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Journal articles on the topic 'Multivalvulida'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 23 June 2025

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1

Neto, José Pompeu Araújo, Joyce Cardim, Silva Diehgo T. Da, Igor Hamoy, Edilson Matos, and Fernando Abrunhosa. "Kudoa ajurutellus n. sp. (Multivalvulida: Kudoidae), a parasite of the skeletal musculature of the Bressou sea catfish, Aspistor quadriscutis, in northeastern of the State of Pará." Zootaxa 4718, no. 3 (2020): 371–80. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4718.3.5.

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Neto, José Pompeu Araújo, Cardim, Joyce, Da Silva, Diehgo T., Hamoy, Igor, Matos, Edilson, Abrunhosa, Fernando (2020): Kudoa ajurutellus n. sp. (Multivalvulida: Kudoidae), a parasite of the skeletal musculature of the Bressou sea catfish, Aspistor quadriscutis, in northeastern of the State of Pará. Zootaxa 4718 (3): 371-380, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.3.5

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2

Monteiro, Elideth Pacheco, Silva Diehgo Tuloza Da, Osimar Sanches, Igor Hamoy, and Edilson Rodrigues Matos. "Morphological and Molecular Characteristics of Kudoa viseuensis n. sp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida), Found in the Muscle of Batrachoides surinamensis (Teleostei: Batrachoididae) in the Brazilian Amazon Region." Acta Protozoologica 58, no. 1 (2019): 7–16. https://doi.org/10.4467/16890027AP.19.002.10833.

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Monteiro, Elideth Pacheco, Da Silva, Diehgo Tuloza, Sanches, Osimar, Hamoy, Igor, Matos, Edilson Rodrigues (2019): Morphological and Molecular Characteristics of Kudoa viseuensis n. sp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida), Found in the Muscle of Batrachoides surinamensis (Teleostei: Batrachoididae) in the Brazilian Amazon Region. Acta Protozoologica 58 (1): 7-16, DOI: 10.4467/16890027AP.19.002.10833, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/16890027ap.19.002.10833

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3

EGUSA, Syuzo. "The order Multivalvulida Schulman, 1959 (Myxozoa;Myxosporea) : A review." Fish Pathology 21, no. 4 (1986): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.21.261.

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4

Lom, Ji?�, and Iva Dykov�. "Sporogenesis and spore structure in Kudoa lunata (Myxosporea, Multivalvulida)." Parasitology Research 74, no. 6 (1988): 521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00531629.

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5

Eiras, Jorge Costa, Rodrigo Yudi Fujimoto, Rubens Riscala Madi, et al. "Kudoa spp. (Myxozoa, Multivalvulida) parasitizing fish caught in Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 25, no. 4 (2016): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016059.

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Abstract This study reports on Kudoa spp. (Myxozoa, Multivalvulida) from the fish species Lutjanus analis, Bagre marinus, Aspistor luniscutis and Lutjanus jocu, which were caught in Aracaju, state of Sergipe, Brazil. The parasites formed oval plasmodia around the esophagus of L. analis, and elongated plasmodia inside the skeletal muscle of B. marinus, A. luniscutis and L. jocu. Host myoliquefaction was not observed in all the cases studied. The current study provides a morphological and morphometric description of each parasite as well as a comparison with all the species described worldwide. Lack of molecular data impaired specific identification of the parasites. The importance of these parasites is discussed and the need for further studies on infections in Brazilian fish is emphasized because of the high economic impact of some Kudoa species which cause liquefaction in hosts’ muscles and render these fish unsuitable for consumption.

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6

Kabata, Z., D. J. Whitaker, and J. W. Bagshaw. "Kudoa thyrsitis (Gilchrist) (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 4 (1986): 1038–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-155.

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An unusual case of infection of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), in British Columbia, Canada, with a myxosporean Kudoa thyrsitis (Gilchrist) is described. This first report of Kudoa parasitizing a member of the genus Oncorhynchus is interesting also because of the unusual site of Kudoa in the fish, the cardiac muscle.

