Academic literature on the topic 'Multiple Effect Evaporator'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Multiple Effect Evaporator.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Multiple Effect Evaporator"
1
Chantasiriwan, Somchart. "Increased Energy Efficiency of a Backward-Feed Multiple-Effect Evaporator Compared with a Forward-Feed Multiple-Effect Evaporator in the Cogeneration System of a Sugar Factory." Processes 8, no. 3 (2020): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8030342.
Full textAbstract:
The cogeneration system of a sugar factory consists of boiler, steam turbine, and sugar juice evaporation process. The multiple-effect evaporator used for the conventional sugar juice evaporation process is the forward-feed multiple-effect evaporator, in which steam and sugar juice flow in the same direction. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the energy efficiency of the backward-feed multiple-effect evaporator, in which steam and sugar juice flow in opposite directions, compared with that of the forward-feed multiple-effect evaporator. Mathematical models are developed for both multiple-effect evaporators, and used to compare the performances of two cogeneration systems that use the forward-feed and backward-feed multiple-effect evaporators. The forward-feed multiple-effect evaporator requires extracted steam from a turbine at one pressure, whereas the backward-feed multiple-effect evaporator requires steam extraction at two pressures. Both evaporators have the same total heating surface area, process the same amount of sugar juice, and operate at the optimum conditions. It is shown that the cogeneration system that uses the backward-feed multiple-effect is more energy efficient than the cogeneration system that uses the forward-feed multiple-effect because it yields more power output for the same fuel consumption.
2
B., K. Kempegowda. "ANALYSIS OF DRUG IN PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE WATER BY MULTIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATORS." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 6, S2 (2019): 141–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2580755.
Full textAbstract:
<em>Disposal of effluent from pharmaceutical industry is an increasing problem in India and worldwide. The bulk drug manufacturing process involves usage of more organic and inorganic salts, which is becoming major part of high chemical oxygen demand and total dissolved solids. Evaporation and cooling are the common techniques used to extract available salts and reusable water. The pharmaceutical industry of the study uses multiple effect falling and forced circulation evaporator to achieve zero liquid discharge process for pharmaceutical effluent. Multiple Effect Evaporator is a thermal evaporation process, widely used for concentration of various liquids in the form of solution, suspension and emulsions concentration is accomplished by boiling out of a solvent, normally water, from the liquid. In most cases, concentration resulting from the evaporation process is the final product of the process. This study aims to in the production veterinary drug i.e. Halquinol, enormous waste water (mother liquor) is discharged. The mother liquor mainly consists of sodium salts as impurities i.e. NaCl, NaSO<sub>4</sub>. In one complete process of production of Halquinol about 16000-17000 litres of water is used and about 6000-7000 litres of water is discharged as waste water (mother liquor). In spite of discharging into municipal sewage system without any treatment, waste water is purified by multiple effect evaporator method and again the purified water is reused for production of drug.</em>
3
B.K., Kempegowda. "ANALYSIS OF DRUG IN PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE WATER BY MULTIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 6, S2 (2019): 228–36. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2635077.
Full textAbstract:
<em>Disposal of effluent from pharmaceutical industry is an increasing problem in India and worldwide. The bulk drug manufacturing process involves usage of more organic and inorganic salts, which is becoming major part of high chemical oxygen demand and total dissolved solids. Evaporation and cooling are the common techniques used to extract available salts and reusable water. The pharmaceutical industry of the study uses multiple effect falling and forced circulation evaporator to achieve zero liquid discharge process for pharmaceutical effluent. Multiple Effect Evaporator is a thermal evaporation process, widely used for concentration of various liquids in the form of solution, suspension and emulsions concentration is accomplished by boiling out of a solvent, normally water, from the liquid. In most cases, concentration resulting from the evaporation process is the final product of the process. This study aims to in the production veterinary drug i.e. Halquinol, enormous waste water (mother liquor) is discharged. The mother liquor mainly consists of sodium salts as impurities i.e. NaCl, NaSO<sub>4</sub>. In one complete process of production of Halquinol about 16000-17000 litres of water is used and about 6000-7000 litres of water is discharged as waste water (mother liquor). In spite of discharging into municipal sewage system without any treatment, waste water is purified by multiple effect evaporator method and again the purified water is reused for production of drug.</em>
4
Riadi, Indra, Zulfan Adi Putra, and Heri Cahyono. "Thermal integration analysis and improved configuration for multiple effect evaporator system based on pinch analysis." Reaktor 21, no. 2 (2021): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.21.2.74-93.
Full textAbstract:
Pinch analysis for a sugar plant production capacity 4000 TCD has been carried out to reduce its energy consumptions. The plant has ten evaporators that can be configured to several multiple effect evaporators. It has been running with five-effect evaporator (quintuple) scheme. To maximize energy utilization within the plant, three multiple effect evaporator schemes were evaluated. They are triple effect evaporator, quadruple effect evaporator, and quintuple effect evaporator as the benchmark. The result shows that the quintuple effect evaporator yields the highest energy efficiency by about 10%. Options to achieve such target is to use low pressure steam only for the first effect and to use steam bleeding from the first effect to heat a tertiary juice heater. With this proposed scenario, sugar dryer, wash water RVF unit and wash water HGF unit no longer need external steam for its operation.
5
Tayseir, .M. Ahmed* &. Gurashi.A Gasmelseed. "DESIGN OF TRIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATORS BASED ON SOLAR DESALINATION OF RED SEA WATER." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 6 (2017): 165–70. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.805407.
