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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Multiple-effect evaporation

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Academic literature on the topic 'Multiple-effect evaporation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Multiple-effect evaporation"

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Chantasiriwan, Somchart. "Increased Energy Efficiency of a Backward-Feed Multiple-Effect Evaporator Compared with a Forward-Feed Multiple-Effect Evaporator in the Cogeneration System of a Sugar Factory." Processes 8, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8030342.

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The cogeneration system of a sugar factory consists of boiler, steam turbine, and sugar juice evaporation process. The multiple-effect evaporator used for the conventional sugar juice evaporation process is the forward-feed multiple-effect evaporator, in which steam and sugar juice flow in the same direction. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the energy efficiency of the backward-feed multiple-effect evaporator, in which steam and sugar juice flow in opposite directions, compared with that of the forward-feed multiple-effect evaporator. Mathematical models are developed for both multiple-effect evaporators, and used to compare the performances of two cogeneration systems that use the forward-feed and backward-feed multiple-effect evaporators. The forward-feed multiple-effect evaporator requires extracted steam from a turbine at one pressure, whereas the backward-feed multiple-effect evaporator requires steam extraction at two pressures. Both evaporators have the same total heating surface area, process the same amount of sugar juice, and operate at the optimum conditions. It is shown that the cogeneration system that uses the backward-feed multiple-effect is more energy efficient than the cogeneration system that uses the forward-feed multiple-effect because it yields more power output for the same fuel consumption.

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El-Dessouky, Hisham T., and H. M. Ettouney. "Multiple-effect evaporation desalination systems. thermal analysis." Desalination 125, no. 1-3 (November 1999): 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(99)00147-2.

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El-Dessouky, H. T., H. M. Ettouney, and F. Al-Juwayhel. "Multiple Effect Evaporation—Vapour Compression Desalination Processes." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 78, no. 4 (May 2000): 662–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/026387600527626.

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Ye, Aiqian, Harjinder Singh, Michael W. Taylor, and Skelte G. Anema. "Interactions of fat globule surface proteins during concentration of whole milk in a pilot-scale multiple-effect evaporator." Journal of Dairy Research 71, no. 4 (November 2004): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029904000512.

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The changes in milk fat globules and fat globule surface proteins during concentration of whole milk using a pilot-scale multiple-effect evaporator were examined. The effects of heat treatment of milk at 95 °C for 20 s, prior to evaporation, on fat globule size and the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins were also determined. In both non-preheated and preheated whole milk, the size of milk fat globules decreased while the amount of total surface proteins at the fat globules increased as the milk passed through each effect of the evaporator. In non-preheated samples, the amount of caseins at the surface of fat globules increased markedly during evaporation with a relatively small increase in whey proteins. In preheated samples, both caseins and whey proteins were observed at the surface of fat globules and the amounts of these proteins increased during subsequent steps of evaporation. The major original MFGM proteins, xanthine oxidase, butyrophilin, PAS 6 and PAS 7, did not change during evaporation, however, PAS 6 and PAS 7 decreased during preheating. These results indicate that the proteins from the skim milk were adsorbed onto the fat globule surface when the milk fat globules were disrupted during evaporation.

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Prada, C., E. Villar, and V. Aleixandre. "Dynamic Simulation of a Multiple-effect Evaporation Station." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 20, no. 12 (September 1987): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)55618-9.

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Lü, Shuang Jiang, Qi Jun Gao, and Xiao Long Lü. "Device and Process Study on Vacuum Multiple-Effect Membrane Distillation." Advanced Materials Research 573-574 (October 2012): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.573-574.120.

