Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Multirésistance virale aux médicaments'
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Koch, Nathalie. "Séquençage des gènes pol et env du VIH-1 pour le suivi virologique des patients infectés : optimisation et validation des techniques de séquençage de l'ARN viral et de l'ADN proviral." Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2000AIX20666.pdf.
Full textChollet, Renaud. "Régulation génétique de la multirésistance aux antibiotiques chez Enterobacter aerogenes." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX20659.
Full textEnterobacter aerogenes is a nosocomial pathogen associated with high mortality rate in intensive care units. Besides the presence of an extended b-lactamase (ESBL) and a chromosomal derepressed cephalosporinase, 5% of clinical isolats show a MultiDrug Resistant (MDR) phenotype. Our work showed that E aerogenes gathers on its genome two systems of MDR regulation: the marRAB and the ramA gene. The two regulators RamA and MarA allow E aerogenes to control exchanges with the external medium and to answer effectively against aggressions. MarA and RamA are able to negatively down-regulate porin expression and to activate the expression of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump
Schultz-Ascensio, Eliette. "Diffusion d'îlots génomiques de multirésistance aux antibiotiques chez Proteus mirabilis." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR3302/document.
Full textThe antibiotic resistance is a major treat for public health. These resistances can be hold by different element and genomic islands are one of them. Salmonella Genomic Island 1 (SGI1) and Proteus Genomic Island 1 (PGI1) are important genetic elements for the antibiotic resistance. A few SGI1 and PGI1 variants were already described in P. mirabilis. It is in this context that this thesis project aimed to improve our knowledge about the epidemiological spread of SGI1 and PGI1 in P. mirabilis in humans but also in animals in France (diversity of isolates and SGI1/PGI1 variants). Moreover, another wish was to identify other factors and actors for the acquisition of antibiotic resistance in the Morganellaceae tribe (Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases, AmpC cephalosporinase, Plasmid-mediated Quinolone Resistance…). Finally, this study revealed the first cases of SGI1 and PGI1 in P. mirabilis in animals in France. New SGI1 variants were also described. And for the very first time, SGI1 was found in M. morganii, another entrobacterial species
Merzougui, Aziza. "Étude fonctionnelle de la protéine MRP2." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25917/25917.pdf.
Full textBreuzard, Gilles. "Mise en évidence de l'intégration membranaire de la mitoxantrone à l'échelle de la cellule vivante par spectroscopie Raman SERS et transfert d'énergie de fluorescence." Reims, 2006. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000294.pdf.
Full textThe nature of drug/membrane interaction remains in the multi-drug resistance an elusive parameter, though important to define the intracellular uptake of xenobiotic. The aims of this work were to develop different spectroscopic methods in order to analyse the insertion mode of mitoxantrone (MTX) in a resistant BCRP/MXR cell model. On the one hand, SERS spectroscopy (Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering) implicating an extracellular silver colloid to enhance Raman scattering of molecules at the surface of the plasma membrane was used. On the other hand, energy transfer from a membrane fluorescent probe to MTX allowed to determine insertion parameters of MTX in the two leaflets of the membrane. Raman scattering of MTX was observed after focusing the laser on a colloid nanoparticle in contact with the membrane of MTX-treated cells. These results were interpreted as a partial insertion of MTX on the plasma membrane. Moreover, a three-fold SERS intensity increase of MTX was observed for resistant cells, which was explained by a higher xenobiotic accessibility to the colloid. The comparison of insertion time-course investigated by fluorescence energy transfer revealed a similar quantity of membrane-inserted MTX molecules between two cell lines. In conclusion, SERS spectroscopy and fluorescence energy transfer allowed to analyse selectively anticancer molecules at the level of the plasma membrane. Changes of the membrane structure could be at the origin of incorporation differences of MTX
Perrin, Laura. "Modulation du phénotype de multidrogues résistance de cellules leucémiques murines par une approche d'immunothérapie et de chimiothérapie adjuvante." Reims, 2007. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000683.pdf.
Full text@Among the mechanisms by which cancer cells evade chemotherapy, multidrug resistance (MDR) is certainly the best known. Overproduction of a transmembrane glycoprotein, called P-glycoprotein, was found to correlate with the development of resistance phenotypes to number of unrelated drug and acts as an efflux pump. The aim of this study was to inhibit glycoprotein P activity. We developed an immunotherapy strategy anti-MDR. Specific auto-antibodies to extracellular loops 1, 2 and 4 of murine P-glycoprotein were elicited in mice using palmitoylated synthetic peptides reconstituted in liposomes, with or without Lipid A, and resuspended in alum. The immune response against lipopeptides shows an increase of IgG anti-mpp2 at the third immunization Animals did not show any auto-immune symptoms or induced toxicity up to 18 months after the immunization, answer better of chemotherapy treatments with doxorubicin and vinblastine, an increase of 77% in the survival half time is observed. In vitro, immunized mice sera are able to decrease resistance to chemotherapy. In mice, three mdr isoforms expressed in some normal tissues are known. We analysed by RT-PCR the expression of mdr1, mdr2 and mdr3 in several organs of B6D2F1 mice after vaccination and murine cells. Culture of murine cell lines resistant to doxorubicin (B16R, P388R, L1210R, LM(tk-)R) in the presence of elicited antibodies led to decrease cellular resistance to Vinblastine and Doxorubicin according to mdr genes expression. To reverse the drug resistance, we used trans-resveratrol (trans-3, 4', 5-trihydroxystilbene), on leukemia cells (L1210R, P388R), fibroblastic cells LM(tk-)R. When cells are treated with doxorubicin and sublethal concentrations of trans-resveratrol, the cells became sensitive to doxorubicin. We reported here that trans-resveratrol induced doxorubicin accumulation in leukemic cells as well as modulation of mdr1 gene expression. These data suggest that both, immunotherapy and trans-resveratrol have a strong potential to be used in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs to reverse MDR in cancer cells
Lingoupou-Minime, Fanny. "Diagnostic moléculaire de la tuberculose et caractéristiques des souches mycobacterium tuberculosis multi-résistantes aux antibiotiques à Bangui (République Centrafricaine)." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077068.
Full textHuman tuberculosis remains a major public health problem. One of the most alarming trends concerning tuberculosis is the emergence and spread of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, especially multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, which are serious threats to the control of tuberculosis. Early detection of M. Tuberculosis drug resistance in clinical isolates is crucial for appropriate treatment to prevent the development of further résistance and the spread of resistant strains. The first part of our study compare molecular tests for the detection of rifampin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) resistant strains to conventional drug susceptibility testing (DST) and sequencing. Génotype MTBDRplus testing seems to be reliable tool for the detection of INH and RIF résistance in various strains. In addition, our work has also confirmed that T2 spoligotype is common among MDR isolates circulating in Central African Republic (CAR). Second, we studied the innate immune response by infecting in vitro human macrophages with T2 and other M. Tuberculosis strains. Our results show that, compared to reference strains (H37Rv), T2 strains induce a less inflammatory response. Sequencing identified SNPs carried by ail T2 strains suggesting a phylogenetic link. These preliminary results give an important information on chacteristics and pathogenicity of MDR strains in CAR. Finally, we assessed Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in the diagnosis of tuberculous adenopathy in children. FNA allowed detection of 67. 2»% of TB cases. This tool is simple, cost-effective and non-invasive that provides samples that could be used for bacteriological or molecular confirmation of TB
Bonnin, Rémy. "Mécanismes émergents de résistances aux antibiotiques dans le genre Acinetobacter." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077072.
