Journal articles: 'Multiple-effect evaporation'

1

Chantasiriwan, Somchart. "Increased Energy Efficiency of a Backward-Feed Multiple-Effect Evaporator Compared with a Forward-Feed Multiple-Effect Evaporator in the Cogeneration System of a Sugar Factory." Processes 8, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8030342.

Full text

Abstract:

The cogeneration system of a sugar factory consists of boiler, steam turbine, and sugar juice evaporation process. The multiple-effect evaporator used for the conventional sugar juice evaporation process is the forward-feed multiple-effect evaporator, in which steam and sugar juice flow in the same direction. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the energy efficiency of the backward-feed multiple-effect evaporator, in which steam and sugar juice flow in opposite directions, compared with that of the forward-feed multiple-effect evaporator. Mathematical models are developed for both multiple-effect evaporators, and used to compare the performances of two cogeneration systems that use the forward-feed and backward-feed multiple-effect evaporators. The forward-feed multiple-effect evaporator requires extracted steam from a turbine at one pressure, whereas the backward-feed multiple-effect evaporator requires steam extraction at two pressures. Both evaporators have the same total heating surface area, process the same amount of sugar juice, and operate at the optimum conditions. It is shown that the cogeneration system that uses the backward-feed multiple-effect is more energy efficient than the cogeneration system that uses the forward-feed multiple-effect because it yields more power output for the same fuel consumption.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

El-Dessouky, Hisham T., and H. M. Ettouney. "Multiple-effect evaporation desalination systems. thermal analysis." Desalination 125, no. 1-3 (November 1999): 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(99)00147-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

El-Dessouky, H. T., H. M. Ettouney, and F. Al-Juwayhel. "Multiple Effect Evaporation—Vapour Compression Desalination Processes." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 78, no. 4 (May 2000): 662–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/026387600527626.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Ye, Aiqian, Harjinder Singh, Michael W. Taylor, and Skelte G. Anema. "Interactions of fat globule surface proteins during concentration of whole milk in a pilot-scale multiple-effect evaporator." Journal of Dairy Research 71, no. 4 (November 2004): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029904000512.

Full text

Abstract:

The changes in milk fat globules and fat globule surface proteins during concentration of whole milk using a pilot-scale multiple-effect evaporator were examined. The effects of heat treatment of milk at 95 °C for 20 s, prior to evaporation, on fat globule size and the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins were also determined. In both non-preheated and preheated whole milk, the size of milk fat globules decreased while the amount of total surface proteins at the fat globules increased as the milk passed through each effect of the evaporator. In non-preheated samples, the amount of caseins at the surface of fat globules increased markedly during evaporation with a relatively small increase in whey proteins. In preheated samples, both caseins and whey proteins were observed at the surface of fat globules and the amounts of these proteins increased during subsequent steps of evaporation. The major original MFGM proteins, xanthine oxidase, butyrophilin, PAS 6 and PAS 7, did not change during evaporation, however, PAS 6 and PAS 7 decreased during preheating. These results indicate that the proteins from the skim milk were adsorbed onto the fat globule surface when the milk fat globules were disrupted during evaporation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Prada, C., E. Villar, and V. Aleixandre. "Dynamic Simulation of a Multiple-effect Evaporation Station." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 20, no. 12 (September 1987): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)55618-9.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Lü, Shuang Jiang, Qi Jun Gao, and Xiao Long Lü. "Device and Process Study on Vacuum Multiple-Effect Membrane Distillation." Advanced Materials Research 573-574 (October 2012): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.573-574.120.

Full text

Abstract:

Based on the high energy consumption of membrane distillation (MD) process and the excessive cooling water consumption issues, a new type of vacuum multiple-effect membrane distillation (MEMD) process was designed. The process set up a special multiple-effect evaporation zone for the first time where heat exchange and MD happened at the same time. The experiment studied the effects of the membrane area in main evaporation zone, feed fluid flow of the lumen side of membrane module and module length of multiple-effect evaporation zone on MEMD process. The equivalent flux of the system can reach the maximal value (34.8 kg•m-2•h-1) and the additional cooling water consumption is only 30.8% of traditional VMD process when the feed inlet temperature of the module and the membrane area in the main evaporation zone are 345 K and 0.10 m2, feed fluid flow is 4.0 L•h-1, and the module length is 868 mm of multiple-effect evaporation zone. The MEMD process has a wonderful industrial application prospect.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Zavargo, Zoltan, Aleksandar Jokic, Bojana Prodanic, Jasna Grbic, and Rada Jeftic-Mucibabic. "Performance of falling film plate evaporators in reconstructed multiple-effect evaporation station in sugar factory." Thermal Science 10, no. 4 (2006): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0604055z.

Full text

Abstract:

General trend of free trade in regional level as well as in the direction of European Union has motivated sugar factories located in Serbia to invest into technologies that are more efficient in order to make their products more competitive at the markets in Europe. The aim of this work was to evaluate effects of falling film plate evaporators on the energy consumption of evaporation plant, as well as to validate performance of this type of evaporators. It was found that this type of evaporator decreased energy requirements and in the same time evaporation process was more effective due to high values of heat transfer coefficients. .

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Chantasiriwan, Somchart. "Determination of Optimum Surface Distribution in Triple-Effect Evaporator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 598 (July 2014): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.598.309.

