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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Multiple examiners

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Academic literature on the topic 'Multiple examiners'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Multiple examiners"

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Heitman, Robert J., John E. Kovaleski, and Steven F. Pugh. "Application of Generalizability Theory in Estimating the Reliability of Ankle-Complex Laxity Measurement." Journal of Athletic Training 44, no. 1 (2009): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-44.1.48.

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Abstract Context: Generalizability theory is an appropriate method for determining the reliability of measurements obtained across more than a single facet. In the clinical and research settings, ankle-complex laxity assessment may be performed using different examiners and multiple trials. Objective: To determine the reliability of ankle-complex laxity measurements across different examiners and multiple trials using generalizability theory. Design: Correlational study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Forty male university students without a history of ankle injury. Main Outcome Measure(s): Measures of right ankle-complex anteroposterior and inversion-eversion laxity were obtained by 2 examiners. Each examiner performed 2 anteroposterior trials, followed by 2 inversion-eversion trials for each ankle at 0° of ankle flexion. Using generalizability theory, we performed G study and D study analyses. Results: More measurement error was found for facets associated with examiner than with trial for both anteroposterior and inversion-eversion laxity. Inversion-eversion measurement was more reliable than anteroposterior laxity measurement. Although 1 examiner and 1 trial had acceptable reliability (G coefficient ≥ .848), increasing the number of examiners increased reliability to a greater extent than did increasing the number of trials. Conclusions: Within the range of examiner and trial facets studied, any combination of examiners or trials (or both) above 1 can change ankle laxity measurement reliability from acceptable (1 examiner, 1 trial) to highly reliable (3 examiners, 3 trials). Individuals may respond to examiners and their procedural nuances differently; thus, standardized procedures are important.

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Cicchetti, Domenic, Alan Fontana, and Donald Showalter. "Evaluating the reliability of multiple assessments of PTSD symptomatology: Multiple examiners, one patient." Psychiatry Research 166, no. 2-3 (2009): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.01.014.

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Ruiz, Mario A., Sammy Saab, and Leland S. Rickman. "The Clinical Detection of Scleral Icterus: Observations of Multiple Examiners." Military Medicine 162, no. 8 (1997): 560–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/162.8.560.

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Harris-Love, Michael O., Catheeja Ismail, Reza Monfaredi, et al. "Interrater reliability of quantitative ultrasound using force feedback among examiners with varied levels of experience." PeerJ 4 (June 21, 2016): e2146. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2146.

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Background.Quantitative ultrasound measures are influenced by multiple external factors including examiner scanning force. Force feedback may foster the acquisition of reliable morphometry measures under a variety of scanning conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of force-feedback image acquisition and morphometry over a range of examiner-generated forces using a muscle tissue-mimicking ultrasound phantom.Methods.Sixty material thickness measures were acquired from a muscle tissue mimicking phantom using B-mode ultrasound scanning by six examiners with varied experience levels (i.e., experienced, intermediate, and novice). Estimates of interrater reliability and measurement error with force feedback scanning were determined for the examiners. In addition, criterion-based reliability was determined using material deformation values across a range of examiner scanning forces (1–10 Newtons) via automated and manually acquired image capture methods using force feedback.Results.All examiners demonstrated acceptable interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC = .98,p< .001) for material thickness measures obtained using force feedback. Individual examiners exhibited acceptable reliability with the criterion-based reference measures (ICC > .90,p< .001), independent of their level of experience. The measurement error among all examiners was 1.5%–2.9% across all applied stress conditions.Conclusion.Manual image capture with force feedback may aid the reliability of morphometry measures across a range of examiner scanning forces, and allow for consistent performance among examiners with differing levels of experience.

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Himelfarb, Igor, Bruce L. Shotts, John K. Hyland, and Andrew R. Gow. "Variables associated with successful performance on the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners Part IV examination." Journal of Chiropractic Education 34, no. 1 (2020): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7899/jce-18-28.

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Objective: The objectives of this study were to (1) identify factors predictive of performance on the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners Part IV exam and (2) investigate correlations between the scores obtained in the Part I, Part II, Physiotherapy, and Part III exams and the Part IV examination. Methods: A random sample of 1341 records was drawn from National Board of Chiropractic Examiners data to investigate the relationships between the scores obtained on the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners exams. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis related the performance on Part IV to examinee's gender, Part IV repeater status, and scores obtained on the Part I, Part II, Physiotherapy, and Part III exams. Results: The analyses revealed statistical relations among all National Board of Chiropractic Examiners exams. The correlations between Part IV and Part I ranged from r = .31 to r = .4; between Part IV and Part II from r = .34 to r = .45. The correlation between Part IV and Physiotherapy was r = .44; between Part IV and Part III was r = .46. The strongest predictors of the Part IV score were found to be examinees' scores in Diagnostic Imaging, β̂ = .19, p &lt; .001; Chiropractic Practice, β̂ = .17, p &lt; .001; Physiotherapy, β̂ = .15, p &lt; .001; and the Part III exam β̂ = .19, p &lt; .001. Conclusions: Performance on the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners Part IV examination is related to the performance in all other National Board of Chiropractic Examiners exams.

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DuRant, R. H. "THE PREPARTICIPATION EXAMINATION OF ATHLETES. COMPARISON OF SINGLE AND MULTIPLE EXAMINERS." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 6, no. 1 (1986): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01241398-198601000-00075.

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Cicchetti, Domenic V., Catherine Lord, Kathy Koenig, Ami Klin, and Fred R. Volkmar. "Reliability of the ADI-R: Multiple Examiners Evaluate a Single Case." Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 38, no. 4 (2007): 764–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0448-3.

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Dupuis, J., G. Beauregard, L. Breton, J. Paré, and B. Charette. "Palpation and dorsal acetabular rim radiographic view for early detection of canine hip dysplasia." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 14, no. 03 (2001): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632686.

