Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Multiplexes'

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse font suite à celle de Melle LE GOFF. Ils se concentrent sur la technologie HIFI brevetée et développée pendant ses travaux. Une première partie du travail présenté dans ce manuscrit concerne le test HIFI Blood 96™ et plus particulièrement les améliorations et les évolutions apportées au test afin d'en faire un véritable outil de génotypage, multiparamétrique et haut-débit pouvant être installé dans les banques de sang dans le but de constituer des inventaires de sang génotypé de façon étendue, participant ainsi à améliorer la sécurité transfusionnelle. Il permet de caractériser 96 échantillons sur 15 polymorphismes (divisés en deux panels) associés aux groupes sanguins en approximativement 4h30. Cette plateforme a fait l'objet d'une étude de validation à moyenne échelle sur 583 donneurs pour le panel 1 et 190 donneurs pour le panel 2. La deuxième partie des travaux décrit l'adaptation de la technologie HIFI appliquée au diagnostic des pathologies respiratoires, avec le développement d'une autre plateforme, ReSynPlex, en partenariat avec 3 équipes de recherche de Grenoble<br>The work reported in this thesis follows the one undertaken by Ms LE GOFF. It is focused on HIFI technology, which is patented and developed during her thesis. The first part of this work concerns the HIFI Blood 96™ test, and particularly the improvements and developments adduced to the test to make it a real diagnostic tool, multiparametric and high-throughput which can be implemented in blood banks in order to constitute negative antigen inventories, thus contributing to improve blood safety. It allows to characterize 96 samples on 15 polymorphisms (divided in two panels) associated to blood group systems in approximately 4.5 hours. A mesoscale validation study has been conducted on 583 samples for panel 1 and 190 samples for panel 2. The second part of this work describes the adaptation of HIFI technology applied to diagnosis of respiratory tract infections, with the development of another platform, ReSynPlex, in partnership with 3 research teams in Grenoble

The aim of this Master's thesis is to conduct a strategic analysis of the multiplex CineStar Mladá Boleslav from a perspective of its management. This analysis provides information and suggestions for improvement, which this management can use during an effort to influence strategic goals of the multiplex, when these goals are primarily defined by management of the CineStar Company. The thesis is divided into three parts - theoretical, methodical and practical. The theoretical part consists of a definition of related notions and putting a strategic analysis into context. The methodical part identifies and describes applied methods and tools of a strategic analysis. The practical part consists of the strategic analysis of the multiplex CineStar Mladá Boleslav, which is divided into analysis of superordinate strategy, external analysis, analysis of stakeholders and analysis of internal sources and abilities. Outputs of these partial analyses are subsequently consolidated in a SWOT analysis and lead to formulation of strategic recommendations.

L’exploitant de cinéma articule l’espace public cinématographique et l’espace public ; il offre une définition, une objectivation du cinéma au sein de l’espace public, dans la manière dont il construit un cadre d’expérience esthétique. Il est donc à la croisée des chemins : il doit veiller à donner un site (matériel et symbolique) à l’expérience esthétique, selon les logiques propres à son champ et en considérant la « demande » du public.Les problématiques de son métier concernent aussi bien son positionnement concurrentiel, que son positionnement au sein de l’espace public cinématographique ainsi qu’au sein de l’espace public. La présente thèse vise à en rendre compte, de manière transdisciplinaire et engage également une réflexion sur le discours porté sur le cinéma au sein de l’espace public ainsi que la fonction que lui accorde cet espace. Les nouveaux dispositifs numériques peuvent conduire à la radicalisation du caractère mass media du film (en multipliant les modalités de réception), mais ils offrent également nouvelles configurations esthétiques; le cinéma doit donc être (re)défini en fonction de ces nouvelles possibilités (partie 1).C’est toute l’institution cinématographique qui est confrontée à la problématique de l’émergence des nouveaux médias et qui, malgré elle, tend à réduire la valeur expérientielle du cinéma au caractère mass media du film. Or, c’est le marché qui capte et exploite le plus cette logique (partie 2).Cependant, l’exploitant n’est pas seulement un diffuseur ; le travail de l’exploitant est également d’opérer une médiation. Ainsi, il s’agit de considérer les problématiques de sociabilité engagées par la salle de cinéma et les conditions de création de micro-agora, de micro espace public par l’exploitation (partie 3).Ce n’est que dans une saisie globale des deux aspects du cinéma (mass media et micro agora) que l’exploitant a une fonction claire et importante, qu’il convient de revaloriser au sein de l’espace public cinématographique (conclusion)<br>The movie theatre manager articulates the cinematographic public place and the public place. He proposes a definition and an objectification of the cinema within the public place, depending how he « builds » an aesthetic experiment frame. Thus, the movie theatre manager is on a « crossroad ’: he has to ensure the (material and symbolical) frame required for an aesthetic experiment, depending on institutional practices and according to the spectators « demands». The business challenges of the movie theatre manager concern as well its competitive location, as its location within the cinematographic public place as well as within the public place. This thesis aims at reporting it, in an interdisciplinary way. It also commits a comment on the definitions of the cinema belonging to the public place as well as the function that this space grants it.The new digital devices can drive to the radicalisation of the mass media aspect of the movie (by multiplying the ways of reception). But they also offer new aesthetic configurations. Thus, the cinema has to be (re) defined according to these new possibilities (Part 1).It is all the film institution which is concerned by the problems due to the new technologies emergence and which tends to reduce the cinematographic experiential value to the mass media of the film aspect. Now the market exploits this logic more than the institutions do and so appears as the only guarantor of the quality (Part 2).However, the movie theatre manager is not only a diffuser; his work also is to proceeds a mediation. So, it is a matter of considering the sociability problematics committed by the theatre space and the conditions of creation of micro- agora, micro public place by the movie theatre (Part 3).It is only in a global seizure of both aspects of the cinema (mass media and micro-agora) that the movie theatre manager has a clear and an important function, that it must be revalued within the film public place (conclusion)

Au cours de la dernière décennie, les réseaux (les graphes) se sont révélés être un outil efficace pour modéliser des systèmes complexes. La problématique de détection de communautés est une tâche centrale dans l’analyse des réseaux complexes. La majeur partie des travaux dans ce domaine s’intéresse à la structure topologique des réseaux. Cependant, dans plusieurs cas réels, les réseaux complexes ont un ensemble d’attributs associés aux nœuds et/ou aux liens. Ces réseaux sont dites : réseaux attribués. Mes activités de recherche sont basées principalement sur la détection des communautés dans les réseaux attribués. Pour aborder ce problème, on s’est intéressé dans un premier temps aux attributs relatifs aux liens, qui sont un cas particulier des réseaux multiplexes. Un multiplex est un modèle de graphe multi-relationnel. Il est souvent représenté par un graphe multi-couches. Chaque couche contient le même ensemble de nœuds mais encode une relation différente. Dans mes travaux de recherche, nous proposons une étude comparative des différentes approches de détection de communautés dans les réseaux multiplexes. Cette étude est faite sur des réseaux réels. Nous proposons une nouvelle approche centrée "graine" pour la détection de communautés dans les graphes multiplexes qui a nécessité la redéfinition des métriques de bases des réseaux complexes au cas multiplex. Puis, nous proposons une approche de clustering dans les réseaux attribués qui prend en considération à la fois les attributs sur les nœuds et sur les liens. La validation de mes approches a été faite avec des indices internes et externes, mais aussi par une validation guidée par un système de recommandation que nous avons proposé et dont la détection de communautés est sa tâche principale. Les résultats obtenus sur ces approches permettent d’améliorer la qualité des communautés détectées en prenant en compte les informations sur les attributs du réseaux. De plus, nous offrons des outils d’analyse des réseaux attribués sous le langage de programmation R<br>In complex networks analysis field, much effort has been focused on identifying graphs communities of related nodes with dense internal connections and few external connections. In addition to node connectivity information that are mostly composed by different types of links, most real-world networks contains also node and/or edge associated attributes which can be very relevant during the learning process to find out the groups of nodes i.e. communities. In this case, two types of information are available : graph data to represent the relationship between objects and attributes information to characterize the objects i.e nodes. Classic community detection and data clustering techniques handle either one of the two types but not both. Consequently, the resultant clustering may not only miss important information but also lead to inaccurate findings. Therefore, various methods have been developed to uncover communities in networks by combining structural and attribute information such that nodes in a community are not only densely connected, but also share similar attribute values. Such graph-shape data is often referred to as attributed graph.This thesis focuses on developing algorithms and models for attributed graphs. Specifically, I focus in the first part on the different types of edges which represent different types of relations between vertices. I proposed a new clustering algorithms and I also present a redefinition of principal metrics that deals with this type of networks.Then, I tackle the problem of clustering using the node attribute information by describing a new original community detection algorithm that uncover communities in node attributed networks which use structural and attribute information simultaneously. At last, I proposed a collaborative filtering model in which I applied the proposed clustering algorithms

Nous nous intéressons dans cette thèse à la problématique de recommandation de tags dans les systèmes de partage et de classification sociale des ressources, dits folksonomies. Les utilisateurs annotent les ressources à partager par des tags librement choisis. Or, la liberté de choix de tags les rends ambigus. Nous proposons une nouvelle approche topologique nommé TLTR (Two Level Tag Recommendation)pour la recommandation de tags. TLTR est basée sur une approche originale de compression des graphes. Le graphe d'une folksonomie est compressé en appliquant une méthode de clustering sur chacune des trois composantes d'une folksonomie, à savoir: l'ensemble des utilisateurs, des ressources et des tags. Nous proposons également une méthode de clustering topologique basée sur une approche centrée graine pour la détection des communautés dans les graphes multiplexes. Une approche topologique classique, en occurrence la méthode Folkrank, est appliquée sur le graphe réduit afin de sélectionner les clusters de tags les plus appropriés. Ces clusters sont ensuite utilisés pour construire un autre graphe contextuel extrait du graphe original représentant la folksonomie. La méthode Folkrank est à nouveau appliquée afin de calculer la liste de tags à recommander. Des expérimentations sur des grandes folksonomies, notamment, des jeux de données extraits du système de partage des références bibliographiques Bibsonomy montrent la pertinence de notre approche<br>We focus in this thesis on the problem of tag recommendation in social sharing to classification systems called folksonomies. Users of a folksonomy annotate their resources with freely tags chosen. We propose here a new topological approach for tags recommendation called TLTR (Two Level Tag Recommendation). TLTR (Two Level Tag Recommendation) is based on an original approach of graph compression. The graph of a folksonomy is compressed by a clustering each of the three components, namely the set of users, resources and tags. A topological clustering method based on a seed-centered approach for community detection in multiplex graphs is proposed. A classical topological approach, namely Folkrank, is applied to the reduced graph to select the most appropriate clusters of tags. These clusters are then used to build another contextual graph extracted from the original graph representing the folksonomy. Folkrank method is applied again to compute the list of tags to recommend. Experiments on large folksonomy, including, data extracted from references system Bibsonomy show the relevance of our approach

