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Journal articles on the topic 'Multiple Selection Pressures Shape Traits'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Poulos, Helen, Andrew Barton, Jasper Slingsby, and David Bowman. "Do Mixed Fire Regimes Shape Plant Flammability and Post-Fire Recovery Strategies?" Fire 1, no. 3 (2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire1030039.

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The development of frameworks for better-understanding ecological syndromes and putative evolutionary strategies of plant adaptation to fire has recently received a flurry of attention, including a new model hypothesizing that plants have diverged into three different plant flammability strategies due to natural selection. We provide three case studies of pyromes/taxa (Pinus, the Proteaceae of the Cape Floristic Region, and Eucalyptus) that, contrary to model assumptions, reveal that plant species often exhibit traits of more than one of these flammability and post-fire recovery strategies. We

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Rosell, Julieta A. "Bark in Woody Plants: Understanding the Diversity of a Multifunctional Structure." Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, no. 3 (2019): 535–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz057.

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Abstract Most biological structures carry out multiple functions. Focusing on only one function to make adaptive inferences overlooks that manifold selection pressures and tradeoffs shape the characteristics of a multifunctional structure. Focusing on single functions can only lead to a partial picture of the causes underlying diversity and the evolutionary origin of the structure in question. I illustrate this discussion using bark as a study case. Bark comprises all the tissues surrounding the xylem in woody plants. Broadly, bark includes an inner and mostly living region and an outer, dead

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Healy, Kevin, Thomas Guillerme, Sive Finlay, et al. "Ecology and mode-of-life explain lifespan variation in birds and mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1784 (2014): 20140298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0298.

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Maximum lifespan in birds and mammals varies strongly with body mass such that large species tend to live longer than smaller species. However, many species live far longer than expected given their body mass. This may reflect interspecific variation in extrinsic mortality, as life-history theory predicts investment in long-term survival is under positive selection when extrinsic mortality is reduced. Here, we investigate how multiple ecological and mode-of-life traits that should reduce extrinsic mortality (including volancy (flight capability), activity period, foraging environment and fosso

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Camarillo, Henry, and Martha M. Muñoz. "Weak Relationships Between Swimming Morphology and Water Depth in Wrasses and Parrotfish Belie Multiple Selective Demands on Form–Function Evolution." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 5 (2020): 1309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa041.

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Synopsis Mechanical tradeoffs in performance are predicted to sculpt macroevolutionary patterns of morphological diversity across environmental gradients. Water depth shapes the amount of wave energy organisms’ experience, which should result in evolutionary tradeoffs between speed and maneuverability in fish swimming morphology. Here, we tested whether morphological evolution would reflect functional tradeoffs in swimming performance in 131 species of wrasses and parrotfish (Family: Labridae) across a water depth gradient. We found that maximum water depth predicts variation in pectoral fin a

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Burkepile, Deron E., and John D. Parker. "Recent advances in plant-herbivore interactions." F1000Research 6 (February 8, 2017): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10313.1.

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Plant-herbivore interactions shape community dynamics across marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. From amphipods to elephants and from algae to trees, plant-herbivore relationships are the crucial link generating animal biomass (and human societies) from mere sunlight. These interactions are, thus, pivotal to understanding the ecology and evolution of virtually any ecosystem. Here, we briefly highlight recent advances in four areas of plant-herbivore interactions: (1) plant defense theory, (2) herbivore diversity and ecosystem function, (3) predation risk aversion and herbivory, and (

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Lei, Boyu, Jifa Cui, Chris Newman, et al. "Seed dispersers shape the pulp nutrients of fleshy-fruited plants." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1953 (2021): 20210817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0817.

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The dispersal-syndrome hypothesis posits that fruit traits are a product of selection by frugivores. Although criticized as adaptationist, recent studies have suggested that traits such as fruit or seed size, colour and odour exhibit signatures that imply selection by animal mutualists. These traits imply nutritional rewards (e.g. lipid, carbohydrate), attracting frugivores; however, this remains incompletely resolved. Here, we investigated whether fruit nutrients (lipid, sugar, protein, vitamin C, water content) moderate the co-adaptation of key disperser-group mutualisms. Multivariate techni

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Jacquemyn, Hans, and Rein Brys. "Lack of strong selection pressures maintains wide variation in floral traits in a food-deceptive orchid." Annals of Botany 126, no. 3 (2020): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa080.