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7

Martínez de Velasco, G., M. Rodero, and C. Cuéllar. "Specific IgE induced byKudoasp. (Myxosporea: multivalvulida) antigens in BALB/c mice." Parasite 10, no. 4 (2003): 379–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2003104379.

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8

HARRELL, L. W., and T. M. SCOTT. "Kudoa thyrsitis (Gilchrist) (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L." Journal of Fish Diseases 8, no. 3 (1985): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1985.tb00950.x.

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9

Eiras, Jorge Costa, Aurélia Saraiva, and Cristina Cruz. "Synopsis of the species of Kudoa Meglitsch, 1947 (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Multivalvulida)." Systematic Parasitology 87, no. 2 (2014): 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11230-013-9461-4.

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10

Takeuchi, F., Y. Ogasawara, K. Kato, et al. "Genetic variants ofKudoa septempunctata(Myxozoa: Multivalvulida), a flounder parasite causing foodborne disease." Journal of Fish Diseases 39, no. 6 (2015): 667–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12395.

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11

Martínez de Velasco, Gonzalo, Marta Rodero, Tomás Chivato, and Carmen Cuéllar. "Seroprevalence of anti-Kudoa sp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) antibodies in a Spanish population." Parasitology Research 100, no. 6 (2006): 1205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-006-0390-x.

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12

Yurakhno, V. M. "Myxosporeans of Kudoa genus (Myxosporea, Kudoidae) of the world fish fauna and their importance for fishery and mariculture: review." Marine Biological Journal 2, no. 4 (2017): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2017.02.4.02.

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All available literature and perennial the author’s own fees of Kudoa genus myxosporeans of the world fauna fish have been analyzed. The specificity of these parasites, their site of infection in the body of the host, distribution in various reservoirs of our planet have been considered. Pathogenic species of myxosporeans of the genus Kudoa, parasitizing in valuable food species of fish in the World Ocean and damaging to the fisheries and mariculture have been listed. The negative influence of these parasites on the host organism at the organismic, tissue and biochemical level has been considered. Infection rates and seasonal changes for some fish species and the dependence of infection on their sex have been given. The symptoms of kudoosis in wild nature and mariculture have been described. Activities aimed at reducing the damage caused by Multivalvulida myxosporeans have been considered.

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13

Shaw, Ross W., Dominique M. L. Hervio, Robert H. Devlin, and Martin L. Adamson. "Infection of Aulorhynchus flavidus (Gill) (Osteichthyes: Gasterosteiformes) by Kudoa thyrsites (Gilchrist) (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida)." Journal of Parasitology 83, no. 5 (1997): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3284272.

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14

NETO, JOSÉ POMPEU ARAÚJO, JOYCE CARDIM, DIEHGO T. DA SILVA, IGOR HAMOY, EDILSON MATOS, and FERNANDO ABRUNHOSA. "Kudoa ajurutellus n. sp. (Multivalvulida: Kudoidae), a parasite of the skeletal musculature of the Bressou sea catfish, Aspistor quadriscutis, in northeastern of the State of Pará." Zootaxa 4718, no. 3 (2020): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4718.3.5.

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Kudoa ajurutellus n. sp. (Multivalvulida: Kudoidae) is described as a parasite of the Bressou catfish, Aspistor quadriscutis (Siluriformes) collected at Ajuruteua beach, northeastern Pará, Brazil. The new species is described based on the morphology of the spores and the sequence of the 18S rDNA. This parasite was found only in the skeletal muscular tissue of fish hosts. In the apical view, the spores were pseudo-quadrangular in shape, with rounded borders, and four symmetrical capsules. The spores are 6.63±0.53 μm in length and 8.16±0.75 μm in width. The polar capsules are piriform, 3.45±0.30 μm in length and 1.87±0.15 μm in width. The phylogenetic analysis based on the sequence of the 18S rDNA gene indicated that the new species is clearly distinct from all other Kudoa species, and that the degree of differentiation is constant with the existence of a new species of the genus Kudoa. This is the first marine Kudoa species recorded in northeastern of the State of Pará.

