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1
Agouridas, C., A. Bonnefoy, and J. F. Chantot. "Antibacterial activity of RU 64004 (HMR 3004), a novel ketolide derivative active against respiratory pathogens." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 41, no. 10 (October 1997): 2149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.41.10.2149.
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The antibacterial activity of RU 64004, a new ketolide, was evaluated against more than 600 bacterial strains and was compared with those of various macrolides and pristinamycin. RU 64004 had good activity against multiresistant pneumococci, whether they were erythromycin A resistant or not, including penicillin-resistant strains. RU 64004 inhibited 90% of pneumococci resistant to erythromycin A and penicillin G at 0.6 and 0.15 microg/ml, respectively. Unlike macrolides, RU 64004 did not induce the phenotype of resistance to macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramin B. Its good antibacterial activity against multiresistant pneumococci ran in parallel with its well-balanced activity against all bacteria involved in respiratory infections (e.g., Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pyogenes). In contrast to all comparators (14- and 16-membered-ring macrolides and pristinamycin), RU 64004 displayed high therapeutic activity in animals infected with all major strains, irrespective of the phenotypes of the strains. The results suggest that RU 64004 has potential for use in the treatment of infections caused by respiratory pathogens including multiresistant pneumococci.
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Cattaneo, Chiara, Salvatore Casari, Erika Borlenghi, Maria Adele Capucci, Moira Micheletti, Alessandro Re, Giampiero Carosi, and Giuseppe Rossi. "A 3-Year Prospective Surveillance Study of Microbiological Isolates among Hematologic Inpatients Shows a High Frequency of Both Community-Acquired and Nosocomial Methicillin-Resistant (MR) and Fluoroquinolone-Resistant (FqR) Strains and the Recent Increase of Enterococci, Viridans Streptococci and Pseudomonaceae with Frequent Antibiotic Multiresistance." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 2286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.2286.2286.
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Abstract Background. Epidemiological surveillance allows to detect emerging pathogens and antibiotic resistant strains and can provide guideline for an appropriate antibiotic policy. To this end we prospectively analysed all febrile/infectious episodes occurring at our Hematologic Unit during two consecutive 18-month periods from April 2004 to March 2007. Patients and Methods. Microbiological documented infections (MDI) were considered and correlated with the following variables: diagnosis of acute leukaemia, status of disease, neutropenia (<0.5 × 10^9/L), prophylaxis with levofloxacin, presence of central venous catheter (CVC). An infection was defined nosocomial when recorded after 48h from admission. Results. Of 773 febrile/infectious episodes during the surveillance period 310 were MDI were and 372 pathogens were isolated. Gram-negative (G−) bacteria represented 49.2% of all pathogens (183/372) and Gram-positive (G+) 41.1% (153/372), fungal pathogens 8.9% (33/372); the proportions remained stable over the two periods. Among G+, Stafilococci (50.3%) and Enterococci (25.5%) were the most frequent bacteria. Stafilococci, particularly S. aureus, were more frequent during the first period (49/76 vs 28/77, p=0.0007 and 27/76 vs 7/77, p<0.0001 respectively), in non neutropenic patients (41/119 vs 36/191, p=0.0028) with uncontrolled disease (60/202 vs 17/108, p=0.0085). Enterococci were more frequent during the second period (14/76 vs 25/77, p=0.06) and in patients with uncontrolled disease (8/108 vs 31/202, p=0.049). Viridans Streptococci occurred almost exclusively during the second period (2.6% vs 14.3%, p=0.017). E. coli (48.6%) and Pseudomonaceae (27.3%) were the most frequent bacteria among G−. E. coli occurred homogenously during the two periods of observation and was associated with neutropenia (64/191 vs 25/119, p=0.02), prophylaxis (57/150 vs 20/93, p=0.007) and presence of CVC (75/237 vs 14/73, p=0.04). Pseudomonaceae increased during the second period (33/97 vs 17/86, p=0.032). MR frequency (68%) was constant during the two periods and was associated with controlled disease (p=0.009) and prophylaxis (p=0.0067). FqR frequency, evaluated for Enterobatteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp (n=123), was 69.3%; it was constant and associated only with levofloxacin prophylaxis (p<0.0001). Vancomicin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) increased during the second period from 21.4% to 32%. Four multiresistant Pseudomonas were observed, all during the last 12 months of observation. Multiresistant strains occurred exclusively as nosocomial infections, whereas there was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of FqR and MR strains between community-acquired and nosocomial isolates. Conclusions. The high frequency of MR and FqR also among community-acquired infections, as well as the emergence of Enterococci, viridans Streptococci and Pseudomonaceae with antibiotic multiresistance, point to the widespread use of prophylaxis and the inappropriate use of antibiotics as the possible main causative factors which should be reconsidered.
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Berhilevych, O. М., V. V. Kasianchuk, M. D. Kukhtyn, I. М. Lotskin, T. O. Garkavenko, and P. A. Shubin. "Characteristics of antibiotic sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dairy farms in Ukraine." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 8, no. 4 (November 12, 2017): 559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021786.
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Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important microorganism in the process of raw milk production and has significance for people’s health as it causes dangerous microbial contamination of dairy production. Furthermore, raw milk and the environment of livestock farms may be potential vehicles for distribution of antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus. The aim of the present study was to establish antibiotic sensitivity profiles of S. aureus depending on its origin from dairy farms, with a special focus on methicillin-resistant isolates. A total of 165 samples were collected for investigation in the period 2014–2016 from 5 dairy farms in Ukraine. All samples were analyzed for the presence of S. aureus using the Baird Parker Agar with Egg Yolk Tellurite Emulsion. Typical staphylococcal colonies were examined morphologically and for presence of coagulase and hemolysin activities. From these, positive samples for S. aureus were 62 (37.6%): 4 (6.5%) raw milk, 17 (77.4%) swabs of udder skin, 18 (29.0%) milk from cows with subclinical mastitis and 21 (33.9%) environmental samples. The standard disk diffusion method was used to determine sensitivity of S. aureus isolates to 10 antibiotics. The antimicrobial sensitivity profiles of S. aureus isolates showed differences between them, which depends on the origin of the isolates. Our results demonstrated that most of S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin, oxacillin and vancomycin. Of the 62 S.aureus isolates, 20 (32.3%) and 5 (8.1%) were found to be multiresistant to 3 different antibiotics, 6 (9.8%) isolates to 4 antibiotics, 12 (19.4%) and 3 (4.8%) to 5 antibiotics (P10, OX1, VA5, L10, TE30 and P10, OX1, VA5, CIP10, TE30 respectively). All isolates resistant to penicillin and oxacillin were typed by mec A gene in PCR with two primers (MecA147-F and MecA147-R). The results show that 66.7% of these isolates yielded a mecA product. The information obtained from this study is useful for understanding the prevalence of S. aureus and its antibiotic sensitivity in dairy farms and can be useful for local and national monitoring or for designing specific control programs of methicillin- and multiresistance isolates present in the food chain of milk production.
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van den Bogaard, A. E., M. Hazen, M. Hoyer, P. Oostenbach, and E. E. Stobberingh. "Effects of Flavophospholipol on Resistance in Fecal Escherichia coli and Enterococci of Fattening P." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 1 (January 2002): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.1.110-118.2002.
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ABSTRACT A “plasmid-curing effect” of multiresistant Escherichia coli by flavophospholipol, an antibiotic used as an antimicrobial growth promoter (AMGP) in animal feeds, has been reported to occur in vitro and in vivo under experimental conditions. In this study, the effect of flavophospholipol under field conditions was studied. The prevalence and degree (proportion of resistant strains to the total numbers present per gram of feces) of resistance of indicator bacteria, E. coli and enterococci, was determined in fecal samples from three groups of pigs that were fed a commercial finisher feed without any AMGP. Group A was the negative control group without any AMGP, group B received the same feed with 9 mg of flavophospholipol/kg of feed (study group), and group C received the same feed with 15 mg of avoparcin/kg (positive control). Fecal samples from each pig were collected at the start and at the end of the study and assessed for the prevalence and degree of resistance against antibiotics commonly used either for therapy in pig medicine or as an AMGP. Before the start of the study, all pigs were colonized with multiresistant E. coli by mixing three resistant pig isolates through their feed after disturbance of the colonization resistance of the intestinal flora by a 3-day course of lincomycin and spectinomycin. At the end of the study, the overall prevalence and degree of resistance of E. coli in the fecal flora had increased significantly in groups A and C but remained at the same level as at the start of the study in group B. The prevalence of vancomycin resistance was 44 and 41% in groups A and B, respectively, but only very low numbers of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) per gram of feces were found. In the avoparcin-fed group, the prevalence was 72%, and in 57% of the samples, more than 50% of all enterococci present were vancomycin resistant. The prevalence of resistant Enterococcus faecalis increased only in the flavophospholipol-exposed group, from 23% before the start of the study to 43% at the end of the study. It was concluded that flavophospholipol effectively suppressed the augmentation and dissemination of multiresistant E. coli in the intestinal flora of fattening pigs. Avoparcin use strongly selected for VRE carriage and excretion. Therefore, as neither flavophospholipol nor any related molecule is used therapeutically, no cross-resistance with therapeutic antibiotics exists and no transmissible resistance has been shown; the major decrease in resistance in intestinal E. coli of flavophospholipol-fed animals seemed to outweigh the small increase in the risk of transfer of flavophospholipol-resistant E. faecalis from animals to humans via the food chain.