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Based on the high energy consumption of membrane distillation (MD) process and the excessive cooling water consumption issues, a new type of vacuum multiple-effect membrane distillation (MEMD) process was designed. The process set up a special multiple-effect evaporation zone for the first time where heat exchange and MD happened at the same time. The experiment studied the effects of the membrane area in main evaporation zone, feed fluid flow of the lumen side of membrane module and module length of multiple-effect evaporation zone on MEMD process. The equivalent flux of the system can reach the maximal value (34.8 kg•m-2•h-1) and the additional cooling water consumption is only 30.8% of traditional VMD process when the feed inlet temperature of the module and the membrane area in the main evaporation zone are 345 K and 0.10 m2, feed fluid flow is 4.0 L•h-1, and the module length is 868 mm of multiple-effect evaporation zone. The MEMD process has a wonderful industrial application prospect.

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Zavargo, Zoltan, Aleksandar Jokic, Bojana Prodanic, Jasna Grbic, and Rada Jeftic-Mucibabic. "Performance of falling film plate evaporators in reconstructed multiple-effect evaporation station in sugar factory." Thermal Science 10, no. 4 (2006): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0604055z.

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General trend of free trade in regional level as well as in the direction of European Union has motivated sugar factories located in Serbia to invest into technologies that are more efficient in order to make their products more competitive at the markets in Europe. The aim of this work was to evaluate effects of falling film plate evaporators on the energy consumption of evaporation plant, as well as to validate performance of this type of evaporators. It was found that this type of evaporator decreased energy requirements and in the same time evaporation process was more effective due to high values of heat transfer coefficients. .

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Chantasiriwan, Somchart. "Determination of Optimum Surface Distribution in Triple-Effect Evaporator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 598 (July 2014): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.598.309.

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Subjected to fixed total heat transfer surface area, the distribution of surface in multiple-effect evaporator affects the performance of the evaporator. Previous studies have been concerned with optimization of surface distribution with the assumption that no fouling occurs. The present study considers a more realistic case when the last-effect vessel is subjected to fouling. It is shown that, in order to consume the minimum steam exergy to produce a given amount of evaporation, the area of the last-effect vessel must be increased as the rate of fouling increases.

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Ganjeizadeh, Farnaz, Nikita Gupta, Anamika Burile, and Helen Zong. "Optimization of Multiple Effect Evaporation System via Modelling and Simulation." Procedia Manufacturing 51 (2020): 1785–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.10.248.

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El-Dessouky, Hisham, Imad Alatiqi, S. Bingulac, and Hisham Ettouney. "Steady-State Analysis of the Multiple Effect Evaporation Desalination Process." Chemical Engineering & Technology 21, no. 5 (May 1998): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4125(199805)21:5<437::aid-ceat437>3.0.co;2-d.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Multiple-effect evaporation"

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Bikos, Stylianos Chris. "Synthesis and design of multiple effect evaporation systems." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305430.

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Silva, André Luiz Nunis da. "Dinâmica e controle de um sistema de cristalização por evaporação múltiplo-efeito." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-15072013-163819/.

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O desenvolvimento de métodos que aumentem a eficiência de controle de processos de cristalização ganhou importância devido à necessidade de melhoras nas taxas de produção, minimizando os custos de energia e mantendo a qualidade das partículas. Neste trabalho os autores estudaram a aplicação de um controlador preditivo (MPC) a um processo de cristalização de cloreto de sódio por evaporação múltiplo-efeito, com alimentação paralela, permitindo que a planta busque, em tempo real, o melhor ponto de operação respeitando os limites definidos. Primeiramente, foi criado um modelo fenomenológico não linear através de balanços de massa, energia e momento considerando a cinética de cristalização, de forma que se possa simular a dinâmica de operação dos cinco efeitos operando dependentemente. O modelo físico possibilitou a aplicação de um controlador do tipo MPC com zona de controle permitindo que as principais variáveis de saída encontrem, dentro de uma faixa de operação aceitável, o ponto ótimo do processo nas condições atuais. Ao mesmo sistema foi aplicado um controlador clássico do tipo PID para avaliação dos ganhos adquiridos pela técnica de controle por predição do estado futuro da planta, observando uma melhor estabilidade e queda no consumo energético.
The development of methods to increase the efficiency of the crystallization process control has gained importance due to the need to improve production rates, to minimize energy costs and to improve the quality of particulate products. In this work the author has applied a model predictive control (MPC) to a continuous forced circulation five-stage evaporative sodium chloride crystallizer with parallel feed, providing the real time search of the best operating point inside the defined set of constraints. First, a non-linear phenomenological model was developed by mass, energy and moment balances coupled to the crystallization kinetics, to simulate the dynamic operation of the five effects working dependently. The physical model enabled the study of the implementation of a model predictive control MPC with zone control that allows the main output variables to be controlled in acceptable operating ranges and the detection of the optimum operating point of the process corresponding to current economic conditions. To evaluate the benefits of the advanced control strategy, a classical PID control system was also implemented in the crystallization system and the two strategies were compared to evaluate the benefit of the model based predictive strategy that provides a better stability and a decrease in the energy consumption.