Full textThe genus Acinetobacter corresponds to Gram-negative aerobes responsible for severe nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patient. The recent emergence of acquisition of antibiotic résistance in this species greatly complicates the management of infections associated with it. The objectives of our work have included on the one hand in a study of structural and functional of AbaR-type genomic islands in A. Baumannii. A conserved structure of AbaR-type genomic islands has been demonstrated including a complex transposition module. On the other hand, our job consisted in to analyze the emerging mechanisms of résistance to ß-lactams in A. Baumannii. In this context, we determined the biochemical properties and mechanisms of acquisition of a extended-spectrum P-lactamase (ESBL) GES-14 with carbapenemase properties showing hydrolysis of all ß-lactam antibiotics and a peculiar genetic environment leading to resistance to carbapenems. This was the first report of a p-lactamase able to hydrolyze significantly all- ß-lactams. The dissemination of the worrisome NDM-type gene in A. Baumannii has been evidenced. This transposon of 10,099 bp in size was bracketed by two copies of lSAba125. In order to determine if the emergence of the blaNDM ₋₁/₋₂ genes was linked to a clone, a plasmid or a genetic structure, a collection of NDM-producing A. Baumannii from wolrdwide origin was studied. Four new class D carbapenemases intrinsic to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter haemolytiens, Acinetobacter johnsonii and Acinetobacter bereziniae were characterized. In the latest species, a carbapenem-resistant isolate was identified. The résistance to carbapenems was mediated by mutations in promoter sequences leading to overexpression. This finding was verified by qRT-PCR. Overall, this work helps to clarify the mechanisms of acquisition of antibiotic resistances in a increasingly important pathogen
Roblin-Pawlak, Corinne. "La mise au point d'un vaccin thérapeutique ciblé contre la P-glycoprotéine : effets sur le phénotype de la résistance multidrogue." Reims, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REIMP205.
Full text@Resistance of tumor cells to cytotoxic drugs is a major impediment to cancer chemotherapy. Multidrug resistance in human cells determined by the mdr1 gene encoding a membrane glycoprotein called P-glycoprotein found to correlate with the development of resistance phenotypes to a number of drugd (anthracyclines, epipodophyllotoxins, vinca alkaloids, actinomycin D, taxoid derivatives). Complete primary structure of human P-gycoprotein has been determined from the cDNA sequence. The protein 1280 amino acids long consists of two homologous halves, each comprising six putative transmembrane domains, and one nucleotide binding site which acts as an efflux pump on compounds which have neither common chemical structure nor common mechanism of pharmacological action. The murine mdr1 cDNA encodes a 1276 amino acids protein with a structure similar to its human homologue and sequences are 80% homologous with the strongest homology occurring in the intracytoplasmic part of the protien, whereas extracellular sequences differ significantly. Specific auto antibodies to extracellular loops 1, 2 and 4 of murine mdr1 P-gp were elicited in mice using palmitoylated synthetic peptides reconstituted in liposomes. The immune response against lipopeptides shows an increase of IgG anti-mpp1, anti-mpp2 and anti-mpp4 at the third immuzation. Following i. P inoculation of monocytic P388 resistant cells and chemotherapy, in vivo a 77% increase of the survival time in the immunized group (mean time survival of 39 days / 22 days in control group) was observed. Culture of resistant cell lines in the presence of elicited antibodies led to decrease cellular resistance to vinblastin and doxorubicin in monocytic P388R cells (expressing mdr1) and leukemic L1210R cells (expressing mdr1 and mdr3) but not in fibroblastic LM(tk-)R cells and in melanocytic B16R cells. This “vaccine” approach might have potentiel clinical application in resistance typically due to mdr1 expression
Mercier, Claire. "Expression cérébrale et régulation de quatre transporteurs ABC impliqués dans les mécanismes de multirésistance médicamenteuse, P-gp, Mrp1, Mrp5 et Mxr, chez les rongeurs : le modèle astrocytaire." Paris 5, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA05P634.
Full textCellular barriers separate the brain from the rest of the body and preserve hydro-ionic balance and volume. These barriers express many transporters including ABC protein implicated in multidrug resistance. We have studied the expression and regulation of four ABC transporters (P-gp, Mrp1, Mrp5 and Mxr) in rodent brain. By immunohistochemistry, we showed the presence of P-gp, Mrp1 and Mrp5 on different cell types including astrocytes. In rat astrocyte primary cultures, we showed an up-regulation, time and concentration dependant, of P-gp by doxorubicine but not Mrp1 and Mrp5. By RT-PCR, we showed an Abcg2 mRNA enrichment of brain capillaries and an up-regulation of Abcg2 mRNA in mdr1a(-/-) mice
Cartot, Sylvaine. "Etude "in vitro" de la vectorisation de la doxorubicine, par différents types de nanoparticules, pour combattre la multirésistance aux anticancéreux." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P247.
Full textAbouzeed, Yousef. "Etude du rôle des opérons mar, sox, ram dans la multirésistance aux antibiotiques chez Salmonella enterica sérovar typhimurium." Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR4042/document.
Full textNontyphoidal salmonellae are accountable for :most foodborne infections in Europe and other developped countries. Infection with salmonella is often associated with consumption of foods of animal origin. Antibiotic treatment is not requiered for salmonella gastroenteritis but is essential for patients at high risk of extra-intestinal disease. For many years chloramphenicol, ampicillin, strepromycin, sulfonamides and tetracycline were drugs of choice. The emergence of Salmonella gastroenteritis resistant to these antibiotics has limited theirs therapeutics value. Althouth, fluoroquinolones have proven effective alternatives to treat multidrug resistant straint particularly S.Typhimurium DT104 et 204, résistance to these agents has also emerged. This has been a serious problem both in human and veterinary medicine. In salmonella, fluoroquinolones resistance has been attributed to mutations in the genes coding for gyrase, and topoisomerase IV and also to active efflux pumps. The efflux pump AcrAB is known to play a major role in multidrug rresistance. In E.Coli, acrAB expression is regulated at the lowest level by the local repressor AcrR and at a more glogal level it is regulated by stress conditions and by global regulators like MarA, SoxS or Rob. Overexpression pump AcrAB can confer resistance to wide range of antimicrobial agents and organic solvents which occurs as a result of mutations in one of the genes coding for the regulators. In contrast to E. Coli, mutations in the regulotry regions were not found in multidrug resistant S.Typhimurium overexpressing acrAB genes. Overexpression of ramA also confers multidrug resistance through the activation of acrAB expression in Salmonella entrica. Nonetheless, little knowledge is available with regard to the involvement of mar, sox and ram regions in multidrug and fluoroquinolones resistance in Salmonella entrica
Biskri, Latéfa. "Caractérisation des super-intégrons et étude de la recombinaison spécifique de site de leurs intégrases." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077253.
Full textIntegrons are genetic elements composed of a gene encoding an integrase, gene cassettes and an integration site for the gene cassettes (att). The integrase excises and integrates the gene cassettes from and into the integron. Two groups of integrons are known: resistance integrons and super-integrons. The super integrons are found in all caracterized genomes of proteobacteriacea and are located on their chromosomes. In this work, we show that in the absence of selection pressure, the maintain of cassette stability inside the characterized vibrio species super-integron is due to the presence of psk systems. Super-integron attc sites are much conserved compared to the class i integrons attc sites. Also the both integrases (class one intergon integrase, inti1; and vibrio cholerae integrase, vchinti) acts differently. In fact inti1 recognized variable attc sites for its deletion activity opposite to vchint. Finally, we show that the (ere(a)pip1100 ) gene cassette carries its own promoter and is propagated by a class 2 integron. The inti1 can mediate the integration of the erea attc site despite its short sequence
Coyne, Sébastien. "Génétique de la multi-résistance aux antibiotiques chez Acinetobacter baumannii et Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077025.