Full textAbstract:
Evaporation is the removal of solvent as vapor from a solution. It is the operation which is used for concentration of solution. There could be single effect evaporator or multiple effect evaporators. With addition of each effect steam economy of the system also increases. Evaporators are integral part of a number of a process industries like Pulp and Paper, Sugar, Caustic Soda, Pharmaceuticals, Desalination, Dairy and Food Processing etc. Caustic Soda Industry is of present interest. The system consists of quadruple effect having falling film evaporator as each effect. There is forward feed flow. Designing of this system has been done. This paper describes a steady state model of multiple effect evaporators for simulation purpose. The model includes overall as well as component mass balance equations, energy balance equations and heat transfer rate equations for area calculation for all the effects. Each effect in the process is represented by a number of variables which are related by the energy and material balance equations for the feed, product and vapor flow for forward feed. Results of the present approach are validated with industrial data.
6
Tayseir, .M. Ahmed*1 &. Gurashi.AGasmelseed2. "DESIGN OF TRIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATORS BASED ON SOLAR DESALINATION OF RED SEA WATER." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 7 (2017): 502–7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.829751.
Full textAbstract:
Evaporation is the removal of solvent as vapor from a solution. It is the operation which is used for concentration of solution. There could be single effect evaporator or multiple effect evaporators. With addition of each effect steam economy of the system also increases. Evaporators are integral part of a number of a process industries like Pulp and Paper, Sugar, Caustic Soda, Pharmaceuticals, Desalination, Dairy and Food Processing etc. The system consists of quadruple effect having falling film evaporator as each effect. There is forward feed flow. Designing of this system has been done. This paper describes a steady state model of multiple effect evaporators for simulation purpose. The model includes overall as well as component mass balance equations, energy balance equations and heat transfer rate equations for area calculation for all the effects. Each effect in the process is represented by a number of variableswhich are related by the energy and material balance equations for the feed, product and vapor flow for forward feed. Results of the present approach are validated with industrial data.
7
Zavargo, Zoltan, Aleksandar Jokic, Bojana Prodanic, Jasna Grbic, and Rada Jeftic-Mucibabic. "Performance of falling film plate evaporators in reconstructed multiple-effect evaporation station in sugar factory." Thermal Science 10, no. 4 (2006): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0604055z.
Full textAbstract:
General trend of free trade in regional level as well as in the direction of European Union has motivated sugar factories located in Serbia to invest into technologies that are more efficient in order to make their products more competitive at the markets in Europe. The aim of this work was to evaluate effects of falling film plate evaporators on the energy consumption of evaporation plant, as well as to validate performance of this type of evaporators. It was found that this type of evaporator decreased energy requirements and in the same time evaporation process was more effective due to high values of heat transfer coefficients. .
8
Sharan, Prashant, and Santanu Bandyopadhyay. "Solar assisted multiple-effect evaporator." Journal of Cleaner Production 142 (January 2017): 2340–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.043.
Full text
9
Veeravel, V., G. Sathish, R. Nishanthi, and S. V. Srinivasan. "Experimental Investigations on Accelerated Solar Evaporation for Management of Concentrated Saline Liquor." Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association 120, no. 01 (2025): 3–9. https://doi.org/10.34314/xad6dq57.
Full textAbstract:
Solar energy is an important energy sector that plays a crucial role in reducing greenhouse emission in different industrial sectors, including the leather sector, to control the pollution. Stringent environmental regulations of Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) in Indian tanneries are implemented as directed by regulatory authorities. The ZLD system resulted in the generation of saline rejected from membrane systems being evaporated by spending considerable energy. In this paper, the potential of solar energyfor evaporation of reject from ZLD in a closed accelerated solar dryer has been investigated. In this study, the evaporation of reject/ saline water using a solar dryer with different volumes has been experimented and the volume reduction and increase in Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) are monitored during the drying period. It is evident that the closed accelerated solar dryer has shown an increase in evaporation rate with reduction in the volume of water in a given area. The outcome of this study would lead to avoidance of mechanical evaporators in case of smaller capacity ZLD plants and also reduce the amount of water to be evaporated in the Multiple Effect Evaporator (MEE) in case of larger ZLD plants. By the application of the accelerated solar dryer for the evaporator, the potential CO2 emission reduction due to replacement of different fuels used for evaporation of reject has been estimated to reduce the carbon footprint and to ensure the sustainability of the leather industry.
10
KUNG, JASMINE, and NIKOLAI DEMARTINI. "Modeling the dynamics of evaporator wash cycles." TAPPI Journal 23, no. 7 (2024): 359–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj23.7.359.
Full textAbstract:
Kraft pulping is a process that utilizes white liquor, composed of sodium sulfide (Na2S) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), for wood delignification and pulp production. This process involves washing the dissolved organics and spent chemicals from the pulp, resulting in the generation of black liquor. Prior to its use as fuel in the recovery boiler, the black liquor is concentrated in multiple-effect evaporators. During the evaporation process, the inorganic salts present in the liquor become supersaturated and undergo crystallization. Fluctuations in sodium, carbonate, sulfate, and oxalate can give rise to severe sodium salt scaling events, which significantly impact the thermal efficiency of the evaporators, and ultimately, pulp production. Dynamic modeling provides insights into fluctuations in liquor chemistry in the evaporators. The primary objective of this study was to employ dynamic modeling to evaluate the effects of wash liquor recovery from evaporator wash cycles. The dynamics associated with wash cycles encompass variations in the concentrations of salts and solids in the recovered wash liquor, changes in the flow rate of wash liquor recovery, and fluctuations in liquor volume within the liquor tanks. The dynamic model was developed using Matlab Simulink and applied to the evaporation plant of a pulp mill in South America. By utilizing one month of mill process data, the model enabled the evaluation of fluctuations in liquor chemistry due to evaporator wash cycles. The developed model has demonstrated the potential to estimate the concentration of key ions responsible for scaling and to contribute to enhancements in evaporator washing strategies.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Multiple Effect Evaporator"
1
Smith, Patrick D. "Control and optimization of a multiple-effect evaporator." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5397.