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SummaryThe objectives of this study were to standardize a palpation technique and to determine within and between examiners, the repeatability in interpreting the angle of reduction, subluxation and the acetabular slope measurements. Also it was desired to ascertain the effect of pelvis positioning on the acetabular slope measurement on sixmonth- old dogs. On palpation examination fifty-three (53) dogs had their angles of reduction and subluxation measured. A radiographic examination including a standard hip-extended view, a compression and a distraction view and a dorsal acetabular rim view were performed on each dog.The within examiner repeatability was excellent for both the angle of reduction and subluxation (r = 0.975, p = 0.82 and r = 0.977, p = 0.81 respectively). The between examiners repeatability was good for the angle of reduction (r = 0.843, p = 0.51) but only a fair correlation was found for the angle of subluxation (r = 0.652, p = 0.83). For the acetabular slope measurement, an excellent within examiner correlation was observed (r = 0.940, p = 0.52). However, though a good correlation was found between examiners, a significant difference was found in the measurements of the three examiners (r = 0.780, p < 0.0001). The under- or overrotation position slightly changed the slope measurement but a fair correlation was still observed with the perfect position (r = 0.769, p = 0.074 and r = 0.684, p = 0.061 respectively). If the pelvis is turned to one side, a correlation was not found (r = 0.090, p = 0.847). The high repeatability of the angle of reduction measurement in six-month-old dogs suggests that it may be used by multiple examiners, with the expectation of comparable and consistent results. The modified method of the acetabular slope measurement improved the correlation, but a significant difference was still observed between examiners.Early detection in life of canine hip dysplasia is important. The angle of reduction and the acetabular slope have been evaluated as diagnostic tools. With regard to its repeatability between examiners, the use of the angle of reduction by multiple examiners will be acceptable. The correlation between examiners in the acetabular slope measurement was good but a significant difference was present. Part two is now being analyzed.

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Moana-Filho, Estephan J., Aurelio A. Alonso, Flavia P. Kapos, et al. "Multifactorial assessment of measurement errors affecting intraoral quantitative sensory testing reliability." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 16, no. 1 (2017): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.03.007.

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AbstractBackground and purpose (aims)Measurement error of intraoral quantitative sensory testing (QST) has been assessed using traditional methods for reliability, such as intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Most studies reporting QST reliability focused on assessingone source of measurement error at a time, e.g., inter- or intra-examiner (test–retest) reliabilities and employed two examiners to test inter-examiner reliability. The present study used a complex design with multiple examiners with the aim of assessing the reliability of intraoral QST taking account of multiple sources of error simultaneously.MethodsFour examiners of varied experience assessed 12 healthy participants in two visits separated by 48 h. Seven QST procedures to determine sensory thresholds were used: cold detection (CDT), warmth detection (WDT), cold pain (CPT), heat pain (HPT), mechanical detection (MDT), mechanical pain (MPT) and pressure pain (PPT). Mixed linear models were used to estimate variance components for reliability assessment; dependability coefficients were used to simulate alternative test scenarios.ResultsMost intraoral QST variability arose from differences between participants (8.8–30.5%), differences between visits within participant (4.6–52.8%), and error (13.3–28.3%). For QST procedures other than CDT and MDT, increasing the number of visits with a single examiner performing the procedures would lead to improved dependability (dependability coefficient ranges: single visit, four examiners = 0.12–0.54; four visits, single examiner = 0.27–0.68). A wide range of reliabilities for QST procedures, as measured by ICCs, was noted for inter- (0.39–0.80) and intra-examiner (0.10–0.62) variation.ConclusionReliability of sensory testing can be better assessed by measuring multiple sources of error simultaneously instead of focusing on one source at a time. In experimental settings, large numbers of participants are needed to obtain accurate estimates of treatment effects based on QST measurements. This is different from clinical use, where variation between persons (the person main effect) is not a concern because clinical measurements are done on a single person.ImplicationsFuture studies assessing sensorytestingreliabilityinboth clinicaland experimental settings would benefit from routinely measuring multiple sources of error. The methods and results of this study can be used by clinical researchers to improve assessment of measurement error related to intraoral sensorytesting. This should lead to improved resource allocation when designing studies that use intraoral quantitative sensory testing in clinical and experimental settings.© 2017 Scandinavian Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Holsgrove, Gareth, and Margaret Elzubeir. "Imprecise terms in UK medical multiple‐choice questions: what examiners think they mean." Medical Education 32, no. 4 (1998): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2923.1998.00203.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Multiple examiners"

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Raso, Vanessa Vilela Monte. "Índice funcional do ciático nas lesões por esmagamento do nervo ciático de ratos. Avaliação da reprodutibilidade do método entre examinadores." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17142/tde-06032007-125512/.

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Foi avaliada a reprodutibilidade entre examinadores do método de avaliação do Índice Funcional do Ciático (IFC), medido por um programa de computação desenvolvido para este fim. Foram empregados 20 ratos Wistar, cujo nervo ciático direito era abordado sob anestesia geral e esmagado num segmento de 5 mm proximal à sua trifurcação com um dispositivo especial, com carga fixa de 5 kgf por 10 minutos. Impressões das pegadas dos animais foram obtidas na fase pré-operatória e, depois, semanalmente, da 1ª à 8ª semana pós-operatória, em uma pista de marcha. As impressões eram digitalizadas, armazenadas e avaliadas, pela medida de parâmetros pré-determinados, por quatro examinadores, seguindo sempre a mesma seqüência de marcação dos parâmetros. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise estatística, que mostrou haver um alto índice de correlação entre examinadores na avaliação pré-operatória e nas 3a, 4a, 5a, 7a e 8a semanas (igual ou maior que 0,82), com queda casual na 6a semana, mas manteve significante como as demais (pF?0,01). Na 1a e 2a semanas, o índice de correlação foi próximo de zero, mostrando a pouca reprodutibilidade do método nesse período, em que a variabilidade entre os animais não diferiu da variabilidade entre os examinadores (pF?0,24 e 0,32, respectivamente), devido à pouca definição das impressões das pegadas.<br>The Sciatic Functional Index (SFI) is a quite useful tool to evaluate functional recovery of the sciatic nerve of rats in a number of experimental lesions and treatment. Although being an objective method, it depends on the examiner?s ability to adequately recognize and mark the previously established footprint landmarks, which is an entirely subjective step, thus potentially interfering with the calculations according to the mathematical formulae proposed by different authors. An inter-personal evaluation of the reproducibility of an SFI computer aided method was then carried out here to study data variability. A severe crush injury was produce on a 5 mm-long segment of the right sciatic nerve of 20 Wistar rats (5kgf load directly applied for 10 minutes) and the SFI was measured by four different examiners (2 experienced and 2 new-comers) either preoperatively and at weekly intervals from the 1st to the 8th postoperative week. Three measurements were made for each print and an average was drawn and used for the statistical analysis. The results showed that interexaminer correlation was high (0.82) on the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th and 8th weeks, with an unexpected (pF?0.01) drop on the 6th week. There was virtually no inter-personal correlation (correlation index nearly 0) on the 1st and 2nd weeks, period in which the variability between animals (pF?0.24) and examiners (pF?0.32) was similar, certainly due to the poor definition of the footprints. The authors conclude that the SFI method studied here is only reliable from the 3rd week on.

