Academic literature on the topic 'Multiple-meaning words'
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Journal articles on the topic "Multiple-meaning words"
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Johnson, Carla J., Margaret E. Ionson, and Sonya M. Torreiter. "Assessing Children's Knowledge of Multiple Meaning Words." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 6, no. 1 (February 1997): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360.0601.77.
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van Gaal, Simon, Lionel Naccache, Julia D. I. Meuwese, Anouk M. van Loon, Alexandra H. Leighton, Laurent Cohen, and Stanislas Dehaene. "Can the meaning of multiple words be integrated unconsciously?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1641 (May 5, 2014): 20130212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0212.
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What are the limits of unconscious language processing? Can language circuits process simple grammatical constructions unconsciously and integrate the meaning of several unseen words? Using behavioural priming and electroencephalography (EEG), we studied a specific rule-based linguistic operation traditionally thought to require conscious cognitive control: the negation of valence. In a masked priming paradigm, two masked words were successively (Experiment 1) or simultaneously presented (Experiment 2), a modifier (‘not’/‘very’) and an adjective (e.g. ‘good’/‘bad’), followed by a visible target noun (e.g. ‘peace’/‘murder’). Subjects indicated whether the target noun had a positive or negative valence. The combination of these three words could either be contextually consistent (e.g. ‘very bad - murder’) or inconsistent (e.g. ‘not bad - murder’). EEG recordings revealed that grammatical negations could unfold partly unconsciously, as reflected in similar occipito-parietal N400 effects for conscious and unconscious three-word sequences forming inconsistent combinations. However, only conscious word sequences elicited P600 effects, later in time. Overall, these results suggest that multiple unconscious words can be rapidly integrated and that an unconscious negation can automatically ‘flip the sign’ of an unconscious adjective. These findings not only extend the limits of subliminal combinatorial language processes, but also highlight how consciousness modulates the grammatical integration of multiple words.
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van Daalen-Kapteijns, Maartje, Marianne Elshout-Mohr, and Kees de Glopper. "Deriving the Meaning of Unknown Words From Multiple Contexts." Language Learning 51, no. 1 (March 2001): 145–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0023-8333.00150.
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DEGANI, TAMAR, and NATASHA TOKOWICZ. "Ambiguous words are harder to learn." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13, no. 3 (January 19, 2010): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728909990411.
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Relatively little is known about the role of ambiguity in adult second-language learning. In this study, native English speakers learned Dutch–English translation pairs that either mapped in a one-to-one fashion (unambiguous items) in that a Dutch word uniquely corresponded to one English word, or mapped in a one-to-many fashion (ambiguous items), with two Dutch translations corresponding to a single English word. These two Dutch translations could function as exact synonyms, corresponding to a single meaning, or could correspond to different meanings of an ambiguous English word (e.g., wisselgeld denotes the monetary meaning of the word change, and verandering denotes alteration). Several immediate and delayed tests revealed that such translation ambiguity creates a challenge for learners. Furthermore, words with multiple translations corresponding to the same meaning are more difficult to learn than words with multiple translations corresponding to multiple meanings, suggesting that a one-to-many mapping underlies this ambiguity disadvantage.
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Anderson, Andrew James, Edmund C. Lalor, Feng Lin, Jeffrey R. Binder, Leonardo Fernandino, Colin J. Humphries, Lisa L. Conant, Rajeev D. S. Raizada, Scott Grimm, and Xixi Wang. "Multiple Regions of a Cortical Network Commonly Encode the Meaning of Words in Multiple Grammatical Positions of Read Sentences." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 6 (April 25, 2018): 2396–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy110.
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Abstract Deciphering how sentence meaning is represented in the brain remains a major challenge to science. Semantically related neural activity has recently been shown to arise concurrently in distributed brain regions as successive words in a sentence are read. However, what semantic content is represented by different regions, what is common across them, and how this relates to words in different grammatical positions of sentences is weakly understood. To address these questions, we apply a semantic model of word meaning to interpret brain activation patterns elicited in sentence reading. The model is based on human ratings of 65 sensory/motor/emotional and cognitive features of experience with words (and their referents). Through a process of mapping functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging activation back into model space we test: which brain regions semantically encode content words in different grammatical positions (e.g., subject/verb/object); and what semantic features are encoded by different regions. In left temporal, inferior parietal, and inferior/superior frontal regions we detect the semantic encoding of words in all grammatical positions tested and reveal multiple common components of semantic representation. This suggests that sentence comprehension involves a common core representation of multiple words’ meaning being encoded in a network of regions distributed across the brain.
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Ferraro, F. Richard, and Garvin Chastain. "Letter Detection in Multiple-Meaning Words: One Lexical Entry or Two?" Journal of General Psychology 120, no. 4 (October 1993): 437–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1993.9711158.
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Nieuwland, Mante S., Dale J. Barr, Federica Bartolozzi, Simon Busch-Moreno, Emily Darley, David I. Donaldson, Heather J. Ferguson, et al. "Dissociable effects of prediction and integration during language comprehension: evidence from a large-scale study using brain potentials." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1791 (December 16, 2019): 20180522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0522.
