Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Multiple streams framework'

Cette thèse étudie les conditions et l’ampleur des évolutions de la politique nucléaire de l’Union européenne, de 2000 à 2016. Depuis le milieu des années 1990, plusieurs événements – ou « fenêtres d’opportunité » selon la terminologie du Multiple Streams Framework – ont remis les politiques nucléaires au centre de l’attention des décideurs européens : l’adhésion de nouveaux Etats membres en 2004 ; différentes Présidences du Conseil et nominations de Commissaires ayant pris clairement position sur les questions nucléaires ; l’accident de Fukushima de mars 2011 ; et enfin, les deux sorties du nucléaire allemandes, en 2000 et 2011.La première partie de ce travail est consacrée à l’analyse de l’ampleur du changement introduit par les directives adoptées durant la période étudiée: les directives sûreté réacteur de 2009 et 2014, ainsi que la directive déchets radioactifs de 2011. La deuxième partie étudie les facteurs de stabilité qui ont empêché la mise à l’agenda ou l’adoption de certaines propositions, comme les politiques d’harmonisation des régimes de responsabilité civile ou comme les tentatives d’abolition du traité Euratom.Parmi les différentes variables testées, des coûts de mise en œuvre limités, ainsi que l’existence d’indicateurs pour un problème donné, sont apparus comme des conditions nécessaires (mais non suffisantes) pour un changement de politique.La variable la plus pertinente pour expliquer les changements contenus dans les directives adoptées est l’évolution de la place d’un problème dans les priorités des acteurs. L’accident de Fukushima n’a modifié ni les conditions objectives d’existence d’un problème, ni, sur le long terme, les priorités des Etats Membres ou du secteur nucléaire. Ainsi, les propositions post Fukushima tendant à augmenter le rôle de la Commission européenne ou une calibration plus stricte des mesures de sûreté ont donc été partiellement rejetées, pour finalement aboutir à une révision de la directive sûreté, en 2014, avec peu de changements. De même, la priorité accordée à la résolution des problèmes nationaux liés à gestion des déchets radioactifs a abouti à l’adoption d’une directive incluant des mesures plus précises.Les principaux changements ayant eu lieu dans les directives étudiées concernent leur logique instrumentale et leur calibration ; aucun changement n’a été observé dans les buts ou les orientations générales de la politique nucléaire de l’UE. La politique nucléaire de l’UE semble ainsi particulièrement stable.Cette thèse met en évidence plusieurs facteurs d’inertie des politiques et institutions d’Euratom, malgré l’action d’entrepreneurs politiques : le haut niveau de méfiance entre acteurs, la délégation de la sûreté à des agences indépendantes, la dépendance au sentier liée à la technologie nucléaire, et la flexibilité « incorporée » dans Euratom. Ces facteurs réduisent le nombre d’entrepreneurs politiques potentiellement efficaces ainsi que l’éventail de leurs stratégies pour promouvoir un changement. En plus des facteurs institutionnels, la stabilité des politiques et institutions est également promue par des veto players.Néanmoins, les problèmes récents auxquels est confronté le secteur nucléaire européen (intégration croissante de sources d’énergie renouvelable, difficultés économiques) érodent les conditions de reproduction et de stabilité des institutions d’Euratom. Cet aspect se traduit notamment dans le progressif retrait du nucléaire des communications officielles mentionnant les sources d’énergie à développer pour remplir les objectifs de l’Union.En se basant sur le MSF et sur l’institutionnalisme historique, cette thèse démontre ainsi que les évolutions de la politique nucléaire de l’UE requièrent trois conditions : l’action d’un entrepreneur politique, l’émergence d’un problème dans les priorités des principaux acteurs et, pour des changements d’orientation ou d’institution, l’érosion des mécanismes de reproduction
The goal of this dissertation is to understand the conditions under which the nuclear policy of the European Union has evolved – between 2000 and 2016 — as well as the scope of these evolutions. From the mid-1990s onwards, various events – “windows of opportunity” in the terminology of the Multiple Streams Framework – brought nuclear energy back to the attention of European policy-makers: the accession of new member states in 2004; different Council presidencies and nomination of Commissioners with a strong position on nuclear energy; the Fukushima accident in March 2011; Germany’s first and second nuclear phase-outs (in 2000 and 2011).This PhD proceeds in two parts: First, it analyses the scope of change in policies that have been set on the agenda and finally adopted (the reactor safety and the radioactive waste management directives); second, it analyses the stability factors that have hindered the agenda-setting or the decision-making on proposals for policy change or institutional reforms (harmonisations of civil liability regimes, licensing processes, or decommissioning funds; abolition of the Euratom treaty).Among the several variables tested, low implementation costs, as well as the existence of problem indicators, may be a necessary, but not a sufficient condition for policy change.The most relevant variable accounting for the policy changes included in the adopted directives, was the evolution of the problem in place of actors’ priorities. The Fukushima accident neither modified the objective conditions of existence of a problem, nor the long-term priority of Member States or the nuclear sector. Hence the post-Fukushima proposals suggesting an increase in the role of the European Commission or a stricter calibration of safety measures have been partially rejected. Hence there was no substantial policy change in the safety directive adopted in 2014. In a similar way, the priority granted to overcoming national problems of radioactive waste management led to the 2011 radioactive waste directive, which contained more settings than the 2009 reactor safety directive .The main changes observed in the directives impacted their settings, instrumental logic and calibration; no change has been observed in the goals or orientations of the EU nuclear policy since 2000. Therefore, the EU nuclear policy seems especially stable: in many cases, policy proposals did not even make in onto the agenda of the Council.In order to account for the stability of the policy in spite of the action of policy entrepreneurs, this PhD underlines the particular “stickiness” of the Euratom institutions and policies: The high distrust among actors; the delegation of safety to independent agencies; the technological path-dependence linked to the use of nuclear energy; and the “built-in” institutional flexibility of Euratom. These factors reduce the number of potential successful policy entrepreneurs and the range of strategies of change. Not only the institutional context but also the defiance among actors has accounted for the particular stability of the European nuclear policy and for the absence of change in goals or objectives: Stability was promoted by veto players, whose actions can be taken into account by the Multiple Streams Framework.Still, the recent problems facing the nuclear sector (growing renewable energy share, economic difficulties) are eroding the conditions of stability and mechanisms of reproduction of the European nuclear institutions. This is reflected in the progressive modification of the Commission’s official positions on nuclear energy, which is no longer included in the energy sources to be developed to meet the EU’s energy objectives.Relying both on the MSF and the historical institutionalism, this PhD shows that change in the European nuclear policy requires the action of a policy entrepreneur, the erosion of reproduction mechanisms and the occurrence of a problem among the priorities of main actors