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Abstract Background and Aims Angiosperms vary remarkably in traits such as colour, size and shape of flowers, yet such variation generally tends to be low within species. In deceptive orchids, however, large variation in floral traits has been described, not only between but also within populations. Nonetheless, the factors driving variation in floral traits in deceptive orchids remain largely unclear. Methods To identify determinants of variation in floral traits, we investigated patterns of fruit set and selection gradients in the food-deceptive orchid Orchis purpurea, which typically presen

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Huang, Xiaojuan, Minyu Chen, Linlin Wang, et al. "Phenotypic Selection in Halenia elliptica D. Don (Gentianaceae), an Alpine Biennial with Mixed Mating System." Plants 11, no. 11 (2022): 1488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11111488.

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The transition from outcrossing to selfing is a common evolutionary trend in flowering plants, and floral traits change significantly with the evolution of selfing. Whether or not plant traits are subjected to selection remains an open question in species with mixed mating systems. We examined phenotypic selection in two populations of Halenia elliptica with different selfing rates. We found that the pollen–ovule ratio, seed size, plant height, spur length, and pollinator visitation rate in the population with the higher selfing rate were lower than those in the population with the lower selfi

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Neaux, Dimitri, Gabriele Sansalone, François Lecompte, et al. "Examining the effect of feralization on craniomandibular morphology in pigs, Sus scrofa (Artiodactyla: Suidae)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 131, no. 4 (2020): 870–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa156.

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Abstract Feralization is the process by which domestic animals return to the wild and produce self-sustaining populations. It is often considered as a model in understanding the permanence of morphological changes associated with domestication; however, it is still unclear how much the release of anthropogenic selective pressures affects domestic traits. Here, we assessed the influence of feralization on the domestic morphological traits acquired through selective breeding using craniomandibular differences in shape and size between populations of feral pigs, wild boar and domestic pigs, using

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Virgl, John A., Shane P. Mahoney, and Kim Mawhinney. "Phenotypic Variation in Skull Size and Shape Between Newfoundland and Mainland Populations of North American Black Bears, Ursus americanus." Canadian Field-Naturalist 117, no. 2 (2003): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v117i2.702.

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It is well recognized that differences in environmental selection pressures among populations can generate phenotypic divergence in a suite of morphological characteristics and associated life history traits. Previous analysis of mitochondrial DNA and body size have suggested that Black Bears (Ursus americanus) inhabiting the island of Newfoundland represent a different subspecies or ecotype from mainland populations. Assuming that body size covaries positively with skull size, we predicted that skull size would be greater for bears on the island than the mainland, and the distribution of size

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Taylor-Cox, Evelyn D., Callum J. Macgregor, Amy Corthine, Jane K. Hill, Jenny A. Hodgson, and Ilik J. Saccheri. "Wing morphological responses to latitude and colonisation in a range expanding butterfly." PeerJ 8 (November 19, 2020): e10352. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10352.

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Populations undergoing rapid climate-driven range expansion experience distinct selection regimes dominated both by increased dispersal at the leading edges and steep environmental gradients. Characterisation of traits associated with such expansions provides insight into the selection pressures and evolutionary constraints that shape demographic and evolutionary responses. Here we investigate patterns in three components of wing morphology (size, shape, colour) often linked to dispersal ability and thermoregulation, along latitudinal gradients of range expansion in the Speckled Wood butterfly

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Borczyk, Bartosz, Jan Kusznierz, Łukasz Paśko, and Edyta Turniak. "Scaling of the sexual size and shape skull dimorphism in the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis L.)." Vertebrate Zoology 64, no. 2 (2014): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.64.e31484.

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Sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) exhibit a clear pattern of sexual dimorphism, both in coloration and body proportions, where males have larger heads and are longer-legged at a given snout-to-vent length (SVL). In this study we analyse allometry of skull growth with SVL and skull length (SL) as references. The sand lizard skull is basically sexually size dimorphic and there are only minor shape differences. When SVL is used as a reference point, it generates differences in all traits to be measured, presumably because SVL is subject to different and strong selection pressures in both sexes. When

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Andersson, Stefan. "Phenotypic selection in a population of Crepis tectorum ssp. pumila (Asteraceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 1 (1992): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-012.