Full textAcinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are two major nosocomial pathogens with a high propensity to develop resistance to antibiotics. We have designed a microarray that allows to both quantify the expression of efflux Systems and detect acquired résistance genes in A. Baumannii. Study of spontaneous mutants showed (i) overexpression of the AdeABC efflux System in one mutant, likely due to a new mutation in AdeS, the sensor of a two-component regulatory System ; (ii) overexpression of AdelJK in several mutants suggesting that this pump can contribute to acquired résistance ; (iii) overexpression of a new RND pump, AdeFGH, in two mutants, conferring multidrug résistance and likely due to due to mutations in adeL encoding a LysR-type transcriptional regulator. Study of the genetic environment of the ant(4')-IIb gene in P. Aeruginosa clinical isolates led to the characterization of Tn6061, a 26. 5-kb element conferring résistance to six unrelated drug classes. Ant(4')-Hb was present and flanked by directly repeated copies of ISCR6 in ail but one of the strains studied, consistent with ISCR6-mediated gene acquisition. Tn6061 was chromosomally located in six strains and plasmid-borne in the remaining isolate, suggesting horizontal acquisition. Furthermore, an IS6100 element, that ended Tn6061, was found to be responsible for large chromosomal inversions by duplication-insertion. This work indicates that multidrug resistance in A. Baumannii and P. Aeruginosa can result from one-step genetic events, either mutations leading to overexpression of an efflux System or acquisition of foreign elements carrying resistance determinants
Palakas, Somchit. "Etudes fonctionnelles dans son environnement membranaire natif d'un transporteur multispécifique, la "Multidrug Resistance-associated Protein 1" (MRP1, ABCC1) : application à la recherche de radiopharmaceutiques potentiels." Tours, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUR3309.
Full textMRP1 (ABCC1) is a multispecific membrane transporter who plays an important role in cellular detoxification and absorption/distribution/elimination processes of drugs, and confers to certain cancer cells, the multidrug resistance phenotype (MDR) to anticancer agents. In search of radiopharmaceuticals for in vivo imaging of MDR phenotype by scintigraphic exploration, perturbation of MRP1 ATPase and transport functions have been investigated using microsomes issued from human small cell lung cancer cells (GLC4/Adr). Transport of [3H]LTC4, [ 3H]E217βG and [3H]GSH by MRP1 as well as its ATPase activity stimulated by its transported substrates have been characterized. Both functional probes are inhibited in the presence of QCRL-3, a specific monoclonal antibody of MRP1. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that apigenine and its five newly synthesized halogenated derivatives interact with MRP1 only in the presence of GSH
Duran, Cordobes Muriel. "Etude de la captation de l'héxamibi sur un panel de lignées cellulaires humaines de sein et corrélation avec l'expression de la multirésistance aux molécules chimiothérapiques." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05P167.
Full textFardeau, Vivienne. "Caractérisation du rôle de PDR1 dans la réponse précoce au stress chimique chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077199.
Full textThe widespread pleiotropic drug resistance phenomenon is well described as the long term selection of genetic variants expressing constitutively high levels of membrane transporters involved in drug efflux. However, the transcriptional cascades leading to the PDR phenotype in wild-type cells are largely unknown and the first steps of this phenomenon are poorly understood. We investigated the transcriptional mechanisms underlying the establishment of an efficient PDR response in yeast. We show that, within a few minutes of drug sensing, yeast elicits an effective PDR response. This early -PDR response is highly dependent on the Pdr1p transcription factor, which is also one of the major genetic determinants of long-term PDR acquisition. The activity of Pdrlp in early drug response is. Not drug-specific, as two chemically unrelated drugs, benomyl and fluphenazine, elicit identical, Pdr1p-dependent, ePDR patterns. Moreover, Pdr1p is an original stress response factor since its DNA-binding properties do not depend on the presence of drugs. Thus, Pdr1p is a promoter-resident regulator involved in both basal expression and rapid drug-dependent induction of PDR genes. While studying the effect of the selenite on yeast transcriptome, we demonstrated that PDR1, which was believed to be constitutively expressed in yeast cells, was also induced by selenite and this effect appeared to be dependent on Rpn4p, the proteasome transcriptional activator. Additionally, it has also been shown that Pdr 1p plays a role in the establishment of the complete response to oxidative stress mediated by Yap1p
Buffet-Bataillon, Sylvie. "Relation épidémiologique et génétique entre la résistance aux antibiotiques et des concentrations minimales inhibitrices élevées d'Escherichia coli isolés de bactériémies vis-à-vis d'ammoniums quaternaires." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1B085.
Full textQuaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are used as a preservative in the composition of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals products. They are also widely used as detergents, disinfectants. The increasing use of AQs may be one factor responsible for the emergence of multidrug resistance in clinical bacterial strains. A prospective study was conducted in 153 patients with Escherichia coli bacteremia at the University Hospital of Rennes. This study showed an epidemiological link between high values of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of QACs in E. Coli and resistance to antibiotics (ATB). Secondarily, the mechanisms of co-resistance has been studied showing the involvement of the Class 1 integrons, the AcrAB multi-drug efflux pump and mar regulon in E. Coli strains resistant to ATB and with high MICs of QACs. A review finally reported the role of QACs in the acquisition of antibiotic resistance. It appears important that this mechanism can be identified by microbiology laboratories
Mahamat, Aba. "Utilisation des modèles des séries temporelles dans la surveillance des infections hospitalières et dans l'évaluation des interventions en hygiène." Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON1T018.
Full textBakkali, Nawal. "Mécanismes moléculaires de résistance au sulfaméthoxazole chez Tropheryma whipplei, l'agent de la maladie de Whipple." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20718.
Full textObligate intracellular bacteria, by their intracellular location, are difficult to neutralize by antibiotics. In a first part, we present a review of molecular mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics and attempts at genetic manipulation of intracellular bacteria. Our work has focused on one of them: Tropheryma whipplei, the agent of Whipple's disease. The recommended empirical treatment for this disease involves the simultaneous administration of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (cotrimoxazole). A recent work in our laboratory has demonstrated the ineffectiveness of trimethoprim in vitro because of the absence of its target gene, folA coding for DHFR in the genome of the bacterium. Cases of treatment failures with this treatment and relapses were also reported in the literature suggesting the possibility of acquiring resistance to sulfamethoxazole during treatment. The 1st objective of this thesis was to study the molecular mechanism of antibiotic resistance of T. Whipplei to sulfamethoxazole. The sequence of folP the encoding gene of sulfamethoxazole’s target: the dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) was obtained from clinical isolates of T. Whipplei and also from positive samples from a patient with treatment failure before and after starting treatment. The sequences obtained from this patient showed several mutations compared to sequences obtained from other strains of T. Whipplei. Gene analysis showed that folP was identified among genes encoding a unique trifunctional enzyme in which DHPS is combined with the 2 preceding enzymes of the folate biosynthesis pathway. Sequencing showed multiple mutations in folP gene in the patient case. Complementation of an Escherichia coli strain knockout for folP with sequence associated with treatment failure has not only restored the folate biosynthesis pathway but also induced resistance to sulfamethoxazole compared with the wild sequence. We also demonstrated for the first time that the mutated sequence of this gene has led to a different protein sequence and induced resistance in vitro to sulfamethoxazole and could explain the failures and relapses observed during the treatment of this disease. The second part of this thesis has focused on assessing the susceptibility of T. Whipplei in vitro to another sulfonamide: the sulfadiazine. Given the results obtained and the pharmacological properties of this compound, we propose its use as an alternative to the cotrimoxazole in combination with doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine in neurological involvement
Eddabra, Lahcen. "Expression et fonctions de protéines impliquées dans la résistance et la sensibilté aux agents anticancéreux : nouveaux substrats des protéines ABC et nouvelles cibles de l'imatinib dans la myéloïde chronique." Reims, 2007. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000707.pdf.
