Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Multiplicateur de vitesse magnétique'
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Benhamida, Mohammed Ali. "Investigation de nouvelles technologies de générateurs pour les éoliennes offshore." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMLH11/document.
Full textThe aim of this PhD report is the investigation of electrical generators dedicated to an offshore wind turbine application. The main goal is to find optimal solutions in a vast research domain containing between eight and eleven optimization variables, while respecting a the imposed constraints. In order to achieve this goal, a multi-physics model was developed allowing the determination of the electromagnetic and temperature fields distributions in the selected topologies. Lumped models coupled to the interpolation functions were chosen as a solution offering a good computation time / precision ratio, thus taking into consideration the characteristics of the materials (thermal and magnetic). The developed model was coupled to a genetic optimization algorithm, NSGAII, allowing at first; the investigation of the necessary permanent magnets weight and the active parts one of two permanent magnet synchronous generator topologies where in the first the magnets are mounted in surfaces and in the second inserted in order to have flux concentration, three different powers have been investigated 5, 8 and 15 [MW]. Second, the integration of a magnetic gear in the wind energy conversion chain was studied using the same optimal approach previously used, while comparing the weight required of permanent magnets for this type of training with that of direct drive topologies (without gearbox)
Bidouche, Badr-El-Boudour. "Étude et réalisation d’une machine asynchrone basse vitesse à réducteur magnétique intégré." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0228.
Full textWe propose in this work to study a wound rotor induction motor integrating a magnetic gear which constitutes the MaGIM " Magnetically Geared Induction Machines ". The aim is to improve the reliability and the performances of the classical system associating an induction machine (MAS) with a mechanical reducer (mill, crusher...), the machine being fed directly by the network. Therefore, we designed a MaGIM prototype of 1 kW - 45 rpm operating on the grid at 400 V/50 Hz using analytical and numerical calculation tools to predict the electromagnetic performances of the device. In the first chapter, we present a state of the art of the different magnetic gears studied from the 20th century to the present day. The different structures and topologies studied are listed. Given its complexity, we have modelled the induction machine and the magnetic gear separately, in chapter II. A theoretical model of the machine taking into account the electromagnetic and thermal aspects has been developed in order to obtain an acceptable design according to precise specifications. We have presented the electromagnetic performance of the system obtained as well as the thermal calculations carried out using a nodal method. The transient operation of the machine by establishing an analytical model including the mechanical equations of the induction machine and the magnetic gear was presented in chapter III. This model allowed us to determine the performance of the MaGIM during a direct start on the network. We have seen that the MaGIM can start on the mains under full voltage and that this starting is strongly dependent on the moment of inertia Jl. This study allowed us to highlight the stall phenomenon of the MaGIM and the particularity of magnetic gears to protect themselves against overloads. In the last chapter, we presented the realization of the 1 kW prototype, operating on the 400 V/ 50 Hz network and delivering 210 Nm output at about 50 rpm. The prototype was produced in the mechanical workshop of VEDECOM - Mobilab. Experimental tests were carried out at the end of the realization in order to compare them with the theoretical results and also to validate the concept of the MaGIM
Aouine, Ouafae. "Corrélation entre le fonctionnement électrique et le rayonnement magnétique en champ proche d'un variateur de vitesse électronique." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00505335.
Full textAouine, Ouafae. "Corrélation entre le fonctionnement électrique et le rayonnement magnétique en champ proche d’un variateur de vitesse électronique." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00505335/fr/.
Full textThe static converters constitute a powerful means of energy transformation. Nevertheless, they generate important electromagnetic disturbances during switching. In this manuscript, we study the correlation between electric working and near magnetic radiation of electric converter. For this, we achieved a new near filed test bench. The first use of the new bench was made on an academic system like a Buck converter. This study constituted a good means for the bench validation, the comparative results are satisfactory. The second application was more industrial. It enabled us to identify the main sources. Simplifying assumptions enabled us to establish first order models valid until the medium frequency. These models enable us to predict the electromagnetic performances of the main sources before design phase
Julea, Felicia. "Conditions de validité de l'Élastographie par Résonance Magnétique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS053/document.