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Zin, Than Than. "Comparing 12 finite state models of examinee performance on multiple-choice tests." Diss., This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05042006-164507/.

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Riddell, Corinne Aileen. "An adaptive clinical trial design for a sensitive subgroup examined in the multiple sclerosis context." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/33818.

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Adaptive clinical trials are recently gaining more attention. In this thesis, generalizations to the Biomarker-Adaptive Threshold Design (BATD) are studied and applied in the multiple sclerosis (MS) context. The BATD was originally developed for survival outcomes for Phase III clinical trials and allows researchers to both study the efficacy of treatment in the overall group and to investigate the relationship between a hypothesized predictive biomarker and the treatment effect on the primary outcome. We first introduce the original methodology and replicate the authors’ simulation studies to confirm their findings. Then, we generalize the methodology to accommodate count biomarkers and outcomes. Our interest in variables of this form is fuelled by the study of MS, where the number of relapses is a commonly used count outcome for patients with relapsing-remitting MS. Through simulation studies, we find that the BATD has increased power compared with a traditional fixed design under varying scenarios for which there exists a sensitive patient subgroup. As an illustrative example, we consider data from a previously completed trial and apply the methodology for two hypothesized markers: baseline lesion activity and the length of time that a patient has had MS. While we do not find a predictive biomarker relationship between baseline lesion activity and the number of relapses, MS duration does appear to have a predictive biomarker relationship for this dataset. In particular, we consider a randomly chosen subsample of the data for which the overall treatment effect on the outcome was insignificant. When the BATD is applied, a very significant treatment effect is detected and indicates that the effect is strongest for patients that have had MS for less than 7.8 years for this subsample. The methodology holds promise at preserving statistical power when the treatment effect is greatest in a sensitive patient subset.

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Jerauld, Jason E. "A multiple-station experiment to examine the close electromagnetic environment of natural and triggered lightning." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0000708.

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Hilmersson, Markus, and Erik Malmgren. "A Study to Examine During what Market Conditions it has been Profitable with Home Bias for a Swedish Fund Manager." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-229049.

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This thesis in applied statistics and industrial economics examines the correlation between a number of market conditions on the Swedish and Global market and the yield difference between the Swedish stock market and the Global stock market. The report is based on data from the index MSCI Sweden Net Return, MSCI World Net Return and the Volatility index S&P 500. The market conditions that have been examined are Bull markets, Bear markets, periods of high volatility. We also examined how the appreciation of the SEK in comparison to the USD and the yield of the Swedish stock market correlated with the yield difference between the Swedish Stock Market and the Global stock market. The correlation was examined using multiple linear regression. The results indicated a positive correlation between the yield difference between the Swedish stock market and the Global stock market and the yield of the Swedish stock market, the appreciation of the SEK compared to the USD and Bull markets. We found a negative correlation with Bear markets and no correlation at all with the volatility. The results are in line with what could be expected and give a stronger statistical ground for the idea that the Swedish stock market has larger fluctuations than the Global stock market during large-scale market fluctuations.<br>Detta kandidatexamensarbete inom tillämpad matematik och industriell ekonomi syftar till att undersöka hur avkastningsdifferensen mellan den Svenska och Globala aktiemarknaden korrelerar med ett antal olika marknadsförhållanden. Rapporten är baserad på data från MSCI Sweden Net Return och MSCI World Net Return samt Volatilitetsindex S&P500. De marknadsförhållanden som har undersökts är Bull markets, Bear markets, perioder då det råder hög volatilitet på marknaden. Vi undersökte även avkastningsdifferensens korrelation till kronans värdeförändring gentemot den Amerikanska dollarn och korrelationen till den Svenska aktiemarknadens värdeökning. Korrelationen undersöktes genom att utföra en multipel linjär regression. Resultaten visade på en rådande positiv korrelation mellan utvecklingen på den Svenska aktiemarknaden, prisutvecklingen av den Svenska kronan mot Amerikanska dollarn samt under Bull markets. Vi fann även en negativ korrelation med Bear markets och ingen korrelation till volatiliteten. Resultaten är i linje med vad som kunde förväntas och ger en starkare statistisk grund till att den Svenska aktiemarknaden har större svängningar än den Globala aktiemarknaden vid stora marknadsfluktuationer.

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Willoughby, Scott R. "Multiple agonist induction of aggregation : an approach to examine the anti-aggregating effects of cardioprotective agents nitroglycerine and perhexiline /." Title page and summary only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbw739.pdf.

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Liu, Kuan-Chung, and 劉貫中. "Using Stepwise Multiple Testing to Examine the Performance of Technical Analyses." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90560281254735192926.

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碩士<br>朝陽科技大學<br>財務金融系碩士班<br>96<br>Abstract This research is to pick out the commodities with the biggest amounts of transactions from eight major classifications of the database of " The Institute for Financial Markets ", and applying Romano and Wolf (2005) Stepwise Multiple Testing (SRC) to the eight financial commodity markets in three major exchanges. We use the four technical analysis indicators, the filter rule (FR)、the moving average (MA)、the on balance volume ( OBV) and the momentum strategy of volume ( MSV), to make up into these 3,770 rules of transactions. In order to prove whether these rules have ability to obtain excess return or not, we examine them by way of imitating the transaction. When the trading signal is found, we delete the trading cost to calculate its return. After examining, we find these 3,770 rules of transactions are unable to reject null hypothesis in the eight major markets. So the eight major markets are efficient, and these 3,770 rules of transactions have not obtained the ability of the excess return. We probe into the cause of the above result and find out that if the rules of transactions contain too many rules without explainable ability, it will draw high the critical value and result in the examination that is unable to reject null hypothesis. Among these 3,770 rules of transactions, it is obvious that rules of MSV affect the operation performance much better or much worse, but the operation performances with negative return are more frequent than the operation performance with positive return. Rules of MA are more stable than MSV for the operation performance.