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Smith, Patrick D. "Control and optimization of a multiple-effect evaporator." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5397.

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Bibliography: leaves 117-125.
Falling commodity prices have reduced the profit margins of Southern African sugar producers. Although these price falls have been severe, they reflect a long-term trend of reducing margins for basic commodity producers during the 20th Century. This trend has forced. producers to closely examine their processes and to look for areas in which improvements in productivity, yield and efficiency can be achieved. Evaporation is the most energy intensive unit operation in the sugar factory, and it is responsible for the removal of most of the water from sugar solution, or juice, which is extracted from the sugar cane. There is also a large potential to lose sucrose at the evaporators due to the high temperatures and long residence times employed there. The smooth control of the evaporators is thus vital to consistent factory operation, and the evaporators are commonly a sugar factory bottleneck. This study developed a control strategy for the particular evaporator configuration found at Triangle Sugar Mill in south eastern Zimbabwe. There are currently several evaporator control strategies being used in the sugar industry. Most of these are an assembly of single loop Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controllers, which cannot optimally account for the interactions encountered in most evaporator stations. Ideally, any evaporator control system should be able to handle the multiple input multiple output problem while anticipating and handling constraints on inputs and outputs. Several multivariable approaches have been tried, but these usually require a great deal of expensive instrumentation.After a review of the multivariable control literature and testing of several alternative control systems, Dynamic Matrix Control (DMC) was chosen as the bestwsuited control algorithm for the Triangle control problem. A dynamic model of the Triangle evaporator station was, developed to formulate and test the DMC and other controllers. The model was based on a set of differential equations involving mass and energy balances through the evaporators. Real plant data were collected from the SCADA system and the model was tested against this data. After validation the model was. used to record step responses of the process to key input variables. The control system had nine (9) measurable inputs, and three (3) controlled outputs. The objective of the control system was to deliver the maximum amount of consistently high quality symp, within plant constraints. This was formulated in an objective function which seeks to minimize a weighted sum of the errors of syrup concentration from a setpoint, and the fluctuations in juice flowrates. Two alternative formulations were developed, and tested on the plant model.

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Books on the topic "Multiple-effect evaporation"

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Wang, Bin. Intraseasonal Modulation of the Indian Summer Monsoon. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.616.