The 18th of December 2015 the Swedish parliament approved a change in migration policy, allowing for the government to implement ID- controls at the Swedish border. The policy change was put forward in a, for Sweden, unusual way in that, that it happened quickly, deviated from standard procedure and represented a different stance than the one previously held by the government. By applying an evolved version of the multiple streams framework, originally put forth by Kingdon (2003), I seek to find an explanation for why this policy change occured. A description of the different components of the theoretical framework, as they appear in this specific case, is provided through an analysis of different kinds of government publications and documents, along with articles from the press and public opinion polls. The results of the study indicates that a change in the problem stream opened a policy window of oppurtunity for the government, in the form of a policy entrepreneur, to push for their policy solution, in adherence to the change in the national mood. The study further points to a discussion concerning the salience of this kind of theoretical contextualisation in cases like this one.

This study seeks to examine whether the Corona pandemic has potential to serve as a focusing event for the problem of insufficient governmental action on climate change mitigation. The study is built on the Multiple Streams Framework by John W. Kingdon, with a main focus on the focusing event theory. According to this, focusing events can come in three forms: as crises and disasters, personal experiences of policymakers, and as symbols. Kingdon’s theoretical discussions, alongside my own developments of his work, provides the basis for a set of analytical questions through which the answer to the research question is provided. The analysis reveals that while the pandemic indeed can be considered a crisis or disaster and personal experiences of policymakers, establishing whether these could focus attention to the specific problem of insufficient governmental action on climate change mitigation requires further research, as the perceived cause of the crisis or disaster and personal experience must be established. However, the paper finds that the pandemic indeed has potential to serve as a symbol for the specific insufficient governmental action, for instance by stressing that deforestation increases the risk of zoonotic outbreaks, such as the Corona pandemic.

Despite the existence of land use and environmental protection policies designed to provide guidance on land development, some projects can still be contentious. As the number of Muslims and mosques in the United States are increasing, little is known about the problematic conditions that Muslims may experience when attempting to site a new mosque, community center, or cemetery. The purpose of this study was to develop a deeper understanding about the experiences and perceptions of those involved in the failed siting of a controversial mosque, community center, and cemetery project in a U.S. West Coast state. The multiple streams framework was used to examine the problem, politics, and policy streams that occurred throughout the case. The research question addressed the key elements that led to community protests and the ensuing state lawsuit. A qualitative case study design was used to analyze literature, news reports, government reports, and the loosely-structured interviews of 15 purposefully-selected community stakeholders. The interview data were coded and categorized for thematic analysis. Results indicated that navigating the politics stream was especially difficult for the mosque applicants because they did not anticipate much resistance and were unaware of community members' concerns about water table contamination. Implications for positive social change include providing policy makers with insight into conflict that may arise in the siting of a mosque, community center, or cemetery and potentially reducing conflict between Muslims and non-Muslims.

The Swedish Defence bill of 2015 demonstrated a rapid change in policy objectives, consequently moving away from an expeditionary force and converging into a territorial defence force. Previous research has attributed and explained the quick shift to the geostrategic unbalance that followed after the illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014. Yet, major policy changes are often years in the making, indicating that there must be additional explanations to the rapid shift. By applying a modified version of John Kingdon’s (2011) Multiple Streams Framework on the case of Sweden changing its security and defence policy, this thesis examines the policy process that preceded the official policy decision. The thesis provides further explanation to why the rapid policy change occurred by utilising qualitative content analysis. The analysis shows that the new policy was adopted due to several factors: one being the attention brought to several problems pertaining to the previous policy, another one was found in the timing between focusing events and the on-going work process of the Swedish defence commission, and lastly, strong actors within the policy field were in favour of a change in policy. The thesis concludes that the presence of several factors within the processes of politics, policy and problems enabled the rapid policy change.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur kriser påverkar policyförändring. För att undersöka detta ska Livsmedelsverkets hantering av ett fall av upprepade livsmedelsfusk på ICA-butiker runt om i Sverige användas. Fallet ska analyseras ur en teori kallad The Multiple Streams Framework utvecklad av Kingdon som förklarar att förändring kräver en rubbning i en av tre strömmar kallade problem-, politik- och policyström. Om en rubbning sker i någon av dessa strömmar kan frågor som kräver förändring bli kända för beslutsfattare som sedan kan genomföra förändringen. Studiens analys visar att hur en händelse eller ett problem tolkas och upplevs har betydelse för hur det sedan hanteras och hur förändringsprocessen ser ut. Livsmedelsverkets tolkning av fallet var sådan att det endast berörde ICA och deras varumärke. Detta ledde till att inga aktioner ut över det vanliga vidtogs och inga förändringar ägde rum. Studiens slutsatser ger ett resultat som tyder på att problemströmmen – huruvida man tolkar en händelse som ett problem som kräver en lösning eller ej – spelar en större roll i förändringsprocessen än de andra strömmarna. Hur man tolkar en händelse har inspelningar på hur man uppfattar samhällets stämning – politikströmmen – och hur den interna debatten förs – policyströmmen. Detta vore intressant och undersöka vidare i fortsatt forskning.