Full textMagnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) is a imaging technique, recognized as a pertinent method for the mechanical characterization of human tissue in vivo. It offersa particular interest in clinical diagnosis because the development of a pathological process is often accompanied by modifications of the mechanical properties of diseased tissues. MRE consists of recording, along the three spatial dimensions, the displacement field induced by the propagation of a shear wave generated by excitation of the investigated tissue. Mechanical parameters such as shear wave velocity, v, and shear moduli, G' and G'', can then be mapped. The quantification of the mechanical parameters depends on the frequency of the mechanical excitation, fexc, the spatial resolution, a, the amplitude of the induced displacement field, A and the amplitude of the curl field displacement, q, with associated measurement errors, ΔA and Δq, (related to the signal-to-noise ratio, SNR) and finally the reconstruction method. All these parameters were considered to determine the precision and the accuracy of the estimated mechanical moduli and to establish the conditions of validity of MRE following the inversion of the differential equations of the displacement field. In this work, first A and A/ΔA were considered to define a validity threshold for MRE. The influence of A and A/ΔA was studied on a heterogeneous phantom acquired using a 1.5 T MRI with two different types of coils. In a first study, the displacement fields were acquired as a function of A using motion-sensitized spin-echo (REF) and gradient-echo (FFE) sequences for an isotropic spatial resolution of 1 mm. In a second study, the displacement field was acquired as a function of A using RFE for three different spatial resolutions. These studies revealed the existence of a threshold in A/ΔA beyond which the extracted parameters (G', G'') reach a plateau and the MRE is reliable. Then the number of voxels per wavelength, λ/a was considered as a parameter determining the conditions of validity of MRE. This parameter was studied according to the quality of the acquired data characterized by the ratio q//Δq. Simulations were carried in a homogeneous and isotropic elastic medium with a SNR between 5 and 30. The accuracy and the precision of the measurements were found optimal for 6 to 9 voxels per wavelength. The simulation conditions were experimentally reproduced at 2 kHz on a home-made polyvinyl alcohol phantom. The displacement fields were acquired at 11.7 T using a motion-sensitized RFE sequence with spatial resolutions ranging from 150 μm to 300 μm in order to obtain a λ/a ratio ranging from 1 to 20. The experimental results fully confirm the predictions of the simulation. The shear wave velocity decreases with λ/a. It tends towards the expected reference value when the acquisition is performed in the optimal condition, namely here when a is less than or equal to 200 μm. In addition, the standard deviation of the shear wave velocity is reduced for the optimal conditions. Therefore, accurate estimation of mechanical parameters could be deduced. This thesis first demonstrates that the precision and accuracy of MRE are optimal when the acquisitions are performed or processed for a certain wavelength sampling range determined by the SNR. We also showed that for fair comparison of the results, MRE must be carried out in a similar range of q/Δq. Taking into account the conditions of validity of MRE, determined by the ratios λ/a and q/Δq, leads to an effective quantitative measurement of the mechanical parameters making it possible to establish a relevant clinical diagnosis within the same organ, the same subject, between subjects or over time
Taghizadeh-Tabarsi, Aboutorab. "Étude d'une machine à reluctance variable de vitesse élevée munie d'un circuit magnétique réalisé en matériau ferromagnétique amorphe." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112109.
Full textSalameh, Wassim. "Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique pour la vélocimétrie d’un fluide en milieu poreux." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL034N/document.
Full textThis study presents the development of measurement of porosity and velocity of flow made by MRI in packed beds with glass and polymer beads of various size saturated in water. The advantage of polymer beads is that they do not contain elements ferro or paramagnetics, contrary to the glass beads which disrupt the magnetic field creating artifacts on the MRI images. The calibration of the MRI velocity measurements was achieved from Poiseuille flow in a tube at different flow rates. Two situations were examined: first, the observation of interstitial flows between the beads minimizes partial volume effects and facilitates the correction of the phenomenon of phase aliasing. On the other hand, the measurement of average interstitial velocity (Darcy) requires using simultaneous velocity image and porosity image. In this case, it is preferable to adjust the strength of magnetic field gradient in the velocimetry sequence in a way to avoid any phase aliasing. The geometry of the flow cell was chosen to enable comparison by the MRI method between volume flow rates of water in the porous media and in the outer annulus
Hébrard, Elodie. "Magnétométrie stellaire et imagerie Zeeman-Doppler appliquées à la recherche d'exoplanètes par mesures vélocimétriques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30215/document.