Full textMannechez, Aurélie. "Le signal des lipides mobiles en résonance magnétique nucléaire du proton dans les cellules cancéreuses, l'acquisition de la multi-résistance aux drogues et l'apoptose." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN1B070.
Full textKhorsi-Cauet, Hafida. "Variabilité génétique et mécanismes moléculaires de résistance à l'interferon du virus de l'hépatite C de génotype 1b : étude de l'interaction entre les protéines NS5A et PKR." Amiens, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AMIED002.
Full textMorfin-Sherpa, Florence. "La résistance à l'aciclovir des virus herpès simplex et varicelle-zona : caractérisation phénotypique et génétique de virus résistants." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO1T048.
Full textLeriche-Guérin, Karine. "Résistance à l'AZT dans l'infection par le VIH-1 : influence sur les critères biologiques, virologiques et immunologiques." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO1T042.
Full textLeangapichart, Thongpan. "Phenotypic and genomic analysis of multi-drug resistant bacteria in travelers." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0183.
Full textAntibiotic resistance in bacteria is increasing and become a worldwide problem. Newresistance bacteria or mechanisms are emerging and spreading rapidly. Recently, thetransmission of antibiotic-resistant (AR) bacteria among humans, animals, and the variousenvironments are vastly recognized. With the growth of international travels over the pastdecades, this provides opportunities for AR bacteria to be spread rapidly from one geographiclocation to another. During trips, travelers changed diets, lifestyles, and their environmentsresulting in the alteration of AR patterns of bacteria residing in the gut. Thus, internationaltravelers are one of the most important modes for the acquisition and spread of AR genes.The largest annual mass gathering, the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) is well known as a sourcefor infectious diseases transmission such as influenza, meningococcal outbreaks ortuberculosis. Thus, travelers, especially pilgrims, are one of the most significant sources forspreading AR bacteria. However, studies of the transmission and acquisition of AR genesduring Hajj in pilgrims are scarce. Therefore, this research thesis was carried out with threemain objectives to better understanding the prevalence of AR genes and bacteria during Hajj:(i) epidemiological surveillance of AR genes in pilgrims before and after Hajj, (ii) risk factorsanalysis concerning AR genes acquisition in pilgrims, (iii) molecular epidemiological studiesof AR bacteria in pilgrims, including patients, animals, and environment with the use ofmulti-locus sequence typing and whole genome sequencing
Le, Gall-David Sandrine. "Isolement, caractérisation génétique d'une souche de Salmonella hypermutatrice, et étude de son adaptabilité à un stress acide." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1B077.
Full textAmong a Salmonella enterica strain collection, Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg (Hm) was described with a hypermutator phenotype (Hm). Its sequencing and a construction of a mutant (ΔmutS) have demonstrated that the emergence of the hypermutation phenotype was due to a deletion of 12 bp. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the hypermutator phenotype on Salmonella Heidelberg survivor and virulence. S. Heidelberg strains Hm and ΔmutS showed higher resistance to an acid stress of pH 3. 3. Bidimensional electrophresis analysis of extracellular proteins of this strains allowed the identification of seven proteins associated with better survival in acid stress conditions. S. Heilderberg strains Hm and ΔmutS also showed better adhesion to epithelial cells. In conclusion, our results reveales that the hypermutation phenotype allows a better adaptation of strains to hostile conditions and may increase their pathogenicity
Nguyen, Hai Le. "HIV-1 minority variants associated with drug resistance to reverse transcriptase and integrase inhibitors and genetic barrier for the development of resistance to integrase inhibitors." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077051.
Full textMinority HIV-1 drug resistance bas not been studied in Thailand. Two groups of patients, whose conventional genotyping results showed no drug resistance-associated mutations, were investigated: 104 homosexual men recently infected with HIV-1, naive to antiretroviral treatment and 22 first-line NNRTI-based failures. Pyrosequencing assay was developed to detect and quantify minority Y181C and M184V variants from the patients' plasma samples. 1/104 (0. 96%) and 3/101 (3%) samples were found harboring Y181C and M184V in the group of homosexual men. In patients with first-line treatment failure, one harbored minority Ml84V mutants (4. 5%). Thus, due to such a low prevalence, minority drug résistance test may not be cost-effective for implementing in Thailand. The mechanism of raltegravir (RAL)-resistant evolutions has not been completely elucidated. Because of the emergence of RAL résistance usually initiated with the N155H mutant, we assessed the role of minority N155H-mutated variants in circulating RNA and archived DNA in 5 heavily treated patients experiencing RAL failure and harboring 3 different résistance profiles. No minority N155H-mutated variant was found by allele specific PCR (AS-PCR) in both plasma and whole blood samples collected at baseline and after RAL withdrawal in ail 5 patients. During RAL failure, the mutation N155H was detected at different levels in 3 patients displaying the N155H pathway and gradually declined when the double mutant Q148H+G140S was selected in one patient. In two patients with the Q148H résistance pathway, no N155H variant was identified by AS-PCR in both viral RNA and DNA. The N155H mutants might not play a role in determining different résistance profiles. The genetic barrier, defined by the accumulative number of drug-associated mutations required for the virus to escape drug-selective pressure, is a crucial factor in the development of drug résistance. There are limited data on subtype CRJF01_AE, a predominant isolate in Southeast Asia. The genetic barrier for the evolution of integrase inhibitors (INIs) including RAL, elvitegravir (EVG), and dolutegravir (DTG) résistance was compared between HIV-1 subtypes B and CRF01_AE by analyzing of 66 substitutions associated with INI résistance at 41 amino acid positions in 144 nucleotide sequences (109 HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE and 35 HIV-1 subtype B) of IN gene derived from INI-naïve patients. Most studied amino acid positions including ail corresponding to RAL and EVG primary mutations show a high degree of conservation, indicating the same genetic barrier between subtypes CRF01_AE and B. Nevertheless, different genetic barriers were observed in two mutations described to be associated with DTG résistance (L101I, A124T) and other five RAL and EVG secondary mutations (V72I, T125K, G140C/S, V201I), which could have an impact on the development of résistance to RAL, EVG, and DTG
Kegelaer, Grégory. "Identification et caractérisation du phénotype MDR de cellules cancéreuses par techniques de spectroscopie vibrationnelle infrarouge et Raman et analyse statistique." Reims, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REIMP203.
Full textAttaoua, Chaker. "Etude des mécanismes moléculaires de résistance différentielle du mélanome malin aux vincalcaloïdes." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON13505.
Full textMalignant melanoma (MM) is a very refractory tumor to anticancer therapies, including vinca alkaloïds (VAs). To investigate the role of GSTM1 (glutathione S-transferase μ1) and MRP1 (multidrug resistance protein 1) in MM acquired resistance to VAs, we established 4 cellular models of resistance to vincristine (CAL1R-VCR), to vindesine (CAL1R-VDS), to vinorelbine (CAL1R-VRB) and to vinflunine (CAL1R-VFL), by continuous exposure of MM cells (CAL1-wt), for one year, to these anticancer agents. The expression of a functional GSTM1 is specifically observed (RT-PCR, western blot, total GST activity) in resistant cells. Curcumin (GSTM1 inhibitor), BSO (glutathione synthesis inhibitor) and MK571 (MRP1 inhibitor), considerably reduce the acquired resistance to VCR and VDS but not that to VRB or VFL. However, all these VAs specifically reduce GSTM1 activity. These data show the differential involvement of GSTM1 and MRP1 in resistance to VAs. To determine the molecular mechanisms of this chemoresistance, we performed a pangenomic study (Affymetrix HG-U133 Plus 2.00 microarrays) on the CAL1 lines (wt and R). The hierarchical clustering (by Cluster and TreeView) of array data revealed a similarity between the gene expression profiles of CAL1R-VRB and CAL1-wt, but also between those of CAL1R-VCR and CAL1R-VDS. The bioinformatic analysis (by IPA) of the most differentially expressed transcripts between cell lines, highlighted 6 gene networks known for their role in tumor chemoresistance. FatiGO program revealed 3 biological terms overrepresented (>60%) in CAL1R (ribosome, intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton, olfactory receptors), while functional study (gene invalidation by siRNA, viability test) of GPR143, KIT and SLC45A2 (genes interacting with NF-kB and CCND1 (tumor chemoresistance factors), highly expressed in CAL1-wt and mute in CAL1R) showed the weak trend of the two formers to be involved in resistance to VAs
Okdah, Liliane. "Gestion patrimoniale des anciens agents antimicrobiens en les criblant contre des bactéries multi-résistantes modernes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0593.