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Composing sentence meaning is easier for predictable words than for unpredictable words. Are predictable words genuinely predicted, or simply more plausible and therefore easier to integrate with sentence context? We addressed this persistent and fundamental question using data from a recent, large-scale ( n = 334) replication study, by investigating the effects of word predictability and sentence plausibility on the N400, the brain's electrophysiological index of semantic processing. A spatio-temporally fine-grained mixed-effect multiple regression analysis revealed overlapping effects of predictability and plausibility on the N400, albeit with distinct spatio-temporal profiles. Our results challenge the view that the predictability-dependent N400 reflects the effects of either prediction or integration, and suggest that semantic facilitation of predictable words arises from a cascade of processes that activate and integrate word meaning with context into a sentence-level meaning. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Towards mechanistic models of meaning composition’.
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LAXÉN, JANNIKA, and JEAN-MARC LAVAUR. "The role of semantics in translation recognition: effects of number of translations, dominance of translations and semantic relatedness of multiple translations." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13, no. 2 (December 11, 2009): 157–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728909990472.
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This study aims to examine the influence of multiple translations of a word on bilingual processing in three translation recognition experiments during which French–English bilinguals had to decide whether two words were translations of each other or not. In the first experiment, words with only one translation were recognized as translations faster than words with multiple translations. Furthermore, when words were presented with their dominant translation, the recognition process was faster than when words were presented with their non-dominant translation. In Experiment 2, these effects were replicated in both directions of translation (L1–L2 and L2–L1). In Experiment 3, we manipulated number-of-translations and the semantic relatedness between the different translations of a word. When the two translations of a word (i.e., bateau) were related in meaning (synonyms such as the English translations boat and ship), the translation recognition process was faster than when the two translations of a word (i.e., argent) were unrelated in meaning (the two translations money and silver). The consequences of translation ambiguities are discussed in the light of the distributed conceptual feature model of bilingual memory (De Groot, 1992b; Van Hell and De Groot, 1998b).
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Reynolds, Barry Lee. "The effects of word form variation and frequency on second language incidental vocabulary acquisition through reading." Applied Linguistics Review 6, no. 4 (November 1, 2015): 467–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2015-0021.
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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate whether frequency of occurrence and the level of morphological form variation (i.e., none, inflectional, and derivational) exhibited by target words might interact to affect incidental acquisition through reading. An intact class of English as a foreign language learners (n=32) was given a copy of an unmodified 37,611-token English novel containing 49 target nonce words to read within two weeks. After reading, they were given two unexpected forms of assessment (meaning recall translation and meaning recognition multiple-choice). Meaning recall results indicate an average of 10 words having been acquired and meaning recognition results indicate an average of 25 words having been acquired. For the meaning recall data, a significant interaction effect between word form variation and frequency was found. Results point towards the conclusion that an increase in frequency may have a beneficial effect on acquisition for words whose tokens vary inflectionally, a marginal effect for words that do not vary in form, and little to no effect on words that vary derivationally. Examination of the meaning recognition acquisition results for a subset of 29 target words occurring 2–4 times to control for frequency of exposure found a significant effect for word form variation. Post hoc comparisons indicated that participants acquired significantly more target words that did not vary in form. There was no significant difference in acquisition between those that varied inflectionally and derivationally. Taken as a whole, the results of the current study indicate that word form variation does affect incidental acquisition and it can indeed present second language learners with difficulties, especially when less frequent input is received of words that vary in form. Implications for future incidental vocabulary acquisition research and classroom pedagogy incorporating reading and vocabulary instruction are discussed.
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Sukaton, Ounu Zakiy. "Cultural Keyword ‘Eling’ in Javanese and Its Implication in Javanese Society." KLAUSA (Kajian Linguistik, Pembelajaran Bahasa, dan Sastra) 3, no. 01 (September 3, 2019): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33479/klausa.v3i01.140.
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Cultural keywords are important information that we can use to understand how people who use those words see life from their perspective. The same can be said about the Javanese community. Some of their words and concepts are exclusive to their own and they can give hindsight to how the Javanese people perceive their life. In order to analyse the meaning behind cultural keywords, Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) is used in this article. The data was taken from several social media posts to illustrate the core meaning of the word ‘eling’. An explication is proposed for the word ‘eling’ as well as a brief conclusion about the multiple meaning of ‘eling’ and its usage.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Multiple-meaning words"
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Titus, Sharon Elaine. "A study of vocabulary knowledge of multiple meaning words among gifted, above average, and average students /." The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487672631599582.
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Alqraini, Faisl M. "Examining the Effects of Vocabulary Intervention on Multiple Meaning Words in Students who are d/Deaf and Hard of Hearing." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu150297516674991.
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Beekman, Leah Michele. "CLEARLY MISUNDERSTOOD:THE AMBIGUOUS LANGUAGE TEST FOR STUDENTS WITH AND WITHOUT LANGUAGE DISORDER." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1563362510636297.