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15

Martínez de Velasco, G., M. Rodero, L. Zapatero, and C. Cuéllar. "Humoral immune responses induced by Kudoa sp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) antigens in BALB/c mice." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 97, no. 8 (2002): 1091–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762002000800004.

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16

Li, Ying-Chun, Souhei Tamemasa, Jin-Yong Zhang, and Hiroshi Sato. "Phylogenetic characterisation of seven Unicapsula spp. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) from commercial fish in southern China and Japan." Parasitology 147, no. 4 (2019): 448–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182019001793.

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AbstractThe myxozoan genus Unicapsula Davis, 1924 (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida: Trilosporidae) is characterized as having one functional polar capsule (PC) and two rudimentary PCs in a three-valved myxospore. The plasmodia of Unicapsula spp. grow either in the myofibres or in the gills, oesophageal walls and urinary organs of marine fish. Few studies have investigated the taxonomy of Unicapsula spp. including the type species Unicapsula muscularis. Accordingly, the taxonomy of the genus was explored in the present study by using 15 new isolates of seven Unicapsula spp. (U. muscularis, U. galeata, U. andersenae, U. pyramidata, U. pflugfelderi, and two new species) that had formed pseudocysts in the trunk myofibres of commercial fish collected in southern China and Japan from November 2015 to January 2019. Two new species Unicapsula trigona n. sp., and Unicapsula motomurai n. sp. exhibited unique myxospore morphologies (semi-triangular and spherical myxospores, respectively) and 18S and 28S rDNA sequences that were distinct from those of the other Unicapsula spp. Phylogenetic analysis of the 18S and 28S rDNA sequences confirmed the monophyletic status of Unicapsula.

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17

Li, Xiao-Bing, Jie He, Rong-Rong Ma, et al. "Morphological Characterization and Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of Kudoa iwatai from Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea) as a New Host in China." Animals 12, no. 9 (2022): 1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12091145.

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Kudoa (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) parasites are critical pathogens in marine and freshwater fish associated with significant economic losses and reduced market prices caused by post-mortem myoliquefaction or numerous cysts on muscles. In the present study, large yellow croakers infected by Kudoa were found during fish disease surveillance in China in November 2020 and used for morphological observation and characterization using light DIC microscopy and electron microscopy. Numerous creamy-white oval plasmodia were observed in muscles and on the surface of brain cartilage, gill arches, and serosal surfaces. The spores were considerably longer and thicker than previously reported Kudoa, with protruding polar filaments (PFs) in the mature spores, fingertip-shaped apical projections (APs), and polar capsules. Phylogenetic analyses with SSU rDNA, LSU rDNA, and mitochondrial DNA showed that the Kudoa-infected sample (LcK-2020) had the highest similarity to Kudoa iwatai reported in Japan. Based on the morphological characterization and phylogenetic analysis, it could be concluded that the sample LcK-2020 was infected by Kudoa iwatai, which would be the first report of Kudoa iwatai infection in large yellow croaker in China.

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18

Sugiyama, Akihiro, Hiroshi Yokoyama, and Kazuo Ogawa. "Epizootiological Investigation on Kudoosis Amami Caused by Kudoa amamiensis (Multivalvulida: Myxozoa) in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan." Fish Pathology 34, no. 1 (1999): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.34.39.

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19

Hadfield, Catherine A., Sarah L. Poynton, Leigh A. Clayton, Jennell L. Romero, and Richard J. Montali. "KUDOASP. (MYXOZOA: MULTIVALVULIDA) IN SKELETAL MUSCLE OF CAPTIVE BULLNOSE EAGLE RAYS,MYLIOBATIS FREMINVILLEI(RAJIFORMES: MYLIOBATIDAE)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 45, no. 4 (2014): 896–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2014-0004.1.

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20

Eiras, JC, JTAX Lima, CF Cruz, and A. Saraiva. "A note on the infection of Scomberomorus brasiliensis (Osteichthyes, Scombridae) by Kudoa sp. (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 74, no. 3 suppl 1 (2014): S164—S166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.23712.

