CTX): 50.50%, Amikacin (AK): 41.50%, Nalidixic acid (NA): 34.50%, Tetracycline (TE): 30.50%, Chloramphenicol (C): 36.50%, Cefuroxime (CXM): 35.50% and Ampicillin (AM): 15.50%. It was found that 2 isolates resistant to all antibiotics, 5 isolates sensitive and 91% of all isolates multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index values were higher than 0.2. It was concluded that bacteriological quality in Giresun coastal area could cause public health problems due to the not provided necessary hygiene and sanitation.
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Daniels, A.O.1*, and T.O.2 Komolafe. "Presence, distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Microorganisms in surface and underground water in Owo Metropolis." MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) Volume 2, Issue 5 (2025): 01–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15448075.
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Microbial contamination in both surface and groundwater sources presents a significant public health concern (World Health Organization, 2020). This study aimed to evaluate bacterial diversity and antimicrobial resistance patterns in water samples from various locations within Owo Metropolis. Standard microbiological methods were used to isolate, characterize, and identify bacterial strains. Hemolytic activity was assessed to determine potential pathogenicity. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using the disk diffusion method. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was calculated to evaluate the extent of resistance. Molecular techniques, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and plasmid curing, were employed to investigate the genetic basis of antibiotic resistance. A total of thirty-four (34) bacterial isolates were identified, with Bacillus spp. being the most prevalent. High bacterial counts were observed across all water samples. The isolates displayed varying levels of resistance to multiple antibiotics, with several strains harboring high-molecular-weight plasmids. Plasmid curing experiments indicated that antibiotic resistance in these isolates was plasmid mediated. These findings underscore the urgent need for effective water treatment and sanitation practices to reduce the risks associated with waterborne infections and antimicrobial resistance in Owo Metropolis.
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Isichei-Ukah, O. B., P. Ajuebor, and B. A. Omogbai. "Bacteriological Analysis and Plasmid Profiles of Surfaces of Some Hospital Kitchen Equipment in Benin City, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 28, no. 3 (2024): 795–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v28i3.20.
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The surfaces of hospital kitchen equipment could be a major source of transmission of resistant pathogens to patients. Hence, the objective of this paper was to assess the bacteriological and plasmid profiles of surfaces of tables, sinks, chopping-boards, gas cookers and freezer handles hospital kitchen equipment in Benin City, Nigeria using appropriate standard microbiological techniques. Bacterial plasmids were isolated and separated using the agarose gel electrophoresis. Plasmid curing was performed using acridine orange. The antimicrobial sensitivity pattern showed that the bacterial isolates exhibited varying degree of resistance to the antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were highly resistant to the antibiotics, having multiple antibiotic resistances (MAR) index of 0.6. Micrococcus spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the least resistant to the antibiotics. Plasmid analysis revealed the presence of single and multiple-banded plasmids with sizes ranging from 100-1000bp. After curing, all the isolates (except S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa) were sensitive to all the antibiotics, indicating a significant reduction in antibiotic resistance after curing. The results revealed that plasmids played a significant role in conferring resistance on the isolates. Regular cleaning and disinfection should be strictly observed in hospital kitchens to prevent outbreaks and spread of resistant pathogens in hospitals.
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LAZAR, Cristina Ioana, Gheorghita DUCA, Carmen Dana SANDRU, et al. "ANTIBIOTIC PROFILE OF BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM THE SKIN SURFACE FROM EXTENSIVELY RAISED SWINE." AgroLife Scientific Journal 11, no. 2 (2022): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17930/agl2022210.
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Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus is increasing worldwide and is becoming a global concern. The present report exposes the study of the antibiotic susceptibility in isolates of Staphylococcus spp obtained from farm pigs. The samples were collected from healthy pigs, from different farms, in the period between 2019-2020. Forty strains of Staphylococcus were isolated from the anterior nares of individual pigs, and from the skin behind the ears of the animals. These isolates were tested against 12 different antimicrobial agents using the Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of different bacteria isolates was studied to detect MAR, MDR. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices were determined and it was above 0.2 in 24 of the total of 40 bacteria studied. The highest MAR index was detected in Staphylococcus lentus (0.5) and Staphylococcus xylosus (0.41) and 26 (65%) strains was MDR. In conclusion, the high levels of antibiotic resistance generally correlates with high antibiotic usage and antibiotics used are a risk to humans with occupational contact with livestock antibiotics.