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A 3-year demographic study was conducted to reveal targets of selection on morphology and life history in a population of Crepis tectorum ssp. pumila, a winter annual plant confined to calcareous grasslands (alvars) on the Baltic island of Öland (south Sweden). I calculated the selection differential to describe the change in the mean value of a character due to selection and used multiple regression analyses to partition the direct effect of selection on the trait from indirect responses of selection on other traits. Rosette leaf number, a convenient measure of plant size, was strongly correl

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Spottiswoode, Claire N. "A brood parasite selects for its own egg traits." Biology Letters 9, no. 5 (2013): 20130573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0573.

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Many brood parasitic birds lay eggs that mimic their hosts' eggs in appearance. This typically arises from selection from discriminating hosts that reject eggs which differ from their own. However, selection on parasitic eggs may also arise from parasites themselves, because it should pay a laying parasitic female to detect and destroy another parasitic egg previously laid in the same host nest by a different female. In this study, I experimentally test the source of selection on greater honeyguide ( Indicator indicator ) egg size and shape, which is correlated with that of its several host sp

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Oliveira, Larissa C., Alberto L. Teixido, Renata Trevizan, and Vinícius L. G. Brito. "Bee-Mediated Selection Favors Floral Sex Specialization in a Heterantherous Species: Strategies to Solve the Pollen Dilemma." Plants 9, no. 12 (2020): 1685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9121685.

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Animal-pollinated plants show a broad variation in floral morphology traits and gametophyte production within populations. Thus, floral traits related to plant reproduction and sexuality are usually exposed to pollinator-mediated selection. Such selective pressures may be even stronger in heterantherous and pollen flowers, in which pollen contributes to both bee feeding and pollination, overcoming the “pollen dilemma” or the inability to perform both functions simultaneously. We describe the phenotypic gender and sexual organ morphology of flowers in two populations of Macairea radula (Melasto

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Luby, James J., and Douglas V. Shaw. "Plant Breeders' Perspectives on Improving Yield and Quality Traits in Horticultural Food Crops." HortScience 44, no. 1 (2009): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.1.20.

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Breeders of horticultural food crops are usually concerned with multiple traits related to yield and quality as well as other traits such as biotic and abiotic stresses. Yield in these crops is not solely tonnage of biomass produced in the field. Rather, it is the proportion of the crop that can be harvested and brought to market in a condition and at a price acceptable to the consumer. Quality may include flavor, color, shape, size, degree of damage, nutrient levels, and traits that permit greater perceived food safety or environmental sustainability. Some traits may exhibit phenotypic associ

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Evans, Jonathan P., Clelia Gasparini, Gregory I. Holwell, Indar W. Ramnarine, Trevor E. Pitcher, and Andrea Pilastro. "Intraspecific evidence from guppies for correlated patterns of male and female genital trait diversification." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1718 (2011): 2611–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2453.

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The role of sexual selection in fuelling genital evolution is becoming increasingly apparent from comparative studies revealing interspecific divergence in male genitalia and evolutionary associations between male and female genital traits. Despite this, we know little about intraspecific variance in male genital morphology, or how male and female reproductive traits covary among divergent populations. Here we address both topics using natural populations of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata , a livebearing fish that exhibits divergent patterns of male sexual behaviour among populations. Initiall

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Busschau, Theo, and Stephane Boissinot. "Habitat determines convergent evolution of cephalic horns in vipers." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 135, no. 4 (2022): 652–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blac008.

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Abstract Phenotypic convergence of traits in similar environments can provide insights into the evolutionary processes shaping trait evolution. Among squamate reptiles, horn-like cephalic appendages have evolved under various selective pressures, including selection for defence, crypsis or sexual selection. Yet, among snakes, particularly vipers, the functional and evolutionary significance of horns are unknown. We used a comparative phylogenetic approach with habitat and diet data on 263 viper taxa to shed light on the selective pressures underlying horn evolution in vipers. We detected signi

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Fowler-Finn, Kasey D., Emilia Triana, and Owen G. Miller. "Mating in the harvestman Leiobunum vittatum (Arachnida: Opiliones): from premating struggles to solicitous tactile engagement." Behaviour 151, no. 12-13 (2014): 1663–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003209.

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When mating interactions are influenced by multiple sources of selection, they may involve multiple stages of mate assessment. At each stage, a different set of morphological and behavioural traits may be important in determining the outcome of the interaction. Here, we test the potential for multiple sources of selection to shape mating interactions in Leiobunum vittatum harvestmen, commonly known as ‘daddy longlegs’. We provide a qualitative and quantitative study of mating interactions, and investigate the influence of multiple morphological traits on each of several distinct stages of thei

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Morris, Jeremy S., Nala Rogers, Alan R. Rogers, and David R. Carrier. "Sexual dimorphism in skeletal shape in voles (Arvicolinae): disparate selection on male bodies and female heads." Journal of Mammalogy 101, no. 4 (2020): 951–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyaa076.

