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1
Fontanesi, Luca, ed. The genetics and genomics of the rabbit. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781780643342.0000.
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Abstract The purpose of the book is to present in one location a comprehensive overview of the progress of genetics in the rabbit, with a modern vision that integrates genomics to obtain a complete picture of the state of the art and of the applications in this species, defined according to the multiple uses and multi-faceted places that this species has in applied and fundamental biology. The 18 chapters cover several fields of genetics and genomics: Chapters 1 and 2 present the rabbit within the evolutionary framework, including the systematics, its domestication and an overview of the genetic resources (breeds and lines) that have been developed after domestication. Chapters 3-5 cover the rabbit genome, cytogenetics and genetic maps and immunogenetics in this species. Chapters 6-8 present the genetics and molecular genetics of coat colours, fibre traits and other morphological traits and defects. Chapters 9-13 cover the genetics of complex traits (disease resistance, growth and meat production traits, reproduction traits), reproduction technologies and genetic improvement in the meat rabbits. Chapters 14-18 present the omics vision, the biotech and biomodelling perspectives and applications of the rabbit. This book is addressed to a broad audience, including students, teachers, researchers, veterinarians and rabbit breeders.
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Jurdak, Murad. Learning and Teaching Real World Problem Solving in School Mathematics: A Multiple-Perspective Framework for Crossing the Boundary. Springer, 2018.
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Sawyer, Katina. International Perspective. Edited by Adrienne J. Colella and Eden B. King. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199363643.013.21.
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This chapter outlines the ways in which the workforce is becoming increasingly global, such that having an international perspective on diversity is ever more important. Using an intersectional framework on diversity, this chapter suggests that intersectionality, or the consideration of multiple identity statuses, might be enriched with the consideration of culture as a personal identity layer and/or as a factor that may change perceptions of identity categories across context. This chapter will then outline how national context might shape the meaning of and reactions to diverse identities, highlighting the additional effects of organizational, local, and regional contexts. Finally, this chapter provides implications for research and practice related to discrimination, in order to ensure more nuanced approaches to diversity management, for academics and practitioners alike.
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Capussela, Andrea Lorenzo. Vicious Circles and Multiple Equilibria: The Spiral. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796992.003.0004.
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This chapter summarizes the theoretical framework of this book, and draws from it the lens through which the roots of Italy’s current decline are then retraced in its history. It exemplifies the main argument by discussing two alternative reactions to the insufficient provision of public goods: an opportunistic one—employing tax evasion, corruption, and clientelism as means to appropriate private goods—and one based on enforcing political accountability. It argues that from the perspective of ordinary citizens and firms such social dilemmas can typically be modelled as coordination games, which have multiple equilibria. Self-interested rationality can thus lead to a spiral, in which several vicious circles run in parallel, reinforce each other, and lead society onto an inefficient equilibrium characterized by low political accountability and weak rule of law. It concludes that in transition societies ideas, freer from the grip of the spiral, can exploit endogenous shocks to reverse it.
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McCarroll, Christopher. Being Faithful to the Past. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190674267.003.0002.
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Observer perspectives are used as a departure point for developing a dual-faceted framework for thinking about personal memory: the Constructive Encoding approach, which emphasizes the multiple sources of information available to memory at encoding; and the Reconstructive Retrieval approach, which stresses how the context of retrieval can affect the content of memory. Observer perspective memories are defended from two related objections (the argument from perceptual impossibility and the argument from perceptual preservation) by drawing on the insights of this dual-faceted framework. This chapter shows that memory can be (re)constructive, dynamic, and flexible, but also accurate and faithful to the past.
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Tregunno, Deborah Jean. Development of an emergency department performance framework: Balancing multiple stakeholder perspectives. 2002.
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Dishion, Thomas J., and James Snyder, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Coercive Relationship Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.001.0001.