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Creary, Stephanie Joyce. "Making the most of multiple worlds: Multiple organizational identities as resources in the formation of an integrated health care delivery system." Thesis, Boston College, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104562.
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Thesis advisor: Michael G. PrattIn spite of an undeniably vast and multidisciplinary body of research on mergers and acquisitions (M&As) spanning more than 50 years, extant scholarship provides little insight into how two organizations that have struggled to integrate rebound from failure in their relationship. This dissertation examines two organizations—AMC Hospital and Community Hospital—that achieved this outcome nearly 16 years after they legally merged. To understand this phenomenon, I conducted an inductive, longitudinal qualitative study of these two organizations and their members using interviews, archival data, and observations as my data sources and grounded theory techniques to analyze the data and build theory. Extending prior research on M&As, multiple organizational identity management, and identities as resources in organizations, I advance the notion of multiple identity resourcing by examining how the negotiation of multiple organizational identities fostered greater resource sharing and generation during post-merger integration. Additionally, I elaborate prior research on meaning construction during strategic change by examining how managers’ interpretations of the power and intimacy dynamics in the merger relationship influenced their strategizing, which affected organizational-level episodes of success and failure during the integration process. More broadly, I demonstrate how practices at both the level of the merger relationship and the level of strategy implementation enable successful performance during post-merger integration
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015
Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management
Discipline: Management and Organization
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伊藤, 義美, and Yoshimi Ito. "自分にとって重要な「ことば」についてのフォーカシング." 名古屋大学情報文化学部・名古屋大学大学院人間情報学研究科, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/7774.
Full textBooks on the topic "Multiple-meaning words"
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Spaliviero, Camilla. Educazione letteraria e didattica della letteratura. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-464-6.
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Literary education and language education are connected by a relationship of mutual exchange. On the one hand, without the mastery of appropriate language skills it is impossible to grasp the complexity of literary works. On the other, improving language competence is one of the multiple aims of literary education. Moreover, considering the current multicultural dimension of the Italian school system, teaching literature from an intercultural perspective provides an opportunity to foster the development of relational skills while discussing the meaning of the works. In this scenario, we explore the state of the art of literary education and the teaching of literature in Italy and we consider their implications with language education, intercultural education, and intercultural communication. Furthermore, we present both a model of literary and intercultural communicative competence and a hermeneutic and relational method, also aimed at improving language acquisition and promoting intercultural awareness. In our view, literary and intercultural communicative competence makes it possible to communicate effectively in events where the language is spoken in order to understand literary texts, to identify the original meanings, to discuss their significance from the students’ current perspective, and to formulate critical judgements. The aim of the volume is to offer content and methodological resources for the teaching of literature that can impact positively on the development of language and relational skills. Thus, we draw up some guidelines aimed at increasing students’ motivation for studying the works, fostering their active participation and allowing literature to preserve its educational function.
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Taber, John, and Kei Kataoka. Coreference and Qualification. Edited by Jonardon Ganeri. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314621.013.19.
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The Buddhist thinker Dignāga justified his proposal that words refer to “exclusions” (apohas) in part as the only way two words could be used to refer to the same thing or qualify each other in expressions such as “existing pot” and “blue lotus.” Specifically, he argued that if words referred to real universals their meanings would block each other, preventing the words from being used in combination. The advantage of apohas, he believed, is that they are “insubstantial” and so do not resist being combined. Kumārila challenged Dignāga’s view by alleging that all of the problems that he saw for universals when it comes to coreference and qualification are problems for apohas as well. Dharmakīrti, then, defended Dignāga’s apoha theory against these attacks by emphasizing the conventional nature of meaning and the flexibility of words to convey whatever we want—whether properties in isolation or things possessing multiple properties.
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Nowakowska, Natalia. Place, People, Texts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813453.003.0011.
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What is Poland? If the meaning of apparently stable words such as ecclesia has been anything but stable historically, the same is of course true of ‘Poland’, a simple noun which masks multiple possible meanings and polemical intents. For the sixteenth century, Poland should be defined not as an ethnic people (a nascent nation state), but rather as a political phenomenon. As such, this study will consider all the peoples and territories under the authority of the Polish Crown in the reign of King Sigismund I, regardless of their ‘ethnic’ or linguistic status. Twenty years ago, John Elliott coined the phrase ‘composite monarchies’, pointing out that most early modern monarchies were patchworks of territories acquired at various times by different means (marriage, conquest, inheritance), held together by one monarch....
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Rumph, Stephen. Topical Figurae. Edited by Danuta Mirka. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199841578.013.019.
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Musical topics have invited comparison with language ever since Leonard Ratner adopted the rhetorical termtopos. Yet topic theory has not addressed the “double articulation” of language: while words function as meaningful signs, they are articulated by meaningless elements, what Louis Hjelmslev referred to collectively as “figurae.” This chapter develops an analogous theory of topical figurae, structural features that articulate multiple topics but do not themselves signify topically, adapting concepts from phonology (deletion, markedness, assimilation, neutralization). The musical analyses explore both the semantic and syntactic implications of topical figurae, focusing on Beethoven’s “Eroica” Symphony and Mozart’s Piano Sonata in F major, K. 332. Embedded equally in the musical structure and the topical code, figurae bridge the gap between formal analysis and cultural hermeneutics and can lead to a more holistic understanding of topical meaning.