Full textAbstract:
Bibliography: leaves 117-125.<br>Falling commodity prices have reduced the profit margins of Southern African sugar producers. Although these price falls have been severe, they reflect a long-term trend of reducing margins for basic commodity producers during the 20th Century. This trend has forced. producers to closely examine their processes and to look for areas in which improvements in productivity, yield and efficiency can be achieved. Evaporation is the most energy intensive unit operation in the sugar factory, and it is responsible for the removal of most of the water from sugar solution, or juice, which is extracted from the sugar cane. There is also a large potential to lose sucrose at the evaporators due to the high temperatures and long residence times employed there. The smooth control of the evaporators is thus vital to consistent factory operation, and the evaporators are commonly a sugar factory bottleneck. This study developed a control strategy for the particular evaporator configuration found at Triangle Sugar Mill in south eastern Zimbabwe. There are currently several evaporator control strategies being used in the sugar industry. Most of these are an assembly of single loop Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controllers, which cannot optimally account for the interactions encountered in most evaporator stations. Ideally, any evaporator control system should be able to handle the multiple input multiple output problem while anticipating and handling constraints on inputs and outputs. Several multivariable approaches have been tried, but these usually require a great deal of expensive instrumentation.After a review of the multivariable control literature and testing of several alternative control systems, Dynamic Matrix Control (DMC) was chosen as the bestwsuited control algorithm for the Triangle control problem. A dynamic model of the Triangle evaporator station was, developed to formulate and test the DMC and other controllers. The model was based on a set of differential equations involving mass and energy balances through the evaporators. Real plant data were collected from the SCADA system and the model was tested against this data. After validation the model was. used to record step responses of the process to key input variables. The control system had nine (9) measurable inputs, and three (3) controlled outputs. The objective of the control system was to deliver the maximum amount of consistently high quality symp, within plant constraints. This was formulated in an objective function which seeks to minimize a weighted sum of the errors of syrup concentration from a setpoint, and the fluctuations in juice flowrates. Two alternative formulations were developed, and tested on the plant model.
2
Bikos, Stylianos Chris. "Synthesis and design of multiple effect evaporation systems." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305430.
Full text
3
Ramli, Aida Liyana Binti. "Modelling and optimizing single and multiple effect evaporators using Aspen Custom Modeler (ACM)." Thesis, Ramli, Aida Liyana Binti (2016) Modelling and optimizing single and multiple effect evaporators using Aspen Custom Modeler (ACM). Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2016. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/34557/.
Full textAbstract:
The Modelling and Optimizing Single and Multiple Effect Evaporators Using Aspen Custom Modeler (ACM) are carried out to understand the developed model equations written for a double effect evaporator and be able to develop similar programs for both single effect and multiple effect evaporators. The case study was taken from the examples provided by Aspen Customer Modeller (ACM), a part of ASPEN software package.
The case study involves the double effect evaporator used to concentrate glycol from a dilute aqueous solution of 3.5 w% of glycol. The steady state model with the cost model to operate the double effect evaporator was obtained from ACM. These models were tested by performing steady and optimization simulations in MATLAB and ACM software.
To perform the simulation for single and multiple effect evaporator systems, a deeper understanding of process model is essentially required before applying the process model in MATLAB and ACM. A study on the process model was carried out using Excel spreadsheet. The single effect evaporator system is not a complex system investigated compared with the double effect evaporator system. Therefore, the steady state model for a single effect evaporator system was developed first before proceeding with double effect evaporator.
At the same time, sensitivity analysis of the single and multiple effect evaporators were performed and compared. Sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the limitations of process variables such as steam conditions and steam valve coefficients against concentration of product, mass flowrate of liquid, mass flowrate of steam, temperature liquid, and temperature chest.
As for the relationship between mass flowrate of steam against concentration of liquid out of evaporator, the increase in mass flowrate of steam affects the concentration of product. For the second case, sensitivity analysis was carried out to investigate the relationship between steam valve coefficients out of evaporator against concentration of liquid out. For single effect evaporator at the beginning of the process, the concentration of liquid increased then did not change and remained constant after a certain limit. As a conclusion for the result, to operate single effect evaporator, the steam valve coefficient for this process has a limit. For double effect evaporator, the concentration of liquid keep increased against steam valve coefficients out of evaporator.
Overall, most of the main objectives of this thesis were achieved with very satisfying results. However due to unforeseen circumstances and time constraints, optimization was not fully investigated.
4
Idham, Jihadi Irfan Affiq. "Modelling and optimising single and multiple effect evaporators by using Aspen Custom Modeler (ACM), Microsoft Excel and Matlab." Thesis, Idham Jihadi, Irfan Affiq (2018) Modelling and optimising single and multiple effect evaporators by using Aspen Custom Modeler (ACM), Microsoft Excel and Matlab. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2018. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/41927/.
Full textAbstract:
The modelling, optimisation and control analyses of single and multiple effect evaporators using Aspen Custom Modeller (ACM) is carried out to develop programs in different software packages for both single and multiple effect evaporators from an example of double effect evaporator model equations written in ACM. To develop the programs, the developed model equations must be understood thoroughly.
The case study was taken from the example provided by ACM, which was part of the ASPEN software package. The example from ACM involves double effect evaporators and the procedure to concentrate glycol from a dilute aqueous solution of 3.5w% of a glycol. A simulation for both single and multiple effect evaporators is performed by using Microsoft Excel, Matlab and ACM. Both models perform a steady-state and optimisation simulation. To build the simulation, a study on the process model is necessarily required. The study will be carried out by using Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Microsoft Excel is chosen to be the medium of study because the sequences of equations solved during performing the simulation is much easy to understand. The simulation will start with developing the steady-state model for a single effect evaporator. Once the single effect is tested, then the steady-state model for multiple effects is developed and tested. After that, the case study is continued with the phase of developing an optimisation simulation of a single effect evaporator. Subsequently, the optimisation of single effect evaporator is successfully tested, the case study continues with developing an optimisation for multiple effect evaporators.