Full text

Abstract:

Subjected to fixed total heat transfer surface area, the distribution of surface in multiple-effect evaporator affects the performance of the evaporator. Previous studies have been concerned with optimization of surface distribution with the assumption that no fouling occurs. The present study considers a more realistic case when the last-effect vessel is subjected to fouling. It is shown that, in order to consume the minimum steam exergy to produce a given amount of evaporation, the area of the last-effect vessel must be increased as the rate of fouling increases.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Ganjeizadeh, Farnaz, Nikita Gupta, Anamika Burile, and Helen Zong. "Optimization of Multiple Effect Evaporation System via Modelling and Simulation." Procedia Manufacturing 51 (2020): 1785–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.10.248.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

El-Dessouky, Hisham, Imad Alatiqi, S. Bingulac, and Hisham Ettouney. "Steady-State Analysis of the Multiple Effect Evaporation Desalination Process." Chemical Engineering & Technology 21, no. 5 (May 1998): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4125(199805)21:5<437::aid-ceat437>3.0.co;2-d.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

El-Dessouky, Hisham T., Hisham M. Ettouney, and Faisal Mandani. "Performance of parallel feed multiple effect evaporation system for seawater desalination." Applied Thermal Engineering 20, no. 17 (December 2000): 1679–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-4311(99)00098-8.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Jiang, Yinghua, Lixia Kang, and Yongzhong Liu. "Simultaneous synthesis of a multiple-effect evaporation system with background process." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 133 (May 2018): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2018.02.037.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Yu, Kai, Yao Wang, Yanxin Li, Jakov Baleta, Jin Wang, and Bengt Sundén. "Effect of phase change materials on heat dissipation of a multiple heat source system." Open Physics 17, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 797–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2019-0083.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThis paper experimentally investigates heat dissipation of a heat pipe with phase change materials (PCMs) cooling in a multiple heat source system. Two heat sources are fixed at one end of the heat pipe. Considering that a heat sink cannot dissipate all the heat generated by two heat sources, various PCMs are used due to a large latent heat. Different materials in a container are wrapped outside of the middle heat pipe to take away the heat from the evaporation section. The experimental tests obtain temperature data of heat source, evaporation section, and energy storage characteristics of PCMs are also determined under constant and dynamic values of the heat source powers. It is found that under this multiple heat source system structure, the phase change material RT35 maintains temperature variations of the evaporation section at a lower temperature and shortens the required time to reach the equilibrium temperature under a heating power of 20 W.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Ali, Emad, Jamel Orfi, Hany AlAnsary, Sofiane Soukane, Harun Elcik, Alla Alpatova, and Noreddine Ghaffour. "Cost analysis of multiple effect evaporation and membrane distillation hybrid desalination system." Desalination 517 (December 2021): 115258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2021.115258.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Diddens, Christian, Huanshu Tan, Pengyu Lv, Michel Versluis, J. G. M. Kuerten, Xuehua Zhang, and Detlef Lohse. "Evaporating pure, binary and ternary droplets: thermal effects and axial symmetry breaking." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 823 (June 20, 2017): 470–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.312.

Full text

Abstract:

The Greek aperitif Ouzo is not only famous for its specific anise-flavoured taste, but also for its ability to turn from a transparent miscible liquid to a milky-white coloured emulsion when water is added. Recently, it has been shown that this so-called Ouzo effect, i.e. the spontaneous emulsification of oil microdroplets, can also be triggered by the preferential evaporation of ethanol in an evaporating sessile Ouzo drop, leading to an amazingly rich drying process with multiple phase transitions (Tan et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 113 (31), 2016, pp. 8642–8647). Due to the enhanced evaporation near the contact line, the nucleation of oil droplets starts at the rim which results in an oil ring encircling the drop. Furthermore, the oil droplets are advected through the Ouzo drop by a fast solutal Marangoni flow. In this article, we investigate the evaporation of mixture droplets in more detail, by successively increasing the mixture complexity from pure water over a binary water–ethanol mixture to the ternary Ouzo mixture (water, ethanol and anise oil). In particular, axisymmetric and full three-dimensional finite element method simulations have been performed on these droplets to discuss thermal effects and the complicated flow in the droplet driven by an interplay of preferential evaporation, evaporative cooling and solutal and thermal Marangoni flow. By using image analysis techniques and micro-particle-image-velocimetry measurements, we are able to compare the numerically predicted volume evolutions and velocity fields with experimental data. The Ouzo droplet is furthermore investigated by confocal microscopy. It is shown that the oil ring predominantly emerges due to coalescence.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Ruan, Qi, Hao Jiang, Meiling Nian, and Zuoyi Yan. "Mathematical modeling and simulation of countercurrent multiple effect evaporation for fruit juice concentration." Journal of Food Engineering 146 (February 2015): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.09.015.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Nawaz, N. R., A. J. Adeloye, and M. Montaseri. "The Impact of Climate Change on Storage-Yield Curves for Multi-Reservoir Systems." Hydrology Research 30, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1999.0007.

Full text

Abstract:

In this paper, we report on the results of an investigation into the impacts of climate change on the storage-yield relationships for two multiple-reservoir systems, one in England and the other in Iran. The impact study uses established protocol and obtains perturbed monthly inflow series using a simple runoff coefficient approach which accounts for non-evaporative losses in the catchment, and a number of recently published GCM-based scenarios. The multi-reservoir analysis is based on the sequent-peak algorithm which has been modified to analyse multiple reservoirs and to accommodate explicitly performance norms and reservoir surface fluxes, i.e. evaporation and rainfall. As a consequence, it was also possible to assess the effect of including reservoir surface fluxes on the storage-yield functions. The results showed that, under baseline conditions, consideration of net evaporation will require lower storages for the English system and higher storages for the Iranian system. However, with perturbed hydroclimatology different impacts were obtained depending on the systems' yield and reliability. Possible explanations are offered for the observed behaviours.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Ekbåge, Daniel, and Lars Nilsson. "Potential energy improvements in a multiple-effect evaporation system: case studies of heat recovery." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 31, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2016-31-04-p583-591.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Diel, C. L., R. L. S. Canevesi, D. A. Zempulski, J. A. Awadallak, C. E. Borba, F. Palú, and E. A. Silva. "Optimization of multiple-effect evaporation in the pulp and paper industry using response surface methodology." Applied Thermal Engineering 95 (February 2016): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.10.136.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Riswanda, Aria, Indro Pranoto, Deendarlianto, Indarto, and Teguh Wibowo. "Study on the effect of Weber Number to heat transfer of multiple droplets on hot stainless steel surface." MATEC Web of Conferences 154 (2018): 01114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815401114.