Full textThe emergence of beta-lactam and carbapenem resistant bacteria, resulted in the reintroduction of colistin as an agent of last resort to treat infections caused by these bacteria. However, chromosomal resistances and more recently plasmidic to colistin appeared. This problem of multidrug-resistant bacteria subsequently triggered the publication of alarming articles on the dangers of these germs. To answer the media dramatization related to this problem, my thesis project aims to propose therapeutic strategies to treat infections due to multiresistant bacteria.Initially, we tested the activity of a large panel including old antibiotics against carbapenem resistant bacteria and others resistant to colistin. Several families of antibiotics have been effective against these two types of resistant bacteria.In a second step, we evaluated the activity of combined antibiotics in order to detect a synergistic action. Two synergistic combinations were retained: colistin + sulfadiazine and colistin + fusidic acid. These combinations of antibiotics have shown a bactericidal effect on a collection of Gram-negative colistin-resistant bacteria, independent of the resistance mechanism
Otrebska-Machaj, Ewa. "The search for new inhibitors of bacterial efflux pumps among amine derivates of 5-Arylidenehydantoin." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5010.
Full textThe purpose of this research was to find new EPIs of the AcrAB-TolC efflux system in groups of amine derivatives of 5-arylidenehydantoin and 5-arylideneimidazolone. In the first stage of the research 32 new derivatives of 5-arylidenehydantoin were obtained as a result of modifications of the lead structure P2. Theoretical screening of the toxicity risk as well as the prediction of drug-like properties of hydantoins/imidazolones synthesised were performed by using the OSIRIS program which calculates various drug-relevant properties based on a planar structure of the molecule.In the next stage of the research the activity of compounds was evaluated in microbiological studies. Strains of Enterobacter aerogenes with different expressions of the AcrAB efflux pump were used. The first study carried out was a susceptibility test determining the MICs of compounds in order to find a concentration that could be used in combination with antibiotics without the influence of an intrinsic antibacterial activity of the compounds. Then the effect of the compounds on bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics such as nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, doxycycline and erythromycin was examined. After, the type of cooperation with antibiotics was determined based on isobolograms and the FIC index calculated. The last of microbiological studies was the real-time efflux (RTE) assay which used the fluorescent dye 1,2’-dinaphthylamine and allowed the functioning of the pump to be monitored directly. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis emphasized the essential role of the amphiphilic nature of the EPIs from the group of arylidene derivatives of hydantoin and imidazolone
Nguyen, Thi Ngoc Anh. "Development of a DNA chip for rapid detection of first-line and second-line drug resistances in Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT074.
Full textThe emergence and continuous increase of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a major challenge for tuberculosis (TB) control. To overcome the time-consuming problem of conventional drug susceptibility testing (DST), many molecular-based tests have been recently developed for early detection of drug resistance-associated mutations. Up to now, except whole genome sequencing (not ready for routine diagnostic in low and middle-income countries), no test has the capacity to simultaneously detect the different types of drug resistance to first- and second-line drugs in one reaction. Based on the literature and previous works carried out in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, in this study, a DNA chip was developed able to detect 184 main mutations conferring resistance to both first- and second-line drugs. Compared to DST, the DNA chip showed high sensitivity (between 84.3% and 100%) and high specificity (between 89.2% and 100%). Compared to sequencing, the DNA chip showed comparable accuracy, with sensitivity between 90% and 100% and specificity between 98.2% and 100%. The DNA chip showed a better coverage than the WHO endorsed molecular tests since it enables the detection of both first- and second-line drug resistances in one test. The turn-around time is about 6-7h from cultured isolates reducing considerably the diagnostic time compared to cultured-based DST. Finally, the DNA chip has been successfully developed, even if certain technical aspects need to be improved to make an affordable and easy-to-use diagnostic tool
Fadli, Mariam. "Effet synergique d'antibiotiques et d'extraits de certaines plantes médicinales marocaines sur des bactéries d'intérêt sanitaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5077.
Full textWe evaluated different aspects of the synergy between conventional antibiotics and essential oils of some Moroccan endemic plants, on resistant bacteria involved in nosocomial infections. These plants were: Thymus maroccanus, T. broussonetii, T. pallidus, T. riataraum and Rosmarinus officinalis. Out of 80 combinations tested between these two essential oils and antibiotics, 71% showed total synergism, 20% had partial synergistic interaction and 9% showed no effect. Combination with carvacrol, the major constituent of T. maroccanus and T. broussonetii, showed also an interesting synergistic effect in combination with ciprofloxacin. Moreover, T. maroccanus and T. broussonetii essential oils increased chloramphenicol susceptibility of several resistant isolates. they could restore sensitivity to chloramphenicol producing a competition to its extrusion by blocking the efflux pumps expressed in the isolates and involved in its efflux. Furthermore, T. maroccanus essential oil increased permeability of studied bacteria membrane, and favoured intracellular proteins release into the external medium. Thymus maroccanus essential oil permeabilized both outer and inner membranes of tested bacteria, but without causing detectable degradation of cellular constituents. Protein alterations have been associated with prolonged exposure to natural compounds tested, an increased efflux associated with a lower level of porins that may be involved in the passive diffusion of these natural antimicrobials, conferring a native protection to bacteria towards these natural compounds
Borselli, Diane. "Adjuvants pour limiter la consommation d'antibiotiques en médecine vétérinaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0093/document.
Full textThe constant increase of multidrug resistant bacteria is leaving clinicians and veterinarians with very limited options to treat bacterial infections. The main goal of my work was find a chemical solution to reduce the use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine, especially in swines, without affecting the health of the livestock. To achieve this goal, we have developed a drug combination approach based on the association of antibiotics with chemosensitizers, herein called adjuvants, some of which were polyamines derivatives from natural sources. To provide the proof of concept, combination of several derivatives from different chemical sources (marine sponges and plants) have been tested ex vivo on « ESKAPE » pathogens, which are among the most urgent bacterial threats. Results from these studies allowed us to develop procedures for screening antibacterial activities and methodologies for understanding the impact of the selected adjuvants on bacterial physiology.Florfenicol is a widely used antibiotic to treat respiratory infections in swine. Therefore, derivatives were further assessed in combination with florfenicol, and florfenicol adjuvants were identified. The mode of action of one chosen adjuvant on bacterial membranes was further investigated by using fluorescence and bioluminescence methods. Data showed that this molecule was able to potentiate the antibiotic activity by increasing its intracellular concentration (membranotrope activity and inhibition of efflux) but also causes inner membrane depolarization. Flagellar motility represents an important virulence factor which use PMF, and we showed a diminution of the motility's halo with our compound
Hraiech, Sami. "Evaluation de stratégies thérapeutiques dans des modèles murins de pneumonie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5076/document.