Le reseau francais est actuellement constitue de fibres a fortes dispersions chromatiques, vehiculant un unique canal a 2. 5 gbit/s. Les nouvelles technologies impliquent necessairement une evolution rapide de la capacite du reseau et se pose donc naturellement la question des differents scenarii a envisager pour pouvoir transmettre un debit superieur, par example 40 gbit/s. L'objectif de la these est donc de comparer les performances des systemes suivants: * liaisons multi-lambda n 2. 5 gbit/s dans la fibre a forte dispersion actuellement presente dans le reseau francais. * liaisons multi-lambda n 10. Gbit/s dans une nouvelle fibre a faible dispersion. * liaison soliton mono-lambda a 40 gbit/s dans une nouvelle fibre a determiner. La conclusion surprenante est que les trois systemes permettent une transmission sur a peu pres 1000 km, et presentent donc des performances un peu analogues. Le choix entre les differentes possibilites depend essentiellement de la largeur possible du multiplex, qui depend donc des amplificateurs utilises, et du controle de la valeur de la dispersion chromatique, qui depend des fluctuations de fabrication

>Magister Scientiae - MSc<br>Recent advances in the field of plant genetics and application of molecular technologies has lead to greater understanding of various crop genomes and their organization.The applications of these techniques include molecular markers which have been used to examine DNA variation within crop species. This allows for the creation of further genetic variation for new and favourable traits.Molecular markers or DNA markers are short fragments of DNA that can be used to locate desirable genetic traits in the genome or show specific genetic differences. The Maloideae subfamily includes fruit species such as pear. Pears (Pyrus communis L.) are large edible fruit that are grown in cool climates, native to coastal regions in Africa, Asia and Europe. The external appearance of this fruit plays a vital role on its rate of sale potential. Thus it is important for the appearances of the pear to meet the expectations of the consumer.External factors affecting the appearance of fruit, such as shape and colour, can have a large influence on the consumer’s first impression and opinion of what the fruit may taste like(Jaeger and MacFie, et al., 2001). The South African pear industry is the fourth largest in the fruit industry after apple, citrus and grape, exporting 3.8% to Europe (Ferrandi, et al., 2005).Increase in production and export of the pear is dependant on the variety of cultivars with desired traits. New cultivars, especially ranges of new cultivars, with harvest dates from early to late in the season, can fill gaps in the marketing strategy of exporters and in the local markets (Human, et al., 2005) Therefore, development of molecular markers allows for their possible use in maker-assisted selection and for the construction of a genetic linkage map thus leading to the location of favourable traits and ultimately the improvement of the quality of the pear.In this study high throughput genomic DNA extractions were performed. The Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method was employed as the results proved to be most promising. Furthermore the screenings of molecular markers were conducted in order to obtain DNA variation. Molecular markers were used to locate specific genetic differences.Multiplexing PCR was conducted using fluorescent primers for further screening and results proved to be useful as many variations could be observed.

Dans les années 1990 apparaissent en France les multiplexes, des établissements cinématographiques se démarquant par leur grande taille, leur accessibilité, leur grand nombre d’écrans et leurs services annexes. Dès les années 2000, on les retrouve dans de nombreuses régions et ils parviennent à concentrer plus de la moitié de la fréquentation cinématographique. Face à cette évolution, les autres salles doivent se repositionner, engager des investissements de restructuration et prendre en compte leur présence. Ces transformations modifient la sortie au cinéma en tant que pratique culturelle en influençant les attentes d’une salle et le rapport établi avec les spectateurs. L’objectif de ce travail doctoral est de saisir comment un dispositif participe à construire les publics, en étant attentif aux types d’appréciation filmique qu’il encourage et aux propositions en termes de services et d’équipement. Les multiplexes semblent encourager et s’adapter à plusieurs types de publics : les occasionnels, recherchant l’aspect spectaculaire dans une salle premium, et les habitués, venant trouver un large choix à des horaires flexibles. Ces analyses permettent d’apporter des éléments de compréhension relatifs aux évolutions dans le registre de consommation (notamment sur l’éclectisme), le succès de certains types de films, comme les super héros ou les comédies françaises ou encore l’adaptation à des temporalités données par la distribution et la logique des blockbusters. In fine, cette thèse tente de saisir les dynamiques liant l’offre et la demande dans un secteur culturel en interrogeant le rôle des intermédiaires. Elle s’appuie sur des bases de données, un travail ethnographique d’un an au sein d’un multiplexe, des entretiens, du travail d’archive et des observations<br>In the 1990s multiplexes rise in France, this cinematographic establishments distinguished by their size, their large number of screens, and their additional services. Since 2000’s, they multiply throughout the territory and concentrate more than the half of the attendance. In the face of this change, the other cinema theatres must reposition themselves and invest in restructuring or positioning. These transformations alter film output as a cultural practice, the expectations of a theatre and the relationship established with the audience. The objective of this PhD work is to understand how a device participates in building audiences, paying attention to the types of film appreciation it encourages and to the proposals in terms of services and equipment. The multiplexes seem to encourage and adapt to several types of audiences, both for the casual looking for the spectacular look in a premium room and for the regulars coming to find a wide choice at flexible schedules. These analyses make it possible to provide elements of understanding relating to changes in the consumption register (like eclecticism), the success of certain types of films, like superheroes or French comedies or adaptation to temporalities given by the distribution and logic of blockbusters. Ultimately, this thesis attempts to grasp the dynamics linking supply and demand in a cultural sector questioning the role of intermediaries. It is based on databases, a year-long ethnographic work within a multiplex, interviews, archive work and observations

Nous nous intéressons dans ce travail au problème de prévision de nouveaux liens dans des grands graphes de terrain. Nous explorons en particulier les approches topologiques dyadiques pour la prévision de liens. Différentes mesures de proximité topologique ont été étudiées dans la littérature pour prédire l’apparition de nouveaux liens. Des techniques d’apprentissage supervisé ont été aussi utilisées afin de combiner ces différentes mesures pour construire des modèles prédictifs. Le problème d’apprentissage supervisé est ici un problème difficile à cause notamment du fort déséquilibre de classes. Dans cette thèse, nous explorons différentes approches alternatives pour améliorer les performances des approches dyadiques pour la prévision de liens. Nous proposons d’abord, une approche originale de combinaison des prévisions fondée sur des techniques d’agrégation supervisée de listes triées (ou agrégation de préférences). Nous explorons aussi différentes approches pour améliorer les performances des approches supervisées pour la prévision de liens. Une première approche consiste à étendre l’ensemble des attributs décrivant un exemple (paires de noeuds) par des attributs calculés dans un réseau multiplexe qui englobe le réseau cible. Un deuxième axe consiste à évaluer l’apport destechniques de détection de communautés pour l’échantillonnage des exemples. Des expérimentations menées sur des réseaux réels extraits de la base bibliographique DBLP montrent l’intérêt des approaches proposées<br>In this work, we are interested to tackle the problem of link prediction in complex networks. In particular, we explore topological dyadic approaches for link prediction. Different topological proximity measures have been studied in the scientific literature for finding the probability of appearance of new links in a complex network. Supervided learning methods have also been used to combine the predictions made or information provided by different topological measures. The create predictive models using various topological measures. The problem of supervised learning for link prediction is a difficult problem especially due to the presence of heavy class imbalance. In this thesis, we search different alternative approaches to improve the performance of different dyadic approaches for link prediction. We propose here, a new approach of link prediction based on supervised rank agregation that uses concepts from computational social choice theory. Our approach is founded on supervised techniques of aggregating sorted lists (or preference aggregation). We also explore different ways of improving supervised link prediction approaches. One approach is to extend the set of attributes describing an example (pair of nodes) by attributes calculated in a multiplex network that includes the target network. Multiplex networks have a layered structure, each layer having different kinds of links between same sets of nodes. The second way is to use community information for sampling of examples to deal with the problem of classe imabalance. Experiments conducted on real networks extracted from well known DBLP bibliographic database

L'expression des gènes est régulée dans le temps, les types de cellules et les conditions. Nous avons de nos jours accès à des technologies nous permettant de mesurer l'expression des gènes. Nous pouvons donc calculer les différences d'expression génique entre patients et témoins, et identifier ainsi les gènes dont l'expression est dérégulées. Nous pouvons aussi essayer de trouver un enrichissement des fonctions cellulaires à partir de la liste des gènes dérégulés. Dans ce contexte, j'ai analysé les données d'expression transcriptomiques de patients ayant le syndrome progéria de Hutchinson-Gilford (HGPS) et aux témoins sains. Ces analyses ont conduit à l'identification ARNs candidats pour validation expérimentale.À l'intérieur des cellules les molécules n'agissent pas isolément, mais interagissent pour accomplir ses fonctions. Actuellement, nous disposons de techniques pour déchiffrer ces interactions à grande échelle. Les interactions peut être représenté comme des réseaux, où les noeuds représentent des molécules, et les arêtes représentent des relations physiques et/ou fonctionnelles. L'hypothèse principale de ma thèse est que des sous-réseaux denses et dérégulé correspondent aux processus cellulaires affectés chez les patients. J'ai intégré des données d'expression génique et des réseaux pour identifier de tels modules. J'ai développé MOGAMUN, un algorithme génétique multi-objectif qui recherche des modules actifs. MOGAMUN est le premier algorithme d'identification de modules actifs capable de considérer les réseaux multiplexes, i.e. réseaux composés de différentes couches d'interactions biologiques<br>Gene expression is regulated in time, cell types and conditions. We have access to technologies allowing us to measure the gene expression. We can therefore calculate the differences in gene expression between patients and controls, thereby identifying deregulated genes. We can also try to find significant enrichment of one or more cellular functions from the list of deregulated genes. I analyzed transcriptomics data corresponding to Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) patients and healthy controls. Our analyses led to the identification of candidate RNAs for experimental validation.Inside cells the molecules do not act isolated, but they interact to accomplish their functions. Nowadays, we have experimental techniques to decipher these interactions on a large scale. Biological interactions can be represented as networks, where the nodes represent molecules, and the edges represent physical and/or functional relationships. The main hypothesis I followed during my thesis is that dense subnetworks associated to an overall expression deregulation correspond to affected cellular processes in patients. I integrated gene expression data and networks to identify such modules. I developed MOGAMUN, a multi-objective genetic algorithm that seeks for active modules. MOGAMUN is the first active module identification algorithm able to consider multiplex networks, i.e. networks composed of different layers of biological interactions