Full text

Abstract:

Multiple droplets are drops of water that continuously dropped onto a surface. Spray cooling is an application of the use of droplet on a cooling system. Spray cooling is usually used in a cooling system of electronic devices, and material quenching. In this study, correlations between Weber number and surface temperature decrease rate during multiple droplets impingement are investigated and analyzed. Visualization process is used to help determine the evaporation time of droplets impingement by using high speed camera. Induction stove is used to maintain a stainless steel surface temperature at 120°C, 140°C, and 160°C. The Weber number was varied at 15, and 52.5 to simulate low and medium Weber number. The result of this study shows that increase in Weber number does not increase the temperature decrease rate noticeably. Whereas the Weber number decrease the time required for surface temperature to reach its lowest surface temperature. It was also found that for low and medium Weber number, Weber number affect the evaporation time of multiple droplets after impingement.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Misyura, Sergey. "Heat transfer and evaporation of salt solution on a horizontal heating wall." Thermal Science 24, no. 3 Part B (2020): 2171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180521281m.

Full text

Abstract:

An experimental study of non-isothermal heat transfer and evaporation of thin layers of aqueous solutions of salts has been carried out. Evaporation was realized on a horizontal heated wall in the air atmosphere at a pressure of 1 bar. In the evaporation of water and salt solution, the heat transfer coefficient is constant for a long time period and increases in the final stage due to the multiple reduction of the layer thickness. Evaporation curves for different types of salt solutions have a different character. Due to the increase in salt concentration, the evaporation rate of LiBr-water, CaCl2-water, LiCl-water, and MgCl2-water decreases over time. Salt solutions decreases with time. Evaporation rates for solutions of NaCl-water, CsCl-water, and BaCl2-water slightly change over time. To analyze the effect of free convection on heat transfer, experimental curves for the ratio of Nusselt numbers (A = Nu(salt)/Nu(water)) for the salt and water solution have been built. Parameter A is greater than one and increases with time. The effect of convection on heat transfer varies with time and depends on the current salt concentration and solution layer height, which should be considered in the simulation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Okulova, Nastasia, Peter Johansen, Lars Christensen, and Rafael Taboryski. "Effect of Structure Hierarchy for Superhydrophobic Polymer Surfaces Studied by Droplet Evaporation." Nanomaterials 8, no. 10 (October 13, 2018): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8100831.

Full text

Abstract:

Super-hydrophobic natural surfaces usually have multiple levels of structure hierarchy. Here, we report on the effect of surface structure hierarchy for droplet evaporation. The two-level hierarchical structures studied comprise micro-pillars superimposed with nanograss. The surface design is fully scalable as structures used in this study are replicated in polypropylene by a fast roll-to-roll extrusion coating method, which allows effective thermoforming of the surface structures on flexible substrates. As one of the main results, we show that the hierarchical structures can withstand pinning of sessile droplets and remain super-hydrophobic for a longer time than their non-hierarchical counterparts. The effect is documented by recording the water contact angles of sessile droplets during their evaporation from the surfaces. The surface morphology is mapped by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and used together with the theory of Miwa et al. to estimate the degree of water impregnation into the surface structures. Finally, the different behavior during the droplet evaporation is discussed in the light of the obtained water impregnation levels.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Andersson, Anton, Hesham Ahmed, Lena Sundqvist Ökvist, and Bo Björkman. "The Quantitative Effect of Blast Furnace Slag Composition and Temperature on the Kinetics of Potassium Evaporation." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 51, no. 6 (October 9, 2020): 2711–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-020-01977-8.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractIncreased in-plant recycling and lower quality raw material in terms of alkali content drive the alkali load in the blast furnace (BF) to higher levels. Excessive load of alkalis, primarily potassium, has several negative effects on the BF operation, which necessitates means to control the removal of potassium from the BF. One method to improve the removal is by increasing the potassium retention in the slag, which is controlled by the evaporation kinetics of potassium. Although several authors have studied factors affecting the evaporation rate, none of these studies have quantitatively investigated the effect of these parameters and attempted to relate these effects to slags from the industry. In the present work, a full-factorial design of experiments with three factors (B2 basicity, MgO content, and temperature) was performed, studying the evaporation of potassium from synthetic BF slag. The results suggested that multiple linear regression is suitable to describe the evaporation kinetics of potassium within the boundaries of the design of experiments. However, extrapolating to industrial slags of different compositions and additional slag components is best performed utilizing the corrected optical basicity. The corrected optical basicity showed a linear relation to the evaporation kinetics of potassium, which was related to the correlation between diffusivity and corrected optical basicity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Huang, Y.-C., C.-I. Hung, and C.-K. Chen. "Exergy analysis for a combined system of steam-injected gas turbine cogeneration and multiple-effect evaporation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 214, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0957650001537868.

Full text

Abstract:

An exergy analysis has been used for a combination of steam-injected gas turbine cogeneration system and forward-feed triple-effect evaporation process, with and without vapour recompression. The fuel utilization efficiency, power—heat ratio and second-law efficiency are examined for evaluation of the thermal system performance. It is shown that the interaction between the combustion irreversibility and the exhaust exergy losses is dominant in governing the system efficiency with various steam injection ratios and feedstock mass flowrates. The compressor and gas turbine losses are shown to have a relatively small influence.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Onishi, Viviani C., Alba Carrero-Parreño, Juan A. Reyes-Labarta, Rubén Ruiz-Femenia, Raquel Salcedo-Díaz, Eric S. Fraga, and José A. Caballero. "Shale gas flowback water desalination: Single vs multiple-effect evaporation with vapor recompression cycle and thermal integration." Desalination 404 (February 2017): 230–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.11.003.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