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Kemmerer, David. Concepts in the Brain. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682620.001.0001.
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For most native English speakers, the meanings of words like “blue,” “cup,” “stumble,” and “carve” seem quite natural. Research in semantic typology has shown, however, that they are far from universal. Although the roughly 6,500 languages around the world have many similarities in the sorts of concepts they encode, they also vary greatly in how they partition particular conceptual domains, how they map those domains onto syntactic categories, which distinctions they force speakers to habitually track, and how deeply they weave certain notions into the fabric of their grammar. Although these insights from semantic typology have had a major impact on psycholinguistics, they have mostly been neglected by the branch of cognitive neuroscience that studies how concepts are represented, organized, and processed in the brain. In this book, David Kemmerer exposes this oversight and demonstrates its significance. He argues that as research on the neural substrates of semantic knowledge moves forward, it should expand its purview to embrace the broad spectrum of cross-linguistic variation in the lexical and grammatical representation of meaning. Otherwise, it will never be able to achieve a truly comprehensive, pan-human account of the cortical underpinnings of concepts. The book begins by elaborating the different perspectives on concepts that currently exist in semantic typology and cognitive neuroscience. Then it shows how a synthesis of these approaches can lead to a more unified understanding of several domains of meaning—specifically, objects, actions, and spatial relations. Finally, it explores multiple issues involving the interplay between language, cognition, and consciousness.
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Sennet, Adam. Polysemy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935314.013.32.
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Polysemy is an interesting phenomenon that concerns cases in which a word or phrase enjoys multiple, related meanings. This article distinguishes polysemy from similar phenomena and presents some tests for determining the presence of polysemy. In addition, polysemy is differentiated from other phenomena that involve potential multiplicity of meaning. Later in the article, a few potential cases of polysemy are explored. The final two sections deal with the (so-called) polysemy paradox and consider ways in which types of polysemy can be characterized and categorized. Concepts are outlined with the use of several examples, allowing polysemes and ambiguities to be examined in context.
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Ray, Sumantra (Shumone), Sue Fitzpatrick, Rajna Golubic, Susan Fisher, and Sarah Gibbings, eds. Fraud and misconduct. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199608478.003.0025.
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Fraud and misconduct are firstly introduced by clearly defining the meaning of the two words along with what constitutes good data quality and data integrity. Falsification, Fabrication and Plagiarism are discussed. The concept of how regulators view high quality data is described along with the consequences of falsification. The chapter then goes on to present multiple definitions of fraud and misconduct to show similarities and differences between regulatory authorities in the UK and US as compared to other organisations such as the Royal College of Physicians, the Medical Research Council Policy and UK Research Integrity office. Additionally, five landmark and historical cases are presented to demonstrate what constitutes fraud. The General Medical Counsel's role in protecting public safety by ensuring proper medical standards is described along with the UK Research Integrity Office (UKRIO) and the EU Competent Authority roles in conducting investigations of suspected fraud and misconduct cases. The important roles of whistleblowers are described as well as COPE's role in reviewing published medical journal's research. Practical examples are provided to be used for the detection of fraud as well as specific approaches used by the pharmaceutical industry to detect fraudulent data. In the US, databases are available to conduct searches for individuals who have committed fraud such as the Office of Research Integrity (ORI) and the PHS Administration Action Bulletin Board. Additionally, the process for how fraud and misconduct cases are handled in the UK are discussed along with the options available for regulators, such as the MHRA, on sharing information with the public.
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Insoll, Timothy. Miniature Possibilities? An Introduction to the Varied Dimensions of Figurine Research. Edited by Timothy Insoll. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675616.013.001.
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Prehistoric figurines are complex entities. Figurine definition and ‘meaning’ is variable, but critical is the realization that figurines require interpretation, not just description. Multiple meanings were probably ascribed to prehistoric figurines, and exploring this demands attention to figurine context. Figurine materiality is also diverse. They attest to human technical ingenuity and were also part of much larger material worlds. A shift beyond defining figurines in simplistic male and female terms is also apparent with figurines potentially representing gender, sex, age, bodies, personhood, and ontology. Ideal persons or essences or qualities of persons might be created through figurines with miniaturization perhaps significant as an agent for exploring material reality. Figurines could also have been considered as powerful, whole or in fragments, and as objects subject to manipulation and utilized in performance.
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Kalmanofsky, Amy. Postmodern Engagements of the Prophets. Edited by Carolyn J. Sharp. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859559.013.31.