Cette étude prend pour objet les salles de cinéma et la relation des spectateurs avec elles. Pour pouvoir embrasser toutes les facettes de la salle de cinéma à l’ère de la multiplication des écrans, le travail s’insère pleinement dans une perspective socio-économique qui articule méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives et s’organise en trois grandes parties. La première décrit les lignes générales de l’expérience cinématographique avec ses écrans et ses sites, la deuxième aborde directement le contexte du paysage cinématographique en Turquie, et la troisième partie s’attache à décrire la place des spectateurs dans ce contexte particulier. Il essaye de construire, à la manière d’un puzzle, le portrait du spectateur-type en Turquie, tout en espérant que ce portrait sera révélateur pour comprendre le spectateur actuel. Les observations par immersion faites dans le cadre de cette étude témoignent de l’existence d’une ligne commune qui traverse tous les types de salles, que ce soit des multiplexes, des salles de quartier ou des espaces de visionnement alternatifs, et de la continuation de l’expérience en salle à domicile<br>The object of this research is the movie theaters and the relationship of the audience with them. To embrace all aspects of the movie theaters in the era of proliferation of screens, the study which follows up a socio-economic perspective articulating quantitative and qualitative methods is organized into three parts. The first part describes the general lines of the cinematic experience with its screens and sites, the second directly addresses the context of the film industry in Turkey, and the third sets out to analyze the place of the movie spectators in this particular context. It thus tries to build up like a jigsaw puzzle, a portrait of the typical spectator in Turkey, hoping that this portrait would be relevant to understand today’s audience. The field observations made within the framework of this study demonstrate the existence of a common line cutting across all types of movie theaters, whether it be multiplexes, neighborhood cinemas or alternative screening areas, and illustrate the continuation of the theater experience at home

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:16:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaClaraferraz.pdf: 1870286 bytes, checksum: d17e1fe96ee32ca1852c51743beff160 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-12<br>The progress of Molecular Biology and Genetics provided the appearance of several molecular markers that detect the genetic polymorphism directly at DNA. Among these markers are the microsatellites (SSR), which are distinguished by their high degree of polymorphism. The use of these markers for individual genotyping has evolved into multiplex systems, which allow many SSR fragments to be detected and analyzed simultaneously. Currently there are several articles in literature discussing the criteria to be used in the primer design for use in PCR, as well as various softwares are available for this end. However, there are few studies and tools for the analysis of compatibility between pairs of primers for use in multiplex systems, where multiple fragments are simultaneously amplified using PCR. This paper evaluated different criteria for compatibility between pairs of primers. A set of 74 combinations of pairs of primers, involving the amplification of 94 SSR loci were evaluated in duplex systems. The same combinations were evaluated according to different criteria, including the degree of complementarity between primers, the magnitude of differences of denaturation temperatures (Tm) and the tendency to annealing between pairs of primers based on the Gibbs free energy resulting from the association between them. The comparison between the different criteria allowed the identification of a set of criteria with positive predictive value equal to 94%. These criteria were implemented for use in a software called Multiplexer, which from the analysis in sequence of pairs of primers, suggests compatible combinations for use in multiplex genotyping systems. Using this tool can significantly reduce the costs related to laboratory activities for genotyping using PCR.<br>Os avanços da Biologia Molecular e da Genética proporcionaram o surgimento de diversos marcadores moleculares que detectam o polimorfismo genético diretamente no DNA. Entre estes marcadores se encontram os microssatélites (SSR), que se destacam pelo seu elevado grau de polimorfismo. O uso desses marcadores para fins de genotipagem individual tem evoluído para sistemas multiplex, os quais permitem que vários fragmentos SSR sejam detectados e analisados simultaneamente. Atualmente são abundantes na literatura artigos que discutem os critérios a serem utilizados no desenho de pares de primers para aplicação em PCR, bem como estão disponíveis diversos softwares para este fim. No entanto, ainda são escassos os estudos e ferramentas destinados à análise de compatibilidade entre pares de primers para aplicação em sistemas multiplex, onde vários fragmentos são amplificados simultaneamente por PCR. Neste trabalho são avaliados diferentes critérios de compatibilidade entre pares de primers. Um conjunto de 74 combinações de pares de primers, envolvendo a amplificação de 94 locos SSR foram avaliados em sistemas duplex. As mesmas combinações foram avaliadas segundo diferentes critérios, incluindo o grau de complementariedade entre primers, magnitude das diferenças de temperaturas de desnaturação (Tm) e a tendência ao anelamento entre pares de primers com base na energia livre de Gibbs resultante da associação entre eles. A comparação entre os diferentes critérios permitiu a identificação de um conjunto de critérios com valor preditivo positivo igual a 94%. Estes critérios foram implementados para utilização em um software denominado Multiplexer, que a partir da análise de sequências de pares de primers, sugere combinações compatíveis para a utilização em sistemas de genotipagem multiplex. O uso dessa ferramenta pode reduzir consideravelmente os custos laboratoriais relativos às atividades de genotipagem utilizando PCR.

L'étude de l'influence sur les réseaux sociaux et en particulier Twitter est un sujet de recherche intense. La détection des utilisateurs influents dans un réseau est une clé de succès pour parvenir à une diffusion d'information à large échelle et à faible coût, ce qui s'avère très utile dans le marketing ou les campagnes politiques. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une nouvelle approche qui tient compte de la variété des relations entre utilisateurs afin d'estimer l'influence dans les réseaux sociaux tels que Twitter. Nous modélisons Twitter comme un réseau multiplexe hétérogène où les utilisateurs, les tweets et les objets représentent les noeuds, et les liens modélisent les différentes relations entre eux (par exemple, retweets, mentions et réponses). Le PageRank multiplexe est appliqué aux données issues de deux corpus relatifs au domaine politique pour classer les candidats selon leur influence. Si le classement des candidats reflète la réalité, les scores de PageRank multiplexe sont difficiles à interpréter car ils sont très proches les uns des autres.Ainsi, nous voulons aller au-delà d'une mesure quantitative et nous explorons comment les différentes relations entre les noeuds du réseau peuvent déterminer un degré d'influence pondéré par une estimation de la crédibilité. Nous proposons une approche, TwitBelief, basée sur la règle de combinaison conjonctive de la théorie des fonctions de croyance qui permet de combiner différents types de relations tout en exprimant l’incertitude sur leur importance relative. Nous expérimentons TwitBelief sur une grande quantité de données collectées lors des élections européennes de 2014 et de l'élection présidentielle française de 2017 et nous déterminons les candidats les plus influents. Les résultats montrent que notre modèle est suffisamment flexible pour répondre aux besoins des spécialistes en sciences sociales et que l'utilisation de la théorie des fonctions de croyances est pertinente pour traiter des relations multiples. Nous évaluons également l'approche sur l'ensemble de données CLEF RepLab 2014 et montrons que notre approche conduit à des résultats significatifs. Nous proposons aussi deux extensions de TwitBelief traitant le contenu des tweets. La première est l'estimation de la polarisation de l'influence sur le réseau Twitter en utilisant l'analyse des sentiments avec l'algorithme des forêts d'arbres décisionnels. La deuxième extension est la catégorisation des styles de communication dans Twitter, il s'agit de déterminer si le style de communication des utilisateurs de Twitter est informatif, interactif ou équilibré<br>Influence in complex networks and in particular Twitter has become recently a hot research topic. Detecting most influential users leads to reach a large-scale information diffusion area at low cost, something very useful in marketing or political campaigns. In this thesis, we propose a new approach that considers the several relations between users in order to assess influence in complex networks such as Twitter. We model Twitter as a multiplex heterogeneous network where users, tweets and objects are represented by nodes, and links model the different relations between them (e.g., retweets, mentions, and replies).The multiplex PageRank is applied to data from two datasets in the political field to rank candidates according to their influence. Even though the candidates' ranking reflects the reality, the multiplex PageRank scores are difficult to interpret because they are very close to each other.Thus, we want to go beyond a quantitative measure and we explore how relations between nodes in the network could reveal about the influence and propose TwitBelief, an approach to assess weighted influence of a certain node. This is based on the conjunctive combination rule from the belief functions theory that allow to combine different types of relations while expressing uncertainty about their importance weights. We experiment TwitBelief on a large amount of data gathered from Twitter during the European Elections 2014 and the French 2017 elections and deduce top influential candidates. The results show that our model is flexible enough to consider multiple interactions combination according to social scientists needs or requirements and that the numerical results of the belief theory are accurate. We also evaluate the approach over the CLEF RepLab 2014 data set and show that our approach leads to quite interesting results. We also propose two extensions of TwitBelief in order to consider the tweets content. The first is the estimation of polarized influence in Twitter network. In this extension, sentiment analysis of the tweets with the algorithm of forest decision trees allows to determine the influence polarity. The second extension is the categorization of communication styles in Twitter, it determines whether the communication style of Twitter users is informative, interactive or balanced