The final phase is carried out to run a performance analysis between ‘FSolve’ function and ACM. Besides performance analysis, a sensitive analysis in both single and multiple effect evaporators is also being done by using ACM. The performance analysis proves the optimisation simulation in ‘FSolve’ has not much different from the optimisation simulation perform in the ACM and the sensitive analysis produce an expected result. With the performance and sensitive analysis results, the case study can conclude that the three software packages successfully simulated single and multiple effect evaporators. However, there is a plenty of room to make improvements in this case study.
5
Silva, André Luiz Nunis da. "Dinâmica e controle de um sistema de cristalização por evaporação múltiplo-efeito." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-15072013-163819/.
Full textAbstract:
O desenvolvimento de métodos que aumentem a eficiência de controle de processos de cristalização ganhou importância devido à necessidade de melhoras nas taxas de produção, minimizando os custos de energia e mantendo a qualidade das partículas. Neste trabalho os autores estudaram a aplicação de um controlador preditivo (MPC) a um processo de cristalização de cloreto de sódio por evaporação múltiplo-efeito, com alimentação paralela, permitindo que a planta busque, em tempo real, o melhor ponto de operação respeitando os limites definidos. Primeiramente, foi criado um modelo fenomenológico não linear através de balanços de massa, energia e momento considerando a cinética de cristalização, de forma que se possa simular a dinâmica de operação dos cinco efeitos operando dependentemente. O modelo físico possibilitou a aplicação de um controlador do tipo MPC com zona de controle permitindo que as principais variáveis de saída encontrem, dentro de uma faixa de operação aceitável, o ponto ótimo do processo nas condições atuais. Ao mesmo sistema foi aplicado um controlador clássico do tipo PID para avaliação dos ganhos adquiridos pela técnica de controle por predição do estado futuro da planta, observando uma melhor estabilidade e queda no consumo energético.<br>The development of methods to increase the efficiency of the crystallization process control has gained importance due to the need to improve production rates, to minimize energy costs and to improve the quality of particulate products. In this work the author has applied a model predictive control (MPC) to a continuous forced circulation five-stage evaporative sodium chloride crystallizer with parallel feed, providing the real time search of the best operating point inside the defined set of constraints. First, a non-linear phenomenological model was developed by mass, energy and moment balances coupled to the crystallization kinetics, to simulate the dynamic operation of the five effects working dependently. The physical model enabled the study of the implementation of a model predictive control MPC with zone control that allows the main output variables to be controlled in acceptable operating ranges and the detection of the optimum operating point of the process corresponding to current economic conditions. To evaluate the benefits of the advanced control strategy, a classical PID control system was also implemented in the crystallization system and the two strategies were compared to evaluate the benefit of the model based predictive strategy that provides a better stability and a decrease in the energy consumption.
6
Jaishree, V. "Optimization of a multiple Effect Evaporator System." Thesis, 2010. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/1911/1/10600012.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
A septuple effect flat falling film evaporator system for the concentration of black liquor is studied and a generalized cascade algorithm is developed for the different operating strategies. The amount of live steam consumption in the system is evaluated for the given base case parameters. Then the amount of auxiliary vapour produced due to the use of one feed flash tank and seven condensate flash tanks was determined. It was found that the presence of flash tanks helps in recovering heat from the used vapour and thereby reduces the overall live steam consumption of the system and improves the overall steam economy of the system. Thus it helps in making the system more economical.
7
Gautami, G. "Modeling and simulation of multiple effect evaporator system." Thesis, 2011. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/4417/1/main_copy_to_CD(PDF).pdf.
Full textAbstract:
In the present work a mathematical model based on set of nonlinear equations has been developed for synthesis of multiple effect evaporator (MEE) systems. As evaporator house is one of the most energy intensive units of pulp and paper industries, different configurations are considered in the model to reduce the energy consumption. These are condensate, feed and product flashing, vapor bleeding, steam splitting, etc. Along with these the present model also accounts the complexities of real MEE system such as variable physical properties, boiling point rise. Along with complexities discussed above, the present model also accounts the fouling resistance. For this purpose a linear correlation is developed to predict fouling resistance based on velocity as well as temperature difference. The fouling resistance observed by this correlation is within the limit shown in the literature (Muller-Steinhagen and Branch, 1997). It reduces overall heat transfer coefficient by 11.5% on average.For the present study two MEE systems of typical Indian pulp and paper industries are considered. First MEE system selected for modeling and simulation is seven effect evaporator system located in north India which is being operated in a nearby Indian Kraft Paper Mill for concentrating weak black liquor using plate falling film evaporators. This system employs steam splitting in first two effects, feed and product flashing along with primary and secondary condensate flashing to generate auxiliary vapor, which are then used in vapor bodies of appropriate effects to improve overall steam economy of the system. The second system used for present study is located in south India. It is ten effect evaporator system used for concentrating black liquor and being operated in mixed flow sequence. In this system feed and steam splitting as well as vapor bleeding is employed.For seven effect evaporator system total fourteen models are developed. Initially, a simplest model without any variation is derived based on mass and energy balance. Further, it is improved by incorporating different configurations such as variation in physical properties, BPR, steam splitting, feed, product and condensate flashing and vapor bleeding. These models are developed with and without fouling resistance.The governing equations of these models are nonlinear in nature. Further, it is observed that for these models the number of equations as well as the number of variables are equal and hence unique solution exist for all cases. The set of nonlinear algebraic equations are solved using software called ‘system of non linear equations’. However, in the present work to incorporate the complex interactions of variables during solution of model an iterative procedure is used.For seven effect evaporator system total 14 models are proposed to visualize that how individual configuration is affecting the steam economy of the MEE system. The comparison shows that maximum steam economy is observed for the model where flashing as well as vapor bleeding are used. In comparison to the simplest system the improvement in steam economy through best model is found as 27.3%. The modified seven effect evaporator system, obtained using best model, requires four shell and tube heat exchangers and five pumps. This modification has total capital investment as Rs 29.3 lakh. However, saving in steam consumption is found as Rs 21.8 lakh/year thus, total payback period for the modified seven effect evaporator system is 1.3 years. For ten effect evaporator system improvement in steam economy is observed by 12.8% in comparison to existing system. It incorporates three preheaters which use bled vapor from the system. Based on the comparison with published model as well as industrial data it is found that the present model can be effectively applied to simulate the real MEE system and improve the steam economy of MEE system by 15%.