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Obinna Okpaga Awoke, Peter Anyigor Edeh, Uchechukwu Onyeukwu Ekuma та ін. "Characterization of multidrug-resistant extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli from commercial swine farms in Ohaukwu local government Area, Ebonyi State Nigeria". GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 30, № 2 (2025): 306–19. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2025.30.2.0062.
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Background: The expanding use of antimicrobials in livestock is an important contributor to the worldwide rapid increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The transfer of antibiotic resistance to humans, which usually occurs via the food chain, is of concern for human health. This study assessed the incidence of multiple antibiotic resistance of Extended Spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli isolated from swine in Ohaukwu local government area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Methodology: A total of 400 rectal and nasal swabs samples were randomly collected from four pig farms and analyzed for the presence of ESBL-producing E. coli. Phenotypic detection of ESBL-producing E. coli was done using double disk synergy test (DDST). Antibiotics susceptibility testing of ESBL-producing E. coli was determined against different classes of antibiotics using Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method and multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was determined. Results: Out of 400 swine samples collected, sow/piglets have 164(41.0%), the weaners 140(35.0%) while the finishers were 96 representing 24%. Furthermore, it revealed that out of the 400 samples studied, 157 (39.3%) were E. coli positive, rectal had 85 (42.5%) and nasal had 72 (36.0%). Exactly 19 (12.1%) were ESBL-producing E. coli out of the 157 isolates analyzed, 13 (15.3%); 6 (8.3%) were from rectal and nasal swabs respectively. The ESBL-producing E. coli from swine samples showed varying range of resistance to the antibiotic tested. The ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from rectal swab showed high resistant profile to Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid, (76.9%); Cefepime, (92.3%); Ceftazidime, (84.6%); Nalidixic acid, (92.3%); and Piperacillin/Tazobactam and Cefoxitin, (100.0%). The ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from nasal swabs were (100.0%) resistance to Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid, Cefepime, Cefoxitin, Colistin, Nalidixic acid and were (100.0%) susceptible to meropenem. The multi antibiotic resistance index of the isolates ranged from 0.33 to 0.83 with average index of 0.66. Conclusion: The ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from swine was at high prevalence. This therefore is a big threat to public health and calls for a strict measure in the choice of antibiotics used in swine productions
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Truyen, Hue N. D., Kha H. N. Nguyen, Phuong N. Ngo, Duyen T. T. Nguyen, and Nhung H. Pham. "Antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from oyster sold in Thu Duc city, Ho Chi Minh City." Journal of Agriculture and Development 24, no. 01 (2025): 64–72. https://doi.org/10.52997/jad.6.01.2025.
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This study was conducted to determine the rate of antibiotic resis tance in 75 Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from oysters sold in Thu Duc city, Ho Chi Minh City. The results of the anti biotic susceptibility test showed that all strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol and florfenicol, but resistant to ampicillin. The percentages of isolates resistance to streptomycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, nitrofurantoin were 56%; 4%; 4%; 4%; 22,7%; 38,7%, respectively. The percentage of multiple resistant isolates from two to six tested antibiotics was 96% and the multiple antibiotic resis tance (MAR) index ranged from 0.2 to 0.42.
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Truyen, Hue N. D., Kha H. N. Nguyen, Phuong N. Ngo, Duyen T. T. Nguyen, and Nhung H. Pham. "Antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from oyster sold in Thu Duc city, Ho Chi Minh City." Journal of Agriculture and Development 24, no. 01 (2025): 64–72. https://doi.org/10.52997/jad.1.06.2025.