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Barneveld, Christina Van. "The effects of examinee motivation on multiple-choice item calibration and test construction." 2004. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=80139&T=F.

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LIN-TASEN and 林大森. "the learning effect of the factor misconception examined computer-game teaching strategy on factor and multiple-learning problems in elementary school." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09278047544079548621.

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碩士<br>國立臺中教育大學<br>數位內容科技學系碩士班<br>97<br>The purpose of this study is to explore the learning effect of the factor misconception examined computer-game teaching strategy on factor and multiple-learning problems in elementary school. Quasi-experimental research was uesd, including pre-tests, experiment processes and post-tests. The subjects of this study consisted of 47 fifth grade student, 24 for the experimental group and 23 for the control group. After 11 classes about two weeks , the study is to understanding the stuednts’s learning effect and learning attitude in different teaching strategy. Futhermore, the study also explores the learning effect learning attitude by analyzing the factors in gender and learning achievement and learning style in order to offer some references to the future educational use. Descriptive statistics, ANCOVA, independent groups t-test were applied after experiments to obtain the following conclusions. 1. The misconception examined computer-game teaching strategy can enhace student’ learning effect. 2. The misconception examined computer-game teaching strategy can enhace student’ learning attitude. 3. The misconception examined computer-game teaching strategy can enhace student’ learning attitution in every phase of factor in math. 4. The misconception examined computer-game teaching strategy can enhace low achievement student’ learning effect. 5. The misconception examined computer-game teaching strategy can enhace the student’s confidentce in learning math and the explore motivation in math and reduce mathematics anxiety. 6. The misconception examined computer-game teaching strategy can enhace the student with learning styles of “accommodation type” and “convergence type” and “assimilation type” learning effect. 7. For the students with the learning styles of “accommodation type” and “convergence type,”the learning effect of these students with the misconception examined computer-game teaching strategy has more promotion than that of those with the “traditional composition teaching strategy.”

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Books on the topic "Multiple examiners"

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Brommer, Sarah. Sprachliche Muster. De Gruyter, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110573664.

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Abstract The study examines patterns of language usage in scientific texts and describes the academic style based on a data-derived corpus analysis at the formal and pragmatic levels. Theoretically grounded in multiple linguistic subdisciplines, the book offers an important contribution to the description of text types, the discussion of norms, and research on writing.

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Ann, Allen Barbara, ed. National boards examination review for part III: 200 multiple choice questions and referenced explanatory answers plus patient management clinical competence cases. Medical Examination Pub. Co., 1985.

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Mark, Dershwitz, ed. National boards examination review for part I, Basic sciences: 1350 multiple-choice questions with referenced explanatory answers. 3rd ed. Medical Examination Pub. Co., 1987.

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Eileen, Denza. Multiple Accreditation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703969.003.0007.

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This chapter examines Articles 5 and 6 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations which deal with multiple accreditation to foreign states by a diplomatic mission. Article 5 allows a sending State to accredit a head of mission or assign any member of the diplomatic staff to more than one receiving State, unless there is express objection by any of the receiving States. If there are none, then the sending State may establish diplomatic mission headed by a chargé d’affaires ad interim, a member of the mission who leads in the place of the head. Article 6 complements this by allowing two or more receiving States to accredit the same person as head of mission to another state, unless there is objection. Since 1961, there has been an increase of States using this practice due to the emergence of new sovereign States.

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von Hirsch, Andreas. Multiple-Offense Sentencing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607609.003.0010.

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This chapter offers some additional thoughts on the subject of multiple-offense sentencing. It discusses John Taurek’s indeterminacy thesis and its plausibility with regards to multiple-count cases. It then considers two desert-based limiting principles applicable to multiple-offense situations: normative breaks and overall proportionality. It also examines the possibility of utilizing a heuristic model, an example of which is Martin Borgeke’s scheme for scaling multiple offenses. Finally, it highlights the limitations of desert theory and argues that it may not be able to assist us all the way in developing a sentencing doctrine for multiple offenders.

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Manson, Allan. Multiple-Offense Sentencing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607609.003.0013.

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This chapter argues that the various instances of multiple-offense sentencing are sufficiently different, and that a sentencing system needs to develop a few different methodologies to address different multiple-offense situations. It first considers a number of issues relating to the sentencing of multiple offenders, with particular emphasis on concurrent and consecutive sentences, bulk discounts, proportionality and overall or total culpability, and the so-called culpability cap. It also distinguishes between low-order offenses and high-order offenses and examines the potential role, in limited circumstances, of being able to simply add two or three sentences to reach an acceptable level of overall culpability. Finally, it proposes a typology of multiple-offense sentencing with two scales, one based on the number of offenses and the other on the type of offense.

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Hoppu, Petri. Dancing Multiple Identities. Edited by Anthony Shay and Barbara Sellers-Young. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199754281.013.027.

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This chapter examines the role of the traditional dance of the Skolt Sámi in Finland in constructing and producing identity. The Skolt Sámi are a culturally and linguistically distinct group of the Eastern Sámi. Originally they lived in a widespread area, from Lake Inari eastward to the Russian city of Murmansk. Today most Skolts live near Lake Inari in Finnish Lapland, where they were relocated after World War II. The multiple identities of the Skolts are actualized in many ways—including in language, music, and clothing—but perhaps most distinctively in their dancing. Their dancing traditions, especially the quadrille, separate them from other Sámi in Finland and connect them to Northern Russian culture. Despite their dramatic past, the Skolts have preserved their culture and distinctive identities. The quadrille has a special place among the Skolts, and it continues in a new context as a part of their embodied culture.

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Barneveld, Christina Van. The effects of examinee motivation on multiple-choice item calibration and test construction. 2004.

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Roberts, Julian V., Jesper Ryberg, and Jan W. de Keijser. Sentencing the Multiple Offender. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607609.003.0001.