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Abstract Sexual dimorphism evolves as a response to different selective pressures on males and females. In mammals, sexual selection on traits that improve a male’s ability to compete for access to mates is a common cause of sexual dimorphism. In addition to body mass, adaptations in specific components of the musculoskeletal system that increase strength, stability, and agility, may improve male fighting performance. Here we test the hypotheses that males, when compared to females, are more specialized for physical competition in their skeletal anatomy and that the degree of this sexual dimor

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Jones, Alfred. "BREEDING SWEETPOTATO FOR RESISTANCE TO MULTIPLE INSECT PESTS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (1990): 1177G—1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1177.

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Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] cultivars with high levels of resistance to root damaging insects have been developed through the collaborative efforts of a multidisciplinary research team. These resistances were combined with other traits necessary for a successful cultivar such as: disease resistances; high yield; long storage life; prolific sprout production; marketable root size, shape and skin at tributes; and culinary excellence. Adpotion of quantitative genetic principles, development of a wide gene base, sequential selection schemes, use of effective selection criteria and appr

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Jones, Alfred. "BREEDING SWEETPOTATO FOR RESISTANCE TO MULTIPLE INSECT PESTS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (1990): 1177g—1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1177g.

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Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] cultivars with high levels of resistance to root damaging insects have been developed through the collaborative efforts of a multidisciplinary research team. These resistances were combined with other traits necessary for a successful cultivar such as: disease resistances; high yield; long storage life; prolific sprout production; marketable root size, shape and skin at tributes; and culinary excellence. Adpotion of quantitative genetic principles, development of a wide gene base, sequential selection schemes, use of effective selection criteria and appr

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Angelini, Claudio, Francesca Antonucci, Jacopo Aguzzi, and Corrado Costa. "Different Traits, Different Evolutionary Pathways: Insights from Salamandrina (Amphibia, Caudata)." Animals 12, no. 23 (2022): 3326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12233326.

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Species delimitation is often based on a single or very few genetic or phenetic traits, something which leads to misinterpretations and often does not provide information about evolutionary processes. Here, we investigated the diversity pattern of multiple phenetic traits of the two extant species of Salamandrina, a genus split only after molecular traits had been studied but the two species of which are phenetically very similar. The phenetic traits we studied are size, external body shape and head colour pattern, in a model comparison framework using non-linear mixed models and unsupervised

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Sork, Victoria L., Paul F. Gugger, Jin-Ming Chen, and Silke Werth. "Evolutionary lessons from California plant phylogeography." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 29 (2016): 8064–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602675113.

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Phylogeography documents the spatial distribution of genetic lineages that result from demographic processes, such as population expansion, population contraction, and gene movement, shaped by climate fluctuations and the physical landscape. Because most phylogeographic studies have used neutral markers, the role of selection may have been undervalued. In this paper, we contend that plants provide a useful evolutionary lesson about the impact of selection on spatial patterns of neutral genetic variation, when the environment affects which individuals can colonize new sites, and on adaptive gen

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McLean, Callum J., Russell J. Garwood, and Charlotte A. Brassey. "Sexual dimorphism in the Arachnid orders." PeerJ 6 (November 6, 2018): e5751. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5751.

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Sexual differences in size and shape are common across the animal kingdom. The study of sexual dimorphism (SD) can provide insight into the sexual- and natural-selection pressures experienced by males and females in different species. Arachnids are diverse, comprising over 100,000 species, and exhibit some of the more extreme forms of SD in the animal kingdom, with the males and females of some species differing dramatically in body shape and/or size. Despite this, research on arachnid SD has primarily focused on specific clades as opposed to observing traits across arachnid orders, the smalle

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Cai, Feng, Renwei Gao, Zheng Zhao, et al. "Evolutionary compromises in fungal fitness: hydrophobins can hinder the adverse dispersal of conidiospores and challenge their survival." ISME Journal 14, no. 10 (2020): 2610–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-0709-0.