El desplegament mundial de la tecnologia 5G i l’ús estès de xarxes sense fils han impulsat un creixement accelerat del nombre de bandes freqüencials requerides pels telèfons intel·ligents i altres dispositius mòbils. De manera simultània, per incrementar la velocitat de connexió, també s’incrementen la complexitat de l’esquema de modulació, el nombre d’antenes i el nombre de portadores agregades. Aquestes especificacions requereixen avenços en la tecnologia de filtres d’RF per assegurar la selecció de la portadora adequada i de tota la informació transmesa. Alhora, dispositius més petits son necessaris en un espai cada cop més reduït i han de suportar nivells de potència més elevats en un escenari d’alta integració. Davant d’aquest desafiament, els ressonadors basats en tecnologia d’ona acústica han demostrat ser la solució que compleix amb els requeriments del mercat. El disseny d’un filtre d’ona acústica ha estat enfocat fins ara des de les tècniques d’optimització que requereixen un procés llarg i costós en termes de computació, una aproximació poc eficient des del punt de vista de la indústria. Però, eines de simulació basades en tècniques avançades de síntesi que consideren les restriccions tecnològiques han estat desenvolupades pel nostre grup en els darrers anys. Aquestes eines proporcionen solucions ràpides i precises com a primer pas per la posterior optimització de l’estructura. El propòsit principal d’aquesta tesi és aconseguir les demandes actuals d’integració de múltiples filtres en un sol mòdul (un multiplexor) i també incloure amplificadors de potència per reduir la mida de les capçaleres d’RF dels dispositius mòbils. En el cas dels multiplexors, el concepte de les xarxes de mínima susceptància ha estat empleat introduint el control de la fase del coeficient de reflexió per classificar aquestes xarxes. Dos escenaris han estat analitzats en quan al pla de freqüències: fixe i flexible. Aquest darrer és un cas complex que es troba impulsat en el paradigma de l’agregació de portadores i els requeriments del mercat. La metodologia proposada garanteix el compliment de les restriccions tecnològiques i dels requeriments d’atenuació de cada canal. En la part de la integració de filtres d’ona acústica en mòduls complets, aquesta tesi adreça la síntesi de filtres considerant impedàncies complexes a la càrrega i a la font. Aquesta proposta permet codissenyar filtres amb xarxes actives o passives permetent eliminar la tradicional etapa intermèdia d’adaptació d’impedàncies. El process de codisseny és il·lustrat amb amplificadors de potència i filtres analitzant les característiques de cara part per assegurar una alta eficiència i una alta potència de sortida en la banda. Alhora, una resposta de filtrat de Chebyshev s’obté en el dispositiu resultant. De la mateixa manera, el control de la fase amb diversos objectius s’ha discutit en aquesta tesi. L’anàlisi teòric queda suportat per exemples simulats i prototips fabricats que demostren la validesa de la hipòtesi. Els resultats aconseguits es troben resumits al final de cada capítol.<br>La implementación de la tecnología 5G a nivel mundial y el extendido uso de conexiones inalámbricas han impulsado el incremento acelerado del número de bandas de radio frecuencia (RF) que deben ser soportadas por los teléfonos inteligentes y los dispositivos móviles. Al mismo tiempo aumenta la complejidad de los esquemas de modulación, el número de antenas y la cantidad de portadoras con el objetivo de aumentar la velocidad de conexión. Estas demandas requieren avances en la tecnología de filtros de RF que garanticen la selección correcta de cada portadora y la adquisicion íntegra de la información deseada. Sumamos además la necesidad de tener dispositivos cada vez más pequeños en un espacio cada vez más reducido y capaces de manejar mayores potencias en un escenario de alta integración. En este contexto tan desafiante, los filtros basados en resonadores de tecnología microacústica han demostrado ser la solución para cubrir las necesidades del mercado. El diseño de filtros en esta tecnología ha estado dominado por técnicas de optimización que requieren un gran tiempo de procesado y un esfuerzo computacional no eficientes desde el punto de vista industrial. Sin embargo, herramientas de simulación basadas en métodos de síntesis avanzados que consideran los requerimientos propios de la tecnología han sido desarrollados en los últimos años en nuestro grupo de investigación con el objetivo de proporcionar una solución precisa y rápida que sirva de semilla para una posterior optimización. Esta tesis persigue como objetivo dar respuesta a la tendencia actual de integración de múltiples filtros en módulos de RF que incluyen amplificadores de potencia (PA) para disminuir la ocupación dentro de los smartphones. Durante el proceso de diseño de multiplexores he aplicado conceptos con fundamentos teóricos sólidos como las Redes de Mínima Susceptancia y he introducido el control de la fase en el proceso de síntesis como elemento clave en la clasificación de dichas redes de filtrado. Dos posibles escenarios fueron analizados según el plan de frecuencia: fijo y flexible. Este último escenario es especialmente complejo y constituye una demanda industrial reciente debido a la aparición de la tecnología de Carrier Aggregation. La metodología presentada garantiza la viabilidad tecnológica y el cumplimiento de las especificaciones para cada banda de frecuencia. Como parte de la integración en módulos, esta tesis también incluye la síntesis de filtros acústicos con impedancia compleja a la entrada y/o salida. Esta propuesta permite el codiseño de filtros con elementos activos o pasivos para eliminar redes intermedias de adaptacion de impedancia. Se ilustra el proceso de codiseño de amplificadores de potencia y filtros en tecnología microacústica desde un punto de vista integrador para garantizar una alta eficiencia en la conversión de energía y potencias de salida estables en toda la banda de frecuencia. Simultáneamente, una respuesta de filtrado tipo Chebyshev es obtenida en el dispositivo final. El control de la fase con diferentes objetivos es también abordado en este documento. Todos los análisis teóricos han sido acompañados de ejemplos simulados y prototipos fabricados que demuestran la ideoneidad de los planteamientos. Los resultados alcanzados han sido resumidos en cada capítulo.<br>The worldwide implementation of 5G technology and the extended use of wireless networks have boosted the fast-paced increase in the radio frequency bands number supported by smartphones and other mobile devices. Simultaneously, to increment the connection speed, the modulation scheme complexity, antenna number, and carrier aggregated are increasing. These specifications require advances in the RF filter technology to ensure the proper selection of each carrier and the full information acquisition. Additionally, smaller devices are needed for a shrinking space and also be able to handle higher powers in a highly integrated scenario. In this challenging environment, resonators based on acoustic wave (AW) technology have demonstrated to be the solution for the market requirements. The AW filter design has been driven by optimization techniques that require a time-consuming process and computational efforts, being inefficient from the industry point of view. Nevertheless, simulation tools based on advanced synthesis techniques considering the technological accommodation have been developed in our research group in the last years. These tools provide precise and fast solutions as the first tier for a later optimization procedure. The principal purpose of this thesis is to meet the current demands of integration of multiple filters in one RF module, namely multiplexers, and also including power amplifiers (PA) to reduce the device size inside the smartphones. For the multiplexers design, the Minimum Susceptance Networks (MSN) concept has been exploited, introducing the reflection coefficient phase control as a key element for this kind of network classification. Two probable scenarios were analyzed regarding the frequency plan: fixed and flexible. The latter is a complex case boosted by the advent of the Carrier Aggregation technology and the market requirements. The proposed methodology guarantees technological feasibility and mask specifications fulfillment for each channel. As part of the AW filters module integration, this thesis addresses the synthesis considering complex source/load impedances. The proposal allows the co-design of filters with active or passive networks removing the common inter-stage matching network. It is illustrated the co-design process for power amplifiers and filters analyzing each part's features to ensure high efficiency and output power in the passband. Simultaneously, a Chebyshev filter response is obtained in the resulting device. Moreover, the phase control with different purposes is also discussed in this document. The theoretical analysis has been supported by simulated examples and manufacturing prototypes that show the approach's pertinence. The achieving results have been summarized at each chapter's end.<br>Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Enginyeria Electrònica i de Telecomunicació

There is much biological evidence that mechanical forces play a significant role in controlling normal cell growth and proliferation. This evidence has motivated many researchers to use scanning acoustic microscopes to study the mechanical properties of cells. Multiplexing techniques are used in a variety of imaging systems. This dissertation presents the results of the application of multiplexing concepts to acoustic microscopy. The introduction to this dissertation reviews evidence for the biological role of mechanical forces and relevant acoustic imaging techniques. This is followed by an introduction to multiplexing techniques that leads to the conceptual design of a multiplexed acoustic microscope (MAM). The results from simulating and prototyping a small MAM are used to perform a simulation of a large MAM. Data from a large MAM is either impractical to process or requires assumptions that produce unacceptable results. The ultimate solution requires the design of a MAM having a small point spread function.

An optical network technology is the network technology that meets given requirements for a fast and reliable long-distance information transmission. Optical fibres can offer undoubted features where other communication technologies are near their limits or stand in front of insurmountable problems. The intensive research of last years is focused on optical transmission features utilization in the optimal way. Especially an optical signal processing in active network devices without a need for electrical conversation is a topic of high interest. V-Mux is an optical network device that accomplishes above mentioned requirements for modern optical network devices. It is a device that multiplexes and drops an optical signal in its native light form into or from optical fibre. Basic micro electro-mechanical components, which the V-Mux is built from, are high end precise devices. The whole complex V-Mux has to meet strict rules and specifications as the components itself. That is why a control system has to be included in the production process to keep quality and right functionality. This diploma thesis is focused on a development of the testing system that will help in the automated control procedure in the V-Mux production. A brief introduction to optical network technologies and a description of the GPIB bus form a first part of the thesis. The next part focuses on the V-Mux itself and the proposal of the test station with its component description. The last part deals with a developing of the software for the V-Mux testboard and a user application that will be used for the test system initialization.