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This book examines the complexities of sentencing when the offender stands convicted of multiple crimes. Contributors tackle the problem of multiple-offense sentencing in different ways and diverse perspectives. They consider the potential justifications for adopting a different approach when sentencing multiple offenders, one that results in more lenient sentences than would be the case if the crimes had been committed (and punished) as single offenses. They also discuss the courts’ pragmatic solutions to the problem, including the totality principle and the concept of overall proportionality, as well as proposals to justify the so-called bulk discount for multiple offending. Finally, they address the tension that exists between multiple concurrent crimes, and multiple crimes committed and punished sequentially.

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Esch, Megan, and Nancy L. Sicotte. Neuroimaging in Multiple Sclerosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199341016.003.0007.

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spinal cord plays an integral role in establishing the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The use of MRI leads to earlier recognition of MS, allowing for earlier treatment initiation and more efficient monitoring of disease treatment and progress. This chapter outlines conventional MRI imaging sequences that are used to evaluate MS white matter lesions in the central nervous system. It also addresses the incorporation of new imaging techniques that have increased understanding of clinically definite MS, its variants, and how various diseases can mimic traditional MS. Finally, it examines novel imaging protocols that have been implemented in MS research, which have elucidated radiographic and pathophysiologic nuances and involvement of deeper central nervous system structures and tracts that play a role in MS progression.

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Book chapters on the topic "Multiple examiners"

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White, David A. ""Edutainment": Gifted Education and the Perils of Misusing Multiple Intelligences." In The Examined Life. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003238782-21.

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Kim, Nana, Daniel M. Bolt, James Wollack, Yiqin Pan, Carol Eckerly, and John Sowles. "Modeling Examinee Heterogeneity in Discrete Option Multiple Choice Items." In Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01310-3_33.

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Hagman, Anton, J. M. Considine, and Mikael Nygårds. "Stiffness Heterogeneity of Multiply Paperboard Examined with VFM." In Residual Stress, Thermomechanics & Infrared Imaging, Hybrid Techniques and Inverse Problems, Volume 9. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42255-8_20.

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Stenroos, Marko, and Jenni Helakorpi. "The Multiple Stories in Finnish Roma Schooling." In Social and Economic Vulnerability of Roma People. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52588-0_7.

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AbstractRegardless of the good reputation of the Finnish basic education system, Finnish Roma children fall behind the overall average in their performance of academic skills: Roma children face more challenges completing basic education and have more repeated school years. Furthermore, compared to the average, Roma youth apply less for upper secondary education and thus their general level of education remains low. However, looking at Roma education solely through problematic representations only provides a partial picture. In this article, based on two separate sets of fieldwork among Finnish Kaale Roma, we examine how teachers, Roma activists and mediators perceive the educational trajectories of Finnish Roma children and youth. The article seeks to scrutinize Finnish Roma schooling within the framework of the Finnish National Policy on Roma (NRIS). The analysis highlights the multiplicity of voices in the field, discusses the possibilities, and thus problematizes the single-aspect discourse on Roma education. Many countries in Central and Eastern Europe struggle with school and residential segregation, but Finnish Roma face different challenges.

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North, Michael. "Mari connessi." In Atti delle «Settimane di Studi» e altri Convegni. Firenze University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-857-0.02.

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Following Fernand Braudel’s Méditerranée, historians interpreted the Mediterranean, Baltic, Atlantic, Indian Ocean or Pacific as closed maritime systems, consisting of multiple micro-environments. This essay seeks to overcome these limited perspectives and to examine, how the various seas and oceans were connected by the Vikings, the Cairo Genizah merchants and the Italian trading companies of the Middle Ages. The second part of my article “Connected Seas” examines the perception and memory of the seas as an element of maritime connectivity. It introduces the concept of realm of memory (lieu de mémoire) into maritime history and tests it in four case studies on the Sound, the Straits of Gibraltar, the Dardanelles and the Straits of Malacca.

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Davies, Sarah R. "Performing Science in Public: Science Communication and Scientific Identity." In Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61728-8_10.

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AbstractThis chapter examines the identity work that takes place within public communication of science. Using a conceptualisation of identity as performance – and thus as something that may be done differently within different contexts – it uses the case of a large science festival, Science in the City, which took place in Copenhagen in 2014, to examine how scientific identities can be enacted in science communication. The key argument is that such communication supports multiple and flexible identity performances. Scientific identities are intertwined with other ways of performing the self, and both audiences and communicators are heterogeneous communities, which do not neatly sit in categories of ‘scientists’ or ‘the public’. Ultimately, it appears that science communication is used by scientists (and others) for many different identity-building purposes, in many different ways.

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Yu, Xiu-bao. "Why Are There Over 90 Definitions of the Strategy Concept?" In Management for Professionals. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4713-7_2.

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AbstractOutline: Based on the Three-multiple problem of literature on strategy definition, this chapter analyses literature on strategy definition based on a special research approach developed by the author. The reasons for the aforesaid Three-multiple problem are examined with a sample over 30 definitions. It is found that there are mainly four reasons contributing to the Three-multiple problem. (1) different wordings are used to express the same meaning; (2) a variety of wordings are used to illustrate the content of different sub-classes that are under the same category; (3) different understandings of the strategy concept cause the use of various wordings; (4) extensions of concept are included in literature on strategy definition.

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"Using Multiple Regression Analysis to Examine Compensation Practices." In Adverse Impact and Test Validation. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315263298-18.

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Ho, Elaine Lynn-Ee. "Multiple Diasporas." In Citizens in Motion. Stanford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503606661.003.0004.

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This chapter examines how fraternity and alterity operate in contradictory ways under conditions of contemporaneous migration. While fraternity connotes membership in a national community, alterity refers to the state of being different or the process of “Othering.” The chapter focuses on Singapore as a hub, where concurrent immigration and emigration flows are creating new postcolonial nation-building challenges. Contemporary immigration from China is juxtaposed against past migration from the same ancestral land, generating both co-ethnic and inter-ethnic tensions in a multicultural society. With growing numbers of Singaporeans now moving abroad, Singapore has also become a country that seeks to assert an extraterritorial reach over its emigrants. The multidirectional migration flows evinced in Singapore exemplify how states and national societies invoke temporal framings to prioritize natal ties that are based on selected versions of territorial belonging, memory, and culture.