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The strongest Indian summer monsoon (ISM) on the planet features prolonged clustered spells of wet and dry conditions often lasting for two to three weeks, known as active and break monsoons. The active and break monsoons are attributed to a quasi-periodic intraseasonal oscillation (ISO), which is an extremely important form of the ISM variability bridging weather and climate variation. The ISO over India is part of the ISO in global tropics. The latter is one of the most important meteorological phenomena discovered during the 20th century (Madden & Julian, 1971, 1972). The extreme dry and wet events are regulated by the boreal summer ISO (BSISO). The BSISO over Indian monsoon region consists of northward propagating 30–60 day and westward propagating 10–20 day modes. The “clustering” of synoptic activity was separately modulated by both the 30–60 day and 10–20 day BSISO modes in approximately equal amounts. The clustering is particularly strong when the enhancement effect from both modes acts in concert. The northward propagation of BSISO is primarily originated from the easterly vertical shear (increasing easterly winds with height) of the monsoon flows, which by interacting with the BSISO convective system can generate boundary layer convergence to the north of the convective system that promotes its northward movement. The BSISO-ocean interaction through wind-evaporation feedback and cloud-radiation feedback can also contribute to the northward propagation of BSISO from the equator. The 10–20 day oscillation is primarily produced by convectively coupled Rossby waves modified by the monsoon mean flows. Using coupled general circulation models (GCMs) for ISO prediction is an important advance in subseasonal forecasts. The major modes of ISO over Indian monsoon region are potentially predictable up to 40–45 days as estimated by multiple GCM ensemble hindcast experiments. The current dynamical models’ prediction skills for the large initial amplitude cases are approximately 20–25 days, but the prediction of developing BSISO disturbance is much more difficult than the prediction of the mature BSISO disturbances. This article provides a synthesis of our current knowledge on the observed spatial and temporal structure of the ISO over India and the important physical processes through which the BSISO regulates the ISM active-break cycles and severe weather events. Our present capability and shortcomings in simulating and predicting the monsoon ISO and outstanding issues are also discussed.

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Book chapters on the topic "Multiple-effect evaporation"

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Di Pretoro, Alessandro, and Flavio Manenti. "Multiple-Effect Evaporation." In Non-conventional Unit Operations, 35–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34572-3_4.

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Sharan, Prashant, and Santanu Bandyopadhyay. "Freshwater Production Using Multiple-Effect Evaporator." In Water Management, 89–102. First editor. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, [2019] | Series: Green chemistry and chemical engineering: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22241-7.

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Saikia, Pranaynil, Soundaram Ramanathan, and Dibakar Rakshit. "Performance Assessment and Parametric Study of Multiple Effect Evaporator." In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Advances in Energy Research, 559–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5955-6_52.

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Gil, P., H. Duarte-Ramos, and A. Dourado Correia. "Dynamic modelling and optimal hierarchical control of a multiple-effect evaporator — superconcentrator plant." In System Modelling and Optimization, 227–34. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34897-1_25.

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El-Dessouky, Hisham T., and Hisham M. Ettouney. "Multiple Effect Evaporation." In Fundamentals of Salt Water Desalination, 147–208. Elsevier, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-044450810-2/50006-3.

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El-Dessouky, Hisham T., and Hisham M. Ettouney. "Multiple Effect Evaporation – Vapor Compression." In Fundamentals of Salt Water Desalination, 211–70. Elsevier, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-044450810-2/50007-5.

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Prada, C., E. Villar, and V. Aleixandre. "DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF A MULTIPLE-EFFECT EVAPORATION STATION." In Simulation of Control Systems, 129–32. Elsevier, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-034349-5.50026-3.

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"Solution of Multiple Effect Evaporator Problems." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 77–94. Elsevier, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-42836-3.50008-0.

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Criss, Robert E. "Isotope Hydrology." In Principles of Stable Isotope Distribution. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117752.003.0005.