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Loessner, Isabel, Katja Dietrich, Dorothea Dittrich, Jörg Hacker, and Wilma Ziebuhr. "Transposase-Dependent Formation of Circular IS256 Derivatives in Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 17 (September 1, 2002): 4709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.17.4709-4714.2002.
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ABSTRACT IS256 is a highly active insertion sequence (IS) element of multiresistant staphylococci and enterococci. Here we show that, in a Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolate, as well as in recombinant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli carrying a single IS256 insertion on a plasmid, IS256 excises as an extrachromosomal circular DNA molecule. First, circles were identified that contained a complete copy of IS256. In this case, the sequence connecting the left and right ends of IS256 was derived from flanking DNA sequences of the parental genetic locus. Second, circle junctions were detected in which one end of IS256 was truncated. Nucleotide sequencing of circle junctions revealed that (i) either end of IS256 can attack the opposite terminus and (ii) the circle junctions vary significantly in size. Upon deletion of the IS256 open reading frame at the 3′ end and site-directed mutageneses of the putative DDE motif, circular IS256 molecules were no longer detectable, which implicates the IS256-encoded transposase protein with the circularization of the element.
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DJOUADI, LYDIA NEÏLA, NADJET GUEZLANE-TEBIBEL, KENZA MANSOURI, HANANE BOUMERDASSI, KARIM ARAB, MARIE-LAURE FARDEAU, and FARIDA NATECHE. "Multidrug-resistant Opportunistic and Pathogenic Bacteria Contaminate Algerian Banknotes Currency." Polish Journal of Microbiology 69, no. 4 (December 2020): 491–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2020-053.
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Currency is one of the most exchanged items in human communities as it is used daily in exchange for goods and services. It is handled by persons with different hygiene standards and can transit in different environments. Hence, money can constitute a reservoir for different types of human pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Algerian banknotes to shelter opportunistic pathogenic and multiresistant bacteria. To that end, 200 circulating notes of four different denominations were collected from various places and analyzed for their bacterial loads and contents. Besides, predominant strains were identified and characterized by biochemical and molecular methods, and their resistance profiles against 34 antibiotics were determined. Our results indicated that 100% of the studied banknotes were contaminated with bacteria. The total bacterial concentrations were relatively high, and different bacterial groups were grown, showing important diversity. In total, 48 predominant strains were identified as belonging to 17 genera. Staphylococcus and Micrococcus were the most prevalent genera, followed by Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that all the isolates harbored resistance to at least two molecules, and worrying resistance levels were observed. These findings prove that Algerian currency harbors opportunistic multiresistant bacteria and could potentially act as a vehicle for the spread of bacterial diseases and as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes among the community. Therefore, no cash payment systems should be developed and generalized to minimize cash handling and subsequent potential health risks.
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Młynarczyk-Bonikowska, Beata, Anna Majewska, Magdalena Malejczyk, Grażyna Młynarczyk, and Sławomir Majewski. "Multiresistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a new threat in second decade of the XXI century." Medical Microbiology and Immunology 209, no. 2 (December 4, 2019): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00430-019-00651-4.
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AbstractNeisseria gonorrhoeae is an etiologic agent of gonorrhoea, one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases caused by bacteria. For many years, infections caused by N. gonorrhoeae were considered to be relatively easy to treat; however, resistance has emerged successively to all therapeutic agents used in treatment of the disease, e.g., penicillin, ciprofloxacin or azithromycin. Currently, the global problem is the emergence and a threat of spread of N. gonorrhoeae strains resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC), such as injectable ceftriaxone and oral-used cefixime. Especially, dangerous are multi-resistant strains resistant simultaneously to ESC and azithromycin. Three strains with high-level resistance to azithromycin and resistant to ESC were first time isolated in 2018. Moreover, in 2018, the first ESBL was described in N. gonorrhoeae and that makes the threat of appearing the ESBL mechanism of resistance in N. gonorrhoeae more real, even though the strain was sensitive to ceftriaxone. Molecular typing revealed that variants resistant to ESC occurred also among strains belonging to epidemic clonal complex CC1 (genogroup G1407) distinguished in NG-MAST typing system. The G1407 genogroup, in particular the ST1407 sequence type, is currently dominant in most European countries. The presence of different mechanisms of drug resistance significantly affects clinical practice and force changes in treatment regimens and introduction of new drugs.
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Pauwels, B., and W. Verstraete. "The treatment of hospital wastewater: an appraisal." Journal of Water and Health 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.0024.
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Hospitals discharge considerable amounts of chemicals and microbial agents in their wastewaters. Problem chemicals present in hospital wastewater belong to different groups, such as antibiotics, X-ray contrast agents, disinfectants and pharmaceuticals. Many of these chemical compounds resist normal wastewater treatment. They end up in surface waters where they can influence the aquatic ecosystem and interfere with the food chain. Humans are particularly exposed by the drinking water, produced from surface water. Microbial agents of special concern are multiresistant microbial strains. The latter are suspected to contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance. In this paper, we will discuss the different approaches towards hospital wastewater treatment. The principle of uncoupling hospitals from public sewers warrants in-depth evaluation by technologists and ecotoxicologists as well as public health specialists.
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Schwenger, V., E. Mündlein, E. E. Dagrosa, A. M. Fahr, M. Zeier, G. Mikus, and K. Andrassy. "Treatment of Life-Threatening Multiresistant Staphylococcal and Enterococcal Infections in Patients with End-Stage Renal Failure with Quinupristin/Dalfopristin: Preliminary Report." Infection 30, no. 5 (October 1, 2002): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15010-002-2076-3.
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Flávia da Silva, Francisca, Hermano Manoel Francisco Figueiredo Bezerra, Thais Ferreira Feitosa, and Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela. "Nematode resistance to five anthelmintic classes in naturally infected sheep herds in Northeastern Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 27, no. 4 (November 8, 2018): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-296120180071.
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Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of nematode resistance to anthelmintics on sheep herds from the semi-arid region of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) was carried out on 20 properties. In each herd, 30 animals were divided into five groups containing six animals each: group I, treated with albendazole 10%, 4 mg/kg; group II, ivermectin 0.08%, 0.2 mg/kg; group III, closantel 10%, 10 mg/kg; group IV, levamisole hydrochloride 5%, 5 mg/kg; and group V, monepantel 2.5%, 2.5 mg/kg. All treatments were administered orally as a single dose. Fecal samples were collected on days zero and 10 after treatment, to perform FECRT and coprocultures. Multiresistance was observed in all the properties; 95% had high resistance to albendazole, 85% to ivermectin, 80% to closantel, 40% to levamisole, and 45% to monepantel. On property 15, where monepantel was ineffective, a second FECRT for this anthelmintic was carried out 4 months after the first, resulting in 75% efficacy. Immediately after the FECRT result, two ewes were euthanized and necropsied, and Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Oesophagostomum columbianum, and Trichuris ovis were recovered. It was concluded that the resistance of sheep gastrointestinal nematodes to antthelmintic, including monepantel, is high.
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GONÇALVES, Célia R., Tania Mara I. VAZ, Eliane ARAUJO, Regina de Fátima BONI, Daniela LEITE, and Kinue IRINO. "Biotyping, serotyping and ribotyping as epidemiological tools in the evaluation of Acinetobacter baumannii dissemination in hospital units, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 42, no. 5 (October 2000): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652000000500007.