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This study was conducted to determine the rate of antibiotic resis tance in 75 Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from oysters sold in Thu Duc city, Ho Chi Minh City. The results of the anti biotic susceptibility test showed that all strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol and florfenicol, but resistant to ampicillin. The percentages of isolates resistance to streptomycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, nitrofurantoin were 56%; 4%; 4%; 4%; 22,7%; 38,7%, respectively. The percentage of multiple resistant isolates from two to six tested antibiotics was 96% and the multiple antibiotic resis tance (MAR) index ranged from 0.2 to 0.42.
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Mudau, Khuthadzo Lunsford, Lesoka Reneileo Ntobeng, Chimdi Mang Kalu, Maphangwa Khumbudzo, Vhahangwele Masindi, and Memory Tekere. "Water Treatment Stage Impacts on the Occurrence of Bacteriological Indicators and their Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 14, no. 5 (2024): 16911–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.7069.
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Constant monitoring of the bacteriological indicators of drinking water and the associated Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index as impacted by seasonal variations and different stages of Drinking Water Treatment Plants (DWTPs) may assist in understanding the pattern of their seasonal occurrences and the regular operations of the treatment plant that influence their removal. In this paper, the impact of the seasons and of the different stages of DWTPs on bacteriological indicator occurrence and the MAR-index of five treatment plants from three provinces in South Africa were assessed. Colilert-18 and Enterolert Quanti-Tray/2000 IDEXX methods were used to enumerate total coliform, E. coli, and Enterococcus spp. of water samples from the different treatment stages. Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion technique was used to assess the antibiotic susceptibility of the indicator bacteria isolates. All the measured physicochemical parameters were within the permissible limits. All the treatment plants essentially had a very high reduction of the indicator bacteria across all seasons. However, only two plants maintained the microbiological quality of the final treated water in compliance with the standards. A total of 121 isolates were obtained, and 106 isolates were multidrug resistant with the greatest resistance recorded for the Beta-lactams class of antibiotics. The MAR-index varied across seasons and with different plants. This implied that the usage of antibiotics is season- and site-dependent. The different stages of treatment reduced the indicator bacteria with the most reduction occurring in disinfection and candy stages. These findings extend the knowledge of how the treatment stages and seasons shape indicator bacteria and antibiotic resistance in drinking water.
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Danmaliki, Nusaiba, A. Haroun, P. Vantsawa, and A. Alhaji. "Antibiotic Resistance pattern/ Multiple drug Resistance Index of Water-borne Bacteria isolated from Underground well Water of some Wards in Gusau Metropolis Zamfara State." International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability 9, no. 1 (2023): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.57233/ijsgs.v9i1.404.
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Resistance of bacteria to many antibiotics is now a challenge that has become a source of mortality in many countries. Pathogens that are previously susceptible are now becoming resistant and are spreading among water bodies. This study will determine the Antibiotic Resistance pattern and Multiple drug Resistance Index of Water-borne bacteria isolated from Underground well Water of some Wards in Gusau metropolis. Eighteen water samples were collected from 6 locations (three from each) in Gusau. These samples were plated, cultured and emerging strain of bacteria were isolated and characterized using standard biochemical method. 24 bacterial isolates were found and characterized into eight genera. The bacteria with the highest frequency was Pseudomonas spp. (29.2%) followed by Shigella spp.and Alicaligenes with (16.7%) then (12.5%) Citrobacter freudii, Salmonella spp and Proteus mirabilis with (8.3%) followed finally by Serratia and Yersinia (4.2%). Antibiotic resistance patterns were determined using disk-diffusion method. Twelve antibiotics belonging to the class B-lactams were tested. The isolates show 96 % resistance to Cefotaxime, 92% Ampiclox, 87.5% Cefuroxime, 75% Amoxicillin and Imipenem, 50% Nalidixic acid, 33.3% Gentamycin, 8.3% Oflaxacin and 4.2 % Cefexime. It was observed that the isolates were 100% susceptible to Lovofloxacin, 96% Cefexime, 92% Ofloxacin, 75% Ceftriaxone sulbactarm, 66.7% Gentamycin, 58% Nitrofurantoin, 50% Nalidixic acid, 25% Amoxicillin, 12.5% Cefuroxime, 8.3% Ampiclox, and 4.2% Cefotaxime. A MAR index > 0.2 was observed for the isolates, indicating frequent antibiotic use in the area.