Full textForthcoming instruments dedicated to exoplanets detection through the radial velocity method are numerous, and increasingly more accurate. However this method is indirect: orbiting planets are detected and characterised from variations on the spectrum of the host star. We are therefore sensitive to all activity phenomena impacting the spectrum and producing a radial velocity signal (pulsation, granulation, spots, magnetic cycle...). The detection of rocky Earth-like planets around main-sequence stars, and of hot Jupiters into young systems, are currently limited by the intrinsic magnetic activity of the host stars. The radial velocity fluctuations caused by activity (activity jitter) can easily mimic and hide signals from such planets, whose amplitude is of a few m/s and hundreds of m/s, respectively. As a result, the detection threshold of exoplanets is largely set by the stellar activity level. Currently, efforts are invested to overcome this intrinsic limitation. During my PhD, I studied how to take advantage of imaging tomographic techniques (Zeeman-Doppler imaging, ZDI) to characterize stellar activity and magnetic field topologies, ultimately allowing us to filter out the activity jitter. My work is based on spectropolarimetric observations of a sample of weakly-active M-dwarfs, and young active T Tauri stars. Using a modified version of ZDI, we are able to reconstruct the distribution of active regions, and then model the induced stellar signal allowing us to clean RV curves from the activity jitter. First tests demonstrate that this technique can be efficient enough to recover the planet signal, especially for the more active ones
Guillon, Valentin. "Dispersion en milieux poreux insaturés : modélisations et mesures RMN de distributions de vitesse." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00853660.
Full textNodet, Gabrielle. "Interactions faibles entre oligosaccharides par résonance magnétique nucléaire et prédiction de paramètres dynamiques à partir de la structure des protéines." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066164.
Full textRadaorozandry, Liva Eric. "Conception et optimisation des machines synchrones avec des modèles analytiques en tenant compte de la saturation magnétique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24690/24690.pdf.
Full textGagné, Jane. "Effet de la vitesse de filage sur la structure moléculaire et étude de la dynamique de différents acides aminés de soie d’araignée native et supercontractée." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40131.
Full textSpider silk, especially the silk produced by the major ampullate glands (Am), is known to have high tenacity, good resistance, and yet remains extensible. Its molecular structure and properties are influenced by external factors such as relative humidity and spinning speed. Fibers, for example, shrink by almost half their length when exposed to high humidity, a phenomenon called supercontraction. This study is intended to better understand the properties of natural spider silk and therefore aid the development of an equivalent synthetic fiber. We characterized Am silk fibers by polarized-light Raman spectromicroscopy and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The first technique allows for quantification of the orientation of the protein chains and characterization of their secondary structure. Solid-state NMR is used to determine the secondary structure and dynamics of amino acids. The silk of two spider species, Nephila clavipes and Araneus diadematus, was obtained by forced spinning at different speeds (from 0.3 to 2.0 cm/s) and subjected to relative humidity levels greater than 90%. Two groups of spiders were isotopically labeled with 1-13C-Gly and 1-13C-Ala solutions in order to analyze the structure and dynamics of particularly important amino acids. The supercontraction results show that the amplitude of the supercontraction increases with the reeling speed. The data show that at a reeling speed of 1.0 cm/s, the molecular orientation is maximum and decreases above and below this value. This suggests that there is a spinning speed where the properties are optimal. The measurements of the relaxation times T1 and T1r of the labelled samples are consistent with Raman spectromicroscopy results and suggest that b-sheet microcrystals of silk undergo a contraction which strengthens the intermolecular bonds in the presence of water.
Kuwahara, Takuya. "Caractérisation des régimes d'écoulement diphasique gaz-liquide par fluide magnétique : appareillage, mesures, traitement du signal et analyse de données." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ECAP1064.
Full textDogui, Anas. "Développement de méthodes pour l'évaluation de la rigidité aortique en IRM : mesure de la distensibilité et de la vitesse d'onde de pouls." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00590814.
Full textBertino, Catherine. "Fraction volumique extracellulaire et vascularisation des tumeurs mammaires : évaluation par relaxométrie dynamique en imagerie de résonance magnétique." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30133.
Full textPiraquive, Agudelo Joao. "Ultrasmall iron oxide particle-enhanced MR imaging of pro-inflammatory and pro-resolution stages of liver fibrosis." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC233.