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Dissemination of Acinetobacter baumannii strains in different units of a hospital in Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil was evaluated over a period of two years. By using biotyping, serotyping and ribotyping, 27 distinct clones were differentiated among 76 strains isolated between 1993-94, from clinical specimens of hospitalized patients. Two clones, 2:O4:A (biotype:serotype:ribotype) and 2:O29:A accounted for the majority of strains widely disseminated in the units during 1993. The introduction in the hospital setting, of a new clone, 6:O13:B, at the end of 1993 and its predominance through 1994 is discussed. Among 15 strains isolated from neonates, 6 (40%) belonged to the same clone, 2:O4:A. Interestingly, this clone was almost all recovered in neonatal intensive care unit, nursery and in pediatric unit. All strains were susceptible to imipenem and polymyxcin B. Multiresistant strains (up to 12 antimicrobial agents) accounted for 66.7% and 84.8% of the strains isolated in 1993 and in 1994, respectively.
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Zwet, Wil Van der, Yvonne Nijsen, Lieke Van Alphen, Christian Von Wintersdorff, Erik Beckers, and Paul Savelkoul. "Role of the Environment in Transmission of Multiresistant Enterobacter cloacae in a Hematology-Oncology Department." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s379—s380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.1012.
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Background: The patient environment is increasingly considered a major source of transmission of nosocomial bacteria to patients. In May 2019, a cluster of 3 patients with multiresistant Enterobacter cloacae was discovered in the hematology-oncology department of the Maastricht University Medical Center (built in 1991). The strains had an identical antibiogram: ESBL-positive, ciprofloxacin R, cotrimoxazole R, meropenem S, and colistin S. One neutropenic patient had a positive blood culture for this strain, resistant to the empiric treatment with piperacillin-tazobactam, but the patient recovered after switching the antibiotic regimen to meropenem. All strains were determined to be identical by amplified-fragment length polymorphism and whole-genome multi-locus sequencing typing (genotype A). New cases occurred, despite the introduction of contact isolation of positive and contact patients. Therefore, weekly point-prevalence screening was introduced, in which more newly colonized patients were identified in the subsequent weeks. Attention to hand hygiene was enforced, and the hypothesis of contamination from “wet” environmental locations was tested by performing cultures of sinks and shower drains. In June and July, 47 of 241 environmental cultures (19.5%) were positive for E. cloacae with an identical antibiogram, among which some were typed as genotype A. To diminish the environmental contamination, all siphons of sinks were replaced, and disinfection of sinks and shower drains was intensified using chlorine and soda on a daily basis. Replacement of shower drains was not possible. After this intervention, the incidence of newly colonized patients declined gradually. A change in the regimen of selective gut decontamination in hematology patients was considered as an alternative intervention, but with the decrease in new patient cases, this was not implemented. A final round of environmental cultures at the end of August revealed 8 positive cultures, of which 5 were positive for genotype A. In retrospect, this finding could be explained by the fact that the cleaning team did not follow the intensified instructions for disinfection. From week 29, genotype A E. cloacae was no longer cultured in weekly patient screenings. Based on this observation, it is important that in (re)building plans for hospitals, a master plan for the prevention of nosocomial transmission from environment to patients is incorporated.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
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SMITH, J. M. B., and G. M. COOK. "A decade of community MRSA in New Zealand." Epidemiology and Infection 133, no. 5 (April 1, 2005): 899–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268805004024.
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In 1992, isolates with a distinctive phage pattern were identified amongst the 186 MRSA recovered in New Zealand. These unusual isolates were recovered in the Auckland region from individuals who came from or had visited Western Samoa, and were called Western Samoan phage pattern (WSPP) MRSA. They were almost exclusively community based and were mainly responsible for the alarming 15-fold increase in MRSA seen in New Zealand over the next 6 years. Since 2000, the number of infections attributable to WSPP MRSA appears to be declining. WSPP isolates are clonal, possess a unique type IV SCCmec element, and a distinctive multilocus sequence allelic profile (ST30). WSPP isolates are invariably not multiresistant with methicillin MICs generally [les ]32 μg/ml. Virulence of the WSPP clone appears to be related to its adhesive and consistent toxin- (e.g. Panton–Valentine leukocidin, α- and γ-haemolysins) producing capabilities. Isolates are most frequently associated with cutaneous lesions in younger age groups. Since 1998, MRSA isolates belonging to the UK-derived EMRSA-15 strain (also type IV SCCmec) have continued to increase in New Zealand, and together with WSPP, these strains now dominate MRSA isolations in New Zealand.
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Hakkinen, Marjaana, Helmi Heiska, and Marja-Liisa Hänninen. "Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in Cattle in Finland and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Bovine Campylobacter jejuni Strains." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 10 (March 16, 2007): 3232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02579-06.
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ABSTRACT The study investigated the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in Finnish cattle at slaughter and carcass contamination after slaughter. During the period January to December 2003, bovine rectal fecal samples (n = 952) and carcass surface samples (n = 948) from 12 out of 15 Finnish slaughterhouses were examined. In total, campylobacters were detected in 31.1% of fecal samples and in 3.5% of carcass surface samples. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 19.5%, Campylobacter coli from 2.2%, and presumptive Campylobacter hyointestinalis from 10.8% of fecal samples. Campylobacters were detected in 4.4% and 37.4% of the fecal samples examined both by direct culture and by enrichment (n = 730), respectively, suggesting a low level of campylobacters in the intestinal content. A slightly increasing trend was observed in the overall prevalence of campylobacters towards the end of summer and autumn. Seventeen different serotypes were detected among the fecal C. jejuni isolates using a set of 25 commercial antisera for serotyping heat-stable antigens (Penner) of C. jejuni by passive hemagglutination. The predominant serotypes, Pen2 and Pen4-complex, were isolated from 52% of the fecal samples. Subtyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (SmaI) yielded 56 and 20 subtypes out of 330 fecal and 70 carcass C. jejuni isolates, respectively. MICs of ampicillin, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, and oxytetracycline for 187 C. jejuni isolates were determined using a commercial broth microdilution method. Sixteen (9%) of the isolates were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials tested. Resistance to nalidixic acid was most commonly detected (6%). No multiresistance was observed.
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Belmamoun, Ahmed Reda, Abdelkader Ammam, Imene Berrabah, and Karima Bereksi Reguig. "Coagulase gene polymorphism and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis milk in Sidi-Bel-Abbes, Algeria." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 7, no. 1 (September 25, 2017): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.7(1).p21-27.
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The study was conducted to identify and characterize Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk derived from subclinical mastitis in Sidi-Bel-Abbes Algeria. In this paper, we explore the possibility of detection of the coagulase gene (coa), which encodes the coagulase enzyme, by PCR analysis in antibiotic-resistant isolates, with the latex agglutination phenotype and free coagulase.Out of 336 samples of raw milk examined with California mastitis test (CMT) posi-tive; a total of 142 samples were bacteriologically positive with 56.34% Staphylococcus isolates, 21 (26.25%) isolates were confirmed as S.aureus. Nineteen (90.48%) isolates of S.aureus showed free coagulase on the tube agglutination test. Two atypical S.aureus strains (9.52%) were defective for the clumping factor and / or protein A , determined with the Staphytect plus test and the tube coagulase test. The isolates of S.aureus were resistant to penicillin and tetracycline with 76.19%. Two isolates (9.52%) of S.aureus re-sistant to meticillin (MRSA) were detected in this study, with a MIC of ≥4 μg / liter and a cefoxitin screen test with a MIC of ≥8 μg / liter, and 13 (61.9%) isolates were with a multiresistance phenotype. The 21 isolates were sub-jected to PCR amplification of the 3' end of the coa gene, 18 (85.71%) were revealed on a 1% agarose gel with a single band between 547 bp and 875 bp. The use of the PCR genotypic test to identify the profile of the coa gene can be used as an appropriate identification criterion for differentiating coagulases from S.aureus and for understanding their epidemiology.
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Dubois, Véronique, Marie-Pierre Parizano, Corinne Arpin, Laure Coulange, Marie-Christine Bezian, and Claudine Quentin. "High Genetic Stability of Integrons in Clinical Isolates of Shigella spp. of Worldwide Origin." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 4 (January 22, 2007): 1333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01109-06.