de Bruine, Marco, Maarten Krol, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, and Thomas Röckmann. "Explicit aerosol–cloud interactions in the Dutch Atmospheric Large-Eddy Simulation model DALES4.1-M7." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): 5177–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-5177-2019.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. Large-eddy simulation (LES) models are an excellent tool to improve our understanding of aerosol–cloud interactions (ACI). We introduce a prognostic aerosol scheme with multiple aerosol species in the Dutch Atmospheric Large-Eddy Simulation model (DALES), especially focused on simulating the impact of cloud microphysical processes on the aerosol population. The numerical treatment of aerosol activation is a crucial element for simulating both cloud and aerosol characteristics. Two methods are implemented and discussed: an explicit activation scheme based on κ-Köhler theory and a more classic approach using updraught strength. Sample model simulations are based on the Rain in Shallow Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) campaign, characterized by rapidly precipitating warm-phase shallow cumulus clouds. We find that in this pristine ocean environment virtually all aerosol mass in cloud droplets is the result of the activation process, while in-cloud scavenging is relatively inefficient. Despite the rapid formation of precipitation, most of the in-cloud aerosol mass is returned to the atmosphere by cloud evaporation. The strength of aerosol processing through subsequent cloud cycles is found to be particularly sensitive to the activation scheme and resulting cloud characteristics. However, the precipitation processes are considerably less sensitive. Scavenging by precipitation is the dominant source for in-rain aerosol mass. About half of the in-rain aerosol reaches the surface, while the rest is released by evaporation of falling precipitation. The effect of cloud microphysics on the average aerosol size depends on the balance between the evaporation of clouds and rain and ultimate removal by precipitation. Analysis of typical aerosol size associated with the different microphysical processes shows that aerosols resuspended by cloud evaporation have a radius that is only 5 % to 10 % larger than the originally activated aerosols. In contrast, aerosols released by evaporating precipitation are an order of magnitude larger.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Malinin, V. N., and S. M. Gordeeva. "Effect of moisture exchange in the northern Atlantic on european Russia moistening and annual Volga runoff." Водные ресурсы 46, no. 3 (June 14, 2019): 318–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0321-0596463318-332.

Full text

Abstract:

The interaction between hydrological cycle components in the ocean–atmosphere–land system was considered. Calculations were made with the use of various reanalysis archives, and regularities in the interannual variability of evaporation and precipitation in the North Atlantic and their effect on the zonal transport of water vapor onto the European continent were considered. Statistical models of the annual average total moisture flow at the meridional section 5° E as a function of evaporation in the North Atlantic were constructed. The contribution of the zonal transport of water vapor at the meridian 5° E to the variance of the total precipitation over cold and warm seasons in the Volga basin was determined. Models with a small number of parameters were constructed for forecasting the annual runoff of the Volga as a function of precipitation by methods of multiple regression and decision trees.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Lee, S. S. "Dependence of aerosol-precipitation interactions on humidity in a multiple-cloud system." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 10 (October 29, 2010): 25287–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-25287-2010.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. This study examines the dependence of aerosol-precipitation interactions on environmental humidity in a mesoscale cloud ensemble (MCE) driven by deep convective clouds. It is found that increases in aerosol enhance evaporative cooling, which raises not only the intensity of vorticity and entrainment but also that of downdrafts and low-level convergence or gustiness. The increase in vorticity tends to suppress precipitation. The increase in low-level convergence tends to enhance precipitation by generating more secondary clouds in a muptiple-cloud system simulated here. At high humidity, the effect of increased vorticity on cloud-liquid mass and, thus, precipitation is outweighed by that of increased low-level convergence. This leads to aerosol-induced precipitation enhancement. When humidity lowers to mid humidity, the effect of aerosol on low-level convergence still dominates that on entrainment, leading to precipitation enhancement with increased aerosol. With the lowest humidity in the current work, the effect of aerosol on entrainment dominates that on low-level convergence, leading to precipitation suppression with increased aerosol. Hence, there is not only a competition between the effect of evaporation on vorticity and that on low-level convergence but also the variation of the competition with humidity. This competition and variation are absent in a single-cloud system where the effect of low-level convergence on secondary clouds is absent. This exemplifies a difference in the mechanism which controls aerosol-precipitation interactions between a single cloud and a multiple-cloud system.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Garcia-Castello, E., J. Lora-Garcia, J. Garcia-Garrido, and A. D. Rodriguez-Lopez. "Energetic comparison for leaching waste liquid from citric juice production using both reverse osmosis and multiple-effect evaporation." Desalination 191, no. 1-3 (May 2006): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.09.012.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Nauck, Matthias, Markus Nauck, and Jochem Koetting. "A Recapping System for Automatic, Semiautomatic, and Manual Use." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 132, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 690–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2008-132-690-arsfas.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Context.—Closed sample tubes are needed for stored as well as in-process samples because evaporation significantly changes analyte concentrations. In modern laboratories, it is essential that the procedures for ordering tests on stored serum samples be simple and time-efficient. Therefore, recapping and reopening of tubes should be readily possible in laboratories to save resources and time. Objective.—To evaluate the recapping system MagCap, in comparison to established snap caps and unsealed tubes. Design.—Specific balls, with an iron core, fit tightly by their specific weight into openings of primary and secondary tubes as well as microtiter plates. Recapping of the tubes can be performed individually by a single dispenser or rackwise by a multidispenser. Balls can be removed individually by a pencillike magnet or rackwise. Balls can be reused after cleaning in a glassware washer or used as disposables. Results.—Balls seal the sample tubes as effectively as snap caps and decrease evaporation significantly in comparison to unsealed tubes. Evaporation effects of up to 13% were detected in unsealed tubes (0.5 mL) within 24 hours, whereas resealing of the tubes diminished the concentration effect to less than 1%. Open samples (0.5 mL) showed a concentration effect in the refrigerator within 7 days of up to 25%. The evaporation effect of the sealed tubes was less than 3%. Multiple reopenening and recapping procedures are easily possible using magnetic forces. Conclusions.—The MagCap recapping system seals primary and secondary containers securely and cost-effectively with the ball cap and thus facilitates a necessary advance in sample quality.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Shi, Tingting, Zhihua Chen, Qing Wang, Wei Zhang, Mingming Luo, and Ningtao Wang. "Features of Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes in Waters from the Karst Mountains, Xiangxi River Basin." International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 15, no. 5 (November 10, 2020): 667–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.150508.