Full textIn this work, we developed an MR imaging method to differentiate between pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages based on their differential nanoparticle endocytic capacity. The MR imaging method was validated in vitro in differentially polarized RAW macrophages with relaxometry and susceptibility mapping using ultrasmall iron oxide particles (USPIO) and gadolinium-liposomes. The differences in endocytic activity between pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages, detected with MR imaging, were confirmed with confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Afterwards, we performed USPIO enhanced MR imaging in vivo in a model of CCl4 liver fibrosis in mice. Using multi-echo gradient echo and ultrashort echo time sequences, we performed signal intensity, R1, R2 and R2* measurements before and after injection of USPIO in groups of mice with healthy liver, with hepatic fibrogenesis and fibrosis regression. We observed significantly higher USPIO uptake within liver macrophages during fibrogenesis than in healthy livers and in livers with fibrosis regression. The in vivo results were confirmed at histopathology with Perls staining and confocal microscopy of bimodal USPIO. In conclusion, we provide a noninvasive MR imaging method to assess the liver macrophage uptake of nanoparticles, which might be useful to monitor the dynamics of liver fibrosis and assess therapeutic response
Mangeant, Christophe. "Génération de fortes pressions magnétiques et mesure des densités de courant associées." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066241.
Full textDarwich, Mohamad Ayham. "Caractérisation locale des propriétés dynamiques artérielles par IRM haute résolution." Compiègne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010COMP1868.
Full textArterial pathologies can often represent serious clinical situations which require an immediate medical examination. Although the modification the structure and the vascular geometry is relatively slow and is carried out during years, the consequences can appear, suddenly, fatal. This work represents a contribution to the methodology of the exploration of the movement of blood, and walls arterial for the characterization of arterial elasticity, and to measure the deterioration of the arterial walls in a noninvasive way. We present two protocols of dynamic imagery based on a bared echo of gradient sequence, with a high temporal resolution (- 5 ms). The relation between MR signal and liquid speed is elucidated via an experimental study, testing the influence of the parameters of imagery and the physical properties of circulation liquid. The reproducibility of MR signal behavior encouraged to propose an estimator based on the speed of blond. Further tests of the feasibility were carried out experimentally and on healthy volunteers, andvelocity results were compared with the technique of phase contrast. The application of the sequence on two close planes made it possible to carry out the second estimator based the speed of pulse wave. A pulsatile hydraulique circuit was implemented, and used to estimate this speed in vitro. The protocol was applied in vivo to estimate the speed of the blood pulse wave of the common carotid, with a distance of 5 cm between the planes. Results of these 2 estimators were experimentally verified, and reproducibility was tested
Nanga-Nyongha, Stéphanie. "Comportement et transformations martensitiques de deux aciers inoxydables austénitiques : effets de la température, de la vitesse et du chargement." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00577815.
Full textKateb, Fatiha. "Developement and applications of NMR methodologies to structural and dynamical studies of biological macromolecules in solution." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066033.
Full textAndreas, Purwoadi Michael. "Réglage non-linéaire du variateur de vitesse asynchrone sans capteur mécanique : contribution à la commande par la linéarisation exacte entrées-sorties et à l'observation du flux rotorique." Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT048H.
Full textViel, Alexandra. "Etude de molécules simples (HO2 et HFCO) fortement excitées et de leur dissociation unimoléculaire." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20074.
Full textRigal, Claire. "Comportement de fluides complexes sous écoulement : approche expérimentale par résonance magnétique nucléaire et techniques optiques et simulations numériques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0091/document.
Full textThis thesis is an experimental and numerical study of structured fluids bidimensional flows in a cylindrical pipe with singularity and in an annular geometry with eccentric cylinders. The objective of this thesis is to characterize the influence of the shear thinning properties on the recirculation zones by using efficient and non-intrusive techniques: particle image velocimetry and velocimetry by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Materials are xanthane solutions at different concentrations. In the first part, we determine the rheological and viscoelastic properties of the fluids used. The second part concerns the measured velocity field. It is shown that the shear thinning behavior have a strongly influence on the structure and the morphology of these flows and the pattern of the recirculation zones. Simultaneously, numerical simulations performed by Fluent and using the rheological behavior. A good concordance is observed between the experimental and numerical results. For the flows considered here, this comparison allows to validate the computational code and the behavior law used in the numerical simulations and modelling by a Cross model
Toussaint, Grégoire. "Apport des écoulements secondaires et pulsés et de la vélocimétrie IRM à la filtration de fluides biologiques." Compiègne, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000COMP1310.
Full textAroulmoji, Vincent. "Approches physico-chimique et par RMN du proton des intéractions eau-molécules sapides et mécanisme de perception des mélanges de saveurs." Reims, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REIMS017.