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This chapter offers a postmodern analysis of the representation of the body in the biblical prophets, focusing on the rhetorical and literary representation of bodies in the prophetic books. The multiple ways the prophets use the body suggest that they recognize its rhetorical power as well as its subtlety. The body can be a blunt rhetorical tool that demands a powerful emotional response, and a narrative device that requires interpretation and conveys theological meaning. The body can also be a subtle means of communication that conveys the prophets’ experience of personal vulnerability and their burden of having to communicate God’s word. Used in these ways, the image of the body is oriented to the reader and reflects postmodern interest in examining the ways a text engages its audience, as well as the ways it communicates subjective human experience.
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Lysaker, John T. Brian Eno's Ambient 1: Music for Airports. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190497293.001.0001.
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This study situates Eno’s ambient masterpiece, Music For Airports, within various avant-garde trends in order to underscore its multiple dimensions. In the manner of Satie, it aims to tint living situations without demanding that listeners give the album their full attention. In the manner of Cage, and with La Monte Young’s feel for the textures of individual tones, it arranges the activity of sounds outside traditional Euro-American musical conventions, and in a manner that can spark a kind of thoughtful reverie, thus bringing art into vital, possibly transformative contact with everyday life. Finally, like some of Steve Reich’s works, Music for Airports functions as a piece of conceptual art, facilitating sustained reflections on creativity, listening, and the overall ecology of human activity and meaning, including its technological variability. Because the album has these three distinct dimensions, it requires “prismatic listening,” which switches between distinct modes of attention in the knowledge that these dimensions cannot be heard simultaneously.
Book chapters on the topic "Multiple-meaning words"
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"Lesson Plan 33: Reuse and Recycle Words! Multiple-Meaning Words." In Common Core Literacy Lesson Plans, 196–200. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315853598-46.
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Thagard, Paul. "Meaning." In Natural Philosophy, 207–27. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190678739.003.0008.
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Philosophical problems about the meaning of language and the meaning of life turn out to have interesting commonalities. Neither has plausible solutions that draw on supernatural entities such as abstract meanings, possible worlds, and divine plans. Rather, both can be approached by looking at mechanisms at four different levels: molecular, neural, mental, and social. Meaning is not a thing but a process that depends on interactions of parts occurring at multiple levels, resulting in multilevel emergence. The Semantic Pointer Architecture illuminates the neural mechanisms that operate in languages and valuable lives. Words are meaningful because their mental representations as concepts are brain processes that combine sensory-motor interactions with the world and interactions with other concepts. The meaning of life is also three-dimensional, requiring people to interact with language, the world, and other people.
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Kukulska-Hulme, Agnes. "Language Correspondences." In Language and Communication. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195108385.003.0010.
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• Is a crossword puzzle clue a definition of a word? • Can you enter to exit? • Are unrecoverable errors recoverable? • How can a word like “caution” mean “guarantee”? • What is it that happens unless you do something else? . . . This chapter is about the ways in which elements of language are at times able to correspond to each other in usage and in meaning. It explains equivalence, the baseline for distinctions between words, and clarifies widespread misconceptions about synonyms. It shows that words have values that are sometimes obvious and sometimes concealed. These concepts are relevant to all word choices in language, and they must be considered with due attention with translation of a user interface or documentation into another language. Ambiguity and culture are the two big issues that will inevitably come to the fore at such a time. It will also become clear that there are gaps to be filled in languages, and that interference and confusion are bound to get in the way. Multiple language environments create their own special demands with respect to all of these concepts. In a typical crossword puzzle, we are asked to think of words that correspond to descriptions or suggestions of their meaning. Because a crossword is a kind of game, the clues may well be phrased so as to make the word discovery difficult. By contrast, in dictionaries, descriptions of meaning are meant to correspond much more directly to designated words. A direct link is made between a particular language element—a word or phrase—and the language used to express its meaning, which stands in or substitutes for that element in a variety of ways. Definition is one way, within one language; translation is another way, between languages. Equivalence, in the sense of a perfect match on the level of meaning, may be achieved through definition, which draws on a rich range of language resources, but equivalence is much more problematic in translation. In translation into a target language, a word with exactly the same meaning may not exist.
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Schoper, Sarah E., and Craig E. Wagner. "Developing Meaning-Making to Promote Critical Thinking." In Handbook of Research on Advancing Critical Thinking in Higher Education, 195–217. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8411-9.ch009.
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Promoting critical thinking is a demand today's teachers are asked to meet (Association of American Colleges and University [AAC&U], 2005; Hart Research Associates, 2013), yet doing so requires that teachers themselves are critical thinkers. In order to critically think, teachers must have the capacity to make meaning complexly. Making meaning complexly allows for individuals to consider experiences from multiple perspectives and make responsible, ethical decisions for the common good. In other words, complex meaning making allows for critical thinking. Thus, a method for promoting critical thinking is to develop complexity in how meaning is made, and one way to do so is to implement the learning partnerships model (Baxter Magolda, 2004). This chapter explores using the learning partnerships model in the classroom to engage in the development of how one makes meaning, so as to develop critical thinking.
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Loney, Alexander C. "The Multiple Meanings of Odysseus’ Triumphs." In The Ethics of Revenge and the Meanings of the Odyssey, 173–92. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190909673.003.0006.