Full textThe emergence multi-drug resistant bacteria hardens the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia. Our objective was to evaluate new therapeutic strategies and pathophysiological hypotheses in murine models of pneumonia.In a first model of acute lethal pneumonia with A. baumannii in rats, we compared the virulence of two hospital strains, one susceptible (ABCS) and the other resistant (ABCR) to colistin. We showed a reduction in mortality, pulmonary bacterial count, incidence of bacteremia and pulmonary histological lesions in animals infected with ABCR. This confirms the impaired virulence associated with the acquisition of resistance to colistin. In a second study, we developed a model of chronic pneumonia with P. aeruginosa in rats and showed thataerosols of squalamine permitted a reduction in pulmonary bacterial load and the number of histological lesions of pneumonia. In a third study, we evaluated the quorum quenching effects of a lactonase in vitro and in a model of acute lethal P. aeruginosa pneumonia in rats. We found a decrease in virulence gene activation and bacterial biofilm synthesis in vitro. This was associated with a decreased mortality from 75 to 20% in the treated animals.ConclusionsIn this work, we described the therapeutic potential of 2 molecules in P. aeruginosa pneumonia and illustratesd the loss of virulence associated with resistance to colistin in a clinical strain of A. baumannii
Guichet, Emilande. "Etude des résistances du VIH-1 au traitement antirétroviral et amélioration du suivi virologique des patients vivant avec le VIH dans les pays du Sud." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT044/document.
Full textFifteen years after the introduction and expanded access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource limited countries (RLC), viral suppression, a key objective of its effectiveness is not achieved in many patients infected with HIV. Unlike developed countries, where often more powerful and robust ART coupled with a routine virological monitoring limit the emergence of resistance, the current situation of RLC is more worrying. Operational research conducted here aims to improve care and monitoring of patients living in these countries, and receiving ART according to the WHO public health approach. While recommended routinely since 2013, HIV viral load (VL) is rarely available and monitoring remains primarily clinical or immunological.In several countries in Central Africa and West, we documented high rates of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) (99%) and multi-drug resistance (97%) in patients with virologic failure after long-term first-line ART, consisting of 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI, 3TC+AZT/d4T) associated with 1 non-NRTI (NNRTI, EFV/NVP). This multi-drug resistance also reduces significantly the effectiveness of second-generation NNRTIs and of the NRTI, TDF, which is now currently recommended in 2nd line by the WHO. More unusually, we also reported that high VLs (> 5 log 10 copies / ml) are associated with multi-resistance rather than an insufficient adherence in these patients who were largely asymptomatic. Without improvement of patient monitoring, through expanded access to VL testing to enable early diagnosis of virological failure, a potential new epidemic caused by HIVDR strains could emerge in sub-Saharan Africa. This could jeopardize efforts to achieve the "90-90-90" objective (90% of diagnosed infections, 90% of diagnosed patients on ART, 90% of patients treated durable virologic success) of UNAIDS and WHO in 2020. Moreover, our second study in a district hospital in Cameroon illustrates that these ambitious targets will probably be even more difficult to achieve in decentralized areas, often having inadequate laboratory infrastructure to acquire complex VL platforms.We then successfully transferred an open and polyvalent universal VL assay in a national reference laboratory in Cameroon. This assay can detect HIV-1 group M, N, O and P and their simian ancestors. With this RT-qPCR HIV-1/SIVcpz/SIVgor assay, HIV-1 M variants were better quantified (+0.47 log10 copies / mL) compared to Abbott RealTime HIV-1 assay which is approved by the FDA. At the VL threshold of virological failure defined by the WHO (1000 copies/mL), the correlation of the results between the two tests was 95%, with a higher sensitivity for the new test.We finally explored how to adapt this open test at optimal large-scale application for dried blood spot (DBS), to make VL testing available in decentralized areas, given the current lack of point of care test for VL. We compared different extraction methods of nucleic acids that could potentially reduce the contribution of the pro-viral DNA present in DBS, with the aim to improve their specificity without success. Instead, we have shown that with most of the RT-qPCR VL assays, many patients would be inappropriately eligible to perform a repeated VL testing (or switched to a costly 2nd line ART), which increase significantly costs of national programs.In conclusion, the studies from this thesis have contributed to improve current knowledge about the effectiveness of ART programs and services and also on the use of virological monitoring tools adapted to patients living with HIV in RLCs
Chabou, Selma. "Recherche de bactéries multi résistantes dans les fèces des animaux du bassin méditerranéen." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0251/document.
Full textThis thesis is divided into 6 chapters with four objectives; (1) the epidemiology and prevalence of β-lactamases in chickens from Algeria, (2) contribution to the study and detection of plasmid resistance to colistin in animals from Algeria, (3) vectors/ reservoirs of zoonotic bacteria resistant to colistin, and (4) Epidemiology of bacteria resistant to colistin in humans in France, Laos and Lebanon.Throughout these investigations, we can conclude that there is an emergence and spread of mcr-1 in animals (chickens and goats) in several sites in Algeria. We also noted the detection of colistin-resistant bacteria in human isolates in France and in Lebanon. This indicates a spread of mcr-1 and colistin resistance genes worldwide in animals and humans and raises the question on the colistin usage in animals. To prevent this end, we believe that restrictions on the use of antibiotics (including colistin) should be applied, particularly in Algeria, to limit the spread of these resistance genes. Use control of colistin should be routinely performed in humans and animals through colistin resistance surveys in animals and humans
Gallien, Sébastien. "Mutations secondaires lors des traitements antirétroviraux des patients infectés par le VIH-1 du groupe M : significations cliniques de l'échappement viral." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077219.
Full textVirologic failure, defined as a persistent detectable viremia under antiretroviral therapy, is mainly driven by the emergence of antiretroviral Drug Resistance-Associated Mutations (DRAM) in the target genes of antiretroviral drugs. Identifying these mutations usually requires viremia above 1000 copies/mL, explaining why resistance data in persistent HIV-1 low-level viremia (LLV) (< 1000 copies / ml) are scarce in spite of the fact that this clinical situation concerns 5 to 10 % of treated HIV-infected individuals. In this work, we studied DRAM in 3 cohorts of HIV-1 infected patients, who experienced LLV (< 500 to 1000 copies/ml) under antirétroviral therapy, and then attempted to identify clinical and virologic factors associated to their emergence. For patients receiving first-line antiretroviral therapy, new DRAM are detected during LLV in 37% subjects, all in the reverse transcriptase gene except in the protease gene in one participant, and detection of new DRAM is associated with higher HIV-1 RNA levels during LLV. Integrase inhibitors resistance-associated mutations are newly detected in 7,7 % of pretreated patients with multi-resistant virus strains who experienced LLV while receiving raltegravir-containing therapy, with no factors significantly associated with their emergence identified. Finally in a third cohort of patients, heterogeneous according to their antiretroviral history and their viral population, new DRAM are detected in 30 % of subjects for both reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase inhibitors, without any factor associated to their emergence. So, new DRAM can be detected during LLV under antiretroviral therapy, whereas their type and their frequency vary according to the current antiretroviral regimen and the previous archived viral mutations. These data underline the potential interest of drug résistance genotyping in this setting, in order to be able to provide an early therapeutic optimization, the utility of which should be assessed in the future
Delagrèverie, Héloïse. "Impact de stratégies thérapeutiques sur le réservoir viral cellulaire dans l'infection par le VIH-1." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC312.