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Ogefere, HO, and MO Idoko. "Multiple antibiotic resistance index of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from clinical specimens in a tertiary hospital in Benin City, Nigeria." Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research 23, no. 1 (2024): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jmbr.v23i1.3.
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Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a commensal of the gastrointestinal tract but has been associated with hospital associated- and community infections. In this investigation, K. pneumoniae that was isolated from several clinical specimens of patients at a tertiary hospital in Benin City was evaluated for its multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index. Methods: A total of 100 clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae from the hospital’s inpatients and outpatients were employed. By using conventional microbiological techniques, isolates were identified. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out and MAR index was calculated. Results: The susceptibility test showed that K. pneumoniae exhibited high level of multidrug resistance with a total of 24 isolates resistant to the 12 antibiotics tested. The MAR index ranged from 0.42 to 1.00 with the mean value of 0.7994. The K. pneumoniae isolates from clinical specimens of inpatients showed a higher MAR index of 0.82 than that of outpatients (0.74). Conclusion: These findings present a major public health concern. Concerted efforts that emphasize antimicrobial stewardship must be put in place to mitigate this problem.
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Hernandez, Rebecca, Ismael Acedo, and Jesse G. Dillon. "Impact of wave action and rainfall on incidence and antibiotic resistance of total coliforms in Southern California beaches." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 5 (2020): 766–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.100.
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Abstract Coliforms are important bacterial contamination indicators in recreational waters. Little is known about the antibiotic resistance of coliforms from Southern California beaches. This study examined the numbers of coliforms as well as the incidence of antibiotic-resistant coliforms in beaches with restricted and non-restricted wave action by sampling from the shores of both types of beaches following dry and wet weather. Total coliforms were selected by membrane filtration onto mEndo agar and then enumerated. Randomly selected isolates from each location were screened for resistance to nine classes of antibiotics by disk diffusion, and the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was calculated. Numbers of total coliforms were significantly higher following rain compared to dry weather. Total coliform numbers were not significantly elevated at non-restricted wave action sites. Restricted wave action sites had a 78.5% increase in MAR index following wet weather compared to dry weather. Resistance to ampicillin was observed in almost 50% of isolates and was not significantly impacted by wave action or weather. Minimum inhibitory concentration testing revealed that many isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin. This study is the first to report on the antibiotic resistance of coliforms found in Southern California beaches and highlights the prevalence of ampicillin resistance.
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Khan, Farhana Islam, and Mihir Lal Saha. "Bacteria laden street food (Chatpati) and their multiple antibiotic resistance index." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 44, no. 4 (2018): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v44i4.38596.
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The bacteria associated with street food Chatpati and their multi-drug resistance pattern were investigated. The highest bacterial load of solid part of Chatpati was recorded on NA as 1.07×105 - 9.7×105 cfu/g followed by 1.55×104 - 4.05×105 cfu/g on EMB. In case of liquid part (Spicy tamarind) maximum load was 3.1×102 - 6.4×104 cfu/ml on SS agar. The bacterial isolates were provisionally identified as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Enterobactor sp., Micrococcus variens, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis and Salmonella paratyphi A. Multiple antibiotic resistance index (MRI) was found between 14.28 and 71.43%. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Enterobacter sp. and Salmonella paratyphi A showed the highest MRI percentage. Bacterial high loads and the presence of many enteric bacteria indicated significant food contamination. The presence of multi-drug resistant bacteria is very much alarming for the city dwellers habituated with the popular snacks like Chatpati.
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Paul, S., R. L. Bezbaruah, M. K. Roy, and A. C. Ghosh. "Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index and its reversion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Letters in Applied Microbiology 24, no. 3 (1997): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765x.1997.00364.x.
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