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This chapter pursues the implications of the failure of the poet’s overt program, as demonstrated in chapter 4. The Odyssey contains multiple perspectives on Odysseus’ triumphs, which may be glimpsed through underappreciated layers of meaning or irony in certain words or phrases. The poem allows its audience to consider a darker, alternative evaluation of Odysseus’ character. It is shown that Odysseus silences Eurykleia and spares Phemios in order to control the narrative of his actions in the slaughter of the suitors. A final section considers an aspect of Odysseus’ responsibility for the deaths of the companions.
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Fabbrini, Federico. "The Principle of Subsidiarity." In Oxford Principles Of European Union Law: The European Union Legal Order: Volume I. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199533770.003.0009.
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‘“[T]hree correcting words of the legislator and entire libraries are turned into maculature.” Worse still: three additional words and entire libraries may be filled again with learned commentaries.’ It is in these apt terms that Robert Schütze has described the principle of subsidiarity. Since its introduction into the constitutional fabric of European Union (EU) law in 1992, a flurry of scholarly research has focused on the principle of subsidiarity, approaching the subject from multiple perspectives—be it legal theory, law and politics, or law and economics—and contextualizing its meaning in multiple legal and policy areas—from environmental law, to the internal market, from education, to social policy, and now criminal law. This widespread interest for subsidiarity is not surprising: as a core constitutional principle of the EU legal order, subsidiarity stands at the crossroads of questions about EU federalism and separations of powers, functionalism and institutional design, and the ends and means of European integration through law.
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Basu, Kaushik. "The Global Challenge." In An Economist's Miscellany, 220–36. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190120894.003.0011.
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The rise of populism, hyper-nationalism and hard-core right-wing ideology, which is threatening to erode democracy, has been a global concern over the last five or six years. These relatively recent essays constitute a discourse on political economy to understand the origins of this ‘new politics’, and the risks that it constitutes for the world. The essays examine various factors that gave rise to this, from the availability of new, digital technology for mass communication, to the limitations of human language for parsing our complex world with multiple participants from different social backgrounds where the same words have different meaning. The essays cover different geographies—from United States and Brazil to India—and different methodologies to examine this new global challenge
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Vergados, Athanassios. "The Powers and Limits of Etymology." In Hesiod's Verbal Craft, 73–146. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807711.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses several instances of Hesiodic etymology in the Theogony and the Works and Days and shows that naming and etymology fulfil a variety of purposes in Hesiod’s poetry: in the Theogony they support the poet’s didactic programme, contribute to the construction of the narrative, lend authority to Hesiod’s versions of the divine stories, function as an organizational principle, and reveal the poet’s reflection on the epic dialect. Through the etymological approach the poet sometimes aids his audience in understanding words that he (may have) coined. But it also becomes clear through the discussion of Hesiod’s treatment of Pandora’s name in the Works and Days that in the poet’s view, the powers of etymology are not unlimited: knowing a name’s constituent parts does not warrant that one knows its precise meaning and function. The relation of the constituent parts to each other, i.e. the syntax of etymology, is equally important, and in case of multiple possible combinations it is paramount to examine the context in which the etymology is uttered. The etymology of a name can thus under certain conditions reveal something substantial about the bearer’s nature. But when the various possible syntactic relations are not sufficiently unpacked, it can lead to misunderstandings and, as Epimetheus found out, disasters.
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Erchinger, Philipp. "Speech in Action: Victorian Philology and the Uprooting of Language." In Artful Experiments, 139–62. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474438957.003.0006.
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This chapter is concerned with the use of language, the common medium through which both literary and scientific texts come into the social world. Charting key points of contest in the Victorian debate about the origin and evolution of human speech, the chapter focuses on the contributions of F. Max Müller and Edward B. Tylor in particular. It argues that, in Müller’s work, the very attempt to demonstrate that there is a quasi-divine reason at the “root” of each word makes his writing develop a poetical logic that tends to outgrow the theoretical foundation it is supposed to be built upon. In this way, Müller’s lectures intimate, even though they do not say it, that the logic of language inheres in the multiple ways in which it is used, rather than dwelling in a place or “root” outside of them. As a result, Müller’s work not only enacts its own theory about the creative power of metaphor; it also aligns itself, unwittingly, with the philosophy of Edward B. Tylor whose attempts to reconcile the ideal meaning of words with the material practice of gesturing and drawing seem otherwise to deviate sharply from Müller’s approach.
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Christensen, Joel P. "Conclusion." In The Many-Minded Man, 275–90. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501752346.003.0011.
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This concluding chapter revisits some of the arguments made in the book and surveys ancient allegorical traditions to emphasize that the way the book reads the Odyssey — as a story to be mined for myth and philological detail — is by no means the authoritative way to engage with the poem. The epic itself acknowledges that its own interpretability is challenging — it offers multiple readings and then toys with them. In the ancient world, such a challenging narrative would possibly be treated with allegory. As ancient authors defined it, allegory is a poetic device where words signify something other than what they literally say. As many scholars have noted, Homeric poetry is conscious of symbolic meaning and includes allegory within it. The chapter then considers Teiresias' prophecy of the oar mistaken as a winnowing fan as both a symbol for death and an allegory for learning to live outside of paradigmatic narratives.