In order to understand how policies are made, analysts need to be able to explain and describe the policy making process. This is a complex task due to the variety and complexity of policy making environments. The difficulty lies in accounting for the multiple actors who come and go, differing preferences, and impending problems and solutions sets which vary by policy environment. Therefore, there is a need to approach the understanding of policy processes from several different theoretical perspectives to aid in evaluating the multifaceted variations which ultimately affect policy making. An improved description of processes can lead to more accurate predictions of possible future policies, improved advocacy efforts, and enhanced problem solving. Two policy process frameworks, the Multiple Stream Framework (MSF) and the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, were applied to a recent significant change in science policy. An understanding is developed to explain how federal science funding survived within the highly controversial and costly American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA). The volatile and unpredictable nature of science policy lends itself well to the MSF, while the more static IAD is less useful to explain how and why the funds stayed in the bill. This is telling about the scope and adaptability of the two frameworks, where each may be better suited for different policy environments. The MSF being more appropriate for unstable and capricious policy issues and the IAD better matched for policy issues which have a somewhat more stable environment.

Tese de Doutoramento em Administração Pública, Especialidade em Administração e Políticas Públicas
A economia digital, fruto da fusão das tecnologias de informação e de comunicação, tem sido responsável por grandes ganhos de produtividade na nossa sociedade, ao mesmo tempo que impõe desafios aos governos nacionais, em particular na esfera tributária. Partindo do pressuposto de que a tributação é, em si mesma, uma importante política pública, este trabalho tem como objetivo central compreender o processo de agendamento e formulação das políticas públicas para a tributação da economia digital, através da aplicação de modelos de análise às iniciativas em curso no Brasil e na União Europeia (UE). Para que fosse possível o cumprimento do objetivo supramencionado, o esforço de pesquisa desdobrou-se em três frentes principais: (i) a caraterização da economia digital e dos seus impactos nas políticas fiscais; (ii) a análise das principais políticas públicas para a tributação digital em discussão e em implementação no Brasil e na União Europeia, bem como em alguns outros Estados selecionados, e (iii) a realização de dois estudos de caso, do Brasil e da União Europeia, procurando compreender os condicionantes do processo de formação de agenda para o tema, com o auxílio dos modelos teóricos dos Múltiplos Fluxos e do Equilíbrio Pontuado. O estudo dos novos modelos de negócio da economia digital mostrou que as suas características específicas, tais como a geração de valor a partir dos dados dos utilizadores e a capacidade de operar em mercados com consumidores à distância, exigem uma verdadeira reformulação do arcabouço tributário internacional. Entretanto, as políticas públicas para o tema no âmbito internacional têm sido marcadas pela polarização entre os Estados que sediam as grandes empresas digitais e aqueles que possuem os mercados consumidores nos quais estas atuam. Neste sentido, a União Europeia tem tido uma posição paradigmática em defesa de uma maior tributação dos negócios digitais nos Estados onde se encontram os consumidores. Já no Brasil, dono de um sistema tributário complexo e descentralizado, as principais medidas para a tributação digital têm sido marcadas pelo incrementalismo e pela sedimentação institucional, na forma da interpretação da legislação tributária vigente e da sua aplicação aos negócios digitais, o que gera instabilidade jurídica e disputas federativas. Por fim, o estudo do processo político de agendamento da tributação digital mostrou condicionantes diferentes para cada caso. Na Europa, a crise de 2008, que gerou políticas de austeridade e a necessidade de procura de novas bases tributárias, associada à frequente divulgação de escândalos fiscais por parte das grandes empresas digitais, criou o “humor nacional” de injustiça fiscal e permitiu o agendamento do tema na forma da proposta de imposto digital lançada pela Comissão Europeia em 2018. Neste caso, também contribuíram o processo de procura por arenas políticas dentro das instituições da UE, por parte dos Estados europeus com maiores mercados consumidores, e a falha na procura de consenso internacional, a cargo da OCDE, que criou uma “janela de políticas públicas” para a colocação da proposta europeia. Por outro lado, no Brasil, foi observado uma falta de diagnóstico para a problema que decorre, de entre outros fatores, do desfasamento dos efeitos da crise de 2008 no Estado e das crises político-económicas recentes, que impediram maiores debates sobre o tema, aliada a uma grande fragmentação institucional decorrente da própria estrutura federativa e da matriz tributária nacional. Além disso, o debate sobre uma reforma tributária geral no Estado, retomado em 2019 a partir de um novo mandato presidencial de cunho reformista, tem sido marcado pela “imagem política” da simplificação e diminuição da carga tributária, o que impede uma maior discussão sobre propostas de tributação específicas para o setor digital.
The digital economy, the result of the fusion of information and communication technologies, has been responsible for important productivity gains in our society, while imposing challenges on national governments, particularly in the taxation field. Based on the assumption that taxation is, in itself, an important public policy, this work has the central objective of understanding the agenda setting process and policy formulation for public policies for the taxation of the digital economy, through the application of analysis models to initiatives ongoing in Brazil and in the European Union (EU). In order to make it possible to achieve the aforementioned objective, the research effort unfolded on three main fronts: (i) the characterization of the digital economy and its impacts on fiscal policies; (ii) the analysis of the main public policies for digital taxation under discussion and being implemented in Brazil and in the European Union, as well as in some other selected States, and (iii) the realization of two case studies, with respect to Brazil and the European Union, seeking to understand the constraints of the agenda setting process for the theme, with the application of the theoretical models of Multiple Flows and Punctuated Equilibrium. The study of new business models in the digital economy has shown that their specific characteristics, such as the generation of value from user data and the ability to operate in markets with remote consumers, require a real reformulation of the international taxation framework. However, public policies for the topic at the international level have been marked by the polarization between States that host large digital companies and those that have the consumer markets in which they operate. In this sense, the European Union has taken a paradigmatic position in defense of greater taxation of digital businesses in States where consumers are located. In Brazil, which owns a complex and decentralized tax system, the main measures for digital taxation have been marked by incrementalism and institutional sedimentation, in the form of the interpretation of current tax legislation and its application to digital businesses, which creates legal instability and federative disputes. Finally, the study of the agenda setting process for digital taxation showed different determinants for each case. In Europe, the 2008 crisis, which generated austerity policies and the need to search for new tax bases, associated with the frequent disclosure of tax scandals by large digital companies, created the “national mood” of tax injustice and allowed the agenda setting for the theme in the form of the digital tax proposal launched by the European Commission in 2018. In this case, other factors that contributed to the agenda setting were the process of venue shopping within the EU institutions, by European countries with larger consumer markets, and the failure in the pursuit of international consensus, in charge of the OECD, which created a “policy window” for the placement of the European proposal. On the other hand, in Brazil, there is a lack of diagnosis for the problem that relates, among other factors, from the lag of the effects of the 2008 crisis in the State and from the recent political-economic crises, which prevented further debates on the topic, combined with a great institutional fragmentation resulting from the federative structure and from the national tax matrix. In addition, the debate on general tax reform in the State, resumed in 2019 as result of a new reformist presidential mandate, has been marked by the “policy image” of simplifying and reducing the tax burden, which prevents further discussion on specific tax proposals for the digital sector.
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L’objectif de cette thèse en science politique est d’analyser l’influence de l’Union européenne (UE) sur les politiques de santé électronique nationales, autrement appelées ‘politiques d’e-santé’. En effet, depuis plusieurs années, l’UE développe des instruments visant à favoriser l’introduction des technologies de l’information et de la communication dans l’organisation des soins, bien qu’elle ne dispose pas de compétences dans ce domaine. L’argument central de cette recherche est le suivant : les usages sélectifs et stratégiques des instruments européens sont le vecteur principal de l’Européanisation des politiques publiques nationales. Cette hypothèse est testée à l’aide d’une analyse comparative de trois cas : les politiques d’e-santé en France, en Autriche et en Irlande.Au travers des usages, l’Union européenne est susceptible d’affecter directement le contenu des politiques publiques, les jeux de pouvoirs des acteurs politiques et institutionnels, ou encore la hiérarchisation des problèmes de politique publique. Cette thèse montre que trois éléments sont nécessaires pour créer des conditions favorables au développement de multiples usages de l’UE : l’existence d’un intérêt des acteurs à puiser au sein de ressources externes au niveau national, une relation positive à l’Union européenne, et une structure suffisamment diversifiée des instruments européens. Si ces conditions sont remplies, l’influence de l’Union européenne peut se manifester à tous les stades de développement de la politique publique. Pour prendre en compte cette diversité empirique des usages, un modèle d’analyse des politiques publiques basé sur la théorie des courants multiples est proposé. Ce modèle permet de caractériser précisément l’influence causale de l’Union européenne dans les processus de construction des politiques publiques nationales
The aim of this PhD thesis is to understand how the European Union (EU) may affect domestic electronic health (‘eHealth’) politics and policies despite its lack of competence in this area. Over the past years, the EU has supported the use of information and communication technologies within healthcare systems through the development of numerous instruments. The key argument of this research is that selective and strategic uses of European instruments by domestic actors are the core mechanisms of Europeanisation. This hypothesis is tested using a comparative analysis of eHealth policies in France, Austria and Ireland.Through actors ‘usage’, the EU is likely to affect the content of public policies, power games between policy actors, or the prioritisation of policy problems. This thesis shows that three conditions explain the appearance of various instances of EU usage at the domestic level: the presence of a strong interest for actors to use external resources in their political work, a positive relationship to the European level, and a diversified structure of European instruments. If these conditions are met, the EU influence is likely to occur at every stage of the policy development process. To take into account the empirical variety of EU usage, a new model based on the multiple streams framework is presented. This model allows for an accurate definition of EU causal influence in the domestic policy-making processes

Les Aliances Públiques Privades han constituït una estratègia adoptada pels governs per compartir responsabilitat, controlar costos i augmentar l'eficiència a través de la implementació de mecanismes de competència. L'educació no és una excepció, però les respostes han estat diferenciades entre països. Intentar comprendre com la gestió de les escoles surt de l'esfera de l'estat i passa a les mans dels privats, va ser el malnom d'aquesta tesi. A partir de l'enteniment que no n'hi ha prou a crear un context legislatiu favorable per garantir l'aplicació de les polítiques, s'ha intentat identificar que altres variables influencien la possibilitat d'establiment d'aquest tipus d'acords, que va ser mesurat pel nombre d'escoles gestionades per entitats privades, però pagades per l'estat En aquest sentit, i partint de la Teoria dels Fluxos Múltiples quals destaca la interacció entre polítiques, problemes, actors polítics i emprenedors, es va desenvolupar un algoritme que permet determinar quines configuracions observables durant la fase d'adopció de polítiques que condueixen a un augment de possibilitat d'aplicació. L'anàlisi qualitativa i quantitativa dels casos empírics mostra que diversos tipus d'associacions públic-privades s'han implementat bé a Anglaterra des dels anys 80, després d'una llarga caminada d'adaptació i perseverança. A Portugal s'han produït menys experiència, tots els quals apareixien les seves arrels en el desequilibri de la discussió entre la demanda i l'oferta, en el qual el sector privat es limita a reemplaçar temporalment l'oferta pública, el que porta a una reducció de la presència d'aquest tipus d'associació. Les diferències d'implementació verificades són el resultat de configuracions diferents en el moment de la legislació, atès que l'equilibri entre les diferents dimensions condiciona la possibilitat d'assolir els objectius. Aquesta conclusió apunta al fet que és possible mitigar la ineficiència de la legislació si la configuració de les diferents variables propostes es considera durant la fase d'adopció de polítiques. Els punts febles de les diverses dimensions han de ser reconeguts i corregits. Perseverança, redisseny de política, emprenedors actius i un escenari polític favorable, són aspectes crucials perquè aquest tipus de política pugui tenir major possibilitat d'arribar a ser acceptable a llarg termini.
Las Alianzas Públicas Privadas han constituido una estrategia adoptada por los gobiernos para compartir responsabilidad, controlar costos y aumentar la eficiencia a través de la implementación de mecanismos de competencia. La educación no es una excepción, sin embargo las respuestas han sido diferenciadas entre países. Intentar comprender cómo la gestión de las escuelas sale de la esfera del estado y pasa a las manos de los privados, fue el mote de esta tesis. A partir del entendimiento de que no basta crear un contexto legislativo favorable para garantizar la aplicación de las políticas, se ha intentado identificar que otras variables influencian la posibilidad de establecimiento de este tipo de acuerdos, que fue medido por el número de escuelas gestionadas por entidades privadas, pero pagadas por el estado En este sentido, y partiendo de la Teoría de los Flujos Múltiples que destaca la interacción entre políticas, problemas, actores políticos y emprendedores, se desarrolló un algoritmo que permite determinar qué configuraciones observables durante la fase de adopción de políticas que conducen a un aumento de posibilidad de aplicación. El análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de los casos empíricos muestra que diversos tipos de asociaciones público-privadas se han implementado bien en Inglaterra desde los años 80, tras una larga caminata de adaptación y perseverancia. En Portugal se han producido menos experiencia, todos los cuales aparecían sus raíces en el desequilibrio de la discusión entre la demanda y la oferta, en el que el sector privado se limita a reemplazar temporalmente la oferta pública, lo que lleva a una reducción de la presencia de este tipo de asociación. Las diferencias de implementación verificadas son el resultado de configuraciones distintas en el momento de la legislación, dado que el equilibrio entre las diferentes dimensiones condiciona la posibilidad de alcanzar los objetivos. Esta conclusión apunta al hecho de que es posible mitigar la ineficiencia de la legislación si la configuración de las diferentes variables propuestas se considera durante la fase de adopción de políticas. Los puntos débiles de las diversas dimensiones deben ser reconocidos y corregidos. Perseverancia, rediseño de política, emprendedores activos y un escenario político favorable, son aspectos cruciales para que este tipo de política pueda tener mayor posibilidad de llegar a ser aceptable a largo plazo.
Public-Private Partnerships have been a strategy adopted by governments to share responsibility with the private sector, control public spending and enhance efficiency through market competition. Education has been no exception to this trend, yet it happens differently across the countries. In this thesis, the aim was to understand how various parts of the education system have been transferred to private entities. The observation that encouraging legislation is far from being enough to warrant that schools move into the hands of private providers, implied that other variables might influence the possibility of policy establishment, here measured by the growth in the number of schools that are directed by private entities while paid by the state. Based on the Multiple Streams Framework variables, which emphasises the interaction of policy, problems, politics, and entrepreneurs, an algorithm was developed to reveal the configurations that, at the legislative moment, favour the establishment of policies. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of empirical cases show that the number of schools under Public-Private Partnership agreements increased substantially in England since the 80s, following a long path of adjustment and perseverance, while in Portugal the few experiences that subsist are strongly supported on the imbalance between demand and supply, as private providers are called for temporarily replacing the state. These different outcomes are a result of distinct configurations achieved at the time of legislation, as the equilibrium among the diverse policy dimensions influences the possibility of policy goal achievement. This conclusion points to the fact that legislation inefficiency can be mitigated if the required configuration is carefully assessed at the time of policy adoption, and the identification of weak points is recognised and corrected. Stakeholders perseverance, policy re-designing, active entrepreneurs and a favourable political scenario are crucial aspects for increasing the possibility of long-term policy acceptability.

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Esta pesquisa investiga como ocorre o processo de formação de agenda de smart city através do estudo da Iniciativa de Cidades Emergentes e Sustentáveis do Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento (ICES-BID), no município de Vitória (Espírito Santo, Brasil). Com esse objetivo, compõem este estudo as revisões de literatura de formação de agenda, smart cities e ajuda internacional. Foram entrevistados doze gestores, que participaram da Iniciativa, em nove entrevistas, as quais foram transcritas e codificadas no software Atlas TI©, seguindo as categorias dos fluxos múltiplos (KINGDON, 1995) e framework multinível (POZZEBON; DINIZ; JAYO, 2009). O principal resultado mostrou que, no contexto do caso estudado, o papel das agências multilaterais como agências financiadoras de smart cities influencia os fluxos, sendo relevante olhar para o fenômeno de modo complementar através das lentes do framework multinível.
This research investigates how the smart city agenda-setting process occurs through the study of the Inter-American Development Bank's Initiative for Emerging and Sustainable Cities (ICES-IDB), in the city of Vitória (Espírito Santo, Brazil). To this end, this study compiles the literature reviews of agenda-setting, smart cities and foreign-aid. Twelve managers, who participated in the Initiative, were interviewed in nine interviews, which were transcribed and coded in Atlas TI © software, following the multiple streams categories (KINGDON, 1995) and multilevel framework (POZZEBON; DINIZ; JAYO, 2009). The main result showed that, in the context of the case studied, the role of multilateral agencies as funding agencies of smart cities influences the streams, being relevant to look at the phenomenon in a complementary way through the lenses of the multilevel framework.

This study has aimed to examine the rapid change in the issue of the Swedish conscription. In the year 2009 the government decided to abandon the national conscription and replace it with a professional army. However, in 2014 the minister of defence announced that the government would investigate the possibilities of bringing the national conscription back. John Kingdons Multiple Stream Theory aims to reveal the process of “knowing when an idea ́s time has come”, and has been applied to several policyprocesses spanning over a longer time-period. This study has a twofold purpose: to examine whether the theory can be applied to a case of rapid policy change and whether it can help explain a case of rapid change in existing policy. The method chosen in this study is processtracing through a qualitative method. The study concludes that the theory is indeed applicable to a case of rapid policy change and that the content and nature of the problemstream (what appears to be the problem) can be one explanation to rapid change in existing policy.

The theme of the diploma thesis is the policy-making process, specifically the process of making of the National Action Plan for Positive Ageing for the Period 2013 - 2017. It's about exploring its creation from the viewpoint of active members of the Government Council for Seniors and Population Ageing, who was discussing it at meetings. The theoretical framework - Multiple Streams Framework deals with the aspect of policy entrepreneurs. Using qualitative, semi-structured interviews and then analysis of qualitative data, it was possible to explore the means, used by policy entrepreneurs to promote their ideas at meetings. This diploma thesis does not only study the creation of an action plan, but also the identification of policy entrepreneurs, through document analysis. After that were analysed primary data from interviews with members of the Government Council for Seniors and Population Ageing, who had been appointed by The Ministry of labour and social affairs. The studied, strategic document is the answer to the demographic ageing phenomenon the population of the Czech Republic.

"The work deals with the policy-making process of the same sex marriage policy. The policy is very controversial and represents a clash of values between the conservatives, which advocate and recognize only male and female marriage, and the liberals, which stand for the equalization of the same sex marriage Framing the issue by the Multiple Stream Framework helps to explain how the decision-making process went, why the resulting marriage policy allows (or does not allow) same sex couples to get married and who claims credit for the result."

This diploma thesis deals with the process of creating an Audiovisual Act in the context of the transformation of audiovisual legislation in the Czech Republic after 1989. Although there was increasing pressure on change over time, as the original legislation did not reflect the epoch and was inadequate, this process lasted almost twenty years. The aim of the thesis is to understand the dynamics of the change in the process of creating audiovisual legislation, focusing on Act No. 496/2012 Coll. Next, identify the actors and factors that have had the greatest impact on policy change. To do so, this work uses and applies the theoretical framework of the Multiple Streams Framework, through which it sets the basic prerequisites for research. The methodological approach is a qualitative research and a research design of a single-case study. In terms of data collection, the text is based on six expert semi-structured interviews that form the base of primary research. Subsequent data are in the form of various documents, studies, press and annual reports, stenographies from the Chamber of Deputies, or, for example, the talk shows in which the process was discussed. Data analysis was conducted using thematic coding technique. Audiovisual legislation entered the political agenda in 2006, but it did not...

This diploma thesis is a case study dealing with the role of the European Union in the adoption of the Czech Civil Service Act in 2014. The author follows the question why the Act was adopted ten years after the Czech Republic joined the European Union. The first part of the thesis deals with the European administrative area and individual models of public administration in Europe. It also discusses the use of various forms of influencing the policies of the member states with different instruments. Further, the work analyzes the development of the service law in the Czech Republic and examines the strategies and approaches of the main actors in the legislative process. In order to find out how the issue was framed by political actors, the individual verbal speeches at the plenary sittings of the Czech Parliament are examined. In the last part, the findings are generalized to represent individual strategies and the dynamics of their change. In order to respond to the research goal, the data is interpreted on the basis of the Multiple Streams Framework, demonstrating a change in the status quo in the field of public service performance regulation.