Full textROTH, MURIEL. "Développements méthodologiques en imagerie d'activation cérébrale chez l'homme par résonance magnétique nucléaire : quantification de flux, imagerie de l'effet BOLD et correction des mouvements de la tête." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10016.
Full textRavel, Guillaume. "Conception et caractérisation d'une décharge capacitive à 13,56 MHz utilisant une cathode à champ magnétique dynamique intégré pour la gravure sèche des microcircuits." Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10135.
Full textBarbet-Massin, Emeline. "Structure of bio-macromolecular complexes by solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENSL0811.
Full textSolid-state NMR has recently emerged as a key technique in modern structural biology, by providing information at atomic level for the characterization of a wide range of systems that cannot be investigated by other atomic-scale methods. There are now well established protocols for sample preparation, resonance assignment and collection of structural restraints, that have paved the way to the first three-dimensional structure determinations at atomic resolution of biomolecules in the solid state, from microcrystalline samples to fibrils and membrane-associated systems. These determinations are however still far from being routine, and larger breakthroughs are expected with further methodological and hardware developments. Accordingly, most of the work presented in this thesis consists of the development of new, sophisticated NMR experiments to improve the sensitivity and resolution of the currently existing schemes for resonance assignment and to extend the capabilities of solid-state NMR in terms of structural investigation of proteins for the analysis of large substrates. These developments notably rely on the use of very high magnetic fields and ultra-fast magic-angle spinning (MAS). We show the great potential of this particular regime, which enables the use of low-power experiments and the acquisition of selective cross-polarization transfers, through-bond correlations and 1H-detected correlations.In particular, we show that homonuclear correlation experiments based on through-bond transfers become competitive alternatives to dipolar transfer schemes. Two new pulse sequences that detect sensitive and resolved 13C-13C through-bond correlations are introduced, which coupled to 15N-13C dipolar transfer steps provide sensitive routes for protein backbone resonance assignment.Furthermore, we demonstrate that narrow 1H NMR line widths can be obtained for fully protonated proteins in the solid state under ultra-fast MAS, even without perdeuteration. In this context, we have developed new strategies for extensive, robust and expeditious assignments of the 1H, 15N, 13CO, 13CA and 13CB resonances of proteins in different aggregation states, and new schemes for the measurements of site-specific 1H-1H distance restraints. This approach relying on the very high sensitivity of 1H spins remarkably accelerates the processes of assignment and structure determination of proteins in the solid state, as shown by the assignment and de novo structure determination of native beta-2-microglobulin. Finally, we apply this new approach to perform resonance assignment and to study structural and dynamic features of three complex protein aggregates: amyloid fibrils formed by native and D76N beta-2-microglobulin, Acinetobacter phage 205 nucleocapsids and measles virus (MeV) nucleocapsids. We also used Dynamic Nuclear Polarization to obtain the first information about RNA in MeV nucleocapsids.We believe that the results presented in this thesis represent a substantial step forward for solid-state NMR in structural biology. With all the current advances in the field, the impact of biomolecular solid-state NMR is likely to increase in the next years
Bensaci, Abderrahmane. "Etude par RMN du sélénium 77 et du tellure 125 de la cinétique d'échange de dichalcogénures aromatiques." Rouen, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ROUES008.
Full textMOHSSINE, MOHAMMED. "Performances et methodologie d'implantation de circuits integres bipolaires ecl." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066533.
Full textBertarello, Andrea. "Magic-angle Spinning NMR of paramagnetic metalloproteins." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN004/document.
Full textMost of our understanding of metalloproteins derives from atomic or molecular structures obtained from diffraction methods on single crystal samples. However, not all proteins are amenable for diffraction studies, and even when a highly-resolved structure is available, often the nature of the metal ion, its coordination geometry or its oxidation state are not determined. The aim of the present thesis is the investigation of structural properties of metal sites in paramagnetic metalloproteins by Magic-Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (MAS NMR). MAS NMR is a powerful technique for the investigation of biological systems, and may represent a direct probe of the structure at the active site of paramagnetic metalloproteins. However, it suffers from limited sensitivity and resolution when applied to nuclei close to a paramagnetic center.In this thesis, we address these limitations by developing NMR methods based on ultra-fast (60-111 kHz) MAS rates. A “toolkit” of suitably designed pulse sequences is built for the detection and the assignment of nuclei in close proximity of a paramagnetic center. State-of-the-art computational techniques are also employed to convert the experimental data into structural restraints for obtaining atomic-resolution geometries of active sites. We benchmark this approach with the study of Fe, Cu and Co sites in two microcrystalline proteins, and we also provide preliminary data on a non-diffracting divalent metal ion transporter in lipid membranes. We anticipate that the techniques described here are an essential tool to elucidate many currently unanswered questions about structure and function of metal sites in structural biology
Xavier, Magnier Marie. "Etude quantitative du mouvement de la paroi du coeur à partir d'images ciné-IRM par des méthodes fréquentielles de flux optique." Thesis, Dijon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DIJOMU02/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to study parietal desynchronisation of the left ventricle from conventional cine-MRI. The first part of our work consisted in the quantification of the left ventricle wall motion of the heart directly from conventional retrospective SSFP type cine-MRI sequences used in the study of cardiac function. The developed methods for measuring displacements within the images are frequency-based optical flow methods. These techniques seem to be particularly adapted to MRI specificities. We have demonstrated their robustness in the event of Rician noise and pixel intensity variations as a function of time. These variations are often associated with the through-plane motion of the heart, in particular in the short-axis orientation. The second part of our work concerned the assessment of desynchronisation from short axis cine-MRI. Time-displacement and time-velocity curves of the heart wall were obtained from tracking points of interest localised on the left ventricle segments close to the endocardium. With respect to the quantification of the delay between curves, our work relied on research carried out in the field of echocardiography desynchronisation. Various parameters for the measurement of desynchronisation from cine-MRI were proposed. This work was the subject of a preliminary clinical study including patients considered as normal further based on clinical examination and patients having normal or prolonged QRS duration without ischemic heart disorder. The dyssynchrony measurements from cardiac MRI were compared to measurements obtained with echocardiography. The first results indicate a good correlation between echography and MRI measurements. The third part of our work consisted in studying heart wall motion directly from raw images from multicoil MRI. The developed optical flow algorithms were tested and they showed that it was possible to estimate myocardial movement. Preliminary results are encouraging. The results of the preliminary study of left intraventricular asynchronism from MRI are also promising. Cardiac cine-MRI could be an alternative to echocardiography in the case of weakly echogenic patients. The validation of this quantitative technique for asynchronism from MRI is of major interest. A more detailed study is in progress, in particular to predict the response of CRT (cardiac resynchronisation therapy) of patients without ischemic disorder presenting a mechanical desynchronisation from MRI and echographic parameters
Najac, Chloé. "Spectroscopie RMN du 1H pondérée en diffusion, du 13C et du 17O : développements méthodologiques pour l’étude de la structure et de la fonction cellulaire in vivo." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112242/document.
Full textMagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy is a unique tool that allows acquiring brain biochemical profiles and quantifying many cellular parameters in vivo. During this thesis, three different techniques have been developed: (i) 1H diffusion-weighted, (ii) carbone-13 (13C) and (iii) oxygen-17 (17O) NMR spectroscopy to study brain structure and function in vivo. Brain metabolites are cell-specific endogeneous tracers of the intracellular space whose translational diffusion depends on many cellular properties (e.g.: cytosol vicosity and intracellular restriction). Studying the variation of the diffusion coefficient (ADC) as a function of diffusion time (td) allows untangling and quantifying those parameters. In particular, measuring metabolites ADC at long diffusion times gives information about the metabolites compartmentation in cells. In a first study, we measured neuronal and astrocytic metabolites ADC over a large time window (from ~80 ms to ~1 s) in a large voxel in the macaque brain. No dependence of all metabolites ADC on td was observed suggesting that metabolites primarily diffuse in neuronal (dendrites and axons) and astrocytic processes and are not confined inside the cell body and organelles (nucleus, mitochondria). The large size of the voxel, due to low detection sensitivity, did not allow us to study metabolites compartmentation in pure white (WM) and grey matters (GM). Therefore, we performed a new study in the human brain. Results showed that in both WM and GM metabolites diffuse in fiber-like cell structure. Finally, using an even larger time window (up to 2 s) in the macaque brain and analytical models mimicking the cell structure, we estimated the length of neuronal (~110 μm) and astrocytic (~70 μm) processes. ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the main source of energy in the organism, is produced thanks to glucose oxidation inside the mitochondria. 13C NMR spectroscopy is a well-known technique to study brain energy metabolism and can be used to estimate the rate of glucose degradation within the Krebs cycle (VTCA). However, many limitations, concerning data modeling when performing indirect detection or power deposition due to heteronuclear decoupling during direct detection, were encountered on our MRI scanner. Therefore, 17O NMR spectroscopy was developed to quantify the rate of oxygen consumption during oxidative phosphorylation (CMRO2). Methodological and technological developments were necessary and are still ongoing to validate this technique, which has never been used with macaque
Pop, Adrian Augustin. "Contributions à l'étude des petites machines électriques à aimants permanents, à flux axial et à auto-commutation électronique." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00804669.
Full textReynaud, Olivier. "Development of FENSI (Flow Enhanced Signal Intensity) perfusion sequence and application to the characterization of microvascular flow dynamics using MRI." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00740639.
Full textDeleplace, Bérangère. "Approche expérimentale de la turbulence par mesuresde viscosité apparente dans les fluides en rotation.Application au couplage visco-magnétique de l'interface noyau-manteau." Phd thesis, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012097.
Full textQuatre dispositifs expérimentaux ont été utilisés afin d'évaluer l'impact de la géométrie du récipient et des mécanismes de forçage de la turbulence sur ces mesures de viscosité apparente. L'étude montre que tous deux contribuent fortement à la modification de viscosité apparente observée. Dans le cas d'expériences de convection thermique en géométrie sphérique,
afin d'expliquer l'augmentation uniforme de la viscosité apparente, une loi d'échelle faisant intervenir l'écart au seuil et le nombre d'Ekman est proposée. En ce qui concerne les autres expériences ( Convection thermique sphérique en gallium, couette spherique, convection thermique en géométrie cylindrique), la modification de viscosité n'est pas uniforme dans le volume et ne peut être reliée à des grandeurs globales. Dans ce deuxième cas, l'origine de la modification vient du mécanisme de forçage ou du développement d'instabilités associées au mouvement de spin-up en régime turbulent.
Au dela de cette etude experimentale, nous avons calculé le couplage visco-magnétique à l'interface noyau liquide - manteau solide d'une Terre en nutation. Nous avons fait varier dans ce calcul la viscosité apparente du fluide et la conductivité électrique du manteau afin d'analyser les contributions des couples magnétiques et visqueux au couplage de l'interface. Différentes modélisations du champ magnétique terrestre sont envisagées afin d'estimer la contribution des petites échelles du champ à ces couplages.
La confrontation de ce calcul aux valeurs des constantes de couplage des modèles de nutations permet d'obtenir une estimation de la viscosité efficace nécessaire dans le noyau. Une viscosité efficace de $10^{-2}$ $m^{2}.s^{-1}$ dans le noyau terrestre est nécessaire pour expliquer les données de nutations.
Tremblay, Benoit. "Reconstruction des mouvements du plasma dans une région active solaire à l'aide de données d'observation et d'une minimisation Lagrangienne." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12531.
Full textTo this day, the various methods proposed for the reconstruction of plasma motions at the Sun’s surface are all based on ideal MHD (Welsch et al., 2007). However, Chae & Sakurai (2008) have shown the existence of an eddy magnetic diffusivity at the photosphere. We introduce a generalization of the Minimum Energy Fit (MEF; Longcope, 2004) for resistive plasmas. The Resistive Minimum Energy Fit (MEF-R; Tremblay & Vincent, 2014) infers velocity fields and an eddy magnetic diffusivity which solve the resistive magnetic induction equation and minimize an energy-like functional. A sequence of magnetograms and Dopplergrams documenting the active regions AR 9077 and AR 12158 are used as input in MEF-R to reconstruct plasma motions at the Sun’s surface. Time series of the inferred velocities and eddy magnetic diffusivities are compared to the soft X-ray flux observed by GOES-15. We find a positive correlation between significant eddy magnetic diffusivities and microturbulent velocities for weak magnetic fields in AR 12158.
Radouani, Abdelaziz. "SOLITONS GRIS, PHONONS ET DISSIPATION DANS UN CONDENSAT DE BOSE-EINSTEIN QUASI-UNIDIMENSIONNEL." Phd thesis, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009805.
Full textBose-Einstein (B-E) d'atomes alcalins : $\left(
^(87)Rb\,\ , \ ^(23)Na\,\ , \ ^(7)Li\right) $, ultra-froids ($T=0\,^(\mathrm(o))\!\mathrm(K)$) et confinés dans des pièges magnétiques 3D, la physique des condensats de Bose-Einstein et
de Fermi a connu un développement remarquable aussi bien expérimental que
théorique. L'objectif de ce mémoire de thèse a été fixé dans le cadre général du progrès récemment accompli dans l'étude de l'évolution dynamique des condensats
de B-E répulsifs, et de la réduction de leur dimensionnalité. Le manuscrit de
cette thèse comprend deux parties. La première a été consacrée, d'une part, à la
présentation du phénomène de la condensation de B-E depuis sa prédiction en 1925 par Einstein, dans un gaz idéal de Bose, jusqu'à sa réalisation en 1995, et
d'autre part, à la description de la dynamique des condensats dilués de B-E, à
la température $T=0\,^(\mathrm(o))\!\mathrm(K)$, par l'équation nonlinaire de Schr\"(o)dinger (ENLS), connue aussi sous le nom : équation de Gross-Pitaevskii (EGP). La seconde partie
comprend les résultats numériques de notre étude portant sur la dynamique d'un
condensat de B-E répulsif, quasi-1D et confiné dans un piège non-harmonique
(piège allongé avec des bords paraboliques), et sur son comportement dissipatif
et superfluide. Notre étude a montré que: i) les bords paraboliques du piège
considéré, ainsi qu'un obstacle en forme d'une bosse gaussienne, placé dans la partie plate
de ce piège, ont un effet d'anti-amortissement sur la propagation uniforme d'un
soliton gris dans le condensat, et cet effet se manifeste par une émission spontanée des
phonons; ii) le mouvement uniforme et rectiligne (en va-et-vient) d'un obstacle gaussien dans le condensat considéré conduit, lorsque la vitesse constante de l'obstacle
dépasse une certaine valeur critique ( vitesse critique ), à la création des solitons gris et des phonons dans ce
condensat qui devient un milieu dissipatif.
Nous avons montré que le comportement dissipatif du condensat croît avec l'augmentation de la vitesse de
l'obstacle, atteint son maximum et finit par disparaître quasi-totalement pour
de grandes valeurs de la vitesse constante de l'obstacle, pour lesquelles le condensat se comporte comme un quasi-superfluide.
Brochu, Barbeau Elise. "Transfert et traitement de l’information visuomotrice dans le cerveau autiste : intégrité et hétérogénéité." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11785.
Full textIn addition to the triad of symptoms characterizing autism, this neurodevelopmental condition is characterized by visual and motor atypicalities and, at the cerebral level, by atypical connectivity between the different brain areas. Anatomically, one of the most replicated finding is a reduction of the corpus callosum. However, evidence of a direct effect of the corpus callosum reductions on integrity and efficiency of interhemispheric transfer is lacking. Three different studies were designed to investigate different aspect of visuo-motor processing: interhemispheric transfer between bilateral motor and visual brain areas, perceptual processing speed, visually guided motor performance. In the first study, the visuo-motor Poffenberger paradigm was used to measure interhemispheric transfer time (IHTT). Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were also used to study the brain networks involved in the Poffenberger task. Autistics were compared to typically developing individuals. The second study investigates whether perceptual processing speed (Inspection Time task) is atypical in autism. In the third study, two visually-guided motor tasks (the Purdue pegboard and Annett peg moving task) were used to verify the nature and magnitude of motor deficits. The Purdue task includes two bimanual conditions used as additional measures of interhemispheric communication integrity. Moreover, in studies 2 and 3, behavioral differences between autistic and Asperger individuals were investigated in order to see if and how the two subgroups can be distinguished in terms of perceptual processing and motor deficits. No group difference was observed in terms of IHTT. The fMRI results reveal a different pattern of cortical activations associated to the Poffenberger task. In the autism and typical groups, the efficiency of interhemispheric communication was associated with different portions of the corpus callosum (frontal/premotor in typicals, posterior/visual in autistics). These results demonstrate an atypical pattern of interhemispheric visuo-motor information transfer, possibly reflecting a more prominent role of visual mechanisms guiding sensorimotor behavior in autism, related to cerebral reorganizations. Results of the behavioral studies indicate that autistics have an excellent visual processing speed while Asperger individuals performed like typicals. Motor impairments also differed between the two subgroups; dexterity and bimanual coordination was impaired in Asperger individuals but not in autistics, who presented more difficulties in unimanual conditions. Autism and Asperger subgroups are characterized by different cognitive profiles in which visual processing and motor deficits are important factors.