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Abstract Fungal evolutionary biology is impeded by the scarcity of fossils, irregular life cycles, immortality, and frequent asexual reproduction. Simple and diminutive bodies of fungi develop inside a substrate and have exceptional metabolic and ecological plasticity, which hinders species delimitation. However, the unique fungal traits can shed light on evolutionary forces that shape the environmental adaptations of these taxa. Higher filamentous fungi that disperse through aerial spores produce amphiphilic and highly surface-active proteins called hydrophobins (HFBs), which coat spores and

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Koskella, Britt, and Tiffany B. Taylor. "Multifaceted Impacts of Bacteriophages in the Plant Microbiome." Annual Review of Phytopathology 56, no. 1 (2018): 361–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045858.

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Plant-associated bacteria face multiple selection pressures within their environments and have evolved countless adaptations that both depend on and shape bacterial phenotype and their interaction with plant hosts. Explaining bacterial adaptation and evolution therefore requires considering each of these forces independently as well as their interactions. In this review, we examine how bacteriophage viruses (phages) can alter the ecology and evolution of plant-associated bacterial populations and communities. This includes influencing a bacterial population's response to both abiotic and bioti

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Benítez, Hugo A., Raisa A. Sukhodolskaya, Rodrigo Órdenes-Clavería, Tamara A. Avtaeva, Shapaat A. Kushalieva, and Anatoly A. Saveliev. "Measuring the Inter and Intraspecific Sexual Shape Dimorphism and Body Shape Variation in Generalist Ground Beetles in Russia." Insects 11, no. 6 (2020): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11060361.

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Ground beetles in multiple species vary greatly in the expression of the shape on sexual traits, resulting in a sexual shape dimorphism as a consequence of sexual selection differences. The present research focuses on the study of inter and intrasexual sexual shape dimorphism of two generalist genera of ground beetles Pterostichus and Carabus. Geometric morphometric methods were applied to five generalist species of ground beetles Carabus exaratus, C. granulatus, Pterostichus melanarius, P. niger, and P. oblongopunctatus and several multivariate analyses were applied for two different traits,

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Doganlar, Sami, Anne Frary, Marie-Christine Daunay, Richard N. Lester, and Steven D. Tanksley. "Conservation of Gene Function in the Solanaceae as Revealed by Comparative Mapping of Domestication Traits in Eggplant." Genetics 161, no. 4 (2002): 1713–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.4.1713.

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Abstract Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for domestication-related traits were identified in an interspecific F2 population of eggplant (Solanum linnaeanum × S. melongena). Although 62 quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified in two locations, most of the dramatic phenotypic differences in fruit weight, shape, color, and plant prickliness that distinguish cultivated eggplant from its wild relative could be attributed to six loci with major effects. Comparison of the genomic locations of the eggplant fruit weight, fruit shape, and color QTL with the positions of similar loci in tomato, potat

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García-González, Carlos A., and Cristina Silvar. "Phytochemical Assessment of Native Ecuadorian Peppers (Capsicum spp.) and Correlation Analysis to Fruit Phenomics." Plants 9, no. 8 (2020): 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9080986.

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In this work, the impact of pepper (Capsicum spp.) fruits morphology on their composition for health-promoting compounds was investigated. For that purpose, pepper accessions from Ecuador, one of the hotspots in Capsicum’s origin, were analyzed for ascorbic acid, polyphenols, capsaicinoids, and prevention of cholesterol oxidation. Plant and fruit phenomics were assessed with conventional descriptors and Tomato Analyzer digital traits. Significant differences among accessions and species revealed a large diversity within the collection. The Capsicum frutescens group displayed the highest levels

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Whitaker, Vance M., Luis F. Osorio, Tomas Hasing, and Salvador Gezan. "Estimation of Genetic Parameters for 12 Fruit and Vegetative Traits in the University of Florida Strawberry Breeding Population." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 137, no. 5 (2012): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.137.5.316.

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The University of Florida strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) breeding population has been continuously improved by recurrent selection since 1968. However, there is a lack of information on genetic parameters that may inform breeding decisions. Parameters were estimated in this population using 19 full-sib families from a 5 × 4 factorial mating design plus six additional biparental crosses and 14 control genotypes including some of the parents. During the 2010–11 season, clonal replicates of the seedling and parental genotypes were distributed within and among two field locations in west–central

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Chira, A. M., C. R. Cooney, J. A. Bright, et al. "The signature of competition in ecomorphological traits across the avian radiation." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1938 (2020): 20201585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1585.

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Competition for shared resources represents a fundamental driver of biological diversity. However, the tempo and mode of phenotypic evolution in deep-time has been predominantly investigated using trait evolutionary models which assume that lineages evolve independently from each other. Consequently, the role of species interactions in driving macroevolutionary dynamics remains poorly understood. Here, we quantify the prevalence for signatures of competition between related species in the evolution of ecomorphological traits across the bird radiation. We find that mechanistic trait models acco

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Shenhav, Liat, and David Zeevi. "Resource conservation manifests in the genetic code." Science 370, no. 6517 (2020): 683–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz9642.

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Nutrient limitation drives competition for resources across organisms. However, much is unknown about how selective pressures resulting from nutrient limitation shape microbial coding sequences. Here, we study this “resource-driven selection” by using metagenomic and single-cell data of marine microbes, alongside environmental measurements. We show that a significant portion of the selection exerted on microbes is explained by the environment and is associated with nitrogen availability. Notably, this resource conservation optimization is encoded in the structure of the standard genetic code,

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Gomez, Kevin, Jason Bertram, and Joanna Masel. "Mutation bias can shape adaptation in large asexual populations experiencing clonal interference." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1937 (2020): 20201503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1503.

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The extended evolutionary synthesis invokes a role for development in shaping adaptive evolution, which in population genetics terms corresponds to mutation-biased adaptation. Critics have claimed that clonal interference makes mutation-biased adaptation rare. We consider the behaviour of two simultaneously adapting traits, one with larger mutation rate U , the other with larger selection coefficient s , using asexual travelling wave models. We find that adaptation is dominated by whichever trait has the faster rate of adaptation v in isolation, with the other trait subject to evolutionary sta

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Brainard, Scott H., Shelby L. Ellison, Philipp W. Simon, Julie C. Dawson, and Irwin L. Goldman. "Genetic characterization of carrot root shape and size using genome-wide association analysis and genomic-estimated breeding values." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 135, no. 2 (2021): 605–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-021-03988-8.

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Abstract Key message The principal phenotypic determinants of market class in carrot—the size and shape of the root—are under primarily additive, but also highly polygenic, genetic control. Abstract The size and shape of carrot roots are the primary determinants not only of yield, but also market class. These quantitative phenotypes have historically been challenging to objectively evaluate, and thus subjective visual assessment of market class remains the primary method by which selection for these traits is performed. However, advancements in digital image analysis have recently made possibl

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Simpson, Richard K., Allison F. Mistakidis, and Stéphanie M. Doucet. "Natural and sexual selection shape the evolution of colour and conspicuousness in North American wood-warblers (Parulidae)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 130, no. 1 (2020): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa015.

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Abstract Natural and sexual selection drive colour evolution in animals. However, these different selective forces are often studied independently or without considering environmental variation. We evaluated the roles of natural and sexual selection together on colour evolution in 15 sympatric wood-warbler species, while considering the influence of variation in the light environment and visual background. We tested the influence of each selective pressure on male and female coloration and contrast against the background using avian visual models in phylogenetically controlled analyses. We fou

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Naretto, S., and M. Chiaraviglio. "Factors driving sexual dimorphism and colour variability in the Achala Copper Lizard (Pristidactylus achalensis), an endemic species to the highland mountains in central Argentina." Canadian Journal of Zoology 98, no. 6 (2020): 377–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0293.

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The intensity of mating competition varies according to the temporal and spatial distribution of individuals. Measuring sexual dimorphism over time and interpreting the association between individuals is therefore important if we aim to understand how sexual traits are influenced. We examined sex differences in the Achala Copper Lizard (Pristidactylus achalensis (Gallardo, 1964)), an endemic species from the highest part of mountains of central Argentina. Over 4 years, we explored sex-specific variation in body size, head size, interlimb length, and body colouration. Furthermore, we evaluated

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Coyne, D. P., J. R. Steadman, D. T. Lindgren, et al. "Breeding Great Northern and Pinto Dry Beans with Multiple Disease Resistance Combined with Improved Seed Quality, Adaptation, Yield, and Plant Type." HortScience 32, no. 3 (1997): 452B—452. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.452b.

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Common bacterial blight (CBB), rust (RU), and white mold (WM) are serious diseases of great northern (GN) and pinto (P) beans in Nebraska and Colorado. The bacterial diseases halo blight (HB) and brown spot (BS) are sporadic. Severe Fe-induced leaf chlorosis (Fe ILC) occurs on calcareous sites. Separate inoculated disease nurseries are used to screen for resistance to the pathogens causing the above diseases. Yields and seed quality of lines are also determined in non-disease trials. Sources of exotic resistance to the above pathogens and to Fe ILD have been identified and their inheritance de

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Miller, Sara E., Andrew W. Legan, Michael T. Henshaw, et al. "Evolutionary dynamics of recent selection on cognitive abilities." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 6 (2020): 3045–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918592117.

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Cognitive abilities can vary dramatically among species. The relative importance of social and ecological challenges in shaping cognitive evolution has been the subject of a long-running and recently renewed debate, but little work has sought to understand the selective dynamics underlying the evolution of cognitive abilities. Here, we investigate recent selection related to cognition in the paper wasp Polistes fuscatus—a wasp that has uniquely evolved visual individual recognition abilities. We generate high quality de novo genome assemblies and population genomic resources for multiple speci

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Wikelski, Martin. "Evolution of body size in Galapagos marine iguanas." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, no. 1576 (2005): 1985–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3205.

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Body size is one of the most important traits of organisms and allows predictions of an individual's morphology, physiology, behaviour and life history. However, explaining the evolution of complex traits such as body size is difficult because a plethora of other traits influence body size. Here I review what we know about the evolution of body size in a group of island reptiles and try to generalize about the mechanisms that shape body size. Galapagos marine iguanas occupy all 13 larger islands in this Pacific archipelago and have maximum island body weights between 900 and 12 000 g. The dist

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Bravo, Washington, Ramon G. Leon, Jason A. Ferrell, Michael J. Mulvaney, and C. Wesley Wood. "Differentiation of Life-History Traits among Palmer Amaranth Populations (Amaranthus palmeri) and Its Relation to Cropping Systems and Glyphosate Sensitivity." Weed Science 65, no. 3 (2017): 339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2017.14.

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Palmer amaranth’s ability to evolve resistance to different herbicides has been studied extensively, but there is little information about how this weed species might be evolving other life-history traits that could potentially make it more aggressive and difficult to control. We characterized growth and morphological variation among 10 Palmer amaranth populations collected in Florida and Georgia from fields with different cropping histories, ranging from continuous short-statured crops (vegetables and peanut) to tall crops (corn and cotton) and from intensive herbicide use history to organic

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Whalen, Matthew R., Krista J. Chang, Alexandria B. Jones, Gabriel Rivera, and Amy M. Worthington. "Fluctuating Asymmetry in the Polymorphic Sand Cricket (Gryllus firmus): Are More Functionally Important Structures Always More Symmetric?" Insects 13, no. 7 (2022): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13070640.

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Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) may serve as a reliable indicator of the functional importance of structures within an organism. Primary locomotor structures often display lower levels of FA than other paired structures, highlighting that selection can maintain symmetry in fitness-enhancing traits. Polyphenic species represent an attractive model for studying the fine-scale relationship between trait form and function, because multiple morphs exhibit unique life history adaptations that rely on different traits to maximize fitness. Here, we investigated whether individuals of the wing polyphenic sa

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Teng, W. L., M. N. Sui, W. Li, et al. "Identification of quantitative trait loci underlying seed shape in soybean across multiple environments." Journal of Agricultural Science 156, no. 1 (2017): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185961700082x.

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AbstractSeed shape (SS) affects the yield and appearance of soybean seeds significantly. However, little detailed information has been reported about the quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting SS, especially SS components such as seed length (SL), seed width (SW) and seed thickness (ST), and their mutual ratios of length-to-weight (SLW), length-to-thickness (SLT) and weight-to-thickness (SWT). The aim of the present study was to identify QTL underlying SS components using 129 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Dongnong46 and L-100. Phenotypic data were collected from this p

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Figueirido, Borja, Norman MacLeod, Jonathan Krieger, Miquel De Renzi, Juan Antonio Pérez-Claros, and Paul Palmqvist. "Constraint and adaptation in the evolution of carnivoran skull shape." Paleobiology 37, no. 3 (2011): 490–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/09062.1.

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The evolutionary history of the Order Carnivora is marked by episodes of iterative evolution. Although this pattern is widely reported in different carnivoran families, the mechanisms driving the evolution of carnivoran skull morphology remain largely unexplored. In this study we use coordinate-point extended eigenshape analysis (CP-EES) to summarize aspects of skull shape in large fissiped carnivores. Results of these comparisons enable the evaluation of the role of different factors constraining the evolution of carnivoran skull design. Empirical morphospaces derived from mandible anatomy sh

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Gumm, Jennifer M., and Tamra C. Mendelson. "The evolution of multi-component visual signals in darters (genus Etheostoma)." Current Zoology 57, no. 2 (2011): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/51.2.125.

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Abstract As complex traits evolve, each component of the trait may be under different selection pressures and could respond independently to distinct evolutionary forces. We used comparative methods to examine patterns of evolution in multiple components of a complex courtship signal in darters, specifically addressing the question of how nuptial coloration evolves across different areas of the body. Using spectral reflectance, we defined 4 broad color classes present on the body and fins of 17 species of freshwater fishes (genus Etheostoma) and quantified differences in hue within each color

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Vieira, Jairo V., Giovani Olegario da Silva, and Leonardo S. Boiteux. "Genetic parameter and correlation estimates of processing traits in half-sib progenies of tropical-adapted carrot germplasm." Horticultura Brasileira 30, no. 1 (2012): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362012000100002.

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The estimate of the genetic parameters associated with processing (fresh-cut) traits, including root length (RL), is crucial for carrot breeding programs in tropical areas. The cultivar Alvorada is an important germplasm due to its resistance to nematodes, leaf blight, heat-tolerance, and high carotenoid content. Seventy-four 'Alvorada' half-sib progenies were evaluated during the summer of 2005 in the Federal District, Brazil, in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Thirteen competitive plants in each block were randomly selected and evaluated and/or classified for RL a

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Kaźmińska, Karolina, Ewelina Hallmann, Aleksandra Korzeniewska, Katarzyna Niemirowicz-Szczytt, and Grzegorz Bartoszewski. "Identification of Fruit-Associated QTLs in Winter Squash (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne) Using Recombinant Inbred Lines." Genes 11, no. 4 (2020): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11040419.

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Cucurbita maxima Duchesne squash and pumpkins are cultivated world-wide. Cucurbita maxima fruits are produced for fresh market and are valuable for food processing. Therefore, fruit characteristics and yield are the traits of high economic importance for breeders. To date, the genetic basis of fruit-associated traits in C. maxima have been poorly understood. In the present study, we evaluated fruit-associated traits and conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis using recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross of two inbred lines with different fruit morphotypes. Phenotypic da

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Si, Weimin, William A. Berggren, and Marie-Pierre Aubry. "Mosaic evolution in the middle Miocene planktonic foraminifera Fohsella lineage." Paleobiology 44, no. 2 (2018): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2017.23.

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AbstractRecent studies have shown that modes of evolution, namely directional trend, random walk, and stasis, vary across morphologic traits and over the geographic range of a taxon. If so, is it possible that our interpretation of evolutionary modes is actually driven by our selection of traits in a study? In an attempt to answer this question, we have restudied the middle Miocene planktonic foraminifera Fohsella lineage, an iconic example of gradual morphologic evolution. In contrast to previous studies that have focused on the gross morphology as embodied by the edge view of tests, we analy

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Ramírez-Mejía, Andrés F., J. Nicolás Urbina-Cardona, and Francisco Sánchez. "The interplay of spatial scale and landscape transformation modulates the abundance and intraspecific variation in the ecomorphological traits of a phyllostomid bat." Journal of Tropical Ecology 38, no. 1 (2021): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646742100047x.

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AbstractLand use intensification imposes selective pressures that systematically change the frequency of wild population phenotypes. Growing evidence is biased towards the comparison of populations from discrete categories of land uses, ignoring the role of landscape emerging properties on the phenotype selection of wild fauna. Across the largest urban–rural gradient of the Colombian Orinoquia, we measured ecomorphological traits of 216 individuals of the flat-faced fruit-eating bat Artibeus planirostris. We did this to evaluate the scale of effect at which landscape transformation better pred

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Ferjani, Raoudha, Ramona Marasco, Eleonora Rolli, et al. "The Date Palm Tree Rhizosphere Is a Niche for Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria in the Oasis Ecosystem." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/153851.

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In arid ecosystems environmental factors such as geoclimatic conditions and agricultural practices are of major importance in shaping the diversity and functionality of plant-associated bacterial communities. Assessing the influence of such factors is a key to understand (i) the driving forces determining the shape of root-associated bacterial communities and (ii) the plant growth promoting (PGP) services they provide. Desert oasis environment was chosen as model ecosystem where agriculture is possible by the microclimate determined by the date palm cultivation. The bacterial communities in th

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