8
Jyoti, Ghoshna. "Design of heat integrated multiple effect evaporator system." Thesis, 2012. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/3890/1/GHOSHNA_JYOTI-_THESIS.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Evaporators can minimize the production of regulated waste residues, and increase the potential for recovering valuable materials from those wastes. Multiple-effect evaporators (MEEs) are common to industries that concentrate different products, regenerate solvents,or
separate solid-liquid mixtures. Process integration can help to choose the best configuration of MEE in order to achieve a more efficient process in the sense of energy use.
In present work a number of configurations and difficulties of MEE system such as condensate flashing, vapour bleeding, steam splitting, preheating of liquor using condensate,
variable physical properties and boiling point rise are taken into consideration to develop different models of evaporation system.In the present work seven effect evaporator system of typical Indian pulp and paper industry is considered for analysis based on above configurations. These systems is described by a set of nonlinear algebraic equations that include total and solute mass balances, energy balances, heat transfer rate equations and the composition and temperature dependence of relevant thermodynamic properties such as vapour pressures and enthalpies.The models are solved using ‘system of nonlinear equations’.Pinch analysis of the MEE network is also done. Economic evaluation to optimize the number of flash tanks is carried out for seven effect evaporator system. The two different types of configuration of vapor bleeding are considered and comparison of both configurations is done. Considering the optimum number of flash tanks and the best configuration of vapor bleeding, a system was designed.Considering the maximum possible number of flash tanks and preheating of liquor using condensate,a final system was designed. This modified design enhances the steam economy by 23.77% and reduces the steam
consumption by 36.76% in comparison to simple system.
9
Rangarajan, Raghuraman. "Design and Simulation of a Multiple Effect Evaporator System." Thesis, 2011. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/2267/1/project_final-rev.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this report is to develop a model and an algorithm to design a multiple effect e evaporator system. Also, it is required to make to evaluate the amount of steam saved by the use of vapour compression. The use of vapour compression allows us to use the energy in the vapour leaving the last effect. Since evaporators are energy intensive system, use of vapour compression can considerably reduce steam consumption, but at the cost of electrical energy needed to run the compressor.
To achieve above targets a model based on nonlinaer equations is developed to design the multiple effect evaporator system of seven effects to concentrate black liquor. For this system, first the live steam requirement will be evaluated for the evaporator without any vapour compression. Then vapour compression will be used and the live steam requirement will be calculated. Also the cost for compression of the steam should been taken into account. This gives us a thermo- economic solution wherein both energy and money is being saved.
To select the best solution total 17 combinations of placing the compressor in the multiple effect system are identified. The best combination in terms of thermo- economic criterion is vapour from the sixth effect being compressed and sent into the second effect. The cost for running the equipment without any vapour compression is found out to be 4009 $/hr. however, for best combination cost is reduced to 3886 $/hr and the savings made are 23 $.hr.
10
Nayak, Monalisha. "Design and simulation of a multiple-effect evaporator using vapor bleeding." Thesis, 2012. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/3182/1/THESIS_Monalisha_Nayak_108CH001.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this report is to develop a model for a five-effect evaporator system. Vapor bleeding is incorporated in the model as a means to reduce the amount of steam consumed in the evaporator. Since evaporation is the most energy-intensive stage in any industrial operation, measures to reduce energy consumption in the evaporator-house are greatly beneficial towards making an operation cost-effective. Other energy reduction schemes like condensate, feed and product flashing, vapor compression etc. are also available. Vapor bleeding brings about an increase in the steam economy of the process, but at the added cost of the required heat exchangers.
A model for an evaporator used for the concentration of sugar solution is developed using a set of non-linear equations derived from the mass and energy balance relations. These equations are then solved using the Newton-Raphson method by developing a matlab code for the same. For the present system steam requirement without vapor bleeding is computed first. Other variables like effect temperatures and liquor flow rates are also a result of the modeling procedure. The same system is then modeled by incorporating vapor bleeding for which steam requirement is also found. Additionally, the purchase and installation cost of the heat exchangers required are computed.
Vapor bleeding brings an improvement in the steam economy of a process by 26% but at the added cost $1,50,291 of the five heat exchangers. Annual savings of $43,200 in the cost of steam is achieved. The payback period of the modified design of five effect evaporator system is found as 2 years 5 months and 12 days.
Books on the topic "Multiple Effect Evaporator"
1
The Lillie Multiple Effect Evaporators in the Wood Pulp Industry. Franklin Classics, 2018.
Find full text
2
Srinivas, Nadimpalli S. Heat Transfer Area Optimization of Multiple Effect Evaporators: Chemical Engineering. Independently Published, 2020.
Find full text
3
Philadelphia Sugar Apparatus Mfg Co. Lillie Multiple Effect Evaporators (S. Morris Lillie, Patentee, ) in the Wood Pulp Industry. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
Find full text
4
Philadelphia Sugar Apparatus Mfg Co. Lillie Multiple Effect Evaporators (S. Morris Lillie, Patentee, ) in the Wood Pulp Industry. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
Find full text
5
Philadelphia Sugar Apparatus Mfg Co. Lillie Multiple Effect Evaporators (S. Morris Lillie, Patentee, ) in the Wood Pulp Industry. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
Find full text
6
Lillie Multiple Effect Evaporators (S. Morris Lillie, Patentee, ) in the Wood Pulp Industry. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2023.