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"One Phenomenon, Multiple Lenses: Bridging Perspectives to Examine Sex in Advertising." In Sex in Advertising. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781410607065-6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Multiple examiners"

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Lee, Eric S., and Naina Garg. "Reliability of multiple-choice versus problem-solving student exam scores in higher education: Empirical tests." In Sixth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head20.2020.11303.

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Instructors in higher education frequently employ examinations composed of problem-solving questions to assess student knowledge and learning. But are student scores on these tests reliable? Surprisingly few have researched this question empirically, arguably because of perceived limitations in traditional research methods. Furthermore, many believe multiple choice exams to be a more objective, reliable form of testing students than any other type. We question this wide-spread belief. In a series of empirical studies in 8 classes (401 students) in a finance course, we used a methodology based on three key elements to examine these questions: A true experimental design, more appropriate estimation of exam score reliability, and reliability confidence intervals. Internal consistency reliabilities of problem-solving test scores were consistently high (all &gt; .87, median = .90) across different classes, students, examiners, and exams. In contrast, multiple-choice test scores were less reliable (all &lt; .69). Recommendations are presented for improving the construction of exams in higher education.

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Tilstra, Andrew H., Carolyn C. Seepersad, and Kristin L. Wood. "The Repeatability of High Definition Design Structure Matrix (HDDSM) Models for Representing Product Architecture." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28717.

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Product architecture has implications for product success that go beyond meeting basic customer needs or performance requirements. The mapping of functions to components and the interactions between them impacts the potential for using all or part of the product to build a family of products, the ease with which the product can be redesigned to meet previously unanticipated customer needs, and the way in which engineering design changes propagate during the design process. For practical applications of design theory, it would be beneficial to have a comprehensive and robust model that captures product architecture and can be used for multiple purposes. Some fields of design research have used variations of a Design Structure Matrix (DSM) to record the interactions between elements of a system. The High Definition Design Structure Matrix (HDDSM) has been proposed as a model that limits the subjectivity required from designers by capturing the existence of very specific types of interactions between product components. This work evaluates the repeatability of HDDSM models created by different examiners for a set of electromechanical products. The inter-rater agreement between HDDSM models created by pairs of examiners is determined by calculating the kappa agreement index for each type of component interaction. The results of this initial study demonstrate very encouraging levels of repeatability across examiners for different types of products. Based on these results, recommendations are provided for creating objective models of product architecture and using such models for a number of exploratory research tasks, such as automated analysis of design guidelines.

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Ghosh, Sayantani, Shraman Pramanick, Anurag Bagchi, and Amit Konar. "Automatic Detection of Confidence Level of Examinees in Answering Multiple Choice Questions using P1000 Brain Signal." In 2019 International Conference on Wireless Communications Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wispnet45539.2019.9032803.

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Rand, Kristin A., Chi Song, Eric Dean, et al. "Abstract 4629: Multiple myeloma susceptibility loci examined in African and European ancestry populations." In Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-4629.

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Nix, Anthony, Mark Lemke, Rob Stone, and Ryan Arlitt. "The Creation of an Ontology to Examine Customer Needs." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-67882.

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Customer needs are one of the first items gathered and examined in the design process. Currently there are few methods of examining the collected customer needs to help designers track how much of the customer need space has been explored. None of the current prominent design texts provide an universally accepted categorization scheme to help categorize and examine collected customer needs. This paper ventures into the process of building an ontology that can be used to categorize and examine customer needs. The finalized ontology presented here went through 11 iterations and multiple inter-rater reliability tests throughout the creation process. The paper then discusses the possible uses of this scheme and how it can be utilized early in the design process to ensure that a thorough exploration of the customer need space is represented in the designers’ list of customer needs.

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Grulke, Tanner, Laura J. Crossey, Valerie J. Blomgren, et al. "USING MULTIPLE GEOCHEMICAL TRACERS TO EXAMINE GEOTHERMAL INPUTS TO THE JEMEZ RIVER, NORTHERN NEW MEXICO." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-285951.

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Lynch, John A., Charles G. Peterfy, David L. White, Randall A. Hawkins, and Harry K. Genant. "MRI-SPECT image registration using multiple MR pulse sequences to examine osteoarthritis of the knee." In Medical Imaging '99, edited by Kenneth M. Hanson. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.348626.

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Tsujimoto, Koichi, Kango Kitahara, Toshihiko Shakouchi, and Toshitake Ando. "Numerical Simulation of Intermittent-Controlled Multiple Jets." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2019 8th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2019-5163.

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Abstract Multiple jets are used in industrial processes such as combustion, ventilation and so on, and their improvement of mixing and diffusion is demanded. Unlike single jet, since the jets issuing from nozzles will coalescence, merge or combine with each other, it is necessary to reduce mixing performance such as entrainment from surroundings and spreading into surroundings. It is well known that the characteristics such as mixing and diffusion of the jet are strongly dependent on the large-scale vortex structures being formed near the nozzles. Therefore, an appropriate inflow condition at a nozzle is capable of controlling the large vortex structures near field around the nozzle and improves the mixing performance. In this study, we examine an intermittent control of jets varying the control frequency and the jet spacing so as to reduce the interaction between each jet. We conduct the DNS (direct numerical simulation) of intermittently-controlled two round jets. In order to quantify the mixing efficiency of the intermittent control, statistical entropy and entrainment are examined. Compared to the uncontrolled jet, it is confirmed that the mixing efficiency is markedly improved, suggesting that the intermittent control can be expected to be useful for the improvement of mixing performance of multiple jets.

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Bloemker, Katherine H., and Trent M. Guess. "Effects of ACL Reconstruction Techniques on the Kinematics of the Knee in a Computational Knee Model." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53276.

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This study examines the effects of different Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) reconstruction techniques on computational multibody knee models. The knee models were derived from two cadaver knees that underwent simulated walk cycles while the kinematics of the knee geometries were collected in a dynamic knee simulator. Once the computational models performed well compared to experimental data, multiple simulated ACL reconstruction surgeries were done on each model. For each simulated reconstruction technique, overall knee kinematics was compared to the experimental cadaver results and anterior-posterior movement of the tibia relative to the femur was compared to the original, intact computational model. The factors examined were ACL reconstruction method, adding preload to the reconstruction element, and reconstruction element type.