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Since the mid-1980s pioneering research about daily coercive interactions in relationships has shed light on the development and treatment of multiple mental health problems and school safety issues. This handbook brings together the expertise and the perspective of leading scholars and intervention developers in an effort to interpret and clarify coercive dynamics and discuss interventions that reduce coercion and improve health and adjustment. Researchers examine social, physiological, and genetic correlates of coercion dynamics from multiple perspectives, including an evolutionary framework. Coercion is explored with respect to the etiology of aggression, antisocial behavior, violence, anxiety disorders, suicidal behavior, and academic adjustment. Interventions are described that effectively reduce coercion in families, romantic and peer relationships, committed adult intimate relationships, and schools, and among youths and families with autism. Several chapters illustrate methodological, measurement, and conceptual issues that enhance the scientific understanding of how daily coercive interactions influence adjustment over time. Also offered are prospects for prosocial cooperation free of coercive dynamics and strategies for disseminating interventions across global communities for promoting public health and well-being.
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Prabhu, K. Seeta, and Sandhya S. Iyer. Human Development in an Unequal World. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199490240.001.0001.
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This book is about the human development paradigm that is assuming renewed importance at a time when global dialogue is preoccupied with discussing pathways for achieving the 2030 agenda of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It deals with the knowledge of human development in an unequal world and examines a range of issues of contemporary relevance, such as social sectors, poverty, gender inequality, social exclusion, and sustainability. Arguments in favour of human freedoms and flourishing are pertinent as societies in contemporary times are getting increasing broken into multiple identities and social categories. The ‘Unequal World’ represents the conjunction of human unfreedoms due to deprivations and inequalities in multiple realms. It argues for a paradigmatic shift in analysis, policy, and methodology towards a people-centered approach rooted in human flourishing and freedoms. This book seeks to bring back people to the forefront, and refocus on the centrality of peoples’ choices and freedoms. It is anchored in the human development paradigm and examines a range of issues that reflect the dimensions of an unequal world. Set within the broader framework that includes processes, institutions, and actors, the book explores both analytical and empirical realms. The ten chapters of the book weave together the numerous concepts, methods, and evidence. The comprehensive coverage and the integrated framework presented will enable readers across the globe to arrive at a thorough understanding of the human development approach and apply these frameworks in development practice with a fresh and more relevant perspective.
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Schudson, Michael. How to Think Normatively About News and Democracy. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.73.
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Journalism serves multiple democratic functions identified here as information, investigation, analysis, social empathy, public forum, mobilization, and democratic education. All help make representative democracy a better system than direct democracy and not just an attenuated direct democracy. New thinking in political theory emphasizes this and insists that the agents of representation in modern democracy are not just legislatures but a wide variety of civil society monitors of government, including of course the press, whose role in defining contemporary democracy deserves more attention in the effort to place the news media’s democratic role in perspective. Within this framework, an attempt is made to outline criteria for assessing the adequacy of the news media for serving democracy. These include not only the much studied and counted legal and political guarantees of freedom but also journalistic professionalism and values, diversity of perspectives available in the news system, and access to government information.
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Sripada, Chandra S. An Exploration/Exploitation Trade-off Between Mind-Wandering and Goal-Directed Thinking. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.28.
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Agents invariably face trade-offs between exploration, which increases informational stores and potentially opens up new opportunities, and exploitation, which utilizes existing informational stores to take advantage of known opportunities. This exploration/exploitation trade-off has been extensively studied in computer science and has been productively applied to multiple cognitive domains. In this chapter, this framework is extended to the ubiquitous alternation between two modes of serial thought: mind-wandering and goal-directed thought. The exploration/exploitation framework provides a new perspective on the functionality of mind-wandering and its pattern of regular switching with goal-directed thought. It also raises new hypotheses about the regulation of mind-wandering across time and differences in the propensity to mind-wander across individuals.
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Yerkes, Mara, Jana Javornik, and Anna Kurowska, eds. Social Policy and the Capability Approach. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447341789.001.0001.