Full textIn HIV-1 infection, the persistence of latent viral forms in infected cells precludes the cure. New cure strategies aim at reducing or inactivating this viral reservoir. We studied the impact of intensive chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation on the viral reservoir in 13 retrospective patients. Blood cell-associated viral DNA (CA-DNA) was quantified longitudinally by real-time PCR. Viral diversity and phylogeny were studied by deep sequencing the viral C2V3 region. Despite intensive chemotherapy, the viral reservoir was reconstituted within a few weeks following transplantation and its diversity was unaltered. The reconstitution was driven by the early homeostatic proliferation of infected memory T cells. In HIV gene therapy trials, it may therefore be relevant to administer modified T cells in addition to stem cells to achieve a better engraftment of resistant cells. We also studied the effect of antiretroviral initiation with either raltegravir (2 doses) or efavirenz on the reduction in CA-DNA and inflammation markers in 153 patients co-infected with tuberculosis, from the ANRS REFLATE-TB trial. CA-DNA decreased on treatment by -0.9 log10 copies/106CD4+ over 48 weeks. Plasma CRP, D-dimer, IL-6 and sCD14 levels were initially high. All decreased but had not reached normal values by 48 weeks. There were no differences according to treatment; raltegravir and efavirenz were equally effective. Finally, we studied anti-HIV-1-gp41 humoral responses in 683 patients with long-term suppressed viral replication. Persistent antibody levels correlated with both the duration of viral suppression and the size of the CA-DNA reservoir. Antibody levels were higher in participants with residual replication. Measuring anti-gp41 responses may be useful as a surrogate marker of the viral reservoir and of effective viral suppression
Hernández, Jessica. "Design et synthèse de nouveaux inhibiteurs de la résistance bactérienne ciblant la pompe d'efflux AcrAB-ToIC chez Enterobacter aerogenes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5508.
Full textOverexpression of Resistance-Nodulation-Division (RND) efflux pumps (EP) is a major contributor in multidrug resistance (MDR) and pathogenicity in Gram-negative bacteria. These transporters are able to expel out of the bacterial cell clinically important antibiotic classes, contributing in a significant manner to the treatment failure of infectious diseases. With the worrying levels of bacterial resistance reported worldwide and the continuous spreading of MDR pathogens, EPs are interesting targets for the discovery of new antimicrobial drugs. Therefore, to overcome this mechanism, efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) are being developed as adjuvants in order to restore or improve the activity of usual antibiotics. The AcrAB-TolC archetype is particularly widespread in Enterobacter spp. presenting clinical relevance (ESKAPE pathogens). In this study, we described the drug design strategy based on fluoroquinolone antibiotic analogs, against the AcrB pump of E. aerogenes. Thus, synthesis and microbiological evaluation of quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives were performed. The structural and molecular properties of the tested compounds (i. e. rigidity and flexibility) were also investigated. In this purpose, a scaffold hopping of the quinazolinone core to homologous benzoquinazolinones and precursors benzamides were carried out. Several molecules increased the bacterial susceptibility towards norfloxacin and chloramphenicol. The obtained results, supported by molecular modeling, suggest that molecular flexibility and the nature of chemical functions play a critical role to improve activity and selectivity on fluoroquinolone potentiation targeting AcrB efflux pump
Diene, Seydina Mouhamadou. "Analyse génomique et moléculaire d'isolats cliniques de bactéries multi-résistantes aux antibiotiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5049.
Full textThe increase and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria especially Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter (E.P.A) species have become a major concern worldwide. The hospital-acquired infections caused by MDR bacteria have led not only to an increase in mortality, morbidity, and cost of treatment, but also continue to endanger the life of patients, especially those immunocompromised. Although the frequent misuse of antibiotic drug has greatly contributed to worldwide dissemination and resistance to antibiotics; recent studies have shown that these resistance determinants could emerge from ancient or environmental sources. Front of this worldwide concern, several studies have been reported with significant recommendations to conduct molecular epidemiology, and genomic studies, in order to control the increase and the dissemination of the antibiotic resistance. Moreover, during these last 10 years, we are witnessing the emergence and development of new technologies of high throughput sequencing and coinciding with an exponential increase of number of bacterial genomes sequenced today. Therefore, it is in this context that the project of this thesis was conducted with three essential objectives: (i) the genome sequencing of clinical MDR bacteria, the analysis and the identification of the mechanisms and the genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance (ii) the achievement of molecular epidemiology studies from clinical MDR bacteria responsible of outbreak (iii) the development and implementation of molecular tools for monitoring and diagnosis of potential MDR bacteria
Mohamed, Sofiane. "Recherche de mutations induisant des résistances aux antiviraux chez des patients atteints du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1, du virus de l'hépatite B et de l'hépatite C." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5000/document.
Full textMolecular biology based assays are invaluable tools for the patients follow-up. They can help to establish the prognosis, guide for the treatment decisions and assess the virological response to therapy. Highly variable viruses like Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) which have a quasispecies distribution. Selection pressure on viral replicative environment such as an antiviral drug treatment, generally lead to a redistribution of the viral quasispecies with an increasing of the best adapted viral mutant. Our work allowed in this context to validate the clinical impact of majority but also minority mutations through the implementation of several sequencing techniques (pyrosequencing, high-throughput sequencing and allele-specific PCR). We also validated the use of a simple, reliable and routinely software solution by clinician for clinical interpretation of the mass of data generated by high-throughput sequencing. Finally, in the context of the diagnostic testing, we clinically validated in a cohort of patients infected with HBV, use the Dried Blood Spot technique as a supporting noninvasive diagnostic alternative sampling, especially for populations that have no access to conventional health structures and developing countries
Bouh, Abdi Khaireh Bouh. "Etude du paludisme dans les zones de faible transmission : vers la pre-élimination du paludisme à Djibouti." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5057.
Full textNigeria, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Ethiopia and Tanzania represent 50% of malaria deaths and 47% of total malaria cases. However, the decrease in the number of cases and worldwide increased control activities were encouraging news which lead the WHO to declare that malaria can be controlled and eliminated later. The recommendations of experts in the worldwide fight against malaria recommend targeting areas where elimination is possible, areas of low transmission, and hence moving towards areas more affected by malaria. This requires a precise knowledge of the malaria situation in the region. Geographical regional assemblies where malaria transmission is experiencing a significant decrease, as the Horn of Africa, and having extremely porous frontiers to the movement of human populations, therefore pathogens, must be the priority target. Thus an assessment of the level of transmission and the risk of potential recurrence, posed by the importation of new strains, was indispensable in order to achieve sustainable elimination. In this context, the Republic of Djibouti, who showed extremely low prevalence in recent years, is embarked on an attempt to pre-eliminate malaria. The aim of our study was to observe changes, over a period of 11 years (1998-2009), in the level of malaria occurrence, malaria transmission, but also the level of its potential importation from neighboring countries and finally the vectors population dynamics. These results could serve as a basis of reflection, for the health authorities of the country or international partners, to a possible adjustment of the current policy of fight against malaria
Gaillard, Tiphaine. "Identification et validation de marqueurs moléculaires de la résistance de Plasmodium falciparum à la doxycycline." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5036/document.
Full textDoxycycline is currently one of the recommended chemoprophylactic regimens for travellers visiting malaria-endemic, particularly in countries with a high prevalence of resistance to chloroquine and multiresistance. A previous study suggested that increased pfmdt or pftetQ copy number could be associated with a lower susceptibility to doxycycline.The first aim of this study was to validate the pre-established model involving these two molecular markers with other African isolates. The second was to evaluate these markers in P. falciparum isolates coming from a multiresistance area in Thaïland. The third was to investigate the eventual association between the polymorphism in genes encoding ribosomal rRNA and in vitro resistance to doxycycline.The results confirm that pfmdt or pftetQ copy numbers should be involved in in vitro susceptibility to doxycycline in African P. falciparum isolates. The results concerning the Thai isolates indicate that there is no correlation between the pfmdt and pftetQ genes copy numbers and the belonging to the high doxycycline IC50 phenotype; this implies that this mechanism of resistance is not enough by itself to explain resistance to doxycycline; it augurs that the resistance to doxycycline should be controlled by multiple genes, and that these genetic markers could be continent-dependent. The search for points of mutation in isolates from the different doxycycline IC50 phenotypic groups has not resulted with pfssrRNA. Other therapeutic targets are being considered to explain P. falciparum resistance to doxycycline
Dandachi, Iman. "Multi drug resistant organisms in Lebanese livestock." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0286/document.