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Satoh, Kohyu, Naian Liu, Ji Ping Zhu, and K. T. Yang. "Experiments and Analysis of Interaction Among Multiple Fires in Equidistant Fire Arrays." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72494.

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The study of dynamics of multiple fires is important to gain a physical insight of the conditions under which destructive phenomena could result in city fires such those caused by earthquakes. Particularly, heavy populated cities such as Tokyo are highly vulnerable. Unfortunately, previous studies on multiple fires and their dynamics are rather limited. An extensive experimental study has been carried out to examine the fire interactions among freestanding equidistant multiple fires in square arrays, to supplement the authors’ previous related studies. Four square arrays, namely, 5×5, 9×9, 15×15 and 17×17, with various inter-fuel pan distances were treated. The burnout time (BOT) from ignition at every fire in the array was experimentally recorded and expressed as multiples of the BOT of a single free-standing fire as a reference. Since the BOT at any fire location in an array is inversely proportional to an average burning rate (BR) at that location, the local BR can then be directly inferred, and their comparisons thus indications of the physical interactions as affected by the fire location, inter-fuel pan distance and size of the fire array. It is shown that all these parameters play remarkable roles in the interactions among multiple fires in square fire arrays.

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Reports on the topic "Multiple examiners"

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de Rassenfosse, Gaétan, William Griffiths, Adam Jaffe, and Elizabeth Webster. Low-quality Patents in the Eye of the Beholder: Evidence from Multiple Examiners. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22244.

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Boersma, Peter. NHSR 153: Multiple Chronic Conditions Among Veterans and Nonveterans: United States, 2015–2018. National Center for Health Statistics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:101659.

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This report describes the prevalence of multiple (two or more) chronic conditions (MCC) among veterans and nonveterans and examines whether differences by veteran status may be explained by differences in sociodemographic composition, smoking behavior, and weight status based on body mass index

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Sitabkhan, Yasmin, and Linda M. Platas. Early Mathematics Counts: Promising Instructional Strategies from Low- and Middle-Income Countries. RTI Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.op.0055.1807.

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This occasional paper examines common instructional strategies in early-grade mathematics interventions through a review of studies in classrooms in low- and middle-income countries. Twenty-four studies met the criteria for inclusion, and analyses reveal four sets of instructional strategies for which there is evidence from multiple contexts. Of the 24 studies, 16 involved the use of multiple representations, 10 involved the use of developmental progressions, 6 included supporting student use of explanation and justification, and 5 included integration of informal mathematics. Based on the review, we provide conclusions and recommendations for future research and policy.

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McKay, Tasseli, Megan Comfort, Justin Landwehr, Erin Kennedy, and Oliver Williams. Partner Violence After Reentry from Prison: Putting the Problem in Context. RTI Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2020.pb.0022.2004.

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Advocates have long raised concerns about the potential for partner violence after a spouse’s or partner’s return from prison, but few programs or policies exist to prevent it. In an era in which experiences of incarceration and reentry—and by extension, experiences of a partner’s or coparent’s incarceration and reentry—are commonplace in low-income urban communities, the safety of families reuniting after a prison stay merits serious attention. The current study examines qualitative data from 167 reentering men and their partners to identify contextual influences on post-prison partner violence. Insights from the data offer a valuable starting point for future research and for considering how prevention could effectively target economic, physical, social, and cognitive conditions at multiple social-ecological levels.

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Madu, Laura, Jacqueline Sharp, and Bobby Bellflower. Efficacy of Integrating CBT for Mental Health Care into Substance Abuse Treatment in Patients with Comorbid Disorders of Substance Abuse and Mental Illness. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0004.

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Abstract: Multiple studies have found that psychiatric disorders, like mood disorders and substance use disorders, are highly comorbid among adults with either disorder. Integrated treatment refers to the treatment of two or more conditions and the use of multiple therapies such as the combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Integrated therapy for comorbidity per numerous studies has consistently been superior to the treatment of individual disorders separately. The purpose of this QI project was to identify the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) instead of current treatment as usual for treating Substance Use Disorder (SUD) or mental health diagnosis independently. It is a retrospective chart review. The review examines CBT's efficacy for engaging individuals with co-occurring mood and substance u se disorders in treatment by enhancing adherence and preventing disengagement and relapse. Methods: Forty adults aged 26-55 with a DSM-IV diagnosis of a mood disorder of Major Depressive Disorder and/or anxiety and concurrent substance use disorder (at least weekly use in the past month). Participants received 12 sessions of individual integrated CBT treatment delivered with case management over a 12-week period. Results: The intervention was associated with significant improvements in mood disorder, substance use, and coping skills at 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-treatment. Conclusions: These results provide some evidence for the effectiveness of the integrated CBT intervention in individuals with co-occurring disorders. Of note, all psychotherapies are efficacious; however, it would be more advantageous to develop a standardized CBT that identifies variables that facilitate treatment outcomes specifically to comorbid disorders of substance use and mood disorders. It is concluded that there is potentially more to be gained from further studies using randomized controlled designs to determine its efficacy.

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Berkowitz, Jacob, Christine VanZomeren, Nia Hurst, and Kristina Sebastian. An evaluation of soil phosphorus storage capacity (SPSC) at proposed wetland restoration locations in the western Lake Erie Basin. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42108.

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Historical loss of wetlands coupled with excess phosphorus (P) loading at watershed scales have degraded water quality in portions of the western Lake Erie Basin (WLEB). In response, efforts are underway to restore wetlands and decrease P loading to surface waters. Because wetlands have a finite capacity to retain P, researchers have developed techniques to determine whether wetlands function as P sources or sinks. The following technical report evaluates the soil P storage capacity (SPSC) at locations under consideration for wetland restoration in collaboration with the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) and the H2Ohio initiative. Results indicate that the examined soils display a range of P retention capacities, reflecting historic land-use patterns and management regimes. However, the majority of study locations exhibited some capacity to sequester additional P. The analysis supports development of rankings and comparative analyses of areas within a specific land parcel, informing management through design, avoidance, removal, or remediation of potential legacy P sources. Additionally, the approaches described herein support relative comparisons between multiple potential wetland development properties. These results, in conjunction with other data sources, can be used to target, prioritize, justify, and improve decision-making for wetland management activities in the WLEB.

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Carter, Becky. Gender Inequalities in the Eastern Neighbourhood Region. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.062.