Full text

Abstract:

Targeting the carbonate-dominated catchment of Xiangxi River, the first tributary of Three Gorges Reservoir, this paper explores the spatiotemporal distribution of stable isotopes in the stream water, and distinguishes the water sources and recharge processes in the river basin. Multiple water samples were collected from the catchments of the main tributaries of Xiangxi River, namely, Nanyang River and Gaolan River. The results show that the two tributary catchments had obvious spatial and seasonable variability in δ18O and δD. This is attributable to the seasonal changes in meteoric precipitation recharge, which depends on ambient temperature, precipitation, evaporation, and secondary evaporation of raindrops. Besides, there is a strong elevation effect on stable isotopes in stream water. In the samples from Gaolan River, the mean elevation effect on the δ18O and δD was -0.35‰, and -1.57‰ per 100m change in elevation in summer, and -0.12‰, and -1.19‰ per 100m change in elevation in winter, respectively. In the samples from Nanyang River, the mean elevation effect on the δ18O and δD was -0.14‰ and -0.89‰ per 100m change in elevation in summer, and -0.08‰ and -0.66‰ per 100m change in elevation in winter, respectively. The δD, δ18O, and deuterium excess (d-value) are not only affected by the elevation effect, but also by the seasonal effect in the study area. The seasonal variations and spatial changes in the tributary catchments reveal the difference between the two catchments in control factors like latitude effect, evaporation, and the mixing of different water sources.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Caballero, José A., Juan A. Labarta, Natalia Quirante, Alba Carrero-Parreño, and Ignacio E. Grossmann. "Environmental and Economic Water Management in Shale Gas Extraction." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 24, 2020): 1686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041686.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper introduces a comprehensive study of the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) of water management in shale gas exploitation. First, we present a comprehensive study of wastewater treatment in the shale gas extraction, including the most common technologies for the pretreatment and three different desalination technologies of recent interest: Single and Multiple-Effect Evaporation with Mechanical Vapor Recompression and Membrane Distillation. The analysis has been carried out through a generic Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the ReCiPe metric (at midpoint and endpoint levels), considering a wide range of environmental impacts. The results show that among these technologies Multiple-Effect Evaporation with Mechanical Vapor Recompression (MEE-MVR) is the most suitable technology for the wastewater treatment in shale gas extraction, taking into account its reduced environmental impact, the high water recovery compared to other alternatives as well as the lower cost of this technology. We also use a comprehensive water management model that includes previous results that takes the form of a new Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) bi-criterion optimization model to address the profit maximization and the minimization Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA), based on its results we discuss the main tradeoffs between optimal operation from the economic and environmental points of view.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

ASGARI, M., M. SAGHARICHIHA, and R. KOUHIKAMALI. "THE SIMULATION OF A MULTISTAGE BRINE CONCENTRATION PROCESS WITH VERTICAL FALLING FILM EVAPORATION." Latin American Applied Research - An international journal 45, no. 3 (July 31, 2015): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.laar.2015.393.

Full text

Abstract:

Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) is a real process complex in terms of its design and operational control. The brine concentrating system can be considered as the most important component of ZLD processes. In the present study, mass and energy equations are written for a multistage brine concentrator unit with Feed Forward Multiple Effect Evaporation. Modeling of this process has been done, in which variable parameters are the number of stages, initial feed temperature, and the feed steam pressure. Parameters like the temperature of each stage, Gained Output Ratio (GOR), the required heat transfer area, the heat transfer coefficient, and other operational parameters are also calculated by the simulation code. The aim of this study is the investigation of the effect of key parameters on the performance of brine concentration process and on the process conceptual design.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Lee, S. S. "Dependence of aerosol-precipitation interactions on humidity in a multiple-cloud system." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 5 (March 11, 2011): 2179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-2179-2011.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. This study examines the dependence of aerosol-precipitation interactions on environmental humidity in a mesoscale cloud ensemble (MCE) which is composed of convective and stratiform clouds. The author found that increases in aerosol concentration enhance evaporative cooling, which raises not only the intensity of vorticity and entrainment but also that of downdrafts and low-level convergence. The increase in vorticity tends to suppress precipitation. The increase in low-level convergence tends to enhance precipitation by generating more secondary clouds in a muptiple-cloud system simulated here. At high humidity, the effect of the increased vorticity on cloud-liquid mass and, thus, precipitation is outweighed by that of the increased low-level convergence. This leads to the precipitation enhancement induced by the increase in aerosol concentration. When humidity lowers to mid humidity, the effect of aerosol on low-level convergence still dominates that on entrainment, leading to the precipitation enhancement with the increased aerosol concentration. With the lowest humidity in the current work, the effect of aerosol on entrainment dominates that on low-level convergence, leading to the precipitation suppression with the increased aerosol concentration. Hence, there is not only a competition between the effect of evaporation on vorticity and that on low-level convergence at a given humidity level but also the variation of the competition with the varying humidity. This competition and variation are absent in a single-cloud system where the effect of low-level convergence on secondary clouds is absent. This exemplifies a difference in the mechanism which controls aerosol-precipitation interactions between a single-cloud system and a multiple-cloud system.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Zhang, Junquan, Ke Yang, and Changsheng Peng. "Development of Small-scale Two-stage Photovoltaic-photothermal Humidification-dehumidification Desalination System." Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction 7, no. 2 (May 30, 2018): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jcec.2018.7.2.90.

Full text

Abstract:

Air bubble has been proved that it can increase evaporation area and coefficient of mass transfer and heat transfer. Two-stage evaporation system can indirectly increase the contact area of water and vapor, reduce the volume of single evaporation system, and can also combine the multiple systems flexibly. So a new type of small scale two-stage photovoltaic-photothermal humidification-dehumidification (HDH) desalination system is designed, and the relationship between solar radiation and temperature is measured, and the water production capability of the system is investigated. The effect of water temperature, ambient temperature, air flow rate and air temperature on desalination performance is also investigated. The results showed that the rate of water production is positively correlated with sea water temperature, ambient temperature, gas flow rate and air temperature. And the gas temperature is positively correlated with the solar radiation intensity. When the ambient temperature is higher than 25 ℃, the cumulative amount of irradiation is 22.3 MJ/m2, the cumulative water production is 19.2 L/d, and 6.4 L/( m2∙d), the thermal efficiency is 0.66. The cost of water produced through the designed HDH system is 0.08 $/L.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

McCartney, John S., and Jorge G. Zornberg. "Effects of infiltration and evaporation on geosynthetic capillary barrier performance." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 47, no. 11 (November 2010): 1201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t10-024.