Conference papers on the topic "Multiple-meaning words"
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Thomason, Jesse, and Raymond J. Mooney. "Multi-Modal Word Synset Induction." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/575.
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A word in natural language can be polysemous, having multiple meanings, as well as synonymous, meaning the same thing as other words. Word sense induction attempts to find the senses of polysemous words. Synonymy detection attempts to find when two words are interchangeable. We combine these tasks, first inducing word senses and then detecting similar senses to form word-sense synonym sets (synsets) in an unsupervised fashion. Given pairs of images and text with noun phrase labels, we perform synset induction to produce collections of underlying concepts described by one or more noun phrases. We find that considering multi-modal features from both visual and textual context yields better induced synsets than using either context alone. Human evaluations show that our unsupervised, multi-modally induced synsets are comparable in quality to annotation-assisted ImageNet synsets, achieving about 84% of ImageNet synsets' approval.
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Kirk, James R., and John E. Laird. "Learning Hierarchical Symbolic Representations to Support Interactive Task Learning and Knowledge Transfer." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/844.
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Interactive Task Learning (ITL) focuses on learning the definition of tasks through online natural language instruction in real time. Learning the correct grounded meaning of the instructions is difficult due to ambiguous words, lack of common ground, and the presence of distractors in the environment and the agent’s knowledge. We present a learning strategy embodied in an ITL agent that interactively learns in one shot the meaning of task concepts for 40 games and puzzles in ambiguous scenarios. Our approach learns hierarchical symbolic representations of task knowledge rather than learning a mapping directly from perceptual representations. These representations enable the agent to transfer and compose knowledge, analyze and debug multiple interpretations, and communicate efficiently with the teacher to resolve ambiguity. We evaluate the efficiency of the learning by examining the number of words required to teach tasks across cases of no transfer, positive transfer, and interference from prior tasks. Our results show that the agent can correctly generalize, disambiguate, and transfer concepts within variations in language descriptions and world representations of the same task, and across variations in different tasks.
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Chonpairot, Jarernchai. "Pha Nya: A Folk Cultural Treasure." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2020. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2020.9-1.
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Pha nya, a type of folk poetie, has played many important roles in Northeast Thailand and in Laos PDR throughout its history. The poetic was used as a medium by young boys and girls for courting, as as a set of proverbs to remind people to adhere to accepted codes of conduct. Many pha nya poems contain multiple entendres in the form of surface and deep meaning. This paper will investigate these meanings and the roles of pha nya in Northeast Thailand and Laos PDR societies. The data were obtained from written document and interviews. The results of the study indicate that the meaning of words in pha nya poems have presented themselves as ambiguous, depending on the intention of the speaker and the way the listener’s interpretation. Here, the spaker has significant agency in the symbolism of the poems.
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Yang, Dongdong, Senzhang Wang, and Zhoujun Li. "Ensemble Neural Relation Extraction with Adaptive Boosting." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/630.
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Relation extraction has been widely studied to extract new relational facts from open corpus. Previous relation extraction methods are faced with the problem of wrong labels and noisy data, which substantially decrease the performance of the model. In this paper, we propose an ensemble neural network model - Adaptive Boosting LSTMs with Attention, to more effectively perform relation extraction. Specifically, our model first employs the recursive neural network LSTMs to embed each sentence. Then we import attention into LSTMs by considering that the words in a sentence do not contribute equally to the semantic meaning of the sentence. Next via adaptive boosting, we build strategically several such neural classifiers. By ensembling multiple such LSTM classifiers with adaptive boosting, we could build a more effective and robust joint ensemble neural networks based relation extractor. Experiment results on real dataset demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed model, improving F1-score by about 8% compared to the state-of-the-art models.
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Lei, Jing, and Yufang Rao. "Language, Identity and Ideology: Media-Induced Linguistic Innovations in Contemporary China." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2020. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2020.6-2.
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As we enter the 21PstP century, we often find ourselves living in an increasingly globalized world, a world which is characterized by the global cultural flows of people, technologies, capital, media, and ideologies (Appadurai 2015). Language, as a part of culture, is always evolving in response to socio-cultural changes. Thus, linguistic innovations via social media offer a particularly interesting locus to track such global flows. This paper aims to study how popular lexicons have emerged out of digital communication and have been widely used and interpreted by different groups of individuals involved in social media in contemporary China. As China is increasingly becoming integrated into the global economy, the widespread movement media networks, such as WeChat, QQ and Microblogs, has provided Chinese citizens with easy access to new words and new ways of using old forms. When did these linguistic innovations appear? What linguistic resources are used to bring about such changes? Why are new lexicons and new meaning created? And how do Chinese citizens respond to these media-induced language changes? By addressing these questions, this paper is oriented toward exploring the role of social media in language change as well as the relationship between language, identity and ideology in the context of globalization. Our findings suggest that these media-induced language innovations are not simple responses to the broader socio-cultural changes occurring inside and outside China. Instead, Chinese citizens, through creating, using or spreading new popular lexicons, are able to construct, negotiate, and make sense of multiple selves across those digital spaces. Therefore, social media has generated a network of ‘imagined communities’ that allow individuals of various social backgrounds to have practical images, expectations and self-actualizations that extend beyond temporal spatial limits (Anderson 1983; Boyd 2014). As such, linguistic innovations in those virtual spaces have created multiple figured worlds, within which, individuals’ identities and agencies are formed dialectically and dialogically in global cultural processes (Holland etal. 1998).