Full textNowadays, the epidemiology of multi-drug resistance has changed and is no more confined to the hospital settings. Food producing animals are increasingly regarded as potent reservoirs of multi-drug resistant organisms i.e. beta lactamase producers and colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacilli. The emergence of multi-drug resistance in animals is thought to be mainly driven by the overuse of antibiotics as growth promoters and prophylaxis. The dissemination of resistant organisms in animals is sparked by the concern of being transferred to humans where they can be candidates for infections with limited therapeutic options. The zoonotic transmission of resistant organisms from animals to humans occurs mainly via direct/indirect contact but also via environmental routes. In Lebanon, several studies were conducted in hospitals and showed a high prevalence of multi-drug resistance; unlikely, these studies are scarce in animals. The aim of this thesis research was thus to describe the epidemiology of multi-drug resistant organisms in Lebanese Livestock Multi-locus sequence typing and whole genome sequencing were used to describe the prevalence of multi-drug resistant organisms and the corresponding mechanisms of resistance in the isolated strains from chicken, pigs, farmers and environment. Chicken and swine farms showed to be potent reservoirs of ESBL and mcr-1 genes in Lebanon. The dissemination of multi-drug resistance appears to be multi-clonal and related to the spread of plasmid carrying resistance genes. Colistin use in veterinary medicine in Lebanon should be banned
Nora, Tamara. "La diversité génétique et phénotypique des populations virales issues de patients infectés par VIH - 1." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077187.
Full textDuring my thesis, we developed a new technique for study the genetic diversity of HIV. This method is based on the isolation of infectious clonal viruses directly resulting from single plasma-derived infections events. A comparison of the genomic sequences of clonal viruses from six patients demonstrated strong evidence for extensive recombinaison in vivo, showed that recombination could increase the diversity of drug resistant genotypes and reveals that recombination contributes to the generation and preservation of the HIV-1 diversity. The isolation of clonal viral populations from five different patients permits to evaluate the phenotypic properties of Env proteins exprimed by clonal viruses. Even when comparaisons were restricted to viruses from a same patient with similar tropism, genetically diverses Env proteins exhibited a remarkable fonctionnal diversity, included a wide range of infectivities for a given target cell, differences in their relative ability to infect different target cells and differences in sensibility to inhibition by some entry inhibitors. No correlation was observed between viral infectivity and inhibition by entry inhibitors, indicating that theses properties can be dissociated
Rajaonson, Sanda. "Inhibition of virulence gene expression in Rhodococcus fascians and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by flavonoïds isolated from the genera Dalbergia and Combretum." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209789.
Full textLes plantes sont continuellement confrontées à une multitude d’attaques qu’elles soient de nature abiotique ou surtout biotique. Il est intéressant de noter que malgré la multitude de bactéries auxquelles les plantes doivent faire face, seules quelques unes sont capables d’induire la mort ou une maladie chez la plante hôte. Il est dès lors fort probable que, outre les métabolites secondaires ayant des propriétés antimicrobiennes, les plantes synthétisent également des métabolites secondaires capables d’inhiber l’expression des gènes de virulence chez les bactéries sans toutefois affecter ni leur croissance ni leur viabilité, ce qui permet aux plantes de contenir les populations bactériennes qu’elles hébergent de gré ou de force. Ce travail porte sur l’identification de ce type de métabolites dans des plantes malgaches (genres Dalbergia et Combretum) et la démonstration de leurs effets inhibiteurs sur l’expression de gènes de virulence chez deux pathosystèmes différents: Rhodococcus fascians (un phytopathogène) et Pseudomonas aeruginosa (un pathogène opportuniste). Ainsi, deux métabolites ont été isolés en utilisant une combinaison de techniques chromatographiques couplées avec des tests qui évaluent l’expression de certains gènes impliqués dans les mécanismes de virulence de ces bactéries. Le premier est un nouvel isoflavanone prénylé, nommé perbergine, isolé à partir de l’extrait d’écorces de D. pervillei. Il a été montré que la perbergine cible l’expression du gène attR, codant un régulateur transcriptionnel de type LysR qui joue un rôle clé dans la régulation de l’expression des gènes de virulence de R. fascians et qui assure la transition entre un mode de vie épiphyte et le mode pathogène. En conséquence, nous avons également montré que l’expression de l’ensemble des gènes de virulence connu à ce jour chez R. fascians est également affectée alors que l’expression de gènes impliqués dans l’aptitude épiphyte de la bactérie n’est pas altérée. Par ailleurs, l’application de perbergine au moment de l’infection de plantes sensibles à R. fascians montre que cette molécule atténue la virulence de R. fascians in vivo, mettant en exergue le potentiel de la perbergine comme agent anti-infectieux. Le deuxième est un flavonoïde, connu sous le nom de catéchine, isolé de l’extrait d’écorces de C. albiflorum. La catéchine inhibe significativement l’expression des gènes régulateurs du mécanisme du quorum sensing chez P. aeruginosa tels que lasI, lasR, rhlI et rhlR et également lasB et rhlA dont l’expression dépend du quorum sensing. En conséquence, la production des facteurs de virulence tels que la pyocyanine et l’élastase est significativement affectée. Compte tenu de l’appauvrissement de notre arsenal d’antibiotiques et de leur inefficacité croissante, l’identification de ces composés ouvre une voie alternative de lutte contre les bactéries pathogènes et la multirésistance des bactéries pathogènes aux antibiotiques. Nos résultats démontrent également la richesse des plantes malgaches comme (res)sources de nouvelles molécules thérapeutiques et l’importance d’élargir le champ des cibles bactériennes à investiguer pour développer de nouvelles stratégies de lutte dans la guerre sans fin que nous menons contre les bactéries pathogènes.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Cimmino, Teresa. "Whole genome sequencing to decipher the resistome of clinical multidrug-resistant bacteria." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5068/document.
Full textTheuse of WG Sallows to analyze and to decipherthe study of resistome of Multi Drug Resistant bacteria (MDR), understanding the different resistance mechanisms, genetic directories and their dissemination mechanisms at global level. During them y thesis I have achieved: 1. A literature review on the use of new contemporary diagnostic tools and capabilities in detecting out breaksin infectious diseases caused by MDR. 2: The identification and the analysis of resistome of multidrug resistant bacteria from clinical isolates suchasShewanellaalgae, normally marine environmental, in our case clinical strain isolated from the broncho alveolar lavage of a hospitalized patient with pneumonia and Chryseobacteriumin dologenes, isolated from a patient cysticfibrosis. In this analysis, we can show that environment albacteria suchas S.algae can be a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes. The exhaustive analysis of these bacteria showed their ability to a dapttotheirecosystemsincludingtheacquisitionofnewgeneticelementsbylateralgenetransfer. The detection of genes in volved in the synthesis of nonribosomal peptide synthetase and polyketide synthases may have a role in their ability to survive in hostile environments suchas therespiratorytractofCFpatients or their presence inpatients having suffered multipleofantibiotic. 3:In this work,through theuse of the NTS onnew bacterial species isolated from human microbiome,we have a chieveda standardized analysis"insilico"to determine there sistome of these bacteria and the presence of secondary metabolites associated bacteriocins and the NRPS/PKS. The application of the NTS for sequenc in go bacterial genome of new bacterial species isolated in the human microbiome, allowe dus to develop a platform capable of analyzing the senew species within 48