Afin de poursuivre leur montée en débit, les composants des télécommunications par fibre optique nécessitent l'élaboration de nombreuses briques de base : laser, modulateur, photo-détecteur, multiplexeur... et leur intégration avec les circuits de traitement du signal. Cette thèse a pour objectifs de concevoir et de caractériser ces différentes briques actives et passives en utilisant la technologie hybride III-V/Si. Ces briques sont ensuite utilisées dans des circuits photoniques intégrés (PIC) complets d'émission et de réception, qui présentent des avantages tels qu'une. taille réduite, une consommation et un coût de fabrication faibles. . Après une partie d'introduction, plusieurs éléments passifs sont étudiés en détail dans la 2ème partie : guides d 'ondes, virages, diviseurs de puissance, croisements de guides et hybride 90°. Tous ces dispositifs présentent de bonnes performances compatibles avec leur utilisation dans les PICs.La 3ème partie traite le problème du (dé)-multiplexage en longueur d'onde. Trois dispositifs sont étudiés : le démultiplexeur basé sur des résonateurs en anneau, des réseaux échelle et des AWG (arrayed waveguide grating). Pour les réseaux échelles, des performances à l'état de l'art ont été démontrées, d'une part sur un composant de 16 canaux séparés de 100GHz et d'autre part sur un composant de 4 canaux séparés de 20nm avec un profil aplati. Une méthode de simulation d'AWG a ensuite été présentée avec des résultats expérimentaux et théoriques à l'appui. La dernière partie traite des composants dits "actifs" et de l'intégration de toutes les fonctions précédentes dans des circuits photoniques intégrés. Les composants actifs étudiés sont les lasers, les Amplificateurs optiques en semi-conducteurs (SOA), les modulateurs à électro-absorption (EAM) et enfin les jonctions PN sur silicium comme modulateur de phase. Les PICs présentés sont d'abord deux générations de laser accordable intégré avec un EAM avec une transmission à 10Gbit/s sur 50km. Puis sont étudiés des modulateurs I/Q avec source laser accordable intégrée, d'une part avec des jonctions PN en silicium et d'autre part avec des EAM comme modulateurs pour des débits cibles de 25Gbaud/s.Une conclusion générale est tirée à la fin de la thèse. Des perspectives à court et moyen termes sont également tracées<br>In order to follow the new needs in terms of optical bandwidth, optical fiber communications require the elaboration of numerous building blocks: laser, modulator, photo-detector...and their integration with signal processing circuits. This thesis has for objective the conception and caracterisation of various active and passive building blocks using the hybrid III-V/Si technology. These building blocks are then used in photonic integrated circuits (PIC) with all the necessary emission and reception functions. This enables a reduced footprint, a lower power consumption and fabrication cost.After an introduction section, several passive elements are studied in detail in the second part: waveguides, bends, power splitters, waveguide crossings and hybrid 90°. All these designs present good performances compatible with their integration in PICsThe third part treats the problem of wavelength (de)-multiplexing. Three types of device were studied: a demultiplexer based on ring resonators, echelle gratings and arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG). For the echelle gratings, state-of-the-art performances were demonstrated, first on a sample with 16 channels separated 100GHz and on the other hand a sample with 4 channels separated 20nm with a flettened profile. A simulation method for the AWG was presented with experimental and theoretical results to support the method.The last part is about "active" devices and the integration of all the previous designs in PICs. The studied active components are the lasers, semi-conductor optical amplifiers (SOA), electro-absorption modulators (EAM) and finally silicon PN junctions used as phase modulators. Two generations of a tunable laser integrated with an EAM were studied with a transmission at 10Gbit/s over 50km. The next section studied I/Q modulators with an integrated tunable laser source, using either PN silicon junction modulators or EAM with a target speed of 25Gbaud/s.A general conclusion is drawn at the end of the thesis. Short term and mid-term perspectives were also drawn

Orientador: Ernesto Kemp<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T18:38:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_MarceloZimbres_D.pdf: 8568193 bytes, checksum: 2348942e48cd0c1c610715988bd1d2f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014<br>Resumo: Devido à ação do campo magnético cósmico, trajetórias de raios cósmicos provenientes de uma mesma fonte podem ser defletidas e dar origem a estruturas filamentares cujos eventos são ordenados de acordo com suas energias, os multipletos. Nesse trabalho, propomos um novo método para identificação de multipletos, baseado no uso de uma classe de funções definidas sobre a esfera, chamadas de wavelets esféricos. Para testar o método aplicamos a análise em dados simulados. Primeiramente usamos um fundo isotrópico, onde um multipleto pode ocorrer apenas ao acaso. Posteriormente fazemos a análise colocando um multipleto em uma posição aleatória no mesmo fundo isotrópico. Com isso calculamos erros de tipo I e II. O método também é aplicado em dados obtidos pelo Observatório Pierre Auger para eventos com energia E > 15 x10^{18}eV<br>Abstract: Due to the action of the intervening cosmic magnetic fields, the trajectories of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) can be deflected in such a way as to create clustered energy-ordered filamentary structures in the arrival directions of these particles, the so-called multiplets. In this work we propose a new method based on the spherical wavelet transform to identify multiplets in sky maps containing arrival directions of UHECRs. The method is illustrated in simulations with a multiplet embedded in isotropic backgrounds with different numbers of events, and on data from the Pierre Auger Observatory. The efficiency of the algorithm is assessed through the calculation of Type I and II erros<br>Doutorado<br>Física<br>Doutor em Ciências

Multiplexed immunoassays have been explored using the fluorescent and luminescent properties of fluorophores and nanoparticles. Epi-fluorescence microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy and programmable array microscopy were used to detect signals from mixtures of conventional organic fluorophores, quantum dots and silica nanoparticles doped with europium, samarium and terbium in single-welled multiplexed immunosorbent assays. Spectral unmixing was investigated using mixtures of fluorophores and cadmium selenide quantum dots. Mixtures of up to four dyes were separated quantitatively using least squares minimisation, with relative standard error ranging from 0.5 to 13 %. Silica nanoparticles doped with luminescent lanthanides were synthesised and used in a model immunoassay system for simultaneous, single-welled detection of human and mouse IgGs. The results indicated the lanthanides are well suited to multiplexed assays, mainly because of their atomic line emission bands. Analytes in a mixture could be quantified with < 5 % error. The multiplexed assay developed was applied to the detection of anti-dengue IgM and IgG in mouse sera, to differentiate primary and secondary dengue infection. The assay traced the kinetics of antibody production for both IgM and IgG with an IgM/IgG ratio of 1. The fluorescencebased methods compared favourably with ELISA results (r2 ≥ 0.8), with results using conventional fluorophores showing the best correlation with ELISA (r2 > 0.98). Differentiation of serotype specific IgGs was also explored but was complicated due to cross reactivity of the antibodies. A model to differentiate cross reactive dengue antigens was applied to the data through fitting parameters of the five parameter logistic equation to the intensity obtained for an assay. Results indicated the family of dengue antigens are too closely related to be distinguished by the method. The model was however successful in differentiating a partially cross reactive system (p > 0.95).

Cette thèse porte sur une problématique moderne: la prise en charge de patients cancéreux par thérapie ciblée. De tels traitements sont efficaces et représentent une récente avancée thérapeutique majeure pour des patients multi-traités en cas d'échec thérapeutique. Cependant, les réponses des patients sont souvent transitoires puisqu'ils rechutent plusieurs mois après le traitement. Il a été récemment démontré que pour les cancers du poumon, ces rechutes sont associées à l'émergence de nouvelles altérations génétiques au sein des tumeurs. Il est donc important de discriminer avant traitement le processus de résistance qui pourrait se produire et proposer ainsi la combinaison de traitements qui empêcheraient l'apparition d'une résistance. Une telle évaluation précoce pourrait être facilitée grâce à l'utilisation de la microfluidique de goutte qui permet un criblage à haut débit à l’échelle de la cellule unique. Cette technologie pourrait ainsi devenir un outil générique pour identifier la résistance à un traitement à un stade précoce de son développement. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons utilisé comme modèle in vitro des lignées cellulaires NSCLC (Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer) respectivement sensibles et résistantes au traitement. Nous avons développé de nouveaux outils de microfluidique de goutte qui ont permis de discriminer entre le phénotype et le génotype de cellules uniques sensibles au traitement et résistantes au traitement. Une telle preuve de principe constitue une première étape vers la compréhension de l'hétérogénéité de populations de cellules tumorales, dont il a été montré qu’elle est corrélée avec la résistance aux thérapies<br>This thesis deals with a modern problematic: the management of cancer patients using targeted therapy. Such treatments are efficient and represent a recent major therapeutic advance for multi-treated patients in therapeutic failure. However patients responses are often transitory as they relapse several months following the treatment. It has been recently demonstrated that for lung cancers these escapes are associated with the emergence of new genetic alterations within tumors. It is thus important to discriminate before treatment the resistance process that could occur and thus propose the therapeutic combination of treatments that would prevent the appearing of a resistance. Such early assessment could be eased-up thanks to the use of droplet microfluidics which allows high-throughput screening at a single-cell level resolution. This technology could hence become a generic tool to identify resistance to a treatment in an early stage of its development. In the framework of this thesis we used as an in vitro model treatment-sensitive and treatment-resistant NSCLC (Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer) cell lines. We developed novel droplet microfluidics tools which allowed to discriminate between the phenotype and genotype of single treatment-sensitive and treatment-resistant single cells. Such a proof of principle constitutes a first step towards the understanding of tumor cell population heterogeneity, which has been shown to be correlated with resistance to therapies

La protéomique est devenue un domaine de recherche essentiel en biologie et en médecine. Afin, de répondre aux enjeux de cette discipline, il est nécessaire de pouvoir caractériser et localiser les protéines exprimées au niveau cellulaire. De nombreuses techniques d’analyses in situ des ces protéines considérées comme étant des marqueurs spécifiques d’une pathologie existent et sont utilisées en routine, notamment pour le suivi des cancers, dans de nombreux laboratoires d’anatomo pathologie. La plus répandue est l’immunohistochimie (IHC). Cette technique consiste à révéler spécifiquement in situ un complexe immun (antigène-anticorps). Dans l’optique d’accroître la capacité de détection multiple (multiplexage) d’une immunoréaction, nous avons développé une nouvelle technique d’imagerie in situ de multiples marqueurs spécifiques. Des traceurs chimiques photoclivables (Tag) sont fixés spécifiquement sur des anticorps. Les anticorps marqués sont complexés in situ aux protéines cibles présentent sur le tissu. Les Tag sont ensuite clivés de leurs anticorps respectifs par désorption laser. Apres une irradiation de la coupe par le laser à 355 nm une image est générée à partir des différents spectres de masse enregistrés pour chaque Tag utilisés. Contrairement au mode MALDI, l’utilisation de la matrice n’est pas nécessaire pour favoriser l’ionisation de ces composés chimiques. Ce qui simplifie grandement l’analyse par spectrométrie de masse. Cette technique appelée TAMSIM pour TArgeted multiplex Mass Spectrometry IMaging a pu être validée pour l’analyse de différents marqueurs spécifiques localisés au sein des tissus pancréatiques et sur des sections tissulaires de foie humain.