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Liang, Chao-Chun, Yu-Shiang Wong, Yi-Chung Lin, and Keh-Yih Su. "A Goal-Oriented Meaning-based Statistical Multi-Step Math Word Problem Solver with Understanding, Reasoning and Explanation." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/775.
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A goal-oriented meaning-based statistical framework is presented in this paper to solve the math word problem that requires multiple arithmetic operations with understanding, reasoning and explanation. It first analyzes and transforms sentences into their meaning-based logical forms, which represent the associated context of each quantity with role-tags (e.g., nsubj, verb, etc.). Logic forms with role-tags provide a flexible and simple way to specify the physical meaning of a quantity. Afterwards, the main-goal of the problem is decomposed recursively into its associated sub-goals. For each given sub-goal, the associated operator and operands are selected with statistical models. Lastly, it performs inference on logic expressions to get the answer and explains how the answer is obtained in a human comprehensible way. This process thus resembles the human cognitive understanding of the problem and produces a more meaningful problem solving interpretation.
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Bei, Xiaohui, Guangda Huzhang, and Warut Suksompong. "Truthful Fair Division without Free Disposal." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/9.
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We study the problem of fairly dividing a heterogeneous resource, commonly known as cake cutting and chore division, in the presence of strategic agents. While a number of results in this setting have been established in previous works, they rely crucially on the free disposal assumption, meaning that the mechanism is allowed to throw away part of the resource at no cost. In the present work, we remove this assumption and focus on mechanisms that always allocate the entire resource. We exhibit a truthful envy-free mechanism for cake cutting and chore division for two agents with piecewise uniform valuations, and we complement our result by showing that such a mechanism does not exist when certain additional assumptions are made. Moreover, we give truthful mechanisms for multiple agents with restricted classes of valuations.
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Sun, Yuanjing, Jaclyn Barnes, and Myounghoon Jeon. "Multisensory Cue Congruency in the Lane Change Test." In The 23rd International Conference on Auditory Display. Arlington, Virginia: The International Community for Auditory Display, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21785/icad2017.015.
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Drivers interact with a number of systems while driving. Taking advantage of multiple modalities can reduce the cognitive effort of information processing and facilitate multitasking. The present study aims to investigate how and when auditory cues improve driver responses to a visual target. We manipulated three dimensions (spatial, semantic, and temporal) of verbal and nonverbal cues to interact with visual spatial instructions. Multimodal displays were compared with unimodal (visual-only) displays to see whether they would facilitate or degrade a vehicle control task. Twenty-six drivers participated in the Auditory-Spatial Stroop experiment [1] using a lane change test (LCT). The preceding auditory cues improved response time over the visual-only condition. When dimensions conflicted, spatial (location) congruency had a stronger impact than semantic (meaning) congruency. The effects on accuracy was minimal, but there was a trend of speed-accuracy trade-offs. Results are discussed along with theoretical issues and future works.
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Benvenuto, Michael, and Akin Tatoglu. "Design and Optimization of LIDAR Based 3D Point Cloud Parsers and Algorithms for Mobile Robotics Applications." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11882.
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Abstract With mobile autonomous robots on the rise, data structuring and algorithm design plays a significant role in how fast data can be parsed and processed. With robotic systems that are decreasing in size and increasing with complexity, the speed at which data can be processed from multiple sources is crucial to how the system as a whole works. This paper plans to show the difference between certain computational algorithm complexities, both time and space complexity, in order to demonstrate the key ideas in data parsing for systems where computational time of an algorithm can affect the outcome performance of a robot dramatically. The algorithmic types being analyzed in this paper are in relation to a 3D LIDAR scanner in order to produce a point cloud as the output from pre-recorded files. Trigonometric calculations will need to be done in order to produce this output and each file used will be verified using a program supplied from the manufacturer of the LIDAR, Velodyne, in order to ensure the data is being read correctly. The sample data consists of two specific recorded sets, a loading bay and a downtown urban city. Each of data set covers the two configurable outputs, a 20 Mhz Dual Return mode and a 10 Mhz Single Return mode, providing a reasonable range in terms of size in bytes. This paper will show various levels of optimization in areas of trigonometric functions, specifically sine and cosine, algorithmic design, memory safety and defragmenting, and pointer manipulation in order to produce a robust, complex yet ideal algorithm for loading large sets of data rapidly and quickly while holding the level of reliability high. All software written in this paper intends to be natively implemented, meaning no operating system specific external binaries will be used for the end product.