Find full text
7
Francis, Roger. Avoiding Corrosion in Desalination Plants. NACE International, The Worldwide Corrosion Authority15835 Park Ten Place, Houston, TX 77084, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/37647.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past decade, the author, Roger Francis, has looked at some very expensive corrosion failures in desalination plants. Avoiding Corrosion in Desalination Plants tells the reader how to avoid existing corrosion problems and how to avoid them in new builds. This book looks at corrosion problems specific to MSF, MED, and SWRO desalination plants, describing their causes, some solutions, and the relative performance of various materials. It gives advice on procuring materials for desalination plants to avoid quality problems. The world’s population is steadily increasing and with it is an increasing demand for water—for both drinking and irrigation. In many areas of the world, particularly in warmer climates, there are limited sources from rivers and wells, so desalination is being increasingly used to produce water to satisfy both requirements. Although desalination is sometimes carried out on brackish waters and highly saline well waters, most desalination plants generate fresh water from seawater. There are three main processes used in desalination plants, the oldest of which is multistage flash (MSF), where the water is essentially boiled at low pressure and the steam that flashes off is condensed for drinking water. The second process is multiple-effect distillation (MED), in which low-pressure steam is used to force evaporation of seawater and the vapor is then condensed for drinking water. Although actual MSF and MED plants (large-scale) are land based, small-scale units have been fitted to large ships, such as cruise liners, to generate fresh water. The third process is seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO), where chloride is selectively removed from water by forcing it at high pressure through a special membrane. This method involves no heat transfer but requires enough electricity to power the high-pressure pumps that are required. All three of these methods have advantages and disadvantages. This book looks at corrosion problems specific to MSF, MED, and SWRO desalination plants, describing their causes, some solutions, and the relative performance of various materials. It gives advice on procuring materials for desalination plants to avoid quality problems.
8
Wang, Bin. Intraseasonal Modulation of the Indian Summer Monsoon. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.616.
Full textAbstract:
The strongest Indian summer monsoon (ISM) on the planet features prolonged clustered spells of wet and dry conditions often lasting for two to three weeks, known as active and break monsoons. The active and break monsoons are attributed to a quasi-periodic intraseasonal oscillation (ISO), which is an extremely important form of the ISM variability bridging weather and climate variation. The ISO over India is part of the ISO in global tropics. The latter is one of the most important meteorological phenomena discovered during the 20th century (Madden & Julian, 1971, 1972). The extreme dry and wet events are regulated by the boreal summer ISO (BSISO). The BSISO over Indian monsoon region consists of northward propagating 30–60 day and westward propagating 10–20 day modes. The “clustering” of synoptic activity was separately modulated by both the 30–60 day and 10–20 day BSISO modes in approximately equal amounts. The clustering is particularly strong when the enhancement effect from both modes acts in concert. The northward propagation of BSISO is primarily originated from the easterly vertical shear (increasing easterly winds with height) of the monsoon flows, which by interacting with the BSISO convective system can generate boundary layer convergence to the north of the convective system that promotes its northward movement. The BSISO-ocean interaction through wind-evaporation feedback and cloud-radiation feedback can also contribute to the northward propagation of BSISO from the equator. The 10–20 day oscillation is primarily produced by convectively coupled Rossby waves modified by the monsoon mean flows. Using coupled general circulation models (GCMs) for ISO prediction is an important advance in subseasonal forecasts. The major modes of ISO over Indian monsoon region are potentially predictable up to 40–45 days as estimated by multiple GCM ensemble hindcast experiments. The current dynamical models’ prediction skills for the large initial amplitude cases are approximately 20–25 days, but the prediction of developing BSISO disturbance is much more difficult than the prediction of the mature BSISO disturbances. This article provides a synthesis of our current knowledge on the observed spatial and temporal structure of the ISO over India and the important physical processes through which the BSISO regulates the ISM active-break cycles and severe weather events. Our present capability and shortcomings in simulating and predicting the monsoon ISO and outstanding issues are also discussed.
Book chapters on the topic "Multiple Effect Evaporator"
1
Sharan, Prashant, and Santanu Bandyopadhyay. "Freshwater Production Using Multiple-Effect Evaporator." In Water Management. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22241-7.
Full text
2
Saikia, Pranaynil, Soundaram Ramanathan, and Dibakar Rakshit. "Performance Assessment and Parametric Study of Multiple Effect Evaporator." In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Advances in Energy Research. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5955-6_52.
Full text
3
Gil, P., H. Duarte-Ramos, and A. Dourado Correia. "Dynamic modelling and optimal hierarchical control of a multiple-effect evaporator — superconcentrator plant." In System Modelling and Optimization. Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34897-1_25.
Full text
4
Di Pretoro, Alessandro, and Flavio Manenti. "Multiple-Effect Evaporation." In Non-conventional Unit Operations. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34572-3_4.
Full text
5
Bikos, Stylianos C., John R. Flower, and Stavros Yanniotis. "Design and Energy Analysis of Absorption-Driven Multiple Effect Evaporators." In Energy Efficiency in Process Technology. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1454-7_86.
Full text
6
Ramanathan, Soundaram, and Dibakar Rakshit. "Improving the Sustainability of Wastewater Treatment Through Solar-Assisted Multiple Effect Evaporators." In Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7509-4_9.
Full text
7
Yanniotis, S., and P. Le Goff. "Absorption-Driven Multiple Effect Evaporators a Study of the Absorber-Regenerator Couple." In Energy Efficiency in Process Technology. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1454-7_39.