Full text

Abstract:

This study includes an experimental investigation of the transient movement of water in unsaturated soil layers underlain by a geocomposite drainage layer (GDL) during cycles of infiltration and evaporation. The distribution in volumetric water content with depth in a soil column having a height of 1350 mm underlain by a GDL was measured during transient infiltration. The capillary break effect was observed to affect the soil up to a height of 500 mm above the GDL, with an increase in volumetric water content up to 20% above that expected for the case of infiltration under a unit hydraulic gradient. Due to the long duration of this test (2000 h), a shorter 150 mm high soil column was also evaluated to investigate the soil–GDL hydraulic interaction during cycles of infiltration and evaporation. The capillary break was observed to have re-established itself after infiltration was stopped and the soil near the interface dried. The suction and volumetric water content measured in the soil at breakthrough were consistent after multiple cycles of wetting and drying. The conditions in the soil after each breakthrough event corresponded to the point on the drying-path water retention curve of the nonwoven geotextile where it transitioned from residual to saturated conditions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Najim, Monssif, M’barek Feddaoui, Abderrahman Nait Alla, and Adil Charef. "Computational Study of Liquid Film Evaporation along a Wavy Wall of a Vertical Channel." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4208059.

Full text

Abstract:

A numerical study of mixed convection heat and mass transfer along a vertical channel with a wavy wall is performed. The wavy wall is heated by a constant flux, while the other is adiabatic. The discretisation of equations in both liquid and gas phases is realised using an implicit finite difference scheme. Results of simulation compare the effect of multiple parameters, especially amplitude and characteristic length of the curve, on the liquid film evaporation process. The results indicate that heat and mass transfer is enhanced by increasing the amplitude and number of wall waves. Moreover, a very small value of waves amplitude of the wall may reduce the sensible heat and mass transfer.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Thuvander, Mattias, Deodatta Shinde, Arbab Rehan, Sebastian Ejnermark, and Krystyna Stiller. "Improving Compositional Accuracy in APT Analysis of Carbides Using a Decreased Detection Efficiency." Microscopy and Microanalysis 25, no. 2 (April 2019): 454–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927619000424.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThe composition of carbides in steel, measured by atom probe tomography, can be influenced by limitations in the ion detector system. When carbides are analyzed, many ions tend to field evaporate from the same region of the specimen during the same laser or voltage pulse. This results in a so-called multiple event, meaning that several ions impact the detector in close proximity both in time and space. Due to a finite detector dead-time not all ions can be detected, a phenomenon known as detector pile-up. The evaporation behavior of carbon is often different than the evaporation behavior of metals when analyzing alloy carbides, leading to preferential loss of carbon ions, and a measured carbon concentration below the expected value. This effect becomes stronger as the overall detection efficiency gets higher. Here, the detection efficiency was deliberately reduced by inserting a grid into the flight-path, which resulted in a higher and more correct carbon concentration, accompanied by an increase in the statistical uncertainty.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

NOJIRI, S., O. OBREGON, and S. D. ODINTSOV. "UNIFIED APPROACH TO STUDY QUANTUM PROPERTIES OF PRIMORDIAL BLACK HOLES, WORMHOLES AND OF QUANTUM COSMOLOGY." Modern Physics Letters A 14, no. 20 (June 28, 1999): 1309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732399001401.

Full text

Abstract:

We review the anomaly induced effective action for dilaton coupled spinors and scalars in large-N and s-wave approximation. It may be applied to study the following fundamental problems: construction of quantum corrected black holes (BHs), inducing of primordial wormholes in the early Universe (this effect is confirmed) and the solution of initial singularity problem. The recently discovered anti-evaporation of multiple horizon BHs is discussed. The existence of such primordial BHs may be interpreted as SUSY manifestation. Quantum corrections to BHs thermodynamics may also be discussed within such scheme.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Souto, Camilo, Octavio Lagos, Eduardo Holzapfel, Mahesh Lal Maskey, Lynn Wunderlich, Kristen Shapiro, Giulia Marino, Richard Snyder, and Daniele Zaccaria. "A Modified Surface Energy Balance to Estimate Crop Transpiration and Soil Evaporation in Micro-Irrigated Orchards." Water 11, no. 9 (August 22, 2019): 1747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091747.

Full text

Abstract:

A surface energy balance model was conceived to estimate crop transpiration and soil evaporation in orchards and vineyards where the floor is partially wetted by micro-irrigation systems. The proposed surface energy balance model for partial wetting (SEB-PW) builds upon previous multiple-layer modelling approaches to estimate the latent, sensible, and soil heat fluxes, while partitioning the total evapotranspiration ( E T ) into dry and wet soil evaporation ( λ E s o i l ) and crop transpiration ( T ). The model estimates the energy balance and flux resistances for the evaporation from dry and wet soil areas below the canopy, evaporation from dry and wet soil areas between plant rows, crop transpiration, and total crop E T . This article describes the model development, sensitivity analysis and a preliminary model evaluation. The evaluation shows that simulated hourly E T values have a good correlation with field measurements conducted with the surface renewal method and micro-lysimeter measurements in a micro-irrigated winegrape vineyard of Northern California for a range of fractional crop canopy cover conditions. Evaluation showed that hourly L E estimates had root mean square error ( R M S E ) of 58.6 W m−2, mean absolute error ( M A E ) of 35.6 W m−2, Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient ( C N S ) of 0.85, and index of agreement ( d a ) of 0.94. Daily soil evaporation ( E s ) estimations had R M S E of 0.30 mm d−1, M A E of 0.24 mm d−1, C N S of 0.87, and d a of 0.94. E s estimation had a coefficient of determination ( r 2 ) of 0.95, when compared with the micro-lysimeter measurements, which showed that E s can reach values from 28% to 46% of the total E T after an irrigation event. The proposed SEB-PW model can be used to estimate the effect and significance of soil evaporation from wet and dry soil areas on the total E T , and to inform water balance studies for optimizing irrigation management. Further evaluation is needed to test the model in other partially wetted orchards and to test the model performance during all growing seasons and for different environmental conditions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Moni, Sivakumar S., Mohammad F. Alam, Mohammed M. Safhi, Muhammad H. Sultan, Hafiz A. Makeen, and Mohamed E. Elmobark. "Development of Formulation Methods and Physical Characterization of Injectable Sodium Selenite Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Sorafenib tosylate." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 21, no. 8 (July 8, 2020): 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201021666191230124041.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Sorafenib is the first oral therapeutic agent to show the activity against human hepatocellular carcinoma. Sorafenib leads to severe toxicity due to the multiple-dose regimen. Reducing the overall dose of sorafenib through injectable dosage form to release sustainably is of therapeutically more important to combat drug-induced toxicity. Objective: The purpose of this study was to formulate and evaluate the physical parameters of sorafenib- loaded Sodium Selenite Nanoparticles (SSSNP). Methods: Two different methods: chemical crosslinking and solvent evaporation were applied for the formulation of nanoparticles using various crosslinkers such as formaldehyde, magnesium sulfate, tripolyphosphate, dextran sulfate, and aluminum hydroxide. Physical characterization was performed with zeta potential analysis, polydispersity index, particle size and scanning electron microscopic studies for morphological analysis for all the formulated nanoparticles developed using the chemical crosslinking technique based ionic interaction. Results: Tripolyphosphate was selected as an ideal crosslinker and used for nanoparticle formulation with the solvent evaporation technique. Based on the physical characterization, SSSNP was formulated successfully with the solvent evaporation technique using tripolyphosphate as a cross-linker. The zeta potential of SSSNP was -37.5 mV, PDI was approximately 0.3 to 0.4, and the observed size (diameter) was in the range of 208 nm to 0.2 μm. Furthermore, the particles were smooth in morphology and appeared as crystals. Conclusion: The novel injectable sorafenib loaded sodium selenite nanoparticle dosage form will serve better than conventional oral dosage form to elicit a safe therapeutic effect.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Ossai, Emmanuel Chekwube, Takashi Kuroiwa, Kaname Horikoshi, Yuya Otsuka, Junki Terasawa, Akihiko Kanazawa, Seigo Sato, and Sosaku Ichikawa. "Lipid Vesicle Preparation Using W/O/W Multiple Emulsions Via Solvent Evaporation: The Effect of Emulsifiers on the Entrapment Yield of Hydrophilic Materials." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 96, no. 12 (October 23, 2019): 1405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aocs.12275.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Zhang, Hailiang, Junjian Liu, Huoqing Li, Xianyong Meng, and Ablimitijan Ablikim. "The Impacts of Soil Moisture Initialization on the Forecasts of Weather Research and Forecasting Model: A Case Study in Xinjiang, China." Water 12, no. 7 (July 2, 2020): 1892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12071892.