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ABSTRACT Over a 12-year period, 68 Shigella strains (31 S. sonnei, 30 S. flexneri, 4 S. dysenteriae, and 3 S. boydii strains) were collected in a French University Hospital from the stools of patients who generally had a recent history of travel to various parts of the world (91%), particularly Africa (67%). These strains were often resistant (streptomycin, spectinomycin, trimethoprim, tetracycline, and sulfonamides, 66 to 84%; ampicillin and chloramphenicol, 34 to 38%; nalidixic acid, 4%) and even multiresistant (87%), and they generally carried integrons (81%) of class 1 (21%), class 2 (47%), or both (13%). Class 1 integrons were associated with ampicillin resistance due to the production of an OXA-30 β-lactamase in S. flexneri and S. dysenteriae. Class 2 integrons were associated with trimethoprim resistance in S. sonnei. Class 1 and class 2 integrons were inserted within transposons Tn21 and Tn7, respectively, themselves located on the bacterial chromosome, except in one strain. Class 1 integrons showed an atypical organization consisting of the insertion sequence IS1 at the 3′ end instead of the typical 3′ conserved segment and two bla OXA-30 and aadA1 gene cassettes, despite the absence of epidemiological relationships between the strains, and an apparently functional integrase. Class 2 integrons showed the same albeit classical organization with the three dfrA1, sat, and aadA1 gene cassettes. Occasionally, the 3′ end was deleted and the aadA1 gene cassette was unexpressed. Thus, integrons contributed only in part to the multidrug resistance of the Shigella strains. The highly conserved organization of integrons might be related to their location within mobile genetic superstructures.
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Kratzer, Christina, Selma Tobudic, Ojan Assadian, Astrid Buxbaum, Wolfgang Graninger, and Apostolos Georgopoulos. "Validation of AKACID Plus as a Room Disinfectant in the Hospital Setting." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 6 (June 2006): 3826–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00379-06.
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ABSTRACT AKACID Plus, a novel polymeric guanidine with broad antimicrobial activity against multiantibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, was used in the present study as a room disinfectant. Disinfection of closed rooms experimentally contaminated with antibiotic-susceptible and multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli was performed using AKACID Plus at concentrations of 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5% for 100 min. Bacterial suspensions were distributed on plastic and stainless steel plates and placed in a test room. Recovery of the test microorganisms was determined before nebulizing, 60 and 100 min after initiation, and 4 h after the end of room disinfection by a simple swab-rinse technique. The swab-rinse method demonstrated a dose- and time-dependent effectiveness of AKACID Plus in eradicating S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa on plastic and stainless steel plates. Nebulized 0.5% AKACID Plus was successful in eliminating all hospital pathogens within 340 min. After the use of 0.25% AKACID Plus, MRSA was still detectable on microbial carrier plates. The test concentration of 0.1% AKACID Plus achieved a significant reduction of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa on plastic and stainless steel plates but was sufficient to eradicate only E. coli. These results suggest that nebulized AKACID Plus at a concentration of 0.5% is a potent substance for eradication of pathogenic organisms in the hospital setting.
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Heckel, Maria, Alexander Sturm, Franziska A. Herbst, Christoph Ostgathe, and Stephanie Stiel. "Effects of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/Multiresistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Colonization or Infection and Isolation Measures in End of Life on Family Caregivers: Results of a Qualitative Study." Journal of Palliative Medicine 20, no. 3 (March 2017): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2016.0301.
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SILVEIRA-FILHO, VLADIMIR M., ISABELLE S. LUZ, ANA PAULA F. CAMPOS, WELLINGTON M. SILVA, MARIA PALOMA S. BARROS, ELIZABETH S. MEDEIROS, MANUELA F. L. FREITAS, RINALDO A. MOTA, MARIA J. SENA, and TEREZA C. LEAL-BALBINO. "Antibiotic Resistance and Molecular Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Cow's Milk and Dairy Products in Northeast Brazil." Journal of Food Protection 77, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-343.
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This work aimed to assess the clonal distribution among 94 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cow's milk, raw cheese, and a milking machine in 12 dairy farms in northeast Brazil, by analyzing different typing methods and detecting resistance and toxigenic profiles. For the first time, isolates of this region were assessed simultaneously by the polymorphism of the 3′ -end coa gene and 16S-23S rDNA, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, antibiotic resistance phenotyping, and toxigenic arsenal. Although pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns showed a wider variation (discriminatory index 0.83) than the PCR-based methods, the internal transcribed spacer–PCR proved to be a useful and inexpensive procedure for conducting epidemiological surveys of S. aureus on a regional scale. Each dairy farm had its own resistance profile, and in two herds, 63% of the strains were multiresistant, probably due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in bovine mastitis treatment. No methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains were detected in this study; however, 93.6% of S. aureus strains harbored variable profiles of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes seg, seh, sei, and sej. Transcriptional analysis revealed that 53.3% of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes actually transcribed, pointing out the food poisoning risk of these dairy products to consumers in the region. Based on the detection of the most prevalent clones in a herd or region, appropriate antibiotic therapy and specific immunization can be used for the treatment and control of staphylococcal mastitis.
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MABIKA MABIKA, Rolande, Franck MOUNIOKO, Loïs Wenceslas MBOUMBA, Alain SOUZA, and Jean Fabrice YALA. "Phenotypic characterization of the resistance of Salmonella – Shigella isolates to colistin and detection of mcr1/2 genes." Journal of Applied Biosciences 156 (December 26, 2020): 16132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.156.6.
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Objective: Colistin is one of the latest line of therapeutics used in the management of infections due to multiresistant Gram-negative bacteria. The current emergence of colistin resistance, in particular through the mediation of plasmid resistance genes (mcr1 and mcr2) in intestinal bacteria is a worldwide concern. The objective of this study is to evaluate the sensitivity of Salmonella and Shigella strains to colistin and the detection of mcr1 and mcr2 genes within these strains. Methodology and Results: The colistin sensitivity profile of 30 Salmonella strains and 5 Shigella strains was determined using the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations in liquid medium of Mueller Hinton and the results were interpreted in accordance with the standards of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Epidemiological cut-off 2020 version 10.0. Finally, the mcr1 and mcr2 genes were detected by a conventional PCR. Overall, a phenotypic resistance rate of 20% was recorded for Salmonella-Shigella pathogens, with a frequency of 17.1% for Salmonella and 2.9% for Shigella. Molecular screening of these isolates revealed a lack of detection of the mcr1 and mcr2 genes in their genetic heritage. Conclusion and application of results: this study shows that Salmonella and Shigella strains are resistant to colistin, however the mcr 1 and 2 genes have not been amplified. To this end, the rational use of colistin must be applied in the human and animal field in order to curb the increase and spread of resistance to this molecule. Keywords: Colistin, Gabon, mcr, resistance, Salmonella-Shigella
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BURGESS, F., C. L. LITTLE, G. ALLEN, K. WILLIAMSON, and R. T. MITCHELL. "Prevalence of Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli on the External Packaging of Raw Meat." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 469–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.3.469.
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During September and October 2002, 3,662 prepackaged raw meat samples were collected to evaluate the extent and nature of microbiological contamination on external surfaces of the packaging, which could potentially cross-contaminate ready-to-eat foods during and after purchase. Salmonella was detected on two (<1%) samples of external packaging (both from raw chicken), and Campylobacter was detected on 41 (1.1%) samples of external packaging. The external packaging of game fowl exhibited the highest Campylobacter contamination (3.6%), followed by raw chicken (3.0%), lamb (1.6%), turkey (0.8%), pork (0.2%), and beef (0.1%); Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli accounted for 59% (24 of 41) and 24% (10 of 41) of the contaminating Campylobacter species, respectively. C. coli isolates from the external packaging were more multiresistant to antimicrobial drugs, including quinolones such as ciprofloxacin, than was C. jejuni. Escherichia coli (an indicator of fecal contamination) was isolated from the external packaging on 4% of the raw meat samples at levels of 40 to 105 CFU per swab. The external packaging of raw meats is a vehicle for potential cross-contamination by Campylobacter, Salmonella, and E. coli in retail premises and consumers' homes. The external surface of heat-sealed packaging was less frequently contaminated with Campylobacter and E. coli compared with other types of packaging (e.g., overwrapping, bag, and tie tape) (P < 0.0001 to 0.01). In addition, external packaging of raw meats was contaminated less frequently with Campylobacter and E. coli when packaging was intact, packaging and display areas were visually clean, display temperatures were below 8°C, and hazard analysis systems were in place.
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Archer, G. L., J. A. Thanassi, D. M. Niemeyer, and M. J. Pucci. "Characterization of IS1272, an insertion sequence-like element from Staphylococcus haemolyticus." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40, no. 4 (April 1996): 924–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.40.4.924.
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We have previously shown (G. L. Archer, D. M. Niemeyer, J. A. Thanassi, and M. J. Pucci, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38:447-454, 1994) that some methicillin-resistant staphylococcal isolates contain a partial deletion of the genes (mecR1 and mecI) that regulate the transcription of the methicillin resistance structural gene (mecA). When a fragment of DNA inserted at the point of the mecR1 deletion was used as a probe, hybridization with multiple bands was detected for Staphylococcus haemolyticus genomic DNA. In the present study, DNA sequencing of four unique clones recovered from a lambda library of S. haemolyticus revealed identical 1,934-bp elements. Each element, designated IS1272, contained 16-bp terminal inverted repeats (sequence identity, 15 of 16 bp) and two open reading frames of 819 and 687 bp; there were no flanking target site duplications. Database searches yielded amino acid homology with proteins predicted to be encoded by open reading frames from a putative insertion sequence element from Enterococcus hirae. DNA probes from each end and the middle of IS1272 were hybridized with restriction endonuclease-digested genomic DNA from clinical S. haemolyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Each of the 20 or more copies of the element found in S. haemolyticus isolates was intact, and copies were found in most chromosomal SmaI fragments. S. aureus and S. epidermidis isolates contained mostly incomplete fragments of the element, and there were many more hybridizing fragments in methicillin-resistant than in methicillin-susceptible isolates. IS1272, which appears to be primarily resident in S. haemolyticus, has disseminated to multiple staphylococcal species and is prevalent in multiresistant isolates.
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Hauser, Elisabeth, Erhard Tietze, Reiner Helmuth, Ernst Junker, Kathrin Blank, Rita Prager, Wolfgang Rabsch, Bernd Appel, Angelika Fruth, and Burkhard Malorny. "Pork Contaminated with Salmonellaenterica Serovar 4,[5],12:i:−, an Emerging Health Risk for Humans." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 14 (May 14, 2010): 4601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02991-09.
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ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:− is a monophasic variant of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (antigenic formula 4,[5],12:i:1,2). Worldwide, especially in several European countries and the United States, it has been reported among the 10 most frequently isolated serovars in pigs and humans. In the study reported here, 148 strains of the monophasic serovar isolated from pigs, pork, and humans in 2006 and 2007 in Germany were characterized by various phenotypic and genotypic methods. This characterization was done in order to investigate their clonality, the prevalence of identical subtypes in pigs, pork, and humans, and the genetic relatedness to other S. enterica serovar Typhimurium subtypes in respect to the pathogenic and resistance gene repertoire. Two major clonal lineages of the monophasic serovar were detected which can be differentiated by their phage types and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles. Seventy percent of the strains tested belonged to definite phage type DT193, and those strains were mainly assigned to PFGE cluster B. Nineteen percent of the strains were typed to phage type DT120 and of these 86% belonged to PFGE cluster A. Sixty-five percent of the isolates of both lineages carried core multiresistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole encoded by the genes bla TEM1-like, strA-str B, tet(B), and sul2. No correlation to the source of isolation was observed in either lineage. Microarray analysis of 61 S. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:− and 20 S. enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates tested determining the presence or absence of 102 representative pathogenicity genes in Salmonella revealed no differences except minor variations in single strains within and between the serovars, e.g., by presence of the virulence plasmid in four strains. Overall the study indicates that in Germany S. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:− strains isolated from pig, pork, and human are highly related, showing their transmission along the food chain. Since the pathogenicity gene repertoire is highly similar to that of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, it is essential that interventions are introduced at the farm level in order to limit human infection.
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Daineko, V. S., A. N. Ananiev, E. S. Nevirovich, N. R. Naser, V. A. Manukovskiy, and O. N. Reznik. "The structure and incidence of infection in the cysts in patients with autosom al dominant polycystic kidney disease on the waiting list of kidney transplantation." Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs 20, no. 3 (September 17, 2018): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2018-3-20-25.
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Aim. To investigate the structure and frequency of occurrence of the infection in the cysts of the kidneys in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) due to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD).Materials and methods.For the first time the microbiological study of the biological materials obtained from the patients with PKD were performed. That were the polycystic-altered kidneys removed in preparation of potential recipients for kidney transplantation, which were made as a routine step. All patients underwent surgical treatment in order to prepare for kidney transplantation or according to clinical indications. Two groups of patients have been distinguished: the 1st group – 7 (33.3%) patients with asymptomatic course of disease, the 2nd group – 14 (76.7%) patients who had symptoms of infection of kidneys and urinary tract.Results. As a result of this work, the presence of latent and active infection in 18 (85.7%) patients, including 6 (85.7%) patients with asymptomatic polycystic course, was proved. At microbiological research the causative agent of infection was not revealed only at the 1st patient in the first group and in 2 patients in the second group. Infection of cysts of kidneys of 6 patients with asymptomatic course of PKD was proved only after research of their contents taken intraoperatively. There is no correlation between the presence of infection, symptoms and the size of polycystic kidneys. Multidrug resistant infection only sensitive to modern antibiotics ultrawide spectrum of action was detected in 6 patients, including 2 patients with asymptomatic.Conclusion.Critically high actual infection of more than 80% of polycystic-altered kidneys has been established, which allows to consider them as a source of chronic infection in the context of future transplantation. The presence of latent, including multiresistant infection in cysts, worsens the prognosis of kidney transplantation in this category of patients without nephrectomy.
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Nau, R., H. W. Prange, M. Kinzig, A. Frank, A. Dressel, P. Scholz, H. Kolenda, and F. Sörgel. "Cerebrospinal fluid ceftazidime kinetics in patients with external ventriculostomies." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40, no. 3 (March 1996): 763–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.40.3.763.
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Ceftazidime has proven to be effective for the treatment of bacterial meningitis caused by multiresistant gram-negative bacteria. Since nosocomial central nervous system infections are often accompanied by only a minor dysfunction of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, patients with noninflammatory occlusive hydrocephalus who had undergone external ventriculostomy were studied (n = 8). Serum and CSF were drawn repeatedly after the administration of the first dose of ceftazidime (3 g over 30 min intravenously), and concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography by using UV detection. The concentrations of ceftazidime in CSF were maximal at 1 to 13 h (median, 5.5 h) after the end of the infusion and ranged from 0.73 to 2.80 mg/liter (median, 1.56 mg/liter). The elimination half-lives were 3.13 to 18.1 h (median, 10.7 h) in CSF compared with 2.02 to 5.24 h (median, 3.74 h) in serum. The ratios of the areas under the concentration-time curves in CSF and serum (AUCCSF/AUCS) ranged from 0.027 to 0.123 (median, 0.054). After the administration of a single dose of 3 g, the maximum concentrations of ceftazidime in CSF were approximately four times higher than those after the administration of 2-g intravenous doses of cefotaxime (median, 0.44 mg/liter) and ceftriaxone (median, 0.43 mg/liter) (R. Nau, H. W. Prange, P. Muth, G. Mahr, S. Menck, H. Kolenda, and F. Sörgel, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37:1518-1524, 1993). The median AUCCSF/AUCS ratio of ceftazidime was slightly below that of cefotaxime (0.12), but it was 1 order of magnitude above the median AUCCSF/AUCS of ceftriaxone (0.007) (Nau et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37:1518-1524, 1993). The concentrations of ceftazidime observed in CSF were above the MICs for most Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. However, they are probably not high enough to be rapidly bactericidal. For this reason, the daily dose should be increased to 12 g in cases of P. aeruginosa infections of the central nervous system when the blood-CSF barrier is minimally impaired.
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Ghenea, Alice Elena, Ramona Cioboată, Andrei Ioan Drocaş, Eugen Nicolae Țieranu, Corina Maria Vasile, Aritina Moroşanu, Cristian George Țieranu, et al. "Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Klebsiella Strains Isolated from a County Hospital in Romania." Antibiotics 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070868.
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The study evaluated the evolution of the incidence of infections with Klebsiella in the County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova (SCJUC), Romania. Also, we monitored antibiotic resistance over more than two years and detected changes in resistance to various antimicrobial agents. Our study included 2062 patients (823 women and 1239 men) hospitalised in SCJUC during the period 1st of September 2017 to 30 June 2019. In 458 patients (22.21%) from the 2062 total patients, the collected samples (1116) were positive and from those, we isolated 251 strains of Klebsiella spp. We conducted a longitudinal analysis of the prevalence of Klebsiella spp. over calendar months, which showed a prevalence in surgical wards that ranged between 5.25% and 19.49% in June 2018, while in medical wards the variation was much wider, between 5.15% and 17.36% in April 2018. Klebsiella spp. strains showed significant resistance to Amoxicillin/Clavulanate, Aztreonam and Cephalosporins such as Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime and Cefepime. We examined the possible link with the consumption of antibiotics in the same month by performing a multiple linear regression analysis. The evolution of antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella was correlated with the variation of resistance in other bacteria, which suggests common resistance mechanisms in the hospital environment. By performing the regression for dependency between antibiotic resistance and antibiotic consumption, we observed some correlations between antibiotic consumption and the development of antibiotic resistance after 1, 2 and even 3 months (e.g., resistance to meropenem was influenced by the consumption in the hospital ward of imipenem 1 month and two months before, but only 1 month before by the consumption of meropenem). The clustering of strains showed filiation between multiresistant Klebsiella spp. strains isolated from specific patients from the ICU. The evolution of prevalence and antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella correlated with the resistance in other bacteria, which suggest common resistance mechanisms in the hospital environment, and also with the consumption of antibiotics.
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Loshchinin, M. N., N. A. Sokolova, and A. M. Abdullaeva. "Polyresistance of salmonell serovov, isolated from Poultry and from poultry products." Health, Food & Biotechnology 2, no. 2 (May 6, 2021): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36107/hfb.2020.i2.s341.
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Salmonellosis remains an important problem not only in the Russian Federation, but throughout the world, both in veterinary medicine and in medicine. Poultry is the most affected by salmonella. Most often, S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Infantis, S. Gallinarum-pullorum are isolated from poultry and poultry products. It is these salmonella serovars that cause outbreaks of foodborne diseases in humans. For the prevention and treatment of salmonellosis, antibiotics of various groups are used: β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, etc. Unfortunately, at present, most of the latest generation antibiotics are ineffective. However, many Salmonella isolates have been found to have multiple drug resistance (MDR). MDR strains began to actively displace those that were resistant to only one or two antibiotics. Antibioticresistant bacterial strains are transmitted to humans through the use of insufficiently heattreated poultry meat, through contact with raw poultry products, as well as through eggs and egg products. 45 strains of Salmonella isolated from sick poultry, as well as carcasses and poultry meat products were studied. Cultivation, study of biochemical, serological properties and virulence were carried out according to standard methods. Sensitivity to 35 antibiotics was determined using the disk diffusion method. In the study of antibiotic resistance of Salmonella serovars S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Infantis, it was found that they all had multidrug resistance, and most of the strains were resistant to 11–18 drugs out of 35 used. №t a single strain was found that was resistant to only 1–7 antibiotics. All strains were multiresistant, with 100% of Salmonella resistant to clindamycin, tylosin, oleandomycin, rifampicin, ampicillin, and penicillin. More than 80% of the studied strains were resistant to erythromycin, doxycycline, tetracycline. Aminoglycosides (kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, gentamicin, amikacin), amphenicols (chloramphenicol) suppressed the growth of 60–90% of Salmonella strains. The most effective were fluoroquinolones of the 2nd and 3rd generation, capable of inhibiting the growth of 80-100% of isolates, especially ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin. These drugs are backup antibiotics. However, isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin have been found, which is alarming. 4th generation fluoroquinolones have been shown to be less effective, especially for S. infantis. Perhaps this is due to the use of fluoroquinolones among poultry at large poultry enterprises for the prevention of salmonellosis. Only about 30% of isolates were resistant to first-generation cephalosporins (cefazolin, cephalexin). Among the 3rd generation cephalosporins, the most effective were cephaperazone and especially ceftriaxone, to which no Salmonella isolate was resistant. 47% of S. Typhimurium is resistant to cefepime (4th generation cephalosporin), while sensitivity to other serovariants is up to 67%.
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André, Weibson Paz Pinheiro, Wesley Lyeverton Correia Ribeiro, Lorena Mayana Beserra de Oliveira, Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo, Fernanda Cristina Macedo Rondon, and Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua. "Essential Oils and Their Bioactive Compounds in the Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Small Ruminants." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 46, no. 1 (May 16, 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.81804.
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Background: Gastrointestinal nematodes are one of the major health and economic problem of sheep and goats in the world. The control of these nematodes is carried out conventionally with synthetic anthelminths, which favored the selection of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) populations multiresistant to anthelmintics. The emergence of anthelmintic resistance has stimulated the search for new alternatives to control small ruminant GIN, standing out the use of plants and their bioactives compounds, such as essential oils (EO). The objective of this review was to present the main characteristics and anthelmintic activity of EO, their isolated compounds and drug delivery systems in the control of GIN.Review: Essential oils are a complex blend of bioactive compounds with volatile, lipophilic, usually odoriferous and liquid substances. EO are composed of terpenes, terpenoids, aromatic and aliphatic constituents. EO has various pharmacological activities of interest in preventive veterinary medicine such as antibacterials, antifungals, anticoccicids, insecticides and anthelmintics. In vitro and in vivo tests are used to validate the anthelmintic activity of EO on GIN. In vitro tests are low cost screening tests that allow the evaluation of the anthelmintic activity of a large amount of bioactive compounds on eggs, first (L1) and third stage larvae (L3), and adult nematodes. The antiparasitic effect of EO is related to its main compound or to the interaction of the compounds. These bioactive compounds penetrate the cuticle of the nematodes by transcuticular diffusion, altering the mechanisms of locomotion, besides causing cuticular lesions. Following in vitro evaluation, the acute and sub-chronic toxicity test should be performed to assess the toxicity of the bioactive compounds and to define the dose to be used in in vivo tests. In vivo tests are more reliable because the anthelmintic effectiveness of bioactive compounds is evaluated after the metabolization process. The metabolization process of the bioactive compounds can generate metabolites that exhibit or not anthelmintic effectiveness. The in vivo tests assessing the anthelmintic effectiveness of bioactive compounds in sheep and goats are the fecal egg count reduction test and the controlled test. OE promoted reduction of egg elimination in faeces which may be related to cuticular and reproductive alterations in GIN, and reduction of parasite burden in in vivo tests. Due to the promising results obtained with OE in the in vivo tests, interest has been aroused in using nanotechnology as an alternative to increase the bioavailability of OE and consequently, potentializing its anthelmintic effect, reducing the dose and toxicity of the biocompounds. In addition to nanotechnology, the isolation and chemical modification of compounds isolated from OE have been employed to obtain new molecules with anthelmintic action and understand the mechanism of action of EO on the small ruminant GIN.Conclusion: The use of EO and their compound bioactive in the control of resistant populations of GIN is a promising alternative. The adoption of strategies in which natural products can replace synthetic anthelmintics, such as in dry periods and use synthetic anthelmintics in the rainy season when the population in refugia in the pasture is high, thus reducing the dissemination of GIN resistant populations. As perspective, the evaluation of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these natural products should be performed so that one defines treatment protocols that optimize the anthelmintic effect.
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Malato, Alessandra, Francesco Acquaviva, Rosaria Felice, Silvana Magrin, Maria Grazia Donà, Rosanna Scimè, Stefania Tringali, Baldi maria Teresa, and Francesco Fabbiano. "Interventional Strategies to Contain Colonization and Infections Caused By Carbapenemase Producing Klebsiella Pneumonia in Haematological Malignancies." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 2647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.2647.2647.
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Abstract Background and Aim: The emergence and dissemination of Carbapenemase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC) represent a serious threat to public health and is associated with high mortality rates in patients with hematologic malignancies. Several risk factors (prior exposure to or current use of antibiotics, extended stay in hospital, neutropenia, sharing a room with a know carrier etc) have been identified for colonization in hematological patients. However, data on how to contain their spread in haematological setting are still surprisingly limited. We carried out a prospective investigation to assess the prevalence of KPC colonization among hematologic patients, the impact of a strategy control to limit the spread and to evaluate the efficacy of an implementation of more extensive active surveillance. Methods: Infections caused by multiresistant pathogens have been recorded in our Unit from January 2012 through June 2014. From January 2012 to July 2013, we developed an intensive control infection program, (Plan A): 1. Weekly colonization screening for KPC; 2. Educate healthcare personnel about KPC; 3. Promotion of hand hygiene 4. Physical separation of carriers from non-carriers 5. A double-carbapenem plus colistin therapeutic empiric regimen was given for blood stream infections. Since July 2013, we decided to implement additional measures, including (Plan B): 1. Drastic reduction in the number of beds. 2. 2% chlorhexidine body washing for colonized patients. 3. Ensure access to adequate hand hygiene stations (i.e., clean sinks and/or alcohol) and ensure they are well stocked with supplies (e.g. towels, soap, etc.) 4. Donning gown and gloves before entering the affected patient’s room and removing the gown and gloves and performing hand hygiene prior to exiting the affected patient’s room. Results: Since January 2012 perianal swabs were detected weekly from 607 consecutive patients affected by hematologic malignancies, for a total of 1079 admissions and 12.284 days of hospital stay.KPC colonization was present in 47 out of 607 (7.7%) screened patients at some time during their (often multiple hospitalizations); 11 bloodstream infections were reported in 9 patients (23%). Three deaths (3/11, 27%) due to KPC were reported before implementation screening (overall mortality rate was 6.3 % of colonized patients). KPC-decolonisation was achieved in 13/47 pts (28 %) after a median duration of 88 days (range 20-118).Most patients who recovered from KPC infection or were just colonized by KPC went on to receive additional chemotherapy without any life threatening KPC infection occurring (only one patient reported two septic episodes). Since screening cultures or further clinical cultures identified a progressive increase KPCcolonized or -infected patients, we decided to implement additional measures (Plan B). Therefore, from fourth trimester 2013 of study, we have observed a progressive decrease in rate of new colonization: 2 patients (4.17%) vs 15 patients (30%) in the third trimester, and a very low rate was maintained until the second trimester of 2014( 3 patients -4%). Conclusions: The prevalence of KPC colonization in our hospital is high among patients with hematologic diseases.An implementation of additional measures, sharing the patients in single bed-rooms and consequently limiting transfer of cases from other wards, was able to contain KPC colonization and infection.However, the success of our preliminary interventions should be monitored constantly; besides, to prevent the emergence and further spread of CRE, a coordinated regional control effort among healthcare facilities should be recommended. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Melo, Lídio Ricardo Bezerra de, Luana Carneiro de Sousa, Clarisse Silva de Menezes Oliveira, Felipe Boniedj Ventura Alvares, Larissa Claudino Ferreira, Roberto Alves Bezerra, Ana Célia Rodrigues Athayde, Thais Ferreira Feitosa, and Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela. "Resistance of bovine gastrointestinal nematodes to four classes of anthelmintics in the semiarid region of Paraíba state, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 30, no. 3 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612021077.
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Abstract The effectiveness of four anthelmintic classes on cattle gastrointestinal nematodes in the semi-arid region of Paraiba State, Brazil, was evaluated. Twenty farms were used, testing 40 animals in each one, totaling 800 animals. Cattle were divided into four groups composed with ten animals: I, treated with albendazole sulfoxide 15%; II, treated with ivermectin 1%; III, treated with closantel 25%; IV, treated with levamisole hydrochloride 7.5%. All treatments were administered subcutaneously. For the Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT), individual fecal samples were collected on days 0 and 14, and sent for analysis of egg count per gram of feces (EPG) and larval cultures. It was observed that multiresistance was present in 95% (19/20) of the farms. Resistance to ivermectin and albendazole was observed in 95% (19/20), to closantel in 75% (15/20) and to levamisole in 20% (4/20). The most used management system was semi-intensive (75%; 15/20) and the ivermectin was the most reported drug for controlling helminths (65%; 13/20). Haemonchus spp. was the most prevalent helminth genus. It was concluded that the anthelmintic resistance of bovine gastrointestinal nematodes is high in the semi-arid of Paraíba State, Brazil, with multiresistance observed mainly to ivermectin, albendazole and closantel.
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van Pelt, W. "Explosive increase of multiresistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in 2001 in the Netherlands." Weekly releases (1997–2007) 5, no. 50 (December 13, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esw.05.50.02075-en.
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From September 2000 and up until the end of that year, the national salmonella centre at the Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM, the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment) has noted an explosive increase of isolates of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium definitive phage type (DT) 104 from humans, which has since plateaued at a level double that of previous years (1).
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Nykrynova, Marketa, Vojtech Barton, Karel Sedlar, Matej Bezdicek, Martina Lengerova, and Helena Skutkova. "Word Entropy-Based Approach to Detect Highly Variable Genetic Markers for Bacterial Genotyping." Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (February 3, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.631605.
Full textAbstract:
Genotyping methods are used to distinguish bacterial strains from one species. Thus, distinguishing bacterial strains on a global scale, between countries or local districts in one country is possible. However, the highly selected bacterial populations (e.g., local populations in hospital) are typically closely related and low diversified. Therefore, currently used typing methods are not able to distinguish individual strains from each other. Here, we present a novel pipeline to detect highly variable genetic segments for genotyping a closely related bacterial population. The method is based on a degree of disorder in analyzed sequences that can be represented by sequence entropy. With the identified variable sequences, it is possible to find out transmission routes and sources of highly virulent and multiresistant strains. The proposed method can be used for any bacterial population, and due to its whole genome range, also non-coding regions are examined.
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Vidová, Barbora, Zuzana Šramková, Lenka Tišáková, Michaela Oravkinová, and Andrej Godány. "Bioinformatics analysis of bacteriophage and prophage endolysin domains." Biologia 69, no. 5 (January 1, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11756-014-0358-8.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractEndolysins as a class of antibacterial enzymes are expected to become a very useful tool for many purposes to control spreading of, e.g., multiresistant bacteria in different environments. Their antimicrobial properties could be broadened or altered by mutagenesis, domain swapping or gene shuffling. Therefore, the specific designing of endolysins to achieve their desired properties is challenging. This work is focused on the in silico analysis of protein domains presence in sequences of phage and prophage endolysins, followed by the study of variety of domain combinations in the individual endolysin types. The multiple sequence alignment of endolysin sequences revealed the recognition of sequence types with typical domain arrangement and conserved amino acids, divided according to the target substrate in bacterial cell walls. The five protein families of catalytic domains are specifically occurring in dependence of bacterial Gram-type. The presence, types and numbers of binding domains within endolysin sequences were also studied. The obtained results enable a more targeted design of endolysins with required antimicrobial properties.
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Bros, Aurélie, S. Deboscker, M. Mielcarek, J. Foeglé, C. Hernandez, C. Ménard, L. Belotti, and T. Lavigne. "Bacteriological quality evaluation of bedpans in a university hospital." International Journal of Infection Control 14, no. 1 (March 28, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.3396/ijic.v14i1.004.18.
Full textAbstract:
According to the Centers of Disease Control and prevention recommendations, it is necessary to restrain the emergence of multiresistant microorganisms at hospital and control cross-transmission among patients. In this context, one of the main points is the daily strict management of excreta in the care units. We aim to evaluate the safety of reusable bedpans, from a bacteriological point of view, after passing through bedpan washers in our hospital. The present study was conducted from 15 January 2015 to 27 February 2015 in Strasbourg Hospital University. 25 bedpan washers were selected. Three bedpans per bedpan washer were collected for bacterial analysis after cleaning and disinfection. Samples were performed in real conditions, i.e. patients used bedpans without protective bag before passing through bedpan washers. There was no growth (≤1 CFU/25cm2) in 75.3% (55/73) of the samples and 95.8% (70/73) had a result which was below the target value (≤25 CFU/25cm2). Only 3 samples (4.1%), from different bedpan washers, have a result above the target value. A third of the identified bacteria were environmental microorganisms and 2 thirds were skin flora. No indicator microorganism was identified (Staphylococcus aureus, enterobacteria, enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas sp, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Acinetobacter spp., Candida spp., filamentous fungi). The effectiveness of bedpan washers is quite acceptable regarding the bactericidal activity. Indeed, we expected less good results since a small amount of bedpans are visibly soiled at the end of the cycle. However, it would be of interest to perform a second study evaluating the virucidal and sporicidal activity of the bedpan washers.