I framtiden kommer multiplexad detektion att spela en central roll inom kliniskt bruk. Detta för att utvecklingen av riktad molekylär medicin är på uppgång och kräver studier av interaktioner mellan makromolekyler. Inom forskning används fluorescensmikroskopi för multiplexad detektion men inom kliniskt bruk föredras det att studera preparat med ljusfältsmikroskopi. Dagens problem med ljusfältsmikroskopi ligger i att det är svårt att detektera flera olika markörer samtidigt, multiplexning. Olink har lämnat en förfrågan på en ny testbar metod för multiplexad ljusfältsavläsning (bilaga 3). Bland dagens metoder för multiplexad analys har NuanceTM som baseras på liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF) och SpectraLamp som baseras på agile spectral light source (ASLS) studerats och utvärderats. NuanceTM är en färdig produkt som idag finns ute på marknaden. Utöver att studera dagens metoder har två idéer för multiplexning formulerats av projektet. Huvudidén går under arbetsnamnen pyro immunohistochemistry (PIHC) och nyttjar teknik från pyrosekvensering för att visualisera markörer med ljusblixtar. Utöver huvudidén har projektet även ett utkast på en idé, restriction immunohistochemistry (RIHC). Den baseras på upprepad immunohistokemisk inmärkning där infärgningen avlägsnas mellan varje steg

Structured light pattern projection techniques are well known methods of accurately capturing 3-Dimensional information of the target surface. Traditional structured light methods require several different patterns to recover the depth, without ambiguity or albedo sensitivity, and are corrupted by object movement during the projection/capture process. This thesis work presents and discusses a color multiplexed structured light technique for recovering object shape from a single image thus being insensitive to object motion. This method uses single pattern whose RGB channels are each encoded with a unique subpattern. The pattern is projected on to the target and the reflected image is captured using high resolution color digital camera. The image is then separated into individual color channels and analyzed for 3-D depth reconstruction through use of phase decoding and unwrapping algorithms thereby establishing the viability of the color multiplexed single pattern technique. Compared to traditional methods (like PMP, Laser Scan etc) only one image/one-shot measurement is required to obtain the 3-D depth information of the object, requires less expensive hardware and normalizes albedo sensitivity and surface color reflectance variations. A cosine manifold and a flat surface are measured with sufficient accuracy demonstrating the feasibility of a real-time system.

Fluorescence tomography (FT) is an emerging non-invasive in vivo molecular imaging modality that aims at quantification and three-dimensional (3D) localization of fluorescent tagged inclusions, such as cancer lesions and drug molecules, buried deep in human and animal subjects. Depth-resolved 3D reconstruction of fluorescent inclusions distributed over the volume of optically turbid biological tissue using the diffuse fluorescent photons detected on the skin poses a highly ill-conditioned problem, as depth information must be extracted from boundary data. Due to this ill-posed nature of FT reconstructions, noise and errors in the data can severely impair the accuracy of the 3D reconstructions. Consequently, improvements in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the data significantly enhance the quality of the FT reconstructions. Furthermore, enhancing the SNR of the FT data can greatly contribute to the speed of FT scans. The pivotal factor in the SNR of the FT data is the power of the radiation illuminating the subject and exciting the administered fluorescent agents. In existing single-point illumination FT systems, the illumination power level is limited by the skin maximum radiation exposure levels. In this research, a multiplexed architecture governed by the Hadamard transform was conceptualized, developed, and experimentally implemented for orders-of-magnitude enhancement of the SNR and the robustness of FT reconstructions. The multiplexed FT system allows for Hadamard-coded multi-point illumination of the subject while maintaining the maximal information content of the FT data. The significant improvements offered by the multiplexed FT system were validated by numerical and experimental studies carried out using a custom-built multiplexed FT system developed exclusively in this work. The studies indicate that Hadamard multiplexing offers significantly enhanced robustness in reconstructing deep fluorescent inclusions from low-SNR FT data.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 17-20, 1994 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California<br>The Central Multiplexer is a versatile data multiplexer designed to address emerging test requirements for recording data from many sources on digital rotary head recorders at high data rates. A modular design allows easy reconfiguration for airborne or laboratory use; simultaneous data input from 63 sources of data in any combination of PCM commutators, ARINC 429 buses, ARINC 629 buses, MIL- STD-1553 buses, and general-purpose high-speed serial data packets; simultaneous, independent programmable outputs to high-speed digital data recorders, quick-look displays, and engineering monitor and analysis systems; and setup and control from a remote panel, a dumb terminal, a laptop personal computer, a standalone test system, or a large control computer.

The central topic of this thesis has been the study, development and validation of diverse multiplexed diagnostics platforms and techniques that can be applied to a wide range of topics, from environmental monitoring to clinical diagnosis. A multiplexed system is distinguished by its ability to measure simultaneously several analytes from a single sample, usually offering simultaneously high-throughput and easy-to-use protocols. Two categories have been described in order to fulfill this demand: (i) spatial separation of detection sites, by means of different spots, wells, regions of a channel network or electrode arrays, or (ii) the use of various labels such as enzymes, redox molecules, beads or dyes. The different goals achieved in this thesis are related to the development of multiplexed assays for two problematic scenarios: the environmental monitoring of man-made contaminants and the attempt to improve the actual diagnostic tools in two relevant clinical fields such as infectious and cardiovascular diseases. The first scenario has been explored through the development of a different multianalyte and multiplexed platforms for the multidetection of environmental pollutants. Families of contaminants with different chemical natures have been explored, being representatives of herbicides, antibiotics, hormones, insecticides, industrial contaminants and algal toxins, the final chosen in this thesis. The research of second topic has been carried on through progressing in two different lines. On one hand, a photosensible dual-system based on plasmonic nanoparticles as a possible and innovative diagnostic tool for pathogenic bacteria involved in respiratory disease and sepsis was explored. On the other hand, the preliminary validation of a new diagnostic platform based on nonrigid PDMS chips was explored. The study of this new material and the multiple possibilities the flexible material offer regarding microfluidics design, miniaturization and functionalization could be useful for the potential development of future multiplexed platforms.

In this thesis, a queuing model for an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) based Multiplexing node is developed. In this model, it is assumed that no cell queuing is done within the multiplexer for the purpose of transmission at a later time. This introduces higher cell loss but simplifies the multiplexing (switching) algorithm which is key to ATM. This also gives constant cell delays per network node. The total network delay suffered by a cell is the sum of propagation delay, and cell transmission and buffering delay within each node the cell traverses. A closed form analytical solution is derived for the above described model and ATM cell loss probabilities (or cell blocking probabilities) are computed for a multiplexer assuming identical sources at the input. This enables us to estimate the bandwidth gain for various levels of cell loss probabilities. The model is also extended to include non-identical traffic sources and multimedia sources at the input of the multiplexer. The cell loss probabilities are studied for these cases as well. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Tunable add-drop multiplexer systems that are feasible and exhibit good performance characteristics are highly desirable for building all-optical transmission systems. A novel sparse tunable optical add/drop multiplexer subsystem consisting of eight tunable single-ring resonator based optical filters, and two eight-channel phase array devices, is proposed to allow sparse optical channels add and/or drop. The design takes advantage of the main limitation of single ring resonator-based optical filters, namely the rather limited free spectral range and in effect the limited number of communication channels that can be processed. The tunable filters provide add and drop functions of the selected channels whereas the phase array devices provide demultiplexing and multiplexing functions for the inbound and the outbound channels respectively. The coupled mode theory, its transfer matrix formalism, and the theory of spectral analysis of signals are used to carry out preliminary performance analysis of the single-ring resonator based tunable add-drop filter, to optimize, and finally to characterize its performance. This approach allows an accurate evaluation of filter characteristics, namely the transfer functions between any ports of the device. A wavelength-domain simulation method, coupled with a time/frequency-domain simulation method, is used to analyse the performance of the tunable OADM in linear, ring, and mesh all-optical wavelength-division multiplexing networks/transmission systems. Our performance evaluation demonstrates that the tunable OADM could be successfully employed in linear, ring, and mesh all-optical dense-division multiplexing networks/transmission systems with bit rates up to 10 Gbit/s.

Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) using silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguides have become an attractive area of research to decrease the footprint of optical interconnects as well as to ensure high speed data transmission. Specifically, research into using SOI ring resonator add-drop filters for WDM applications have been increasingly pursued. A ring resonator coupled on both sides by straight waveguides enables one to add (multiplex) or drop (demultiplex) wavelengths. Using series-coupled ring resonators, with each resonator having a different length, enables better spectral performance than single ring resonators. In this thesis, we have analyzed the properties of SOI strip waveguides and directional couplers. We have compared different spectral properties of single and series-coupled ring resonators and showed the advantages of using series-coupled ring resonators. SOI strip waveguide series-coupled racetrack resonators exhibiting the Vernier effect were designed by us and fabricated at a leading edge foundry. The free spectral range was 36 nm, which is comparable to the span of the optical C-band. The drop port response showed interstitial peak suppression between 9 dB and 17 dB and minimal resonance splitting.

Optics and photonics enable important technological solutions for critical areas such as health, communications, energy, and manufacturing. Novel nanofabrication techniques, on the other hand, have enabled the realization of ever shirking devices. On-chip photonic micro-resonators, the fabrication of which was made possible in the recent decade thanks to the progress in nanofabrication, provide a sensitive and scalable transduction mechanism that can be used for biochemical sensing applications. The recognition and quantification of biological molecules is of great interest for a wide range of applications from environmental monitoring and hazard detection to early diagnosis of diseases such as cancer and heart failure. A sensitive and scalable biosensor platform based on an optimized array of silicon nitride microring resonators is proposed for multiplexed, rapid, and label-free detection of biomolecules. The miniature dimension of the proposed sensor allows for the realization of handheld detection devices for limited-resource and point-of-care applications. To realize these sensors, the design, fabrication, stabilization, and integration challenges are addressed. Especially, the focus is placed on solving a major problem in using resonancebased integrated photonic sensors (i.e., the insufficiency of wavelength scan accuracy in typical tunable lasers available) by using an interferometric referencing technique for accurate resonance tracking. This technique can improve the limit of detection of the proposed sensor by more than one order of magnitude. The method does not require any temperature control or cooling, and the biosensor platform does not require narrow linewidths necessary for the biosensors based on ultrahigh quality factor resonators, thus enabling low-cost and reliable integration on the biosensor platform.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 30-November 02, 1989 / Town & Country Hotel & Convention Center, San Diego, California<br>A Telemetry system which integrates 1553 Bus data, DualSimplex bus data, vehicle performance data, and environmental sensor data multiplexing encompasses many interfacing constraints. The Engineering design considerations and hardware constraints required to implement this system are presented in this paper.