Full text

Abstract:

Soil moisture is a critical parameter in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models because it plays a fundamental role in the exchange of water and energy cycles between the atmosphere and the land surface through evaporation. To improve the forecast skills of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model in Xinjiang, China, this study investigated the impacts of soil moisture initialization on the WRF forecasts by performing a series of simulations. A group of simulations was conducted using the single-column model (SCM) from 1200 UTC on 15 to 18 August 2019, at Urumchi, Xinjiang (43.78° N, 87.6° E); another was performed using the WRF model for a real weather case in Xinjiang from 0000 UTC 15 August to 1200 UTC 18 August 2019, which included an episode of heavy precipitation and gales. Our most notable findings are as follows. Specific humidity increases and potential temperature decreases persistently when soil moisture increases because of soil water evaporation. Soil moisture initialization could impact the energy budget and modulate the partition of the total available energy at the land surface significantly through evaporation and the greenhouse effect. Replacing the soil moisture with a proper multiple of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) soil moisture data could significantly improve the critical success index (CSI) and frequency bias (FBIAS) of precipitation and the root-mean-squared errors (RMSEs) of 2-m specific humidity and 2-m temperature. These findings indicate the prospect of a new way to improve the forecast skills of WRF in Xinjiang or other similar regions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Al-Rawi, Omar, and Mark Wilson. "Influence of forced convection on the evaporation and internal dynamics inside of an array of salt solution droplets." MATEC Web of Conferences 240 (2018): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824001002.

Full text

Abstract:

The effects of a gentle forced air convection on the internal dynamics of an array of multiple pinned sessile salt solution droplets are investigated via fully-coupled transient ALE finite element analysis. Results highlight the competition between the shear-induced circulation within the droplets and the gravity-driven flow in the droplets arising from increasing liquid density in regions of high water evaporation. At low air speeds, gravity effects dominate, resulting in a non-uniform concentration distribution. However, at higher speeds the shear-induced circulation within the droplets becomes sufficient to mix the liquid within the droplets via a 3D flow pattern, resulting in greater concentration uniformity. In addition, the shielding effect of leading droplets on downstream droplets is explored for various air speeds, with results showing differences in average concentration levels.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Peng, Zirong, Pyuck-Pa Choi, Baptiste Gault, and Dierk Raabe. "Evaluation of Analysis Conditions for Laser-Pulsed Atom Probe Tomography: Example of Cemented Tungsten Carbide." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, no. 2 (January 17, 2017): 431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927616012654.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractCemented tungsten carbide has been analyzed using laser-pulsed atom probe tomography (APT). The influence of experimental parameters, including laser pulse energy, pulse repetition rate, and specimen base temperature, on the acquired data were evaluated from different aspects, such as mass spectrum, chemical composition, noise-to-signal ratio, and multiple events. Within all the applied analysis conditions, only 1 MHz pulse repetition rate led to a strong detector saturation effect, resulting in a largely biased chemical composition. A comparative study of the laser energy settings showed that an ~12 times higher energy was required for the less focused green laser of the LEAPTM 3000X HR system to achieve a similar evaporation field as the finer spot ultraviolet laser of the LEAPTM 5000 XS system.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Kammuang-Lue, Niti, Phrut Sakulchangsatjatai, and Pradit Terdtoon. "Effect of working fluids and internal diameters on thermal performance of vertical and horizontal closed-loop pulsating heat pipes with multiple heat sources." Thermal Science 20, no. 1 (2016): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci140904141k.