A formação da agenda dos governos – agenda-setting – é um passo crucial no desenvolvimento de políticas públicas uma vez que a ação dos governos pressupõe o reconhecimento de um problema público sobre o qual se entende ser necessário e legítimo agir. Neste sentido, a presente dissertação visa compreender o processo de agendamento e de formulação da política pública que regulamenta as medidas de proteção e promoção das crianças e jovens em perigo aplicadas em meio natural de vida, a saber o Decreto-Lei nº 12/2008. Para tal, utiliza-se uma abordagem teórica baseada no Modelo dos Fluxos Múltiplos (Multiple Streams Framework), de John Kingdon, com o intuito de identificar, descrever e analisar as relações entre atores, problemas, soluções propostas e condições políticas que possibilitaram o surgimento do Decreto-Lei nº 12/2008. Tratando-se de um estudo de cariz fortemente qualitativo, associado a uma metodologia de estudo de caso, optou-se, por um lado, pela recolha e análise dos principais documentos produzidos pelo XVII Governo Constitucional em matéria de proteção social de crianças e jovens em perigo e aplicação das medidas em meio natural de vida, assim como outros documentos pertinentes sobre a temática. Para além disso, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas aos principais decisores políticos responsáveis pela realização do DL 12/2008. Concluímos que a Regulamentação das Medidas de Proteção aplicadas em Meio Natural de Vida ascendeu à agenda do XVII Governo Constitucional através de uma janela de oportunidade criada pelo fluxo de um problema premente no funcionamento do Sistema de Proteção de Crianças e Jovens em Perigo. Para a abertura desta janela muito contribuiu ainda um contexto político favorável à mudança. Neste ambiente propício, salienta-se a ação de um particular grupo de atores, os empreendedores políticos, que desejam ver a sua solução específica plasmada na agenda do Governo. São eles que, ao aproveitar a janela de oportunidade, conseguem avançar uma proposta de agendamento, conjugando os fluxos dos problemas, soluções e contexto político, tomando assim o papel de variável interveniente neste processo.
The national agenda-setting process is a crucial step in the development of public policies since Governments see their actions towards recognised public problems as necessary and legitimated. This dissertation aims to understand the agenda-setting process and policy formation of the decision that regulates the protective measures against child abuse and neglect, applied in their natural living environment, namely the Decree-Law no. 12/2008. To this end, we make use of the theoretical approach developed by John Kingdon, the Multiple Streams Framework, in order to identify and better comprehend the relations between different actors, perceived problems, policy alternatives and political conditions that made it possible for the Decree-Law no. 12/2008 to appear. This study has a highly qualitative nature, associated with a case study methodology. For that reason, we decided, on the one hand, to collect and analyze key documents produced by the XVII Constitutional Government related to the current model of Protection of Children and Young People in Danger and to the protective measures applied in their natural living environment, as well as other relevant documents on the subject. In addition, we conducted semi-structured interviews to key policy decision makers, responsible for coordinating the work involving the formulation of DL 12/2008. We conclude that the Regulation of the Protective Measures against Child Abuse and Neglect applied in their Natural Living Environment (Decree-Law no. 12/2008) ascended to the XVII Constitutional Governments’ agenda through a policy window created by a pressing problem within the model of Protection of Children and Young People in Danger. To the opening of this window very much contributed some favorable political conditions. In this propitious environment, we highlight the action of a particular group of actors, entrepreneurs, who advocate their own proposals. It is this group of entrepreneurs who, by seizing the open policy window, push attention to their pet solutions, proceeding to the coupling of the three streams and taking the role of intervening variable in this agenda setting process.

Public-Private Partnerships have been a strategy adopted by governments to share responsibility with the private sector, control public spending and enhance efficiency through market competition. Education has been no exception to this trend, yet it happens differently across the countries. In this thesis, the aim was to understand how various parts of the education system have been transferred to private entities. The observation that encouraging legislation is far from being enough to warrant that schools move into the hands of private providers, implied that other variables might influence the possibility of policy establishment, here measured by the growth in the number of schools that are directed by private entities while paid by the state. Based on the Multiple Streams Framework variables, which emphasises the interaction of policy, problems, politics, and entrepreneurs, an algorithm was developed to reveal the configurations that, at the legislative moment, favour the establishment of policies. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of empirical cases show that the number of schools under PublicPrivate Partnership agreements increased substantially in England since the 80s, following a long path of adjustment and perseverance, while in Portugal the few experiences that subsist are strongly supported on the imbalance between demand and supply, as private providers are called for temporarily replacing the state. These different outcomes are a result of distinct configurations achieved at the time of legislation, as the equilibrium among the diverse policy dimensions influences the possibility of policy goal achievement. This conclusion points to the fact that legislation inefficiency can be mitigated if the required configuration is carefully assessed at the time of policy adoption, and the identification of weak points is recognised and corrected. Stakeholders perseverance, policy re-designing, active entrepreneurs and a favourable political scenario are crucial aspects for increasing the possibility of long-term policy acceptability.
As Parcerias Publico Privadas têm constituído uma estratégia adotada pelos governos por forma a partilhar responsabilidade, controlar custos e aumentar a eficiência através da implementação de mecanismos de concorrência. A educação não é exceção, no entanto as respostas têm sido diferenciadas entre países. Tentar compreender o modo como a gestão das escolas sai da esfera do estado e passa para as mãos dos privados, foi o mote desta tese. Partindo do entendimento de que não basta criar um contexto legislativo favorável para garantir a implementação das políticas, procurou-se identificar que outras variáveis influenciam a possibilidade de estabelecimento deste tipo de acordos, que foi medido pelo número de escolas geridas por entidades privadas, mas pagas pelo estado. Neste sentido, e partindo da Teoria dos Fluxos Múltiplos que destaca a interação entre políticas, problemas, atores políticos e empreendedores, desenvolveu-se um algoritmo que permite determinar quais as configurações observáveis durante a fase de adoção de políticas que conduzem a um aumento de possibilidade de implementação. A análise qualitativa e quantitativa dos casos empíricos mostra que diversos tipos de parcerias público-privadas foram bem implementados em Inglaterra desde os anos 80, na sequência de uma longa caminhada de adaptação e perseverança. Em Portugal têm existido menos experiências, sendo que todas elas surgiram ancoradas no argumento do desequilíbrio entre procura e oferta, onde a iniciativa privada se limita a substituir temporariamente a oferta pública, conduzindo a uma reduzida presença deste tipo de parcerias. As diferenças de implementação verificadas são resultado de configurações distintas no momento da legislação, dado que o equilíbrio entre as diferentes dimensões condiciona a possibilidade de se atingirem os objetivos. Esta conclusão aponta para o facto de ser possível mitigar a ineficiência da legislação se a configuração das diferentes variáveis propostas for considerada durante a fase de adoção de políticas. Os pontos fracos das diversas dimensões devem ser reconhecidos e corrigidos. Perseverança, redesenho de política, empreendedores ativos e um cenário político favorável, são aspetos cruciais para que este tipo de política possa ter maior possibilidade de se tornar aceitável no longo prazo.

The study of well-being has a long history of investigation from a nomothetic (between-person) perspective that aimed to understand characteristic levels of well-being and individual difference variables that account for stable differences across people. Recent investigations have demonstrated that levels of well-being have the capacity to rapidly fluctuate within people over short intervals and also exhibit slower changes over longer intervals, highlighting the importance of considering the ideographic (within-person) nature of well-being. The aim of this dissertation was to help build on such within-person understanding by demonstrating how theories of well-being may be empirically evaluated using innovative research designs (e.g., intensive repeated measurement designs) and analytic techniques (e.g., multilevel structural equation models [MSEM]) that can fully capture the complexity and dynamic nature of well-being. Three distinct research studies employing intensive repeated measurement designs and an MSEM analytic framework addressed a variety of research questions concerning intra- and inter-individual predictors of well-being. Study one (Chapter 2) simultaneously examined the multilevel moderation and mediation effects of cognitive interference on stress reactivity estimated in a 14-day daily diary design. Study two (Chapter 3) utilized measurement burst data from a large U.S. sample of adults, assessed across multiple time-scales, to examine long-term changes in short-term within-person associations. Random within-person slopes were specified as exogenous predictor variables of individual differences in global levels of psychological well-being. Study three (Chapter 4) used simulation data to examine the conditions where specifying within-person measurement scales as latent variables compared to unit-weighted composite scores optimized detection of within-person effects. This dissertation demonstrates the importance of innovative design and analysis to appropriately model and understand the complex, dynamic associations that operate within and across individuals in predicting their experiences of well-being.
Graduate
2019-05-14

O processo que conduziu à despenalização da interrupção voluntária de gravidez por opção da mulher culminou com o agendamento de um referendo à população em 2007. Para tal contribuíram vários fatores políticos e sociais analisados à luz da Teoria dos Fluxos Múltiplos de Kingdom. Destaca-se o fluxo do problema social e de saúde pública associado à ocorrência de abortos clandestinos na sociedade portuguesa até então. A Lei 16/2007 visou eliminar tal situação da nossa sociedade, mas existe evidência robusta de que barreiras como a objeção de consciência de profissionais de saúde contribuem para a ausência de resposta de alguns serviços públicos para o procedimento, causando constrangimentos que afetam, especialmente, mulheres em situação de desfavorecimento. Concorrem para essas barreiras outros fatores como prazos curtos para o procedimento, períodos de reflexão obrigatórios ou a estigmatização face às mulheres e profissionais disponíveis para a realização do procedimento, aspetos que podem levar à perpetuação da opção por aborto clandestino. Para investigar essas evidências, analisaram-se dados disponíveis nos relatórios anuais da Direção Geral da Saúde, dados provenientes da plataforma de registo de Interrupções da referida DG e estatísticas respeitantes às complicações pós-aborto. Simultaneamente foram realizadas entrevistas e focus group com profissionais de ONG especialistas que intervém com a comunidade e a profissionais de saúde da área da ginecologia, obstetrícia e planeamento familiar. Foi recolhida uma história de vida acerca do aborto clandestino. As evidências permitem refletir acerca da implementação da lei e dão pistas para o seu futuro debate.
The process that led to the decriminalization of abortion on request ended in the scheduling of a referendum in 2007. Several political and social factors analysed by the spectrum of the Kingdom's Multiple Stream Framework contributed to it. Especially the problem stream linked to the social and public health consequences of clandestine abortions in Portuguese society until then. The Law 16/2007 aimed to eliminate this situation from our society, but there is evidence that barriers such as conscientious objection of health professionals contribute to the lack of response of some public services to the procedure, causing embarrassments that affect especially women in a disadvantaged situation. Other barriers include short deadlines for the procedure, mandatory reflection periods or stigmatization regarding women and professionals available to perform the procedure, aspects that may lead to the perpetuation of the option for clandestine abortion. To investigate this evidence, data available in the annual reports of the Direção Geral de Saúde, data from its abortion registration platform and statistics on post abortion complications were analysed. Simultaneously, interviews and focus groups were conducted with NGO’s specialist professionals and health professionals in the area of gynaecology, obstetrics and family planning. A life story on clandestine abortion was collected. Such data allow reflections about the law implementation and give clues for its future debate.

The diploma thesis deals with the mapping of the amendment to the law concerning the introduction of fare discounts for students and seniors with a focus on the fourth phase of the political cycle - implementation. The main goal of this work is based on the theoretical concept of the Multiple Stream Framework and aimed to identify the key reasons why the petitioners justified the adoption of the enactment of discounts in public transport. The main research questions focused on the opportunity window, the strategies used by the proposers to obtain support, the specific reasons for approving this amendment and its financial feasibility. The main goal was supplemented by a sub-goal, which was focused on the comparison of political and media discourse with the help of media analysis. The work is divided into three main parts - the first of them describes the nature of the Multiple Stream Framework and also describes the strategies that are used by actors to gain support for their proposal. The second part is focused on the methodology - it lists the set goals, sub-objectives, research questions and the method of data analysis. The third part contains research, which is divided into individual streams of theory, which are the stream of problems, the stream of politics and the stream of public policies....