Full text
8
Gholijani, Alireza, Sebastian Fischer, Tatiana Gambaryan-Roisman, and Peter Stephan. "High Resolution Measurements of Heat Transfer During Drop Impingement onto a Heated Wall." In Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09008-0_15.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractDrop impact on a hot surface heated above the saturation temperature of the fluid plays an important role in spray cooling. The heat transferred from the wall to the fluid is closely interrelated with drop hydrodynamics. If the surface temperature is below the Leidenfrost temperature, the heat transport strongly depends on the transport phenomena in the vicinity of the three-phase contact line. Due to extremely high local heat flux, a significant fraction of the total heat flow is transported through this region. The local transport processes near the three-phase contact line, and, therefore, the total heat transport, are determined by the wall superheat, contact line velocity, system pressure, fluid composition, surface structure and physical properties on the wall. The effect of the aforementioned influencing parameters on fluid dynamics and heat transport during evaporation of a single meniscus in a capillary slot are studied in a generic experimental setup. The hydrodynamics and evolution of wall heat flux distribution during the impact of a single drop onto a hot wall are also studied experimentally by varying the impact parameters, wall superheat, system pressure, and wall topography. In addition, the fluid dynamics and heat transport behavior during vertical and horizontal coalescence of multiple drops on a heated surface are studied experimentally.
9
"Solution of Multiple Effect Evaporator Problems." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering. Elsevier, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-42836-3.50008-0.
Full text
10
Bakshi, Amarjit S. "Evaporators: Multiple-Effect." In Encyclopedia of Agricultural, Food, and Biological Engineering, Second Edition. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/e-eafe2-120007061.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Multiple Effect Evaporator"
1
Barochia, Dev, Hasan Nikkhah, and Burcu Beykal. "Design and Optimization of a Multipurpose Zero Liquid Discharge Desalination Plant." In Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Design. PSE Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69997/sct.142929.
Full textAbstract:
We study the design and optimization of a multicomponent seawater desalination process with zero liquid discharge (ZLD). The designed process is highly integrated with multiple sub processing units that include humidification-dehumidification, Lithium Bromide absorption chiller, multi-effect evaporators, mechanical vapor compression, and crystallization. Aspen Plus software with E-NRTL and SOLIDS thermodynamic packages are used for modeling and simulation of desalination and crystallization units, respectively. In addition to this, we use data-driven optimization to find the best operating condition (i.e., the temperature of the last effect evaporator) that minimizes the overall energy consumption of the designed plant with an output constraint imposed on the mass fraction of salts going to the ZLD system should be greater than 20 wt.% to achieve the ZLD goal. We use a local sample-based data-driven optimizer, Nonlinear Optimization with the Mesh Adaptive Direct Search (NOMAD) algorithm, to perform constrained simulation-based optimization. The results show that at the optimized temperature (71.58 �C), our design produces 1777 kg/hr drinking water with an energy consumption of 536 kW in comparison to 580 kW of energy consumption for the same plant output in the base case design (not optimized). Thus, data-driven optimization of the evaporator temperature improves the overall energy consumption by 7.5% and achieves higher desalination efficiency. Further, the integration of the crystallizer unit into the overall desalination process allows us to produce about 43 kg/h of NaCl and achieve ZLD.
2
Perez, L. A., and D. M. Polizzotti. "Scale Control in Thermal Desalination Processes." In CORROSION 1999. NACE International, 1999. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1999-99110.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Thermal desalination processes involve the heating of seawater to form water vapor which is then condensed to produce salt free water. Multiple Effect Evaporation (ME) and Multiple-Stage Flash distillation (MSF) are the two main processes used for thermal distillation. MSF distillation, currently is the dominant process. MSF distillation is run under pressure at relatively high temperatures (90-125 °C). Scale formation is one of the most critical problems affecting both processes. In the case of MSF, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide and calcium sulfate are the main scale forming salts. The first two scale former salts are usually controlled by keeping neutral the pH of the system by the addition of acid. Scale inhibitors are used to prevent calcium sulfate scale. Because of economical reasons, the trend in the industry is to operate systems at as high a temperature and concentration factor as possible in order to increase purified water production at a lower cost. Safety concerns have also increased the need for acid feed elimination as a mean of controlling pH1. These practices increased the scaling tendencies in MSF processes and created the need for more effective treatment programs to control scale formation on heat exchangers. A new multicomponent inhibitor program that enable operation of MSF systems without the need of acid feed for pH control has been developed. The program prevent scale formation and allows to operate the system under typical or higher concentration factors and temperatures than normally found in MSF evaporators operating with acid feed.
3
Zhang, Wei, David Orta, Ian Gilbert, and Alyn Jenkins. "Toward a Preliminary Mechanistic Understanding of Co-Evaporation and Co-Condensation of Top-of-the-Line Corrosion Inhibitors." In CONFERENCE 2024. AMPP, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2024-20605.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The mass transfer of continuously injected corrosion inhibitor (a complex organic mixture) for top-of-the-line corrosion (TLC) mitigation has been the subject of multiple research topics. These include the evaluation of the initial atomization of the inhibitor and the partitioning characteristics between the liquid and gas phases, as well as the effective performance of inhibitors at various distances from the injection point. However, current TLC modeling programs do not account for these effects, and a significant gap currently exists between the requirements of TLC inhibitors and accurate TLC modeling with corrosion inhibitors. To build a foundation for a mechanistic understanding of the mass transfer of TLC inhibitors, this paper reviews the recent progress in the study of the co-evaporation and co-condensation of organic mixtures with surfactants. During the evaporation and condensation process, a new phase is created. This paper discusses the use of surface tension as a promising new TLC inhibitor evaluation criterion, in addition to overall volatility, to improve TLC models.
4
Li, Bingtao, Vinay Deodeshmukh, and Lee M. Pike. "Oxidation Resistant Behaviors of Commercial High Temperature Alloys in the Atmospheres Containing Water Vapor." In CONFERENCE 2024. AMPP, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2024-20729.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Water vapor has significant effects on high temperature oxidation behaviors of high temperature alloys, especially on chromia-forming alloys due to oxidative evaporation of chromia scale. The objectives of this work are to study high temperature oxidation behaviors of commercial high temperature alloys, including seven chromia-formers, such as N06230, R30188, N08120, N06002, N06625, N06617, S34700, and three alumina-formers, such as N07214, NiCoCrMoAl, NiFeCrAl, at the temperatures from 760 to 1093°C (1400 to 2000°F) for up to one year exposure in the air atmospheres containing (5-30)% water vapor. The effects of water vapor content, temperature, heating/cooling condition, and alloy composition were analyzed from the results of metal loss and internal oxidation penetration, along with comparison with their oxidation behaviors tested in air without water vapor addition. The study shows, in general, water vapor could accelerate oxidation attack, and higher water vapor contents could cause more oxidation attack. However, high temperature oxidation behaviors of high temperature alloys will depend on multiple factors that need to be considered, especially when comparing oxidation results generated under different testing conditions.
5
Kung, Steven, and Michael Caravaggio. "Damage of Rankine Cycle Components in Concentrated Solar Power Plants." In AM-EPRI 2024. ASM International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.am-epri-2024p0528.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The steam generation systems (SGS) of concentrated solar power (CSP) plants employ multiple heat exchangers arranged in series to convert thermal energy collected from the sun via a heat transfer fluid (HTF) to produce superheated steam in the Rankine cycle. Common CSP plant designs are based either on parabolic trough or central tower technology. The major Rankine cycle components consist of preheaters, evaporators, steam drums, superheaters, steam turbines, and water/air-cooled condensers, all connected through steel piping. For CSP plants capable of reheating the steam for improved efficiency, reheaters are also included in the Rankine cycle. In central tower design with directly heated water as the HTF, the receiver can also be considered part of the Rankine cycle. Operating experiences of CSP plants indicate that plant reliability is significantly impacted by failures in various components of the Rankine cycle. Many damage mechanisms have been identified, which include corrosion, thermal fatigue, creep, and stress corrosion cracking, among others. Much of the damage can be attributed to poor water/steam chemistry and inadequate temperature control. While damage in the Rankine cycle components is common, there is generally lack of comprehensive guidelines created specifically for the operation of these CSP components. Therefore, to improve CSP plant reliability and profitability, it is necessary to better understand the various damage mechanisms experienced by linking them to specific operating conditions, followed by developing a “theory and practice” guideline document for the CSP operators, so that failures in the Rankine cycle components can be minimized. In a major research project sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), effort is being undertaken by EPRI to develop such a guideline document exclusively for the CSP industry. This paper provides an overview of the ongoing DOE project along with a few examples of component failures experienced in the Rankine cycle.
6
Nielsen, K. M. "Simulation and control of a multiple effect evaporator." In UKACC International Conference on Control. Control '96. IEE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19960718.
Full text
7
Guinan, Eoin, Vanessa Egan, Joseph P. Mooney, and Jeff Punch. "The Effect of Bending on Sintered Wicked Heat Pipes for Multiple Component Cooling." In ASME 2023 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2023 17th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2023-108110.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This study details an experimental investigation into the degenerative effects of bending on a sintered wicked copper-water heat pipe for multiple-component cooling. The aim of this study was to provide empirical data that could be employed to estimate the performance of heat pipes within complex space-constrained systems where it is necessary that a heat pipe be bent to cool multiple components. To this end, the performance of a 400 mm long, 6 mm diameter sintered wicked copper-water heat pipe was investigated for both singular and double bend configurations. Bend angles were limited to 0–90°, and bend locations were confined to two points. Results show that the evaporators closest to the condenser were unaffected by bending and that changes were only observable in the final evaporator. As such, thermal resistance values for each discrete evaporator were observed. When the heat pipe was bent from 0–90°, thermal resistance of the final evaporator increased by 15–126% while the other evaporators remained unchanged. It was also found that bending within the first adiabatic region had a much greater effect (8–26%) on performance than the addition of a bend further along the heat pipe. These results indicate that the vapour pressure drop induced by bending is minimal when thermal loads are relatively low and resulting vapour velocities are small. It is therefore postulated that exceeding the capillary limit, which causes localised dry out of the wick structure, is the main contributor to performance degradation. Furthermore, it is speculated that the effects of bend location are due to axial variance in both vapour and liquid mass flow rates within a heat pipe during operation. Both of which reach a maximum within the adiabatic region; therefore, it is inferred that pressure losses due to deformation of the vapour channel and wick structure within this region would be of a greater magnitude.
8
Obika, Masanobu, and Tom Yamamoto. "GMVC-based optimal plant-wide PID tuning for a multiple effect evaporator." In 2017 11th Asian Control Conference (ASCC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ascc.2017.8287587.
Full text
9
George, Sebastian, and Devendra N. Kyatanavar. "Optimization of multiple effect evaporator using fuzzy logic integrated with Taguchi technique." In 2016 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceeot.2016.7754917.
Full text
10
Elhaq, S. Lissane, F. Giri, and H. Unbehauen. "The development of controllers for a multiple-effect evaporator in sugar industry." In 1997 European Control Conference (ECC). IEEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ecc.1997.7082624.
Full textReports on the topic "Multiple Effect Evaporator"
1
Terry, Stephen, and J. Doster. Final Technical Report - Creation of Multiple Effect Evaporator and Combined Cycle Modelica Modules, and Optimization of Potable Water Generation from Saltwater Sources. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1971652.
Full text
2
Breus, Dimitry Eugene. I. Excluded Volume Effects in Ising Cluster Distributions and Nuclear Multifragmentation II. Multiple-Chance Effects in α-Particle Evaporation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/841926.
Full text