Full text

Abstract:

Some electrical applications have a number of heat sources. The closed-loop pulsating heat pipe (CLPHP) is applied to transfer heat from these devices. Since the CLPHP primarily transfers heat by means of the working fluid?s phase change in a capillary tube, the thermal performance of the CLPHP significantly depends on the working fluid type and the tube?s internal diameter. In order to provide the fundamental information for manufacturers of heat exchangers, this study on the effect of working fluids and internal diameters has been conducted. Three electrical plate heaters were installed on the CLPHP as the heat sources. The experiments were conducted by varying the working fluid to be R123, ethanol, and water, and the internal diameter to be 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, and 2.0 mm. For each set of the same working fluid and internal diameter, the input heat fluxes of the heat sources were also made to vary within six different patterns. It can be concluded that when the latent heat of evaporation increases - in the case of vertical CLPHP - and when the dynamic viscosity of the liquid increases - in the case of horizontal CLPHP - the thermal performance decreases. Moreover, when the internal diameter increases, the thermal performance increases for both of vertical and horizontal CLPHPs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Liu, Qi, Xiaolong Zhao, Hongyan Wang, and Yongfeng Sun. "Establishment and Analysis of Spatiotemporal Variation Hydrological Model of Distributed Rainfall and Evaporation in Biliu River Basin." Complexity 2021 (January 18, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6639691.

Full text

Abstract:

The Biliu River originates from the southern foot of Qinling Mountain in Gaizhou city, with an elevation of 1047 m, and is the largest river in Dalian. The hydrological elements mainly include rainfall, runoff, temperature, evaporation, and other time series associated with the hydrological cycle. Among them, runoff is the most visible output performance, and the direct source of runoff is during rainfall. This paper establishes a reservoir scheduling model that considers the influence of multiple uncertainty factors and analyzes the influence of mixed uncertainty on reservoir scheduling and Xingli’s objectives based on probability box theory. In terms of uncertainties, the uncertainty of hydrological model parameters and the randomness of precipitation processes are mainly considered, with the former having an impact on river runoff simulation and the latter having an impact on both river runoff simulation and crop irrigation water demand. In the case of the Jing River basin, for example, the results show that, compared to the stochasticity of the precipitation process, the variation in precipitation has a significant effect on irrigation water demand in maize, followed by the frequency of precipitation, and the interaction between the two is not significant.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Shao, Ai Jun, and Zhi Guang Li. "Impact of Climatic Change on the Runoff of Hebei Province of China in Recent 50 Years." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 2119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.2119.

Full text

Abstract:

According to the data of climate and runoff from 68 weather stations and 105 hydrologic stations in Hebei province between 1956 and 2000, the change of climatic essential factors and runoff are analyzed. Since the 1960s, the average annual temperature in Hebei province has been increasing gradually. Compared with the 1960s, the temperature in the 1990s has risen 0.9°C. From the age, the average annual evaporation as a whole in Hebei province has appeared a tendency to decline. And it descends 62mm every ten years on average. The average year’s precipitation has gradually diminished by the years. Compared with the 1950s, the precipitation in the 1990s has decreased 60mm. The average years runoff of the whole province, which declines 19.4×108m3 every ten years on average, emerging a gradually decreasing trend from the 1950s to the 1990s, is120.2×108m3. With the decrease of the precipitation and the rise of the temperature, the runoff declines. The models of climatic essential factors and the runoff established by utilizing the multiple regression analysis are logarithmic non-linear functions. Obviously, the impact of precipitation variety on the runoff is more than the effect of the temperature or the evaporation change on the runoff by the sensitivity analysis. According to the prediction of the future climatic change with regard to the runoff, the whole province runoff will alter from 114.36 to 138.24×108m3 in 2030. Similarly, the runoff will vary from 106.8 to 137.8×108m3 in 2050.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Wibowo, Teguh, Arif Widyatama, Samsul Kamal, Indarto, and Deendarlianto. "The effect of pressure and frequency on the dynamic behavior and evaporation time of successive water droplets impacting onto hot surface." MATEC Web of Conferences 154 (2018): 01107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815401107.

Full text

Abstract:

Multiple droplets are the drop of water which continuously dropped on a surface in certain time difference. The phenomenon droplets impacting a solid surface can be found in a various field, one of them is the cooling process in the metal industry. The cooling process is carried out by spraying a number of water droplets to hot surface until it reaches the desired condition. When droplets impinge on the surface, the dynamics of droplets, such as the spreading and recoil phenomena, depend on some properties. In this study, the effect of pressure and drop frequency to the droplet characteristics as well as cooling effectiveness will be investigated. Visualization process is used to find maximum spreading which can indicate the effectiveness of hot surface cooling. The experiment is performed by setting the distance of water tank and nozzle into 100cm, 150cm and 200cm while the frequency of droplets is set at 245, 386, and 623 drops/minute. The material used in the present work is Stainless Steel with the temperature ranged from 100°C - 220°C. In addition, image processing technique is applied to gather the quantitative data from the images that successfully taken by using high-speed camera. Based on the study, it is found that the pressure of water tank affects the frequency of generated droplet. Furthermore, the frequency of droplet impacting onto the hot surface also influences the evaporation time.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Grose, Michael R., Mitchell T. Black, Guomin Wang, Andrew D. King, Pandora Hope, and David J. Karoly. "The warm and extremely dry spring in 2015 in Tasmania contained the fingerprint of human influence on the climate." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 69, no. 1 (2019): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es19011.

Full text

Abstract:

Tasmania saw a warm and very dry spring and summer in 2015–16, including a record dry October, which had significant, wide-ranging impacts. A previous study using two probabilistic event-attribution techniques found a small but statistically significant increase in the likelihood of the record dry October due to anthropogenic influence. Given the human signal was less clear amid natural variability for rainfall compared to temperature extremes, here we provided further evidence and context for this finding. An additional attribution method supported the October rainfall finding, and the median attributable risk to human influence in the three methods was ~25%, 48% and 75%. The results suggested that human influence on rainfall was partly through increased sea level pressure in the mid-latitudes associated with fewer rainbearing systems, a circulation driver that was consistent with recent trends that have been attributed to human influence. Dry conditions were also driven by a positive Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño at the time, but this study could not reliably estimate the effect of human influence on these phenomena, as each model gave a different estimate of the ocean warming pattern. Along with rainfall, attribution modelling showed a role for human influence in higher temperature and evaporation through October 2015, as well as a high drought index throughout spring. Confidence in the attribution of a human signal on this extreme dry event increased as multiple attribution methods agreed, a plausible atmospheric circulation driver was identified, and temperature and evaporation also showed an anthropogenic signal.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Multiple-effect evaporation'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles