Academic literature on the topic 'Multiple Waste Heat Sources'
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Journal articles on the topic "Multiple Waste Heat Sources"
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Cui, Ziyuan, Hai Lin, Yan Wu, Yufei Wang, and Xiao Feng. "Optimization of Pipeline Network Layout for Multiple Heat Sources Distributed Energy Systems Considering Reliability Evaluation." Processes 9, no. 8 (2021): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081308.
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Due to the target of carbon neutrality, energy saving has become more important than ever. At the same time, the widespread use of distributed energy systems and the regional utilization of industrial waste heat leads to the existence of multiple heat sources in an area. Therefore, how to design an economical and reliable pipeline network to meet energy-saving demand under multiple heat source conditions becomes a problem. In this work, an optimization method is established to determine the optimal pipeline network topology with minimum total annual cost. In this optimization method, Star tree algorithm, Kruskal algorithm and GeoSteiner algorithm are combined with a linear programming model to establish a distributed energy pipeline network for multiple heat sources. The model incorporates Euclidean Steiner Minimum Tree and Rectilinear Steiner Minimum Tree in the consideration of the topology optimization of Distributed Energy System pipeline networks. Four pipeline network topologies, STAR, Minimum Spanning Tree, Euclidean Steiner Minimum Tree and Rectilinear Steiner Minimum Tree, are evaluated in this paper from economic and reliability perspectives. A case extracted from a real industrial park where steam is the medium is used to prove the validity of the model. The optimization results show that a Euclidean Steiner Minimum Tree pipeline network has a lower total annual cost than three other types of pipeline network and ranks second in reliability. Considering the comprehensive economy and reliability, ESMT is the optimal pipeline network type of distributed energy system with steam as the medium.
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Chai, Yaw Wang, and Yoshisato Kimura. "Multiscale microstructure engineering and the development of high performance, environmental friendly, low cost and thermally stable half-Heusler thermoelectric materials." Impact 2020, no. 1 (2020): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.1.65.
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A major challenge of the 21st century is the management of our planetary environment. It's a highly complex issue that permeates every level of our society and our ecosystem. There are multiple outstanding problems that need addressing. Continued use of fossil fuels and the release of global warming gases is leading to global warming and global shifts in weather patterns. Consumption of single use products is causing the twin issues of wasting resources whilst creating massive waste disposal problems. By products from all of these processes pollute the environment with toxic and persistent waste. If these problems are to be solved, a shift in how our global society operates is necessary. Reuse, recycling and achieving maximum efficiency in all processes is vital. Whilst this will necessarily include obvious sources of waste such as plastics, batteries and electrical equipment, it also necessitates the reuse of overlooked waste such as the heat produced in many mechanical and industrial processes. Heat is particularly neglected as a wasted source of energy. Millions of processes, such as chemical manufacture, car engines and electrical equipment, produce heat as part of their normal processing. Typically, this heat is allowed to dissipate into the environment and is often actively removed for the efficient and safe management of the process. However, if even a tiny portion of this heat could be captured and turned into a usable form of energy, we could power all sorts of processes. This would save energy and therefore resources that would otherwise be used for power. Professor Yoshisato Kimura and Associate Professor Yaw Wang Chai of the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan are material engineers looking to harness thermoelectric (TE) materials to convert heat into electricity. Specifically, they are interested in TE materials that are capable of remaining stable and generating electricity at high temperatures.
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Magide-Ameijide, José Manuel, Hiram Varela-Rodríguez, and Adolfo López-Fabal. "A New Technique for Improved Use of Thermal Energy from Waste Effluents." Agronomy 10, no. 1 (2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010097.
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Energy sustainability and environmental protection in general are at the heart of engineering and industry discussions. Countless efforts have been devoted to improving the energy efficiency of industrial processes and specifically to harnessing their waste energy sources. One such source is waste from agro-industrial processes, which is frequently characterized by increased temperatures and high polluting potential. There are multiple available choices for exploiting energy from such waste, but this paper proposes a new alternative technique that substantially improves the efficiency. Based on the technology of leveraging a hot liquid effluent for heating a process fluid, this system introduces a third liquid to be revalorized by drying that is placed in between the hot and cold liquids. By adding stirrers inside the heat exchanger, the thermal resistance of the third fluid is reduced to a negligible level. Thus, this system has almost the same advantages as the previous one, but with the added benefit that it allows drying of a third fluid. One of the specific applications of this proposed technology is using heat from waste effluents to obtain dried food products. In the present work, it was used to dry slaughterhouse blood to obtain so-called “blood meal”, a product with a high added value that is used as pet food or organic fertilizer, and also has many other industrial applications. As shown here, the new technique outperforms existing alternatives in terms of energy efficiency and economic profitability.
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Glover, Stephen, Roy Douglas, Mattia De Rosa, Xiaolei Zhang, and Laura Glover. "Simulation of a multiple heat source supercritical ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) for vehicle waste heat recovery." Energy 93 (December 2015): 1568–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.10.004.
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Wang, Xuan, Hua Tian, Fengying Yan, Wei Feng, Rui Wang, and Jiaying Pan. "Optimization of a distributed energy system with multiple waste heat sources and heat storage of different temperatures based on the energy quality." Applied Thermal Engineering 181 (November 2020): 115975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115975.
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Irvine, G., E. R. Lamont, and B. Antizar-Ladislao. "Energy from Waste: Reuse of Compost Heat as a Source of Renewable Energy." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2010 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/627930.
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An in-vessel tunnel composting facility in Scotland was used to investigate the potential for collection and reuse of compost heat as a source of renewable energy. The amount of energy offered by the compost was calculated and seasonal variations analysed. A heat exchanger was designed in order to collect and transfer the heat. This allowed heated water of C to be obtained. The temperature could be further increased to above C by passing it through multiple tunnels in series. Estimated costs for installing and running the system were calculated. In order to analyse these costs alternative solar thermal and ground source heat pump systems were also designed. The levels of supply and economic performance were then compared. A capital cost of 11,662 and operating cost of 1,039 per year were estimated, resulting in a cost of 0.50 per kWh for domestic water and 0.10 per kWh for spatial heat. Using the heat of the compost was found to provide the most reliable level of supply at a similar price to its rivals.
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Redjeb, Youcef, Khatima Kaabeche-Djerafi, Anna Stoppato, and Alberto Benato. "The IRC-PD Tool: A Code to Design Steam and Organic Waste Heat Recovery Units." Energies 14, no. 18 (2021): 5611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185611.
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The Algerian economy and electricity generation sector are strongly dependent on fossil fuels. Over 93% of Algerian exports are hydrocarbons, and approximately 90% of the generated electricity comes from natural gas power plants. However, Algeria is also a country with huge potential in terms of both renewable energy sources and industrial processes waste heat recovery. For these reasons, the government launched an ambitious program to foster renewable energy sources and industrial energy efficiency. In this context, steam and organic Rankine cycles could play a crucial role; however, there is a need for reliable and time-efficient optimization tools that take into account technical, economic, environmental, and safety aspects. For this purpose, the authors built a mathematical tool able to optimize both steam and organic Rankine units. The tool, called Improved Rankine Cycle Plant Designer, was developed in MATLAB environment, uses the Genetic Algorithm toolbox, acquires the fluids thermophysical properties from CoolProp and REFPROP databases, while the safety information is derived from the ASHRAE database. The tool, designed to support the development of both RES and industrial processes waste heat recovery, could perform single or multi-objective optimizations of the steam Rankine cycle layout and of a multiple set of organic Rankine cycle configurations, including the ones which adopt a water or an oil thermal loop. In the case of the ORC unit, the working fluid is selected among more than 120 pure fluids and their mixtures. The turbines’ design parameters and the adoption of a water- or an air-cooled condenser are also optimization results. To facilitate the plant layout and working fluid selection, the economic analysis is performed to better evaluate the plant economic feasibility after the thermodynamic optimization of the cycle. Considering the willingness of moving from a fossil to a RES-based economy, there is a need for adopting plants using low environmental impact working fluids. However, because ORC fluids are subjected to environmental and safety issues, as well as phase out, the code also computes the Total Equivalent Warming Impact, provides safety information using the ASHRAE database, and displays an alert if the organic substance is phased out or is going to be banned. To show the tool’s potentialities and improve the knowledge on waste heat recovery in bio-gas plants, the authors selected an in-operation facility in which the waste heat is released by a 1 MWel internal combustion engine as the test case. The optimization outcomes reveal that the technical, economic, environmental, and safety performance can be achieved adopting the organic Rankine cycle recuperative configuration. The unit, which adopts Benzene as working fluid, needs to be decoupled from the heat source by means of an oil thermal loop. This optimized solution guarantees to boost the electricity production of the bio-gas facility up to 15%.
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Wei, Danchen, Cheng Liu, and Zhongfeng Geng. "Conversion of Low-Grade Heat from Multiple Streams in Methanol to Olefin (MTO) Process Based on Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (2020): 3617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103617.
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The organic rankine cycle (ORC) has been widely used to convert low-grade thermal energy to electricity. The selection of the cycle configuration, working fluid, and operating parameters is crucial for the economic profitability of the ORC system. In the methanol to olefin (MTO) process, multi-stream low-temperature waste heat has not been effectively utilized. The previous study mostly focused on the optimization of a single stream system and rarely considered the comprehensive optimization of multi-stream ORC systems which have multi-temperature heat sources. This paper proposes five kinds of system design schemes, and determines the optimal output work and the highest exergy efficiency through the selection of working fluid and optimization of system parameters. In addition, the influence of mixed working fluid on the thermodynamic performance of the system was also investigated. It is found that there is an optimal evaporation temperature due to the restriction of pinch temperature. At the optimal temperature the ORC system obtains the maximum net output power of 4.95 MW. The optimization results show that the working fluid R227EA selected from seven candidate working fluids shows the optimal thermodynamic performance in all the five design schemes, and obtains the maximum output work and exergy efficiency.
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Karishma Desai, Geetha R. V., and Leslie Rani S. "Hydroclave - A newer method of sterilisation - Review." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (2020): 485–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.3887.
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Hydroclave is a recently introduced technique in the methods of sterilisation. It is a simple method that is affordable by most. This system uses steam to indirectly heat the vessel and dehydrate the waste that is fed into it. It has a variety of features. It has a higher and better degree of sterilisation. The holding time of this vessel is 15 minutes for a cycle. The advantages of using this Hydroclave is that it reduces waste by volume and size. The waste is reduced easily and hence it facilitates easy disposal. A systematic search strategy was employed and articles were found using keywords. Literature was taken from databases like PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles that discussed the newer techniques of sterilisation were included. Other articles which had data regarding Hydroclave, its benefits, structure and its applications were also included. A total of about 70 articles were collected initially. Multiple articles were added later from other sources. After eliminating articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria, more than 30 studies were finally obtained to carry out the research. This review summarized the use of Hydroclave for sterilisation. Other techniques, uses of Hydroclave, Process of sterilisation were also discussed in detail in this review article.
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Wang, Bo, Xiaochen Zhang, Yuanhao Zhao, Mei Zhang, and Jia Jia. "Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Pollution Based on Magnetic Analysis of Soil and Atmospheric Dustfall in Baiyin City, Northwestern China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (2021): 1681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041681.
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The characteristics of spatial-temporal distribution and sources for multiple environmental carriers (surface soil, soil profiles, atmospheric dustfall) from the typical industrial city of Baiyin in Northwestern China were studied by means of environmental magnetism. This study aims to contribute to the potential application of magnetic measurements in the case of multiple environmental carriers, for the evaluation and differentiation of urban pollution sources. Results show that background magnetic susceptibility of soil is 37 × 10−8 m3 kg−1, and that magnetite and hematite carry the magnetic properties. However, magnetic properties of urban soil and atmospheric dustfall are dominated by PSD magnetite. Magnetite content in soil samples is anomalously high surrounding metallurgical plant and slag dump (major industry district), of moderate value in the center of the city (major commercial district), and of low value in the west of city (Baiyin new zone). Vertical distribution of magnetite content in soil profile of waste land suggests that the pollutants are mostly enriched in the top 0–2 cm soil layers, while planting of crops near the industrial area may accelerate the transfer of contaminants deeper in the soil (2–30 cm); accordingly, reducing detrimental soil tillage practices can alleviate the vertical migration of pollution. Measurements of magnetic variations of atmospheric dustfall indicate that industrial emissions by factory chimneys and blowing dust from slag heap and mineral transport control the magnetic properties of dust, with slag heaps being the main pollution source since 2014. Governance of slag pollution is a primary task in resource-exhausted urban contexts. The combination of several magnetic parameters arising from multiple environmental carriers, such as soil and atmospheric dustfall, can provide comprehensive spatio-temporal information on environmental pollution.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Multiple Waste Heat Sources"
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Rusev, Tihomir. "Comparative Study of Different Organic Rankine Cycle Models: Simulations and Thermo-Economic Analysis for a Gas Engine Waste Heat Recovery Application." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-163706.
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Increasing the efficiency of conventional power plants is a crucial aspect in the quest of reducing the energy consumption of the world and to having sustainable energy systems in the future. Thus, within the scope of this thesis the possible efficiency improvements for the Wärtsilä 18V50DF model gas engine based combine power generation options are investigated by recovering waste heat of the engine via Organic Rankine cycle (ORC). In order to this, four different ORC models are simulated via Aspen Plus software and these models are optimized for different objective functions; power output and price per unit of electricity generation. These ORC models are: regenerative Organic Rankine cycle (RORC), cascaded Organic Rankine cycle with an economizer (CORCE), cascaded Organic Rankine cycle with two heat sources (CORC2) and cascaded Organic Rankine cycle with three heat sources (CORC3). In the cascaded cycle models there are two loops which are coupled with a common heat exchanger that works as a condenser for the high temperature (HT) loop and as a preheater for the low temperature (LT) loop. By using this common heat exchanger, the latent heat of condensation of the HT loop is utilized. The engine’s hot exhaust gases are used as main heat source in all the ORC models. The engine’s jacket water is utilized in the CORC2 models as an additional heat source to preheat the LT working fluid. In the CORC3 models engine’s lubrication oil together with the jacket water are used as additional sources for preheating the LT loop working fluid. Thus, the suitability of utilizing these two waste heat sources is examined. Moreover, thermodynamic and economic analyses are performed for each model and the results are compared to each other. The effect of different working fluids, condenser cooling water temperatures, superheating on cycles performance is also evaluated. The results show that with the same amount of fuel the power output of the engine would be increased 2200 kW in average and this increases the efficiency of the engine by 6.3 %. The highest power outputs are obtained in CORC3 models (around 2750 kW) whereas the lowest are in the RORC models (around 1800 kW). In contrast to the power output results, energetic efficiencies of the RORC models (around 30 %) are the highest and CORC3 models (around 22 %) are the lowest. In terms of exergetic efficiency, the highest efficiencies are obtained in CORC2 (around 64.5 %) models whereas the lowest in the RORC models (around 63 %). All the models are found economically feasible since thermodynamically optimized models pay the investment costs back in average of 2 years whereas the economically optimized ones in 1.7. The selection of the working fluid slightly affects the thermodynamic performance of the system since in all the ORC configurations Octamethyltrisiloxane (MDM) working fluid cycles achieve better thermodynamic performances than Decamethyltetrasiloxane (MD2M) working fluid cycles. However, the choice of working fluid doesn’t affect the costs of the system since both working fluid cycles have similar price per unit of electricity generation. The CORC2 models obtain the shortest payback times whereas the CORC3 models obtain the longest Thus the configuration of the ORC does affect the economic performance. It is observed from the results that increasing the condenser cooling water temperature have negative impact on both thermodynamic and economic performances. Also, thermodynamic performances of the cycles are getting reduced with the increasing degree of superheating thus superheating negatively affects the cycle’s performances. The engine’s jacket water and lubrication oil are found to be sufficient waste heat sources to use in the ORC models.
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Frisk, Malin, and Elise Ramqvist. "Identification of waste heat sources in Uppsala - with potential use in Bergsbrunna as a case study." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-245231.
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Reducing energy losses within the energy system is essential for a sustainable future. Waste heat usage could be a part of an increased energy efficiency and a sustainable use of resources. Uppsala Municipality aims to become a climate positive municipality in 2050, with negative net emissions of CO2. Increasing waste heat usage represent one possible measure in order to achieve this goal. Vattenfall AB is the local supplier of heat, cooling, steam and electricity in Uppsala and has a strong ambition for a sustainable future. The main objective of this work is to identify, quantify and classify low and high temperature waste heat sources within Uppsala Municipality. Also, the objective is to assess the potential contribution from low temperature waste heat sources for a low temperature district heating network in Bergsbrunna, a planned urban area in Uppsala. The contribution was evaluated based the technical and economic feasibility. To reach the objectives, a survey on the waste heat and waste heat generating processes within different businesses in Uppsala Municipality was created and sent to 374 businesses of different type within the Municipality. The selection of targeted businesses types was based on the findings of potential waste heat within these businesses in the literature and limited to available contact information. This work contributes with profiles of the waste heat transfer rate from a number of businesses on an hourly basis, which can be applied to any area to estimate the waste heat potential. Waste heat profiles were developed for grocery stores of different sizes, a restaurant, a hotel, an ice rink, and an indoor swimming pool. In addition to this, a decision-making matrix was created to facilitate comparison of the waste heat sources. The considered waste heat parameters are quantity, temperature, daily and seasonal variations and distance to the present district heating network. Calculations of the theoretical amount of low temperature waste heat sources in Uppsala Municipality have been made based on the developed waste heat profiles and the number of identified businesses. The results show that the quantified amount of low temperature waste heat within Uppsala Municipality amount to approximately 62 GWh annually, which is available at temperatures between 22°C to 55°C. From the developed waste heat profiles, it was found that a grocery store has a potential or delivering between 1,200 MWh and 3,500 MWh waste heat annually depending on its size. A restaurant could potentially deliver 90 MWh waste heat annually, whereas a hotel has the potential of 80 MWh. Additionally, an ice rink and an indoor swimming pool could potentially deliver 1,400 MWh and 600 MWh of waste heat, respectively. By means of the decision-making matrix, grocery stores and ice rinks were presented as the most prominent low temperature waste heat sources in Uppsala Municipality. Mostly due to the continuity of waste heat delivery, but also thanks to favorable geographic positions. When evaluating the contribution of waste heat sources to a low temperature district heating network in Bergsbrunna, it was seen that the waste heat contributed to almost 14% of the heat demand if the waste heat temperature was raised to 65°C with heat pumps. However, the economic assessment shows that the lowest cost is approximately 0.34 SEK/kWh for raising the temperature to 65°C. Additionally, it was seen that the temperature of the waste heat could be raised to 85°C to be utilized in the conventional district heating network. However, the associated production cost where higher in comparison with the cost of utilizing the waste heat in a network with a lower design temperature, where the lowest cost is approximately 0.39 SEK/kWh. It should be mentioned that a number of assumptions have been made to calculate the waste heat potential. The most important assumption is addressed to the fact that the potential is based on secondary data of an average energy use in different buildings on a national level, which was not intentionally collected for calculating waste heat potential. The urban planning used in the case-study of Bergsbrunna is based on several assumptions. Thereby, it is not certain that this represents Bergsbrunna in the future or another area of the same size. Also, the heat production cost only includes approximated investment and installation costs of the heat pump and the electricity costs, which are based on historical data.<br>Att hushålla med jordens resurser är en av det viktigaste faktorerna för en hållbar framtid. Tillvaratagande av spillvärme kan vara ett sätt att öka energieffektiviteten och utnyttjandegraden av resurserna. Uppsala kommun har som mål att vara en klimatpositiv kommun år 2050, vilket innebär negativa utsläpp av koldioxid. Spillvärmetillvaratagande presenteras som en potentiell åtgärd för att uppnå visionen om en klimatpositiv kommun. Vattenfall AB är värme-, kyl-, ång- och eldistributör i Uppsala och har ett starkt mål inom hållbarhet. Vattenfall är en samarbetspartner till Uppsala och ser ett intresse i möjligheterna för spillvärme i ett framtida energisystem. Det här examensarbetet undersöker vilka spillvärmekällor som finns i Uppsala kommun och approximerar den teoretiska mängden lågtempererad spillvärme från typiska verksamheter med spillvärmegenererande processer. Dessutom undersöks hur stor mängd av spillvärmen som kan nyttjas i den planerade stadsdelen Bergsbrunna och hur stor del av värmebehovet i stadsdelen som spillvärmen kan täcka genom ett lågtempererat fjärrvärmenät. I syfte att undersöka hur mycket och i vilken form spillvärme samt vilka spillvärmealstrande processer som förekommer inom olika verksamheter i Uppsala kommun skapades en enkät, vilken skickades ut till totalt 374 olika verksamheter. Urvalet av de olika verksamhetstyperna baserades på den spillvärmepotential som tidigare studier visat samt begränsades av tillgänglig kontaktinformation till de identifierade verksamheterna. Timbaserade spillvärmeprofiler togs fram för ett antal verksamheter, vilka är livsmedelsbutiker, hotell och restauranger samt ishallar och simhallar. Dessa profiler kan nyttjas som bas när spillvärmepotentialen ska approximeras i ett område där en eller flera av dessa verksamheter finns. Dessutom togs en bedömningsmatris fram som förslagsvis används då spillvärmekällans olika parametrar ska summeras och potentialen jämföras med andra spillvärmekällor. Utifrån de framtagna spillvärmeprofilerna kunde en teoretisk potential av de låggradiga spillvärmekällorna i Uppsala kommun beräknas. Resultaten visar att det approximativt finns 62 GWh tillgänglig låggradig spillvärme årligen inom kommunen samt att dess temperatur varierar mellan 22°C och 55°C. Spillvärmeprofilerna visar dessutom att en livsmedelsbutik har en årlig spillvärmepotential mellan 1 200 och 3 500 MWh, beroende på butikens storlek. En restaurang och ett hotell skulle potentiellt kunna leverera 90 MWh respektive 80 MWh spillvärme årligen. En ishall har en potential att leverera 1 400 MWh spillvärme medan en simhall har en årlig spillvärmepotential på 600 MWh. I den planerade stadsdelen Bergsbrunna kan spillvärmemängden från 14 spillvärmekällor i form av livsmedelsbutiker, en ishall, en simhall, ett hotell och restauranger täcka nästan 14% av det årliga värmebehovet om spillvärmetemperaturen höjs till 65°C med värmepumpar. Dessutom höjdes temperaturen av spillvärmen till 85°C för att kunna användas i dagens fjärrvärmenät. Den ekonomiska analysen visar att den lägsta produktionskostnaden uppgår till ungefär 0.34 SEK/kWh för temperaturhöjning till 65°C, jämfört med den lägsta produktionskostnaden som uppgår till ungefär 0.39 SEK/kWh för temperaturhöjning till 85°C. Flera antaganden har gjorts för att beräkna spillvärmepotentialen i Uppsala. Det viktigaste antagandet är att andrahandsdata av medelenergiförbrukning i olika typer av verksamheter kan användas för att beräkna spillvärmepotentialen. Dessa mätvärden var inte initialt uppmätta för att beräkna spillvärmepotentialen. Stadsplaneringen av Bergsbrunna är också baserat på flera antaganden och därav är det inte säkert att den representerar den framtida stadsdelen eller ett annat område av samma storlek. Slutligen, de ekonomiska beräkningarna inkluderar endast investerings- och installationskostnaderna av värmepumpen och elkostnaden för att höja spillvärmetemperaturen, som är baserad på historisk data.
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Hoegel, Benedikt. "Thermodynamics-based design of stirling engines for low-temperature heat sources." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mechanical Engineering, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9344.
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Large amounts of energy from heat sources such as waste-eat and geothermal energy are available worldwide but their potential for useful power-generation is largely untapped. This is because they are relatively low temperature difference (LTD) sources, in the range from 100 to 200 °C, and it is thermodynamically diffcult, for theoretical and practical reasons, to extract useful work at these temperatures. This work explores the suitability of a Stirling engine (SE) to exploit these heat sources. Elsewhere much work has been done to optimise Stirling engines for high temperature heat sources, but little is known about suitable engine layouts, and their optimal design and operational aspects at lower temperature differences. With the reduced temperature difference, changes from conventional engine designs become necessary and robust solutions for this novel application have to be identified.
This has been achieved in four major steps: identification of a suitable engine type; thermodynamic optimisation of operating and engine parameters; optimisation of mechanical efficiency; and the development of conceptual designs for the engine and its components informed by the preceding analysis. For the optimisation of engine and operating parameters a model was set up in the commercial Stirling software package, Sage, which also has been validated in this thesis; suitable parameter combinations have been identified.
This work makes key contributions in several areas. This first is the identification of methods for better simulating the thermodynamic behaviour of these engines. At low temperature differences the performance of Stirling engines is very sensitive to losses by fluid friction (and thus frequency), adiabatic temperature rise during compression, and the heat transfer from and to the surroundings. Consequently the usual isothermal analytical approaches produce results that can be misleading. It is necessary to use a non-isothermal approach, and the work shows how this may be achieved.
A second contribution is the identification of the important design variables and their causal effects on system performance. The primary design variable is engine layout. For an engine having inherently low efficiency due to the low temperature difference it is important to choose the engine layout that provides the highest power density possible in order to minimise engine size and to save costs. From this analysis the double-acting alpha-type configuration has been identified as being the most suitable, as opposed to the beta or gamma configurations. An-other key design variable is working fluid, and the results identify helium and hydrogen as suitable, and air and nitrogen as unsuitable. Frequency and phase angle are other design variables, and the work identifies favourable values. A sensitivity analysis identifies the phase angle, regenerator porosity, and temperature levels as the most sensitive parameters for power and efficiency. It has also been shown that the compression work in low-temperature difference Stirling engines is of similar magnitude as the expansion work. By compounding suitable working spaces on one piston the net forces on the piston rod can be reduced significantly. In double-acting alpha-engines this can be achieved by choosing the Siemens as opposed to the Franchot arrangement. As a result friction and piston seal leakage which are two important loss mechanisms are reduced significantly and longevity and mechanical efficiency is enhanced. Design implications are identified for various components, including pistons, seals, heat exchangers, regenerator, power extraction, and crankcase. The peculiarities of the heat source are also taken into account in these design recommendations.
A third key contribution is the extraction of novel insights from the modelling process. For the heat exchangers it has been shown that the hot and cold heat exchangers can be identical in their design without any negative impact on performance for the low-temperature difference situation. In comparison the high temperature applications invariably require different materials and designs for the two heat exchangers. Also, frequency and phase angle are found to be quite different (lower frequency and higher phase angle) from the optimum parameters found in high temperature engines. Contrary to common belief the role of dead volume has been found to play a crucial and not necessary detrimental role at low temperature differentials.
Taken together, the work is positioned at the intersection of thermodynamic analysis and engineering design, for the challenging area of Stirling engines at low temperature differences. The work extracts thermodynamic insights and extends these into design implications. Together these help create a robust theoretical and design foundation for further research and development in the important area of energy recovery.
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Willson, Thomas D. "A study of natural convection cooling of multiple discrete heat sources in a vertical channel." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23126.
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This thesis is a study of missile and target parameters used in second and third order modeling of the tracking subsystem used in radar guided guided missiles. Guidance methods are analyzed to determine which method is optimum in a search for an ideal missile. Target parameters which have an effect on the missile tracking system are analyzed and a target acceleration probability model is discussed. A two dimensional third order tracking model is simulated utilizing a Kalman filter for target parameter estimation and prediction. Linear second and third order tracking models are simulated and compared with the third order Kalman filter tracker. This thesis concludes that a proportional navigation guidance method, with a non linear third order tracking Kalman filter, is the better model. Benefits of using a non linear third order Kalman filter may not overide the cost and complexity of implementation of the model
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Chiche, Samuel. "Intégration de sources urbaines de chaleur fatale au sein d'un réseau de chaleur." Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC2007.
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Les réseaux de chaleur sont considérés aujourd’hui comme des systèmes clés pour accompagner la transition énergétique des milieux urbains. Leur principal atout est de pouvoir valoriser des sources locales d’énergie renouvelable et de récupération. Les sources de chaleur fatale (ou de récupération) sont encore peu exploitées dans ces réseaux alors qu’il existe un gisement important, notamment en milieu urbain, soit très proche des bâtiments consommateurs. Ces sources urbaines de chaleur fatale (eaux usées, datacenter, blanchisseries, entrepôts frigorifiques) sont les objets de recherche de cette thèse. Des méthodes ont été développées pour évaluer finement leur potentiel énergétique, sachant que toutes ces sources présentent des caractéristiques techniques différentes (température et variabilité notamment). Ces méthodes ont été intégrées à un outil de simulation, appelé Recov’Heat, qui calcule des indicateurs techniques, économiques et environnementaux permettant de juger la pertinence quant à la valorisation d’une source urbaine de chaleur fatale. Le modèle Recov’Heat a été testé sur divers études de cas et obtient des résultats proches de la réalité malgré une tendance à surestimer l’énergie réellement récupérée. Des simplifications techniques dans le modèle et le calcul du potentiel énergétique maximal justifient ces écarts. La valorisation d’une source d’énergie fatale dans un réseau de chaleur ne dépend pas que de paramètres technico-économiques, mais également de plusieurs conditions liées au contexte des territoires, qui peuvent remettre en cause la mise en œuvre de tels projets. Plusieurs analyses de cas montrent l’influence du portage des collectivités territoriales sur l’aboutissement de ces projets. Elles ont un rôle décisif pour impulser la concertation entre une multitude d’acteurs concernés par ces projets et appréhender les complexités contractuelles entre ces acteurs<br>District heating systems are considered as key tools to contribute to the energy transition in urban areas through their ability to promote waste and renewable energies. Waste heat sources (also named excess heat) are still under-exploited in district heating systems although there is significant potential, especially in urban areas. Waste heat sources located near or in dense urban areas (wastewater, datacenters, laundries, etc.) are the research topic of this thesis. Methods have been developed to precisely evaluate their energy potential, knowing that all these sources have different technical characteristics (temperature and variability in particular). These methods have been integrated into a simulation tool, named Recov’Heat. It calculates technical, economic and environmental indicators to assess the relevance of an urban heat source. The Recov'Heat model has been tested on various case studies and obtains results close to reality despite a tendency to overestimate the energy recovered. Technical simplifications in the model and the calculation of the maximum energy potential justify these differences. The viability of integrating a waste heat source in a district heating system depends not only on technical and economic parameters, but also on several conditions linked to the local context, which may affect the implementation of such projects. Several case studies show the influence of local authorities’ support on the success of these projects. They have a decisive role to play in stimulating consultation between a multitude of actors involved in these projects and to understand the contractual complexities between them
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Vítek, Stanislav. "ORC oběh pro využití tepla KJ." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230884.
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The aim of this diploma work is the study and the modeling of an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). Organic Rankine Cycle is used for heat recovery from low-potential heat sources. Their working fluid is a refrigerant or a hydrocarbon whose properties are adapted to the conditions in which the heat recovery is performed. The other chapters include the technical resolution of exhaust-heat exchanger of cogeneration unit for application ORC and partially economic study use in Czech Republic.
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Řehák, Pavel. "Energetické úspory velkých objektů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-378491.
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The aim of this diploma thesis is to evaluate the economical measures using own heat and power production using cogeneration units, use of renewable resources to partially cover the consumption of objects, reduction of thermal losses by evaporation in the outdoor swimming pool and overall increase of waste heat utilization by exchanger heat exchangers from flue gas and heat from waste water.
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Yu, Chun-Sheng, and 余駿生. "Thermal Performance Analysis of Vapor Chamber Applying on Multiple Heat Sources." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65945090115386400715.
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博士<br>淡江大學<br>機械與機電工程學系博士班<br>98<br>The objective of this thesis is to compute the spreading thermal resistance of multiple heat sources on a vapor chamber module, as well as the surface temperatures and the heat flux distributions at the heating surface. The analytical correlations are expressed in a dimensionless with the governing parameters of the relative distance dimensions between heat sources and dimensionless heat sources size on heat spreader, including a vapor chamber and metal materials evaluation, subject to the influence of multiple heat sources. This study also presents vapor chamber temperature distribution on heat spreader contact surface, and it correlates to heat sources number and distance. Hence, spreading thermal resistance decreases with the increasing lateral length of vapor chamber. There is large difference between spreading and conductive thermal resistance as lateral length is disproportion to heat source heating area. Therefore, spreading thermal resistance is an important factor when design the thermal solution of a high density chipset power, and it caused high temperature in heat sources which embedded a thinner heatsink base, especially. Spreading thermal resistance is disproportion to heat spreader size, material conductivity, then conductive thermal resistance is not the only parameter for vapor chamber module design, it needs to consider the spreading resistance effect of a vapor chamber and multiple heat sources array, Bi number can be fairly understood by imagining the heat flow from small and hot heat sources suddenly immersed in a pool, to the surrounding fluid. Numerical simulation results of the integrated vapor chamber module are carried out with the mathematical model. The computed results are in good agreement with the experiments, and deliver a difference of 3.3% for the maximum heat source temperature rises, and it presents predictable thermal phenomena of a vapor chamber applying on multiple heat sources.
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Chen, Yen-Jen, and 陳沿任. "Analysis of Pulsating Mixed Convection Cooling of Multiple Heat Sources Mounted with Porous Heat Sink." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/g2d9yb.
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碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>能源與冷凍空調工程系碩士班<br>96<br>Recently, the rapid development in the design of electronic packages for modern high-speed computers has led to the demand for new and reliable methods of chip cooling. The purpose of this study is to explore the cooling enhancement from heat sources by using fiber-porous heat sink and flow pulsation.
In this work, a numerical study has been carried out for pulsating mixed convection in a parallel-plate channel with porous-block-attached strip heat sources at the bottom wall. The flow over the fluid region is governed by the unsteady Navier-Stokes equation, and the flow through the porous medium is governed by the transient Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer equation that account for the effects of the impermeable boundary and inertia. Through the use of a stream function-vorticity transformation, solution of the coupled governing equations for the porous/fluid composite system is obtained using the control-volume method and hybrid scheme. The harmonic mean formulation was used to handle the discontinuous thermophysical properties across the interface. Comprehensive time-dependent flow and temperature data are calculated and averaged over a pulsation cycle in a periodic steady state. The dependence of streamline, isotherm, and enhanced heat transfer rate on the governing parameters defining the problem, such as Reynolds number, Darcy number, Grashof number, pulsation frequency and amplitude, geometric parameters Hp* and Sp* is documented in detail. The numerical results show the periodic change of shape of recirculation flows caused by porous blocks, which will push the core flow approach to the trailing edge of heat sources, has significant enhanced effect on the cooling of heat sources. This enhanced effect is found to increase with the increase of Reynolds number Re, pulsation amplitude A and frequent St, Grashof number Gr, geometric parameters Hp* and Sp*, and conductivity ratio Rk, but decrease with the increase of Darcy number. In summary, the method combining the pulsating flow with the porous heat sink can be used as an augment heat transfer tool cooling high-speed electronic devices. It should be noted that the high heat transfer rate will be an efficient thermal device in employing the present proposed enhanced method.
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Sung, Po-Hsien, and 宋柏賢. "Trasient Heat Transfer Analysis of A Water Cooler with Multiple Heat Sources of Variable Heating Rates." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6x2qup.
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碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>能源與冷凍空調工程系<br>106<br>This study compares the experimental values with the simulation results of a liquid cooling device having multiple heat sources in various heating modes. For investigating the effect of blocking the channel above the unheated section, two channel configurations are designed and tested. Water is used as its working fluid. Water flows through a 94 mm by 76 mm rectangular heated area under a rectangular copper block having variable internal space. The size of rectangular fin in the channel is 2 mm by 1 mm by 5 mm. Both transverse and longitudinal fin spacing are 0.2 mm. The gap between the top of fin and the upper wall of stainless steel is 2 mm. The numerical simulation results of heating area temperature agree with experimental value within 3.8%. The experimental results show that the temperature above Heater 1 is the lowest as a results of impingement effect of the fluid inlet. This effect is more pronounced when the flow path in the unheated area is blocked. The influence on fluid velocity of blocking unheated section in Heater 1 region is more significant than other heating regions. The thermal resistance of Heater 2 and 3 is 227.8% of Heater 1. Heater 2 is not affected by the heating status of Heater 3. However, when the Heater 1 is off, the thermal resistance of Heater 2 reduces by at least 0.05 K/W. This is because when the Heater 1 is turned on, it will cause the temperature of the fluid near the entrance area to increase, and it consequently results in the increase of the temperature of the Heater 2. The heating status of upstream section also affects the transient response time of downstream section. The convective heat transfer coefficient increases with water flow rate. Consequently, the response time and wall superheat between heated wall and inlet fluid temperature decreases with increasing flow rate. The difference between the average temperature and the reaction time for either the unheated section blocked or un-blocked is not significant. Therefore, if the production cost is the main consideration, saving the cost of making fins and channels in the unheated section is feasible.
Books on the topic "Multiple Waste Heat Sources"
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Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: Emission sources regulated by multiple Clean Air Act provisions : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Clean Air, Wetlands, Private Property, and Nuclear Safety, Commmittee on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate. U.S. General Accounting Office, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Multiple Waste Heat Sources"
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Ünsal, Mazhar. "Cooling of Multiple Heat Sources Attached to Two Dimensional Rectangular Fins." In Cooling of Electronic Systems. Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1090-7_9.
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Rijpkema, Jelmer, Karin Munch, and Sven B. Andersson. "Combining Low- and High-Temperature Heat Sources in a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine for Maximum Waste Heat Recovery Using Rankine and Flash Cycles." In Energy and Thermal Management, Air-Conditioning, and Waste Heat Utilization. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00819-2_12.
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Wang, Haichao, Wenling Jiao, Chengzhao Jiang, Risto Lahdelma, and Pinghua Zou. "Operation Regulation of Combined District Heating Systems with Multiple Large-Scale Peak-Shaving Heat Sources." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39581-9_16.
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Biswal, Gloria, and Aurovinda Mohanty. "Numerical Analysis of Natural Convection in a Partially Open Square Cavity with Multiple Heat Sources." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4165-4_8.
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Torvi, David, Moein Rezazadeh, and Christopher Bespflug. "Effects of Convective and Radiative Heat Sources on Thermal Response of Single- and Multiple-Layer Protective Fabrics in Benchtop Tests." In Performance of Protective Clothing and Equipment: 10th Volume, Risk Reduction Through Research and Testing. ASTM International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp159320160013.
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Khelfi, Abderrezak. "Sources of Air Pollution." In Handbook of Research on Microbial Tools for Environmental Waste Management. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3540-9.ch011.
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This chapter describes how air is a complex natural gaseous system essential to support life on Earth. Air pollution comes from a wide variety of sources, which discharge of harmful substances into the atmosphere, causing adverse effects to humans and the environment. They can be natural or anthropogenic. Natural air pollution sources are multiple and include volcanic eruption, fire, ocean vapors, dust storms and fermentation of organic materials. However, the range and quantities of chemicals discharged into the atmosphere from industry, transport, agriculture, energy production, domestic heating, and many other human activities, have increased dramatically. Some pollutants are emitted directly into the atmosphere and are known as primary pollutants (NOx, SOx, particulate matter, etc.). Others are formed in the air as a result of chemical reactions with other pollutants and atmospheric gases; these are known as secondary pollutants like ozone. This chapter provides an overview on air pollution sources as well as the ways in which pollutants can affect human health and the environment.
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Banapurmath, N. R., V. S. Yaliwal, S. Y. Adaganti, and Sushrut S. Halewadimath. "Power Generation From Renewable Energy Sources Derived From Biodiesel and Low Energy Content Producer Gas for Rural Electrification." In Energy from Toxic Organic Waste for Heat and Power Generation. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102528-4.00011-0.
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Isafiade, Adeniyi J., and Michael Short. "Multi-Period Heat Exchanger Network Synthesis Involving Multiple Sources of Utilities and Environmental Impact." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63428-3.50349-0.
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Stijepovic, Mirko Z., Athanasios I. Papadopoulos, Patrick Linke, et al. "Targeting and Design of Organic Rankine Cycle Systems for Multiple Heat Sources with Simultaneous Working Fluid Selection." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering. Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63965-3.50130-6.
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Munsif, Rabia, Muhammad Zubair, Ayesha Aziz, and Muhammad Nadeem Zafar. "Industrial Air Emission Pollution: Potential Sources and Sustainable Mitigation." In Environmental Emissions. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93104.
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Air of cities especially in the developing parts of the world is turning into a serious environmental interest. The air pollution is because of a complex interaction of dispersion and emission of toxic pollutants from manufactories. Air pollution caused due to the introduction of dust particles, gases, and smoke into the atmosphere exceeds the air quality levels. Air pollutants are the precursor of photochemical smog and acid rain that causes the asthmatic problems leading into serious illness of lung cancer, depletes the stratospheric ozone, and contributes in global warming. In the present industrial economy era, air pollution is an unavoidable product that cannot be completely removed but stern actions can reduce it. Pollution can be reduced through collective as well as individual contributions. There are multiple sources of air pollution, which are industries, fossil fuels, agro waste, and vehicular emissions. Industrial processes upgradation, energy efficiency, agricultural waste burning control, and fuel conversion are important aspects to reducing pollutants which create the industrial air pollution. Mitigations are necessary to reduce the threat of air pollution using the various applicable technologies like CO2 sequestering, industrial energy efficiency, improving the combustion processes of the vehicular engines, and reducing the gas production from agriculture cultivations.
Conference papers on the topic "Multiple Waste Heat Sources"
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Arunachalam, Prakash Narayanan, Mengqin Shen, Martin Tuner, Per Tunestal, and Marcus Thern. "Waste Heat Recovery from Multiple Heat Sources in a HD Truck Diesel Engine Using a Rankine Cycle - A Theoretical Evaluation." In SAE 2012 International Powertrains, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting. SAE International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-1602.
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Skop, Helen, and Yaroslav Chudnovsky. "Strategy for Integrated Use of the Industrial Waste Heat." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14176.
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The domestic industrial sector uses over 32 quads of energy that represents one-third of the total energy consumed annually in United States of America. Energy consumption details can be found at www.eia.doe.gov/aer/. Obviously, that the efficient use of available energy has a substantial impact on the competitiveness of domestic manufacturers as well as on the environment. Efficient conversion of raw materials into usable products and usable work/energy strictly depends on the commercially available technologies and equipment. Energy efficiency significantly varies across multiple industries and different applications but one of the major energy losses is thermal energy loss, so-called waste heat. Sources of the waste heat comprise of variety of gaseous exhausts, waste process liquids, cooling media, chemical waste and environmental losses. Over 30 years the engineering community has been trying to develop cost-effective approaches for waste heat recovery and utilization. However, so far there is no universal and cost-effective solution or approach for the industrial waste heat recovery and utilization. In this paper authors discuss an integrated strategy of the industrial waste heat use through the consideration of the closest surrounding of the waste heat source and other types of waste (chemical, mechanical, acoustical, etc.) along with most promising heat exchanger design concepts to be appropriate for integrated waste heat recovery and utilization.
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Cressey, Marc W., Justin R. Labrecque, Mansour Zenouzi, Loutfallah G. Chedid, Douglas E. Dow, and Hugh McLaughlin. "Device to Transfer Heat From the Oxidation of Organic Waste Utilizing Activated Carbon." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90079.
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A device was developed for laboratory testing of a heat generating process that can use commercial organic by-products as fuel. This process, Activated Carbon Facilitated Oxidation (AC FOX), enables less refined organic compounds to be used as fuel sources, including glycerin, animal fats, and forms of brown grease. AC FOX oxidizes these compounds on the carbon surface in an exothermic reaction that does not involve combustion via flame. Although AC FOX has been demonstrated and patented, further development is required for industrial application. The device developed in this project forms a packed column vessel measuring three inches in diameter by five inches in height. Multiple ports have been drilled for temperature sensors and fluid flow. A thermosyphon design is being tested for heat transfer, and consists of a steel tube that will be partially filled with a working fluid. The bottom of the tube, evaporator, sits centrally in the packed column of activated carbon while the top section, condenser, is submerged in water. This device will enable the establishment of optimal conditions for AC FOX heat generation.
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Verda, Vittorio, and Elisa Guelpa. "District Heating Network Modelling for the Analysis of Low-Exergy Sources." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-72390.
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One of the main advantages of district heating system technology is the possibility of integrating multiple heat sources for domestic heating. In particular, it is often possible exploit low-exergy sources, such as waste heat recovered from industry or from renewable energy sources, that are often affected by time variation of the temperature. A very convenient and useful opportunity for predicting and analyzing district heating network behavior is modelling. Modelling allows to quantify opportunities related to changes in DH (district heating) network design or management, before real implementation. Therefore an important point is the creation of models able to simulate network, also very large and linked to many power plants, working at variable heat production conditions (i.e. variable mass flow rates and temperatures). The goal of this work is to propose a novel approach which combines exergy analysis with a DH network model for evaluating the best DH operating conditions. A thermo-fluid dynamic model based on conservation equation has been adapted for the discussed aims and applied to a network involving different low-exergy heat sources with variable temperatures. An evaluation of the implementation of these sources is provided for the Turin district heating network, which is the largest network in Italy.
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Thomas, Seth, and Eric J. Barth. "Multi-Stage Modeling of a Stirling Thermocompressor." In ASME/BATH 2017 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2017-4320.
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Stirling engines are silent, high-efficiency power sources that generate work by shuttling a working fluid between hot and cold volumes while exploiting the working fluid’s change in pressure. Stirling engines are able to use multiple sources of heat to create this needed temperature difference, making them ideally suited for diverse waste heat recovery applications. A novel application of this technology would be to reuse waste heat from one industrial process to generate compressed air to power a second, pneumatic process, thus increasing a manufacturing facility’s overall energy efficiency. In this paper the authors explore the expected performance of using a modified Stirling engine, known as a Stirling thermocompressor, to intake air at standard atmospheric conditions and compress it into a storage container. Simulations were conducted with a multi-stage experimentally validated dynamic model, using input variables that match the author’s physical prototype. Models employing 5 or more thermocompressor stages predicted a 10-fold increase in compressed air pressure compared to ambient conditions. Future work will experimentally verify the paper’s conclusions.
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Khoshgoftar Manesh, Mohammad Hasan, Hooman Ghalami, Sajad Khamis Abadi, Majid Amidpour, and Mohammad Hosein Hamedi. "A New Targeting Method for Combined Heat, Power and Desalinated Water Production in Total Site." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88885.
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Low-grade heat is available in large amounts across process industry from temperatures of 30 °C to 250 °C as gases (e.g. flue gas) and/or liquids (e.g. cooling water). Various technologies are available for generating, distributing, utilizing and disposing of low grade energy. Also, conventional desalination technologies are energy intensive and if the required energy hails from fossil fuel source, then the freshwater production will contribute to carbon dioxide emission and consequently global warming. In this regard, low grade heat source can be very useful to provide energy to the heat sink by upgrading low-grade energy (e.g. low pressure steam). The upgrade of low grade heat can be carried out by desalination technologies by recovering waste heat from various sources. The steam network of site utility system has a suitable potential for production of low grade heat. Estimation of cogeneration potential prior to the design of the central utility system for site utility systems, is vital to set targets on site fuel demand as well as heat and power production. So, a new cogeneration targeting model has been developed for integration of steam desalination systems and site utility of process plant. The new procedure to find optimal integration has been proposed based on new cogeneration targeting. In this paper, evaluation of coupling different desalination systems which includes multi-stage flash (MSF), multiple effect distillation (MED), membrane reverse osmosis (RO), and hybrid (MSF/MED-RO) to steam network of site utility system with have been considered. The integration of desalination systems to a low grade heat source has been performed using proposed cogeneration targeting method. In addition, a modified Site Utility Grand Composite Curve (SUGCC) diagram is proposed and compared to the original SUGCC. A steam network of process utility system has been considered as a case study.
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Weiland, Nathan T., Blake W. Lance, and Sandeep R. Pidaparti. "sCO2 Power Cycle Component Cost Correlations From DOE Data Spanning Multiple Scales and Applications." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-90493.
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Abstract Supercritical CO2 (sCO2) power cycles find potential application with a variety of heat sources including nuclear, concentrated solar (CSP), coal, natural gas, and waste heat sources, and consequently cover a wide range of scales. Most studies to date have focused on the performance of sCO2 power cycles, while economic analyses have been less prevalent, due in large part to the relative scarcity of reliable cost estimates for sCO2 power cycle components. Further, the accuracy of existing sCO2 techno-economic analyses suffer from a small sample set of vendor-based component costs for any given study. Improved accuracy of sCO2 component cost estimation is desired to enable a shift in focus from plant efficiency to economics as a driver for commercialization of sCO2 technology. This study reports on sCO2 component cost scaling relationships that have been developed collaboratively from an aggregate set of vendor quotes, cost estimates, and published literature. As one of the world’s largest supporters of sCO2 research and development, the Department of Energy (DOE) National Laboratories have access to a considerable pool of vendor component costs that span multiple applications specific to each National Laboratory’s mission, including fossil-fueled sCO2 applications at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), CSP at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and CSP, nuclear, and distributed energy sources at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). The resulting cost correlations are relevant to sCO2 components in all these applications, and for scales ranging from 5–750 MWe. This work builds upon prior work at SNL, in which sCO2 component cost models were developed for CSP applications ranging from 1–100 MWe in size. Similar to the earlier SNL efforts, vendor confidentiality has been maintained throughout this collaboration and in the published results. Cost models for each component were correlated from 4–24 individual quotes from multiple vendors, although the individual cost data points are proprietary and not shown. Cost models are reported for radial and axial turbines, integrally-geared and barrel-style centrifugal compressors, high temperature and low temperature recuperators, dry sCO2 coolers, and primary heat exchangers for coal and natural gas fuel sources. These models are applicable to sCO2-specific components used in a variety of sCO2 cycle configurations, and include incremental cost factors for advanced, high temperature materials for relevant components. Non-sCO2-specific costs for motors, gearboxes, and generators have been included to allow cycle designers to explore the cost implications of various turbomachinery configurations. Finally, the uncertainty associated with these component cost models is quantified by using AACE International-style class ratings for vendor estimates, combined with component cost correlation statistics.
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Biancardi, F. R., G. Melikian, and C. T. Sgamboti. "Dual Energy Use Systems for Industrial, Commercial, and Building Applications." In ASME 1985 Beijing International Gas Turbine Symposium and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/85-igt-145.
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Integrated dual energy use systems, optimized to provide both electrical (or mechanical) and thermal energy for industrial process heating/cooling or for commercial and residential space conditioning needs, are energy efficient and economic alternatives to conventional single-purpose energy systems. Numerous prime movers, including diesels, gas engines, steam and gas turbines, combined cycles, and other advanced conversion systems, together with an array of different primary energy sources such as gas, oil, coal, biomass and municipal solid waste fuels and thermal storage and control strategies, can result in a complex variety of system configurations. The United Technologies Research Center (UTRC), working with the U.S. Department of Energy, the Electric Power Research Institute, and state and local governments, has developed methodologies and procedures to screen, evaluate, and select optimum dual energy use systems (DEUS) for industrial parks, commercial developments and residential applications or combinations thereof. This paper describes methodologies developed and provides examples of the dual use energy systems defined for use in: (1) single industries, (2) multiple-industry industrial parks, (3) recovery of waste heat from a nuclear fuel processing facility, and (4) burning of solid and municipal waste sources. In addition, specific sites are described which include residential, commercial and industrial developments being implemented in the Eastern and Western sections of the United States.
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Hutton, Magdeline, and Maryam Shafahi. "Water Pollution Caused by Leather Industry: A Review." In ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2019 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2019-3949.
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Abstract The volume of industrial wastewater is expected to double by 2025 resulting in an increase of contaminated freshwater resources. Comparing profits with the high contribution to environment strain per capita can serve to analyze the potential international market and pollutant reduction methods. This paper quantifies the process, water consumption, and pollution of the leather industry to assess its size and influence. The leather industry presents a unique case; one where its product is inherently strong, has multiple applications, and serves as a way of recycling for the meat industry. The wastewater of the leather industry includes Chromium and Nitrogen which are some of the most important concerns regarding the environmental pollution to water sources. The consumption for tanneries varies based on processing methods. Legislative pressure is applied to increase the management of wastewater and solid waste. Research regarding the leather industry is not as well developed as its dated tanning process, however it should be examined as an industry that provides ample opportunities for environmental, economic, and technological advancements.
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Alharbi, Sattam, Mohamed L. Elsayed, and Louis Chow. "Thermo-Economic Analysis of an Integrated Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle and Multiple Effect Desalination Systems." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88409.
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A thermo-economic analysis is carried for the current integrated supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) Brayton cycle with both multi-effect desalination coupled with mechanical vapor compression (MED-MVC) and conventional MED system. The conventional MED system uses hot water as the heat source by recuperating the waste heat from the sCO2 cycle. The MED-MVC system uses a vapor compressor to eliminate the need to condense the water vapor in the last effect of the MED system. The advantage of the MED-MVC is the ability to recuperate part of the waste heat of the sCO2 cycle through preheating the seawater feed directed to the first effect. Forward feed configuration is selected since high feed temperature can be accommodated for the MED-MVC. On the other hand, in the case of conventional MED, high feed temperature is limited to the last effect temperature. To satisfy the demand of approximately 2,500 families, the water production capacity is 1,250 m3/day, and 20 MW of electrical power is needed. The electrical power generated from the sCO2 cycle is also used to drive the MVC unit and operate the feed, brine and distillate pumps in the MED system. Results reveal that both MED and MVC systems are capable to achieve the selected production capacity. The specific power consumption, universal performance ratio, and total water price for MED systems are 1.22 kWh/m3, 56.51 and 0.69 $/m3, respectively; whereas the MED-MVC systems are 10.22 kWh/m3, 27.35 and 0.84 $/m3, respectively. The cost of electricity is 0.029 $/kWh.
Reports on the topic "Multiple Waste Heat Sources"
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Schmidt, Ralf-Roman, Paolo Leoni, and Hamid Aghaie. The future of DH and the role of solar thermal energy. IEA SHC Task 55, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task55-2020-0007.
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Solar thermal (ST) energy is one of the few renewable heat sources that is available almost everywhere and can bring multiple benefits to district heating and cooling (DHC) networks (on an environmental and systemic level) with very low operation costs and risks. However, the current share of ST in DHC networks is almost zero on a global scale.
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Leoni, Paolo, Ralf-Roman Schmidt, Roman Geyer, and Patrick Reiter. SWOT analysis of ST integration in DHC systems. IEA SHC Task 55, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task55-2020-0002.
Full textAbstract:
Solar thermal (ST) energy is one of the few renewable heat sources that is available almost everywhere and can bring multiple benefits to district heating and cooling (DHC) networks (on an environmental and systemic level) with very low operation costs and risks. However, the current share of ST in DHC networks is almost zero on a global scale.
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Baral, Aniruddha, Jeffery Roesler, and Junryu Fu. Early-age Properties of High-volume Fly Ash Concrete Mixes for Pavement: Volume 2. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-031.
Full textAbstract:
High-volume fly ash concrete (HVFAC) is more cost-efficient, sustainable, and durable than conventional concrete. This report presents a state-of-the-art review of HVFAC properties and different fly ash characterization methods. The main challenges identified for HVFAC for pavements are its early-age properties such as air entrainment, setting time, and strength gain, which are the focus of this research. Five fly ash sources in Illinois have been repeatedly characterized through x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescence, and laser diffraction over time. The fly ash oxide compositions from the same source but different quarterly samples were overall consistent with most variations observed in SO3 and MgO content. The minerals present in various fly ash sources were similar over multiple quarters, with the mineral content varying. The types of carbon present in the fly ash were also characterized through x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, loss on ignition, and foam index tests. A new computer vision–based digital foam index test was developed to automatically capture and quantify a video of the foam layer for better operator and laboratory reliability. The heat of hydration and setting times of HVFAC mixes for different cement and fly ash sources as well as chemical admixtures were investigated using an isothermal calorimeter. Class C HVFAC mixes had a higher sulfate imbalance than Class F mixes. The addition of chemical admixtures (both PCE- and lignosulfonate-based) delayed the hydration, with the delay higher for the PCE-based admixture. Both micro- and nano-limestone replacement were successful in accelerating the setting times, with nano-limestone being more effective than micro-limestone. A field test section constructed of HVFAC showed the feasibility and importance of using the noncontact ultrasound device to measure the final setting time as well as determine the saw-cutting time. Moreover, field implementation of the maturity method based on wireless thermal sensors demonstrated its viability for early opening strength, and only a few sensors with pavement depth are needed to estimate the field maturity.