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The capability approach, an increasingly popular conceptual and theoretical framework focused on what individuals are able to do and be, offers a unique evaluative perspective to social policy analysis. This book explores the advantages of this approach and offers a way forward in addressing conceptual and empirical issues as they apply specifically to social policy research and practice. Short conceptual and empirical chapters provide clear examples of how policies shape the capabilities of different groups and individuals, critically assessing the efficacy of different social policies across multiple social policy fields, providing both academic and practitioner viewpoints.
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Data Access, Consumer Interests and Public Welfare. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748924999.
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Data are considered to be key for the functioning of the data economy as well as for pursuing multiple public interest concerns. Against this backdrop this book strives to device new data access rules for future legislation. To do so, the contributions first explain the justification for such rules from an economic and more general policy perspective. Then, building on the constitutional foundations and existing access regimes, they explore the potential of various fields of the law (competition and contract law, data protection and consumer law, sector-specific regulation) as a basis for the future legal framework. The book also addresses the need to coordinate data access rules with intellectual property rights and to integrate these rules as one of multiple measures in larger data governance systems. Finally, the book discusses the enforcement of the Government’s interest in using privately held data as well as potential data access rights of the users of connected devices.
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Gorsuch, Anne E. Bolshevism Debated, 1921–1932. Edited by Simon Dixon. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199236701.013.022.
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Focusing on the transnational flow and exchange of ideas, rather than on divisions and borders, this chapter emphasizes the ways in which early debates about ‘Sovietness’ related to multiple imaginings, understandings, and experiences of the ‘West’. This perspective builds on work that has reconsidered the history of the Soviet Union within the larger framework of European and North American modernity. ‘Being Soviet’ in the formative years of Bolshevism included ideas, technologies, and cultures that were ‘Western’. Some were openly and positively identified as such; others were covert or unacknowledged. The relationship was deeply ambivalent. But the resultant heterodoxy was notably different from Cold War concepts of the Soviet Union as rigid and impermeable.
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Nigg, Joel T. Self-Regulation, Behavioral Inhibition, and Risk for Alcoholism and Substance Use Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676001.003.0009.
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Addiction liability involves multiple aspects of the person and the context. The within-person aspects can be organized within a broad temperament framework involving constituents of self-regulation. A fundamental dual-process model helps organize and structure the research program because self-regulation is conceived as involving both bottom-up and top-down capacities. From this perspective, addiction liability emerges and expresses itself in relation to early consolidation of bottom-up appetitive systems, organization of top-down control and executive processes, and progressive assembly of either self-regulation or its disruption in dysregulatory psychopathology such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct problems. Several key studies supporting this hierarchical and sequential emergence of liability and addiction risk are summarized in this chapter.
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Meder, Björn, and Ralf Mayrhofer. Diagnostic Reasoning. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.23.
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This chapter discusses diagnostic reasoning from the perspective of causal inference. The computational framework that provides the foundation for the analyses—probabilistic inference over graphical causal structures—can be used to implement different models that share the assumption that diagnostic inferences are guided and constrained by causal considerations. This approach has provided many critical insights, with respect to both normative and empirical issues. For instance, taking into account uncertainty about causal structures can entail diagnostic judgments that do not reflect the empirical conditional probability of cause given effect in the data, the classic, purely statistical norm. The chapter first discusses elemental diagnostic inference from a single effect to a single cause, then examines more complex diagnostic inferences involving multiple causes and effects, and concludes with information acquisition in diagnostic reasoning, discussing different ways of quantifying the diagnostic value of information and how people decide which information is diagnostically relevant.
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Kendler, Kenneth S. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: an updated perspective. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725978.003.0032.
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Chapter 32 discusses how the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia (DHS) has, since its inception over 35 years ago, been one of the most prominent etiologic theories in psychiatry. This chapter brings up to date a prior historical and philosophical review of this theory. Then, utilizing the frameworks developed elsewhere in this book in Chapters 2 and 8, this chapter explores the role of empirical and nonempirical factors that impacted on the DHS during its development and subsequent history. Finally, the history of the DHS is contextualized in light of the histories of etiologic controversies in other medical disorders to clarify what features of the DHS might be typical versus more unique. A great deal can be learned about the multiple influences on the history of modern psychiatry through a study of the story of the DHS.