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No substance exemplifies the principles of isotope distribution better than water. Water is practically ubiquitous at the Earth’s surface, where it undergoes phase transitions, interacts with minerals and the atmosphere, and participates in complex metabolic processes essential to life. The isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen undergo large fractionations during these processes, providing a multiple isotopic tracer record of diverse phenomena. In the hydrologic cycle, hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios provide conservative tracers, uniquely intrinsic to the water molecule, that elucidate the origin, phase transitions, and transport of H2O. In particular, the isotope data associated with these processes are amenable to theoretical modeling using the laws of physical chemistry. The characteristics of the principal reservoirs of natural waters on Earth are provided in the following sections. The distinct characters of these different reservoirs are very clearly shown on graphs where the δD values are plotted against those of δ18O. The oceans constitute 97.25% of the hydrosphere, cover 70% of the Earth’s surface to a mean depth of 3.8 km, and have an enormous total volume of 1.37 × 109 km3. This large reservoir has strikingly uniform isotopic concentrations, with almost all samples having δ18O = 0 ± 1 and δD = 0 ± 5 per mil relative to SMOW (Craig and Gordon, 1965). Values outside these ranges are almost invariably confined to surface waters that have salinities that differ from the normal value of 3.5 wt. %. These varations are generally attributable to evaporation, formation of sea ice, or addition of meteoric precipitation that may occur by direct rainfall, by river inflow, or by melting of icebergs. The latter effect was clearly documented by Epstein and Mayeda (1953) in the surface waters of the North Atlantic, where the isotopic variations were strongly correlated with variations in salinity. In detail, the deep waters of different ocean basins have distinct values of δ18O and salinity. Thus, the δ18O values of deep waters from the North Atlantic (ca. +0.05‰), Pacific (-0.15‰), and Antarctic (-0.40‰) oceans are distinct, and careful measurements can be used to infer details of oceanic circulation patterns (Craig and Gordon, 1965).

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Conference papers on the topic "Multiple-effect evaporation"

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Zdravkovic, Turajlic, and Marsenic. "Fuzzy PI control algorithm for the multiple effect evaporation station." In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Control and Applications CCA-94. IEEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cca.1994.381388.

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d’Entremont, Brian P., and John R. Thome. "A Numerical Study of Pulsating Heat Pipe Performance." In ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2015-48350.

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A pulsating heat pipe (PHP), also known as an oscillating heat pipe (OHP), is a passive thermal transport device which consists of a single meandering microchannel making multiple passes each through an evaporator and condenser. With a sufficient number of such passes, intermittent boiling of liquid slugs within each evaporator pass perturbs flow in adjacent channels leaving the device in a perpetually unstable state of oscillation. A PHP is thus distinguished operationally from a loop thermosyphon by having a motive force other than buoyancy and the ability to operate in all gravitational orientations. The most successful PHP models to date track liquid slug motion, sensible heating of the slugs, and mass transfer between liquid slugs and vapor plugs due to evaporation and condensation. However, the predictive capabilities of PHP models remain poor and the numbers assigned to evaporation and condensation heat transfer coefficients are generally not well justified by any realistic physical process. The current study applies methods consistent with state of the art prediction methods in microchannel boiling, to obtain results which predict the PHP’s heat transfer performance and the effect of gravitational orientation on performance.

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McClure, Emma R., and Van P. Carey. "Droplet Spreading and Evaporation on Nanoporous Superhydrophilic Surfaces: Effects of Impact Parameters." In ASME 2019 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2019-3510.

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Abstract Recent studies have indicated that droplet evaporation heat transfer can be substantially enhanced by fabricating a thin nanoporous superhydrophilic layer on a metal substrate. Earlier investigations have focused on how these surfaces affect low Weber number deposition of droplets and their subsequent evaporation on a horizontal, upward-facing heated surface. This investigation explores the effects of changing impact parameters — specifically how deposition, spreading, and vaporization on nanoporous superhydrophilic surfaces are affected by changing impact velocity and incident angle of the droplet motion relative to the surface. The results of droplet deposition and evaporation experiments are reported here for multiple droplet sizes (2–6 μL), and multiple incident angles (0–45°), and of 8 μL droplets from different drop heights (1.2, 40, and 80 mm). The results indicate that the strong capillary forces that enhance spreading on these surfaces remain dominant in the spreading and vaporization processes even when droplets strike the surface with significant velocity, and when the incident angle is oblique. The results indicate that increasing the Weber number has little effect on droplet evaporation and decreasing the incident deposition angle further enhances spreading and evaporation heat transfer. This paper also explores the implications of these results for spray cooling applications.

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Mu, Xingsen, Yong Yang, Shengqiang Shen, Gangtao Liang, and Luyuan Gong. "Experimental Study of Heat Transfer Characteristics for Horizontal-Tube Falling Film Evaporation." In ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting and the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2012-58532.

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The horizontal-tube falling film evaporation is a widely adopted technique in multiple-effect distillation (MED) desalination plant due to the higher heat transfer coefficient under quite small temperature differences. In the present study, an experimental platform for horizontal-tube falling film evaporation was set up to measure its heat transfer characteristics. Results indicate that heat transfer coefficient (h) for both fresh water and seawater are almost independent with heat flux. The h increases firstly and then decreases with growth of Re. Along the tube circumference, the h increases after decreasing. In addition, the distribution of h for fresh water and seawater at the different evaporation temperatures and Reynolds number (Re) are also provided.

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Li, Chen, G. P. Peterson, and Yaxiong Wang. "Experimental Study of Thickness Effects on Evaporation/Boiling on Thin Sintered Copper Mesh Surfaces." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72431.

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Evaporation/boiling from surfaces coated with multiple, uniform layers of sintered, isotropic, copper-mesh is studied experimentally. The investigation focuses on the effect of the wick thickness on the steady-state evaporation/boiling heat transfer coefficient and the critical heat flux under atmospheric pressure conditions. An optimal sintering process was developed and employed to prepare the test articles. This process minimizes the interface thermal contact resistance between the heated wall and wick, as well as enhancing the contact conditions between the layers of copper mesh. Due to the reduction in the thermal contact resistance between the wall and copper mesh, extremely high evaporation/boiling heat transfer coefficients were achieved. These values, which varied with input heat flux and wick thickness, were from 5 to 20 times higher than those previously reported by other researchers. The critical heat flux (CHF) was also significantly enhanced. The experimental results also indicated that while the evaporation/boiling heat transfer coefficient is not affected by wick thickness, the CHF for steady-state operation is strongly dependent on the wick layer thickness. In addition, the CHF increases proportionally with the wick thickness when the wick structure, porosity and pore size are held constant. Sample structure and fabrication processes as well as test procedures are described and discussed in detail and the experimental results and observations are systematically presented and analyzed. Evaporation/boiling Heat transfer regimes from these wick structures are identified and discussed based on the visual observations of the phase-change phenomena and the relative relationship between the heat flux and superheat.

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Kim, Iltai (Isaac), and Kenneth David Kihm. "In-Situ Visualization of Evaporation Induced Self-Assembly Phenomena of Nanofluids Detecting the Interfacial Surface Plasmon Reflectance." In ASME/JSME/KSME 2015 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2015-20804.

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Innovative optical techniques based on nano-biophotonics such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging and R-G-B natural fringe mapping techniques are developed to characterize the transport and optical properties of nanofluids in situ, real-time, and full field manner. Recent results regarding the characterization of nanofluids are summarized and future research directions are presented. 47 nm Al2O3 nanoparticles are dispersed in water with various concentrations. Al2O3 nanofluids droplets are placed on substrates and evaporated in room temperature. In-situ visualization of evaporation-induced self-assembly is conducted to detect concentration, effective refractive index, and different self-assembled pattern including cavity with various nanofluids concentrations and surface hydrophobbicities with SPR and fringe mapping. During the evaporation, time-dependent and near-field nanoparticle concentrations are determined by correlating the SPR reflectance intensities with the effective refractive index (ERI) of the nanofluids. With increasing the concentrations of nanofluids, the existence of hidden complex cavities inside a self-assembled nanocrystalline structure or final dryout pattern is discovered in real-time. R-G-B natural fringe mapping allowed the reconstruction of the 3D cavity formation and crystallization processes quantitatively. The formation of the complex inner structure was found to be attributable to multiple cavity inceptions and their competing growth during the aquatic evaporation. Furthermore, the effect of surface hydrophobicity is examined in the formation of hidden complex cavities, taking place on three different substrates bearing different levels of hydrophobicity; namely, cover glass (CG), gold thin film (Au), and polystyrene dish (PS). These surface plamson resonance imaging and natural fringe mapping techniques are expected to provide a breakthrough in micro-nanoscale thermal fluids phenomena and nano-biochemical sensing when coupled with localized surface Plasmon and metamaterials techniques.

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Nielsen, K. M. "Simulation and control of a multiple effect evaporator." In UKACC International Conference on Control. Control '96. IEE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19960718.

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ABOLTINS, Aivars, and Janis PALABINSKIS. "INFRARED DRYING OF RHUBARBS CUBES." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.026.

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In order to obtain dehydrated products of high quality, infrared drying in rhubarb cubes was researched at different sample thicknesses with IR film drying possibilities with small heating up to 40 oC. The drying characteristics of rhubarb cubes were studied using non-linear multiple regression analysis. Using experimental data, the two arguments non-linear equation was obtained to evaluate the drying time and sample thickness effect on rhubarb moisture. The determination coefficient of this correlation was R2 = 0.98. The results indicated that after 20 hours drying rhubarb samples with thickness 0.5 cm are dried up to 2 %, samples with 1 cm and 2 cm thickness dried up to 17 % and 25 % correspondingly. 1 cm thick rhubarb samples temperature rose from 24 oC to 33 oC during the experiment. With decreasing moisture of the product more infrared energy is used to warm the body and less for water evaporation.

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Issa, Roy J., Emily M. Hunt, and Freddie J. Davis. "Experimental Measurements and Numerical Modeling for the Air-Mist Cooling of a Heated Cylinder." In ASME 2008 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the Fluids Engineering, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2008-56003.

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Abstract:

Experimental measurements and numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the effect of mist on the spray heat transfer and fluid dynamics in the cooling of a low-carbon steel cylindrical surface heated to the nucleate boiling temperature range. Multiple tests are performed to investigate the effect of the droplet size, and liquid-to-air loading on the spray heat transfer along the circumference of the annulus cylinder. Infrared imaging is used to capture the effect of the spray flow conditions on the droplets transportation process around the heated cylinder. A computational fluid dynamics model is also developed to simulate the spray transportation process, droplets impaction and evaporation over the cylinder surface. The model takes into consideration droplet-to-surface interaction and water-film accumulation on the surface. Simulation results show the wetting of the cylinder depends on the droplet size and liquid-to-air loading. The smaller the droplets, the closer to the surface they remain. For high liquid-to-air loadings and high air velocities, droplet wetting of the cylinder back surface dramatically increases due to the increase in the flow turbulence. An overall good agreement is observed between the experimental measurements, numerical simulations and the thermal images. The results of this study shall lead to a better understanding of the multiphase heat transfer enhancement that plays an important role in the design of heat exchangers using multiphase cooling.

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Bag, Swarup, and M. Ruhul Amin. "Development of an Arbitrary Adaptive Volumetric Heat Source Model for Keyhole Mode Laser Welding Process." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10152.

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Abstract One of the anticipated objectives of laser welding is to produce deep penetration by forming a keyhole that entrains the energy over the depth without appreciable enlargement of weld width. The evolution of liquid/vapour interface over time considering the effect of interfacial phenomena like evaporation, homogeneous boiling, and multiple reflections makes the formation of keyhole geometry complex in nature. An analytical approach is developed explicitly to predict the keyhole geometry in the weldment during laser spot welding as well as linear welding. The model highly simplifies the heat transfer during the welding process by assuming an instantaneous linear heat source. The temperature field is then used to estimate the shape as well as the size of keyhole, which is arbitrary in shape in a discrete solution domain. This keyhole is considered as initial source of volumetric energy that is considered in a finite element-based Fourier heat conduction model. The distributed volumetric heat energy is adaptive in nature since it is mapped with the arbitrary volume of weld fusion zone at a time instant. The calculated results are validated with experimental results reported in independent literature.

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