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This rapid review examines evidence on the structural causes and drivers of gender inequalities in the Eastern Neighbourhood region and how these gender inequalities contribute to instability in the region. While the Eastern Neighbourhood region performs relatively well on gender equality compared with the rest of the world, women and girls continue to face systemic political and economic marginalisation and are vulnerable to gender-based violence. Research on Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Moldova identifies the key underlying cause to be a set of traditional patriarchal gender norms, intersecting with conservative religious identities and harmful customary practices. These norms do not operate in isolation: the literature highlights that gender inequalities are caused by the interplay of multiple factors (with women’s unequal economic resources having a critical effect), while overlapping disadvantages affect lived experiences of inequalities. Other key factors are the region’s protracted conflicts; legal reform gaps and implementation challenges; socio-economic factors (including the impact of COVID-19); and governance trends (systemic corruption, growing conservatism, and negative narratives influenced by regional geopolitics). Together these limit women and girls’ empowerment; men and boys are also affected negatively in different ways, while LGBT+ people have become a particular target for societal discrimination in the region. Global evidence – showing that more gender unequal societies correlate with increased instability – provides a frame of reference for the region’s persistent gender inequalities.

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Price, Roz. Nature-based Solutions (NbS) – What are They and What are the Barriers and Enablers to Their Use? Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.098.

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This rapid review examines literature around Nature-based Solutions (NbS), what are NbS, the pros and cons of NbS, design and implementation issues (including governance, indigenous knowledge), finance and the enabling environment. The breadth of NbS and the evidence base means that this rapid review only provides a snapshot of the information available, and therefore does not consider all types of NbS, nor all sectors that they have been used in. Considering this limited scope, this report highlights many issues, some of which are that Covid-19 has highlighted the importance of NbS, Pros of NbS include the low cost compared to infrastructure alternatives; the flexibility in addressing multiple climate challenges; potential co-benefits such as better water quality, improved health, cultural benefits, biodiversity conservation. The literature also notes the cons of NbS including slow adaptation or co-benefits, very context specific making effectiveness difficult to measure and many of the benefits are non-monetary and hard to measure. The literature consulted suggest a number of knowledge gaps in the evidence base for NbS effectiveness including lack of: robust and impartial assessments of current NbS experiences; site specific knowledge of field deployment of NbS; timescales over which benefits are seen and experienced; cost-effectiveness of interventions compared to or in conjunction with alternative solutions; and integrated assessments considering broader social and ecological outcomes

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Näslund-Hadley, Emma, Michelle Koussa, and Juan Manuel Hernández. Skills for Life: Stress and Brain Development in Early Childhood. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003205.

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Learning to cope with disappointments and overcoming obstacles is part of growing up. By conquering some challenges, children develop resilience. Such normal stressors may include initiating a new activity or separation from parents during preschool hours. However, when the challenges in early childhood are intensified by important stressors happening outside their own lives, they may start to worry about the safety of themselves and their families. This may cause chronic stress, which interferes with their emotional, cognitive, and social development. In developing country contexts, it is especially hard to capture promptly the effects of stressors related to the COVID-19 pandemic on childrens cognitive and socioemotional development. In this note, we draw on the literature on the effect of stress on brain development and examine data from a recent survey of households with young children carried out in four Latin American countries to offer suggestions for policy responses. We suggest that early childhood and education systems play a decisive role in assessing and addressing childrens mental health needs. In the absence of forceful policy responses on multiple fronts, the mental health outcomes may become lasting.

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Hilbrecht, Margo, David Baxter, Alexander V. Graham, and Maha Sohail. Research Expertise and the Framework of Harms: Social Network Analysis, Phase One. GREO, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33684/2020.006.

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In 2019, the Gambling Commission announced a National Strategy to Reduce Gambling Harms. Underlying the strategy is the Framework of Harms, outlined in Measuring gambling-related harms: A framework for action. "The Framework" adopts a public health approach to address gambling-related harm in Great Britain across multiple levels of measurement. It comprises three primary factors and nine related subfactors. To advance the National Strategy, all componentsneed to be supported by a strong evidence base. This report examines existing research expertise relevant to the Framework amongacademics based in the UK. The aim is to understand the extent to which the Framework factors and subfactors have been studied in order to identify gaps in expertise and provide evidence for decision making thatisrelevant to gambling harms research priorities. A social network analysis identified coauthor networks and alignment of research output with the Framework. The search strategy was limited to peer-reviewed items and covered the 12-year period from 2008 to 2019. Articles were selected using a Web of Science search. Of the 1417 records identified in the search, the dataset was refined to include only those articles that could be assigned to at least one Framework factor (n = 279). The primary factors and subfactors are: Resources:Work and Employment, Money and Debt, Crime;Relationships:Partners, Families and Friends, Community; and Health:Physical Health, Psychological Distress, and Mental Health. We used Gephi software to create visualisations reflecting degree centrality (number of coauthor networks) so that each factor and subfactor could be assessed for the density of research expertise and patterns of collaboration among coauthors. The findings show considerable variation by framework factor in the number of authors and collaborations, suggesting a need to develop additional research capacity to address under-researched areas. The Health factor subcategory of Mental Health comprised almost three-quarters of all citations, with the Resources factor subcategory of Money and Debt a distant second at 12% of all articles. The Relationships factor, comprised of two subfactors, accounted for less than 10%of total articles. Network density varied too. Although there were few collaborative networks in subfactors such as Community or Work and Employment, all Health subfactors showed strong levels of collaboration. Further, some subfactors with a limited number of researchers such as Partners, Families, and Friends and Money and debt had several active collaborations. Some researchers’ had publications that spanned multiple Framework factors. These multiple-factor researchers usually had a wide range of coauthors when compared to those who specialised (with the exception of Mental Health).Others’ collaborations spanned subfactors within a factor area. This was especially notable forHealth. The visualisations suggest that gambling harms research expertise in the UK has considerable room to grow in order to supporta more comprehensive, locally contextualised evidence base for the Framework. To do so, priority harms and funding opportunities will need further consideration. This will require multi-sector and multidisciplinary collaboration consistent with the public health approach underlying the Framework. Future research related to the present analysis will explore the geographic distribution of research activity within the UK, and research collaborations with harms experts internationally.

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