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Oakes, Lisa M., and David H. Rakison. Developmental Cascades. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391893.001.0001.
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Children take their first steps, produce their first words, and become able to solve many new problems seemingly overnight. Yet, each change reflects many other previous developments that occurred in the whole child across a range of domains, and each change, in turn, will provide opportunities for future development. This book proposes that all change can be explained in terms of developmental cascades such that events that occur at one point in development set the stage, or cause a ripple effect, for the emergence or development of different abilities, functions, or behaviors at another point in time. The authors argue that these developmental cascades are influenced by different kinds of constraints that do not have a single foundation: They may originate from the structure of the child’s nervous system and body, the physical or social environment, or knowledge and experience. These constraints occur at multiple levels of processing and change over time, and both contribute to developmental cascades and are the product of them. The book presents an overview of this developmental cascade perspective as a general framework for understanding change throughout the lifespan, although it is applied primarily to cognitive development in infancy. The book also addresses how a cascade approach obviates the dichotomy between domain-general and domain-specific mechanisms. The framework is applied in detail to three domains within infant cognitive development—namely, looking behavior, object representations, and concepts for animacy—as well as two domains unrelated to infant cognition (gender and attachment).
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Reitz, Kevin R., ed. American Exceptionalism in Crime and Punishment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190203542.001.0001.
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The idea of American exceptionalism has made frequent appearances in discussions of criminal justice policies—as it has in many other areas—to help portray or explain problems that are especially acute in the United States, including mass incarceration, retention of the death penalty, racial and ethnic disparities in punishment, and the War on Drugs. While scholars do not universally agree that it is an apt or useful framework, there is no question that the United States is an outlier compared with other industrialized democracies in its punitive and exclusionary criminal justice policies. This book deepens the debate on American exceptionalism in crime and punishment through comparative political, economic, and historical analyses, working toward forward-looking prescriptions for American law, policy, and institutions of government. The chapters expand the existing American Exceptionalism literature to neglected areas such as community supervision, economic penalties, parole release, and collateral consequences of conviction; explore claims of causation, in particular that the history of slavery and racial inequality has been a primary driver of crime policy; examine arguments that the framework of multiple governments and localized crime control, populist style of democracy, and laissez-faire economy are implicated in problems of both crime and punishment; and assess theories that cultural values are the most salient predictors of penal severity and violent crime. The book asserts that the largest problems of crime and justice cannot be brought into focus from the perspective of a single jurisdiction and that comparative inquiries are necessary for an understanding of the current predicament in the United States.
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Sonuga-Barke, Edmund J. S. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0022.
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In this chapter I review the literature on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with the aim of providing a developmental synthesis. In the first section I ask: What is ADHD? I conclude that it is a relatively broad construct that, although having validity as a mental disorder dimension and utility as diagnostic category, is frequently comorbid with, but can be distinguished from, other disorders, and is highly heterogeneous. In the second section I ask: What causes ADHD? I conclude that ADHD has a complex set of causes implicating multiple genetic and environmental risks (and their interaction) reflected in alterations in diverse brain systems. The causal structure of ADHD is heterogeneous, with different children displaying different etiological and pathophysiological profiles. In the third section I reflect on developmental considerations. I conclude that ADHD-type problems present in different forms throughout the lifespan from the preschool period to adulthood and that existing data suggest patterns of continuity and discontinuity that support a lifespan perspective both at the level of clinical phenotype and underlying pathophysiology. In the light of this I argue for a developmental reconceptualization of the disorder, grounded in a biopsychosocial framework that would allow the complexity and heterogeneity of the condition to be understood in terms of risk, resilience, and protective factors, as well as mediating and moderating processes. I review the implications of the developmental perspective for nosological and diagnostic formulations of the condition. In the last section I set out priorities for future research in the genetics, imaging, neuropsychology, and treatment of the condition.
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Domínguez, Virginia R., and Sophia Balakian. The “American” Conundrum—Criticism, Attraction, and Antagonisms. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040832.003.0002.
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This essay introduces the book, Global Perspectives on the United States, including it dynamic structure and its Second and Third Looks. It focuses on multiple meanings of, and approaches to, notions of Americanism, pro-Americanism, anti-Americanism, and even Americanization. Included in this essay are examples of discursive and polling data and practices in numerous countries around the world. It provides an analytic framework to much of the talk on anti-Americanism that exists both inside and outside the U.S., and makes an argument that a great deal of it is misleading.
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Miron-Spektor, Ella, and Miriam Erez. Looking at Creativity through a Paradox Lens. Edited by Wendy K. Smith, Marianne W. Lewis, Paula Jarzabkowski, and Ann Langley. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754428.013.22.
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This chapter contributes to the research and practice of creativity by increasing awareness of the inherently paradoxical nature of creativity, and offering strategies for managing the paradox. The authors’ framework delineates contradictory yet interrelated creativity outcomes, processes and identities of individuals, leaders, and groups. They highlight the paradox of creativity from multiple perspectives and suggest that when engaging in creativity, people experience paradoxical thoughts, processes, goals, identities, and perspectives. Creative people need to be generative and evaluative, flexible and persistent, passionate and disciplined, and learning and performance orientated. Drawing from related research on innovation management, attention control, and goal setting, we discuss strategies for achieving both novelty and usefulness including using paradoxical frames, task switching, pursuing contradictory goals, and gaining experience in different cultural contexts that stress different aspects of the creative process.
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Whittaker, D. Hugh, Timothy Sturgeon, Toshie Okita, and Tianbiao Zhu. Compressed Development. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744948.001.0001.
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This book highlights the importance of time and timing in economic and social development. ‘Compressed development’ consists of two key features and their interaction: the tendency for development processes to unfold more rapidly (compression) and the institution-shaping influences of major periods of change and growth, especially when countries become integrated into the global economy (era). Using an interdisciplinary conceptual framework of state–market and organization–technology co-evolution, the authors contrast the experiences of ‘early’ and ‘late’ developers such as the United Kingdom and Japan, with countries–most notably China–which have become more deeply integrated with the global economy since the 1990s. Compressed developers experience ‘thin industrialization’, layered types of employment, and ‘double burdens’ or challenges in social development. National development strategies must accommodate global value chains and powerful international actors on the one hand, and decentralization on the other. To cope, and thrive, states must remain developmental, whilst being increasingly engaged and adaptive in multiple levels of governance. Compressed Development explores the historical and contemporary features of economic and social development at the intersection of development studies and studies of globalization. By bringing a new perspective on the ‘middle-income trap’, as well as the emerging digital economy, and the state–market and geopolitical tensions that are currently upending conventional wisdoms, the book offers timely insights that will be useful, not only for students of development, but for policymakers, business, and labour organization seeking to navigate the rushing currents of contemporary capitalism.
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Menon, Vinod. Arithmetic in the Child and Adult Brain. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.041.
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This review examines brain and cognitive processes involved in arithmetic. I take a distinctly developmental perspective because neither the cognitive nor the brain processes involved in arithmetic can be adequately understood outside the framework of how developmental processes unfold. I review four basic neurocognitive processes involved in arithmetic, highlighting (1) the role of core dorsal parietal and ventral temporal-occipital cortex systems that form basic building blocks from which number form and quantity representations are constructed in the brain; (2) procedural and working memory systems anchored in the basal ganglia and frontoparietal circuits, which create short-term representations that allow manipulation of multiple discrete quantities over several seconds; (3) episodic and semantic memory systems anchored in the medial and lateral temporal cortex that play an important role in long-term memory formation and generalization beyond individual problem attributes; and (4) prefrontal cortex control processes that guide allocation of attention resources and retrieval of facts from memory in the service of goal-directed problem solving. Next I examine arithmetic in the developing brain, first focusing on studies comparing arithmetic in children and adults, and then on studies examining development in children during critical stages of skill acquisition. I highlight neurodevelopmental models that go beyond parietal cortex regions involved in number processing, and demonstrate that brain systems and circuits in the developing child brain are clearly not the same as those seen in more mature adult brains sculpted by years of learning. The implications of these findings for a more comprehensive view of the neural basis of arithmetic in both children and adults are discussed.
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Edwards, Jane, and Jason Noone. Developmental Music Therapy. Edited by Jane Edwards. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199639755.013.40.
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Developmental music therapy (DMT) is a model that underpins music therapy practice with multiple client groups. The resonances of DMT can be found whenever music therapists use any or all of their understanding of developmental stages, family context, and social and cultural frameworks to consider needs and interactions within individual or group music therapy. Music therapy training courses teach developmental theories, and therefore most practising music therapists use these theoretical perspectives in their interactions with clients. Thus chapter will show how developmental music therapy refers to three major theoretical orientations: (1) Theories of stress, coping, and adaption; (2) Human life span development, including stage models of development, and musical milestones of development; and (3) Ecological perspectives such as Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model of development (Bronfenbrenner 1979). Boxill consistently termed her approach developmental music therapy (Boxill 1989). Therefore, this chapter provides an overview of Boxill’s writings and theoretical positioning within DMT.
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Fiorino, Daniel J. Can Change Happen? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190605803.003.0008.
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The logic of green growth—both as issue framing and policy agenda—is compelling only if there is a political path to making it happen. This chapter considers green growth prospects in the United States from two perspectives. The first is the explanatory value of two theoretical models that have been influential in the field of policy studies: the multiple streams and advocacy coalition frameworks. The second is the conditions under which a long-term, durable transition to green growth may occur. These are to build a political coalition for green growth, deliver institutional reforms that enhance democracy, reduce economic inequality, and stress global action and interdependency. Only by linking ecology with economy in positive ways is there a practical path to living a good life on a finite earth.
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Meyer, Sabine N. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039355.003.0001.
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This book interrogates the interplay of various identity categories in the development of the temperance movement—America's largest and longest sustained reform movement—from the nineteenth into the twentieth century. It expands the analytical framework for writing the history of the American temperance movement by adopting a holistic view. Focusing on alcohol consumption from one point in space, Minnesota, and the multiple perspectives occupying and defining this point, the book explores the myriad and ever-shifting ways that ethnicity, gender, class, religion, and place all interacted with each other in the temperance struggle. It situates the temperance movement within the public/private paradigm by analyzing the development of women's temperance activism in Minnesota from its beginnings until the onset of prohibition. The book argues that ethnicity, gender, and identity of place exerted an equal, if not at times more important, impact on contemporaries' attitudes toward temperance.
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Powers, Madison, and Ruth Faden. Structural Injustice. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190053987.001.0001.
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This book develops a theory of structural injustice that forges important links between human rights norms and fairness norms. Norms of both kinds are underpinned by a conception of well-being. This conception provides the foundation for human rights, explains the depth of unfairness of systematic patterns of disadvantage, and locates the fundamental unfairness of power relations in forms of control some groups have over the well-being of other groups. In addition, the theory applies to circumstances in which structurally unfair patterns of power and advantage and human rights violations are routinely intertwined. Unlike theories tailored to circumstances in which structural injustices emerge from largely benign social processes, this theory addresses more typical patterns of structural injustice in which the wrongful conduct of identifiable agents is manifested in creating or sustaining mutually reinforcing forms of injustice. These patterns exist both within different types of nation-states and in interactions across national boundaries. However, the theory rejects the claim that for a structural theory to be so broadly applicable its central claims must be universally endorsable within multiple ethical frameworks. Instead, the theory draws support from examples of structural injustice around the world, and the insights and perspectives of related social movements. The theory also differs from approaches that make enhanced democratic decision-making or the global extension of republican institutions the centerpiece of their proposed remedies. Its focus is on justifiable forms of resistance in circumstances in which institutions are unwilling or unable to address pressing issues of injustice.