Polarisation-based wavelength-division multi-/demulti-plexers (WDMs) and filters have been designed, constructed and evaluated. These are compact devices made from single-mode optical fibre possessing high linear birefringence. Ihe WDMs accept two input wavelengths in a common state of polarisation, and produce orthogonally polarised outputs which are spatially separated using a polarisation-selective element. The maximum separation demonstrated is 1.5 nm, and the minimum 0.04 nm, which is two orders of magnitude better than that achieved b most other in-line WDMs. A few metres of fibre only are required. Instantaneous cross- talk values below -15 dB have been measured experimentally, and theoretical analysis of the devices predicts that values below -28 dB should be attainable. Temperature sensitivity currently limits long-term cross-talk, but also offers the possibility of tuning the centre wavelength. Methods of reducing environmental sensitivity include judicious choice of fibre type and appropriate packaging of the WDMs. These techniques are investigated and discussed. Incorporation of the WDMs in optical fibre sensing networks is demonstrated, as is separation of frequency-shifted stimulated Brillouin scattered light, generated in a fibre, from the pump frequency. Filters are constructed using concatenated sections of birefringent fibre, positioned between two polarisers. Rotation of the polarisation azimuth between sections is achieved by twistíng portions of the fibre to induce circular birefringence. Thus devices are made from a single strand of linearly birefringent fibre, less than one metre in length. Passband widths and separations are selected b changing the number of twisted sections in the filter, and altering lengths and twist angles of sections. A minimum passband width ofI0 nm has been demonstrated, at a passband separation of60 nm. Environmental stability is suíciently good for the devices to be operated as passive components.

In manufacturing industry there is a high demand for on line quality control to minimize therisk of incorrectly produced objects. Conventional contact measurement methods are usuallyslow and invasive, meaning that they cannot be used for soft materials and for complexshapes without influencing the controlled parts. In contrast, interferometry and digitalholography in combination with computers become faster, more reliable and highly accurateas an alternative non-contact technique for industrial shape evaluation. For example in digitalholography, access to the complex wave field and the possibility to numerically reconstructholograms in different planes introduce a new degree of flexibility to optical metrology. Withdigital holography high resolution and precise three dimensional (3D) images of themanufactured parts can be generated. This technique can also be used to capture data in asingle exposure, which is important when doing measurements in a disturbed environment. The aim of this thesis is devoted to the theoretical and experimental development of shapeand deformation measurements. To perform online process control of free-formmanufactured objects, the measured shape is compared with the CAD-model to obtaindeviations. To do this, a new technique to measure surface gradients and shape based onsingle-shot multiplexed dual-wavelength digital holography and image correlation of speckledisplacements is demonstrated. Based on an analytical relation between phase gradients andspeckle displacements it is shown that an object is retrieved uniquely to shape, position anddeformation without the unwrapping problems that usually appear in dual-wavelengthholography. The method is first demonstrated using continues-wave laser light from twotemperature controlled laser diodes operating at 640 nm. Then a specially designed dual corediode pumped fiber laser that produces pulsed light with wavelengths close to 1030 nm isused. In addition, a Nd:YAG laser with the wavelength of 532 nm is used for 3D deformationmeasurements. One significant problem when using the dual-wavelength single-shot approach is that phaseambiguities are built in to the system that needs to be corrected. An automatic calibrationscheme is therefore required. The intrinsic flexibility of digital holography gives a possibilityto compensate these aberrations and to remove errors, fully numerically without mechanicalmovements. In this thesis I present a calibration method which allows multiplexed singleshotonline shape evaluation in a disturbed environment. It is shown that phase maps andspeckle displacements can be recovered free of chromatic aberrations. This is the first time that a multiplexed single-shot dual-wavelength calibration is reported by defining a criteria tomake an automatic procedure. Further, Digital Speckle Photography (DSP) is used for the full field measurement of 3Ddeformations. In order to do 3D deformation measurement, usually multi-cameras andintricate set-up are required. In this thesis I demonstrate the use of only one single camera torecord four sets of speckle patterns recorded by illuminating the object from four differentdirections. In this manner, meanwhile 3D speckle displacement is calculated and used for themeasurement of the 3D deformations, wrapping problems are also avoided. Further, the samescale of speckle images of the surface for all four images is guaranteed. Furthermore, a needfor calibration of the 3D deformation measurement that occurs in the multi-camera methods,is removed. By the results of the presented work, it is experimentally verified that the multiplexed singleshotdual wavelength digital holography and numerically generated speckle images can beused together with digital speckle correlation to retrieve and evaluate the object shape. Usingmultidirectional illumination, the 3D deformation measurements can also be obtained. Theproposed method is robust to large phase gradients and large movements within the intensitypatterns. The advantage of the approach is that, using speckle displacements, shape anddeformation measurements can be performed even though the synthetic wavelength is out ofthe dynamic range of the object deformation and/or height variation.

This thesis presents three novel optical fibre sensor systems which monitor optical path lengths. The systems have been used to measure strain in an optical fibre. All three systems make several measurements at different locations along a fibre, allowing the spatial distribution of a measurand to be obtained. For the first time, incoherent optical frequency domain reflectometry is used together with time division multiplexing to measure the optical path length of an array of fibre sections. Sensing sections are 5m long and are defined by broadband optical reflectors. A closed loop interrogation system is demonstrated to monitor the sensors in real time with an accuracy of 2.1µ(epsilon)/(root)Hz, in good agreement with the theoretically predicted value. Simultaneous monitoring of multiple fibre Bragg grating sensors, several millimetres in length, is also demonstrated by simultaneously generating multiple passbands in a single acousto-optic tunable filter. This is the only technique demonstrated to simultaneously monitor multiple gratings using a single wavelength-tunable device. The first distributed Bragg grating sensor to measure arbitrary strain profiles is also demonstrated. Low-coherence interferometry selects the interrogation position and a tunable filter measures the local wavelength. Two configurations of the technique are presented, which have achieved spatial resolutions of 300µm and real-time strain measurements with 5.4µ(epsilon)/(root)Hz accuracy, showing good agreement with theoretically predicted values. The only grating sensor network to be both distributed and multiplexed is presented together with the first results.

Une nouvelle methode d'interferometrie holographique a ete developpee pour son application dans les cas de deformations rapides (impacts, chocs) cette methode utilise l'holographie a plusieurs longueur d'ondes et alors a partir d'un simple hologramme a double exposition la phase est extraite avec son signe corrige. Dans le cas ou les trois longueurs utilisees sont le rouge, le vert et le bleu, la frange d'ordre zero est detectee, la phase absolue est alors calculee. Cette technique a plusieurs longueurs d'onde est aussi appliquee dans le cas ou la deformation est tres forte, la phase est calculee en fonction de la longueur d'onde synthetique qui est largement superieure a celle des lasers utilises pour l'enregistrement.

The rapid development of optofluidics, the combination of microfluidics and integrated optics, since its formal conception in the early 2000's has aided in the advance of single-molecule analysis. The optofluidic platform discussed in this dissertation is called the liquid core anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguide (LC-ARROW). This platform uses ARROW waveguides to orthogonally intersect a liquid core waveguide with solid core rib waveguides for the excitation of specifically labeled molecules and collection of fluorescence signal. Since conception, the LC-ARROW platform has demonstrated its effectiveness as a lab-on-a-chip fluorescence biosensor. However, until the addition of optical multiplexing excitation waveguides, the platform lacked a critical functionality for use in rapid disease diagnostics, namely the ability to simultaneously detect different types of molecules and particles. In disease diagnostics, the ability to multiplex, detect and identify multiple biomarkers simultaneously is paramount for a sensor to be used as a rapid diagnostic system. This work brings optofluidic multiplexing to the sensor through the implementation of three specific designs: (1) the Y-splitter was the first multi-spot excitation design implemented on the platform, although it did not have the ability to multiplex it served as a critical stepping stone and showed that multi-spot excitation could improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the platform by ~50,000 times; (2) a multimode interference (MMI) waveguide which took the multi-spot idea and then demonstrated spectral multiplexing capable of correctly identifying multiple diverse biomarkers simultaneously; and, (3) a Triple-Core design which incorporates excitation and collection along multiple liquid cores, enabling spatial multiplexing which increases the number of individual molecules to be identified concurrently with the MMI waveguide excitation. In addition to describing the development of optical multiplexing, this dissertation includes an investigation of another LC-ARROW based design that enables 2D bioparticle trapping, the Anti-Brownian Electrokinetic (ABEL) trap. This design demonstrates two-dimensional compensation of a particle's Brownian motion in solution. The capability to maintain a molecule suspended in solution over time enables the ability to gain a deeper understanding of cellular function and therapies based on molecular functions.