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Allahghadry, Toloe, Duncan Y. K. Ng, Alireza Dibaei, and Anders Miki Bojesen. "Clonal spread of multi-resistant Gallibacterium anatis isolates among Iranian broilers and layers." Veterinary Research 52, no. 1 (February 17, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13567-021-00894-1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractGallibacterium anatis is a common cause of reproductive tract infection in chickens, which leads to reduced egg production and increased mortality. This study was undertaken to investigate prevalence of G. anatis in 12 poultry flocks originating from Iranian provinces with leading chicken production and to determine genetic diversity, antimicrobial resistance, and the presence of major antigens of the isolates investigated. Out of the 120 chicken tracheal samples collected and tested, 84 (70%) were positive for G. anatis. Genotyping by Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis and genome sequencing revealed a total of 24 pulsotypes for 71 strains (at a 87% similarity level) and seven genome clusters comprising 21 strains (97% similarity level), respectively. The combination of the two typing methods confirmed the presence of several genotypes originating from a common ancestor affecting poultry yet also suggested that identical clones were shared among chickens within farms and between different farms. The latter finding is to our knowledge the first example of clonal presence of G. anatis in epidemiologically unrelated farms. The 21 sequenced strains were characterized against a panel of commonly used antibiotics and showed lowered sensitivity to tetracycline (76.2%) and enrofloxacin (90.5%). The widespread presence of multiresistant G. anatis isolates calls for non-antibiotic prophylactics. Three major immunogen genes, gtxA, Gab_1309 and Gab_2312 were detected in the isolates indicating these antigens likely represent effective vaccine targets. A conserved sequence of the gtxA gene across a range of epidemiologically independent strains suggests the use of GtxA for future vaccine development purposes.
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Kohlstaedt, Martin, Sabine Buschmann, Hao Xie, Anja Resemann, Eberhard Warkentin, Julian D. Langer, and Hartmut Michel. "Identification and Characterization of the Novel Subunit CcoM in thecbb3-CytochromecOxidase fromPseudomonas stutzeriZoBell." mBio 7, no. 1 (January 26, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01921-15.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTCytochromecoxidases (CcOs), members of the heme-copper containing oxidase (HCO) superfamily, are the terminal enzymes of aerobic respiratory chains. Thecbb3-type cytochromecoxidases (cbb3-CcO) form the C-family and have only the central catalytic subunit in common with the A- and B-family HCOs. InPseudomonas stutzeri, twocbb3operons are organized in a tandem repeat. The atomic structure of the firstcbb3isoform (Cbb3-1) was determined at 3.2 Å resolution in 2010 (S. Buschmann, E. Warkentin, H. Xie, J. D. Langer, U. Ermler, and H. Michel, Science 329:327–330, 2010,http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1187303). Unexpectedly, the electron density map of Cbb3-1 revealed the presence of an additional transmembrane helix (TMH) which could not be assigned to any known protein. We now identified this TMH as the previously uncharacterized protein PstZoBell_05036, using a customized matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)–tandem mass spectrometry setup. The amino acid sequence matches the electron density of the unassigned TMH. Consequently, the protein was renamed CcoM. In order to identify the function of this new subunit in thecbb3complex, we generated and analyzed a CcoM knockout strain. The results of the biochemical and biophysical characterization indicate that CcoM may be involved in CcO complex assembly or stabilization. In addition, we found that CcoM plays a role in anaerobic respiration, as the ΔCcoM strain displayed altered growth rates under anaerobic denitrifying conditions.IMPORTANCEThe respiratory chain has recently moved into the focus for drug development against prokaryotic human pathogens, in particular, for multiresistant strains (P. Murima, J. D. McKinney, and K. Pethe, Chem Biol 21:1423–1432, 2014,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.08.020).cbb3-CcO is an essential enzyme for many different pathogenic bacterial species, e.g.,Helicobacter pylori,Vibrio cholerae, andPseudomonas aeruginosa, and represents a promising drug target. In order to develop compounds targeting these proteins, a detailed understanding of the molecular architecture and function is required. Here we identified and characterized a novel subunit, CcoM, in thecbb3-CcO complex and thereby completed the crystal structure of the Cbb3oxidase fromPseudomonas stutzeri, a bacterium closely related to the human pathogenPseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Khokhlova, O., I. Larionova, O. Perianova, R. Kozlov, M. Eidelshtein, A. Modestov, O. Eremeeva, et al. "THE MECHANISMS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN MAJOR PATHOGENS OF PURULENT-INFLAMMATORY COMPLICATIONS IN CANCER PATIENTS." Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity, June 26, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-tmo-1379.
Full textAbstract:
The problem of microbial antibiotic resistance and investigation of its underlying mechanisms is of paramount importance for all fields of clinical medicine, including oncology. The aim of the study was to examine the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance for major pathogens causing purulent-inflammatory complications in cancer patients. In 2012-2015, there was conducted a prospective examination of 184 cancer patients, including 67 patients at the Department of Surgery no.1 and 117 patients at the Anesthesiology-Intensive Care Unit of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Clinical Oncology Center named after A.I. Kryzhanovsky. For this, we collected bronchoalveolar lavage, wound discharge and investigated by using bacteriological method, as well as MALDI-TOF. Antibiotic sensitivity was studied as follows: disco-diffusion; double disc method; carbapenem inactivation method; staphylococcal sensitivity – by screening method, PCR, E-test method, and serial dilutions in Muller-Hinton broth. Genotyping and antibiotic resistance mechanisms were performed by using PCR, M-PCR, and sequencing. The WHONET program (WHO) was used, with significance level set at p <0.05. Microbiological examination of bronchoalveolar lavage and wound discharge samples allowed to uncover prevalent associations of multi-(MDR) and extremely resistant pathogens (XDR). In the microflora of the lower respiratory tract and in the wound secretion in cancer patients were found to be dominated by non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria reaching up to 44.5% and 48%, respectively; as well as order Enterobacteriales found in 24% and 34.9%, respectively; Gram-positive bacteria - 24% and 17.1%, respectively. Imipenem- and/or meropenem-resistant P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae strains, were assessed for MBL production phenotypically, as well as the genes of the most common VIM, IMP types, whereas A. baumannii – for OXA-23, OXA-40, and OXA-58; and in K. pneumoniae – for OXA-48. 20 strains and 16 strains of P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii, respectively, were studied by PCR. It was found that A. baumannii strains formed no MBL, but 56.3% of A. baumannii isolates (9 strains) produced OXA-23 and OXA-40 carbapenemases. Among P. aeruginosa strains there were the three of them which possessed VIM (15.0%), whereas the remaining strains formed no MBL, but were resistant to carbapenems being associated with other resistance mechanisms, e.g. efflux, decreased permeability of cell wall etc. Among 6 isolates of K. pneumoniae, 1 strain produced OXA-48. In cancer patients, the percentage of methicillin-resistant strains among all members of order Staphylococcus was 48.9% (4 strains belonged to MRSA). PVL- MRSA strains belonged to the clones ST239/spa3(t037)/SCCmecIIIA/tst,sek,seq+ (75%) and ST8/spa1(t008)/SCCmecIVc/sea+ (25%). MRSA ST239 showed multiple antibiotic resistance: to aminoglycosides (aacA-aphD, aadD genes were detected), linkcosamides/macrolides (the ermA gene was detected), fluoroquinolones (mutations in the GyrA gene - Ser84Leu; in GrlA- Ser80Phe), rifampicin (MIC more than 128 μg/ml; mutations in the rpoB gene are His481Asn, Ile527Met), sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline (tetM gene), and chloramphenicol (66.7% of isolates, the cat gene encoding chloramphenicol acetyl transferase was detected); but sensitive to vancomycin (MIC 1.0 μg/ml), linezolid in 100% of cases. MRSA ST8 are resistant to aminoglycosides (aacA-aphD, aadD genes), lincosamides/macrolides (ermC gene), tetracyclines (tetK gene), chloramphenicol (cat gene); and 100% sensitive to fluoroquinolones, rifampicin (MIC 0.006 μg/ml), sulfamethaxazole, vancomycin (MIC 1.0 μg/ml), daptomycin (MIC 0.094 μg/ml), linezolid (MIC 0.75 μg/ml). Thus, it was found that members of the order Enterobacteriales such as A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa and MRSA retain high resistance to a large number of antibacterial drugs of almost all classes. These data should be taken into account while choosing proper antibiotic therapy, as well as controlling spread of nosocomial infections caused by multiresistant microorganisms.