Computer and Information Science<br>Ph.D.<br>In 2012, when Professor Shi introduced me to the concept of Statistic Multiplexed Computing (SMC), I was skeptical. It contradicted everything I have learned and heard about distributed and parallel computing. However, I did believe that unhandled failures in any application will negatively impact its scalability. For that, I agreed to take on the feasibility study of SMC for practical applications. After six+ years research and experimentations, it became clear to me that the most widely believed misconception is “either performance or reliability” when upscaling a distributed application. This conception was the result of the direct use of hop-by-hop communication protocols in distributed application construction. Terminology: Hop-by-hop data protocol is a two-sided reliable lossless data communication protocol for transmitting data between a sender and a receiver. Either the sender or the receiver crash will cause data losses. Examples: MPI, RPC, RMI, OpenMP. End-to-end data protocol is a single-sided reliable lossless data communication protocol for transmitting data between application programs. All runtime available processors, networks and storage will be automatically dispatched to the best effort support of the reliable communication regardless transient and permanent device failures. Examples: HDFS, Blockchain, Fabric and SMC. Active end-to-end data protocol is a single-sided reliable lossless data communication pro- tocol for transmitting data and automatically synchronizing application programs. Example: SMC (AnkaCom, AnkaStore (this dissertation)). Unlike the hop-by-hop protocols, the use of end-to-end protocol forms an application- dependent overlay network. An overlay network for distributed and parallel computing application, such as Blockchain, has been proven to defy the “common wisdom” for two important distributed computing challenges: a) Extreme scale computing without single-point failures is practically feasible. Thus, all transaction or data losses can be eliminated. b) Extreme scale synchronized transaction replication is practically feasible. Thus, the CAP conjecture and theorem become irrelevant. Unlike passive overlay networks, such as the HDFS and Blockchain, this dissertation study proves that an active overlay network can deliver higher performance, higher reliability and security at the same time as the application up scales. Although application-level security is not part of this dissertation, it is easy to see that application-level end-to-end protocols will fundamentally eliminate the “man-in-the-middle” attacks. This will nullify many well-known attacks. With the zero-single-point failure and zero impact synchronous replication features, SMC applications are naturally resistant to DDoS and ransomware attacks. This dissertation explores practical implementations of the SMC concept for compute intensive (CI) and data intensive (DI) applications. This defense will disclose the details of CI and DI runtime implementations and results of inductive computational experiments. The computational environments include the NSF Chameleon bare-metal HPC cloud and Temple’s TCloud cluster.<br>Temple University--Theses

Notre groupe de recherche avait déjà mis au point les protocoles OPIOM pour l’imagerie par fluorescence. En exploitant les sections efficaces de photoswiching de fluorescence, OPIOM permet d’extraire sélectivement la réponse des fluorophores réversiblement photoswitchables (RSFs) en présence de fluorophores interférant spectralement. Cependant, OPIOM nous a permis de ne distinguer que 3 RSFPs spectralement similaires. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’augmenter ce nombre. Pour atteindre cet objectif, un nouvel instrument automatisé appelée photoswichomètre a été mis au point pour cribler la signature photochimique de 22 RSFP en analysant leur réponse de fluorescence aux sauts de lumière dont l’intensité couvre 5 ordres de grandeur. Cette signature a d’abord été exploitée dans un nouveau protocole d’imagerie par fluorescence appelé HIGHLIGHT, qui a capitalisé sur OPIOM et amélioré encore sa sélectivité. Dans HIGHLIGHT, les RSFs sont soumis à une modulation harmonique de la lumière et leur contribution aux signaux d’émission de fluorescence globale est sélectivement récupérée en exploitant leur réponse non linéaire singulière dans des conditions optimisées. HIGHLIGHLIGHT a été implémenté pour l’imagerie des RSFPs dans les cellules sans interférence d’autofluorescence, pour réaliser l’imagerie multiplexée de 3 RSFPs qui ne pouvaient pas être discriminés avec OPIOM, aussi pour améliorer l’effet de sectionnement optique. La signature des RSF a ensuite été utilisée dans un deuxième protocole d’imagerie par fluorescence appelé LIGHTNING. Contrairement à OPIOM et HIGHLIGHT qui exploitent les sections efficaces de la photoswitching en régime permanent de faible intensité lumineuse, LIGHTNING exploite le régime transitoire des RSFs sous de multiples illuminations impliquant diverses gammes d’intensités lumineuses pour la discrimination RSF. Ainsi, LIGHTNING nous a permis d’améliorer le degré de multiplexage du contraste dynamique en imagerie de fluorescence jusqu’à 20 RSFP sur 22 RSFP étudiés<br>Our research group had previously developed the OPIOM protocols for fluorescence imaging. By exploiting their cross sections of fluorescence photoswiching, OPIOM can selectively extract the response of reversibly photoswitchable fluorophores (RSFs) in the presence of spectrally interfering fluorophores. However, OPIOM allowed us to discriminate only 3 spectrally similar reversibly photoswitchable fluorescent proteins (RSFPs). The goal of this PhD was to augment this number. To reach this goal, a new automated instrumental setup called photoswichometer was first developed to express and screen the rich photochemical signature of 22 RSFPs by analyzing their fluorescence response to light jumps with intensities covering 5 orders of magnitude. This signature has been first exploited in a new fluorescence imaging protocol called HIGHLIGHT, which capitalized on OPIOM and further improved its selectivity. In HIGHLIGHT, the RSFs are submitted to harmonic light modulation and their contribution to the overall fluorescence emission signals is selectively retrieved from exploiting their singular non-linear response under optimized conditions. HIGHLIGHT has been implemented to image RSFPs in cells without interference of autofluorescence, to perform multiplexed imaging of 3 RSFPs which could not be discriminated with OPIOM, and used for its intrinsic optical sectioning. The RSF signature has been then used in a second fluorescence imaging protocol called LIGHTNING. In contrast to OPIOM and HIGHLIGHT which exploit the cross sections of fluorescence photoswitching in a steady-state regime of low light intensity, LIGHTNING exploits the transient time fluorescence response of RSFs under multiple illuminations involving various ranges of light intensities for RSF discrimination. Thus, LIGHTNING allowed us to improve the multiplexing degree of dynamic contrast in fluorescence imaging up to 20 RSFP among 22 studied RSFPs

On etudie les relations geometriques entre une scene 3d et ses images perspectives. Les liens entre les images, et la reconstruction 3d de la scene a partir de ces images, sont particulierement elucides. L'outil central est un formalisme tensoriel de la geometrie projective des images multiples. La forme et la structure algebrique des contraintes geometriques qui lient les differentes images d'une primitive 3d sont etablies. A partir de la, plusieurs nouvelles methodes de reconstruction 3d projective d'une scene a partir d'images non-calibrees sont developpees. Pour rehausser cette structure projective a une structure euclidienne, on introduit un nouveau formalisme d'auto-calibrage d'une camera en mouvement.

En esta tesis se ha abordado la caracterización de sensores LSPR refractométricos desde diferentes puntos de vista. En primer lugar, se presenta un análisis teórico y experimental de nanocápsulas cilíndricas (nanorods) de oro, comparando su capacidad sensora con sensores SPP convencionales. El estudio ha conducido al hallagzo de una región espectral con rendimiento sensor optimizado, y a la que se puede acceder llevando a cabo un diseño preciso y detallado de las nanoestructuras. Por otro lado, el análisis desvela un rendimiento superior de los LSPR comparado con los convencionales SPP, con atisbos de mejoras adicionales si se superan ciertos inconvenientes inherentes a estas plataformas biosensoras. De cara a identificar y suprimir estos inconvenientes, se han empleado matrices de nanodiscos de oro como nanoestructura modelo. En primer lugar, se han analizado las influencias negativas que se derivan de las finas capas metálicas de adhesión y de los altos índices de refracción del sustrato que soporta a los nanodiscos. Se ha demostrado que la elección adecuada del material y del espesor de estas capas de adhesión mejora significativamente la relación señal-ruido. Además, mediante la colocación de los nanodiscos sobre nanopilares dieléctricos, alejándolos del sustrato, se han obtenido incrementos significativos de sensibilidad, proporcionando así una estrategia que se puede extender fácilmente a otros sistemas plasmónicos. Se ha demostrado, por otro lado, que estas matrices de nanodiscos soportan un modo guiado, que, además de otras aplicaciones nanofotónicas interesantes, provoca un cambio en la radiación en campo lejano de estas estructuras que causa mejoras en sensibilidad y en la relación señal-ruido. Por último, se han combinado todos los conocimientos adqueridos y resultados obtenidos para esbozar la creación de un biosensor LSPR con funciones de multiplexado y con microfluídica integrada.<br>In this dissertation, different aspects of refractometric nanoplasmonic sensors are discussed. First, a theoretical and experimental sensing performance assessment is made of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) sensors based on single gold nanorods, by directly comparing them to conventional thin film Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) sensors. Besides the discovery of a material-specific optimized spectral sensing region that can be accessed via precise nanoparticle engineering, this work reveals a better biosensing performance for LSPR sensors that can be further improved if certain - inherent - drawbacks are overcome. For this, arrays of gold nanodisks are used to identify and suppress such drawbacks. First, negative influences that stem from thin metal adhesion layers and the high refractive indices of the supporting substrate are analyzed. It is shown that the right choice of material and thickness for these adhesion layers, significantly improves the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)-values of these biosensors. Besides, by placing the nanodisks on nanopillars, thereby distancing them from the substrate, much higher sensitivities can be obtained, providing a strategy that can be easily expanded to other plasmonic systems. Next, it is demonstrated that the employed arrays of gold nanodisks support a guided mode that besides other interesting nanophotonics applications, alters the far-field radiation of these nanoplasmonic structures in such a manner, that both enhanced sensitivities and improved S/N-ratios are obtained. Finally, combining all gathered knowledge, a road map is sketched towards the creation of a LSPR sensor with multiplexing capabilities and integrated microfluidics.

The quality of multimedia' applications depends primarily on how the different media are compressed, packetised, and transported over a network. Compression algorithms reduce the amount of data to be transmitted by removing redundancy in the media. Most of these algorithms are lossy, and can significantly degrade the media quality. Furt~ermore, degradations occur when packets are transported over lossy and unreliable networks such as the Internet. Due to the heterogeneous nature of multimedia traffic, complex interactions occur when they are transported over the same medium. This is true in packetswitched networks such as the Internet, where packet delivery is not guaranteed. Each traffic requires different treatment from the network transport services, which can have direct impact on other traffic.This thesis presents an evaluation of how multimedia traffic affect one another when transported over the same medium, for various network conditions. Evaluation is performed using video, audio and still images over a synthesised platform/system developed for this purpose. A traffic generator, which generates traffic from real video sequences, has also been developed. The platform and the traffic generator serve as a novel tool for simulating any number and type of traffic, for evaluation of multimedia traffic interactions.

The instrumentation developments within this thesis are primarily aimed at instrumentation for the next generation of telescopes: Extremely large telescopes (ELTs). In the European astronomical community, the highest priority for ground-based optical and near-IR instrumentation has been identified as high-multiplex, multi-object spectroscopy (HMS) [1]. HMS includes both simultaneous observations of multiple faint objects at the limits of detection (Multiple Object Spectroscopy: MOS) and spatially-resolved spectroscopy over contiguous fields of brighter structured objects (Integral Field Spectroscopy: IFS) and a mixture of the two (Diverse Field Spectroscopy: DFS). However, before we can start to build instrumentation for ELTs it is important to: understand fibre characteristics more thoroughly and be able to predict behaviour with the use of a theoretical model (chapter 3); look at new technologies (Photonic Crystal Fibres, chapter 4, Volume Phase Holographic Gratings, chapter 5); use fibres in different ways (MAIFU, chapter 6).