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The infection of Scomberomorus brasiliensis by the myxozoan Kudoa sp. is reported. The parasites formed plasmodiae inside the skeletal muscle fibres. The spores were quadrate in apical view and bell-like shaped in lateral view, containing four equally sized more or less rounded polar capsules. No detrimental effects were observed in the host, namely muscle liquefaction. The importance of these parasites is discussed.

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21

Grossel, G. W., I. Dykova, J. Handlinger, and B. L. Munday. "Pentacapsula neurophila sp.n. (Multivalvulida) from the central nervous system of striped trumpeter, Latris lineata (Forster)." Journal of Fish Diseases 26, no. 6 (2003): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00459.x.

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22

Ahn, Meejung, Seunghwan Won, Bongjo Kang, et al. "In vitroeffect of two commercial anti-coccidial drugs against myxospores ofKudoa septempunctatagenotype ST3 (Myxozoa, Multivalvulida)." Parasite 24 (2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2017012.

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23

BURGER, MIEKE A. A., and ROBERT D. ADLARD. "Phenotypic variation in a significant spore character in Kudoa (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) species infecting brain tissue." Parasitology 137, no. 12 (2010): 1759–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182010000673.

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SUMMARYSome Kudoa species display variations in the number of polar capsules in spores within an individual pseudocyst. Nonetheless, there is usually a dominant morphotype which forms a significant element of diagnosis. In 2007, a Kudoa isolate from whiting (spores with 5 (dominant) or 6 (minor) polar capsules) was characterized by Burger et al. (2007) as being 100% identical in SSU rDNA to Kudoa yasunagai (spores with 7 polar capsules) from a halibut, despite its obvious morphological differences. The authors hypothesized that either SSU rDNA had reached its level of resolution or that the genetic identity revealed conspecificity. To further investigate these hypotheses, SSU and LSU rDNA sequence data were coupled with principal components, correlation, and regression analyses of morphometric data from different kudoid isolates that infect brain tissue to determine the relationships between spore morphotypes and different kudoid isolates. The trends in morphometrics between the spores of particular isolates were so similar that it was concluded that the molecular results did indicate conspecificity rather than SSU reaching its level of resolution. This phenotypic influence on a significant diagnostic character within the Kudoidae has a major impact on the diagnosis of this, and potentially other, pathogenic species.

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24

Jeon, Chan-Hyeok, Jeung-Wan Do, U.-Hwa Nam, Wi-Sik Kim, and Jeong-Ho Kim. "Development of PCR method for detecting Kudoa iwatai (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida) from rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus." Parasitology Research 116, no. 2 (2016): 789–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-5354-1.

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25

Dykova, Iva, Isaurede Buron, Ivan Fiala, and William A. Roumillat. "Kudoa inornata sp. n. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) from the skeletal muscles of Cynoscion nebulosus (Teleostei: Sciaenidae)." Folia Parasitologica 56, no. 2 (2009): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2009.014.

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26

Shirakashi, S., A. Morita, K. Ishimaru, and S. Miyashita. "Infection dynamics of Kudoa yasunagai (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida) infecting brain of cultured yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata in Japan." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 101, no. 2 (2012): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao02513.

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27

Grossel, G., J. Handlinger, S. Battaglene, and B. Munday. "Diagnostic polymerase chain reaction assay to detect Kudoa neurophila (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida) in a marine finfish hatchery." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 64 (2005): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao064141.

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28

Dykova, Iva, Emma Josefina Fajer Avila, and Ivan Fiala. "Kudoa dianae sp. n. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida), a new parasite of bullseye puffer, Sphoeroides annulatus (Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae)." Folia Parasitologica 49, no. 1 (2002): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2002.006.

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29

Burger, Mieke A. A., and Robert D. Adlard. "Low host specificity in the Kudoidae (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) including seventeen new host records for Kudoa thalassomi." Folia Parasitologica 58, no. 1 (2011): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2011.001.

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30

BUNTON, T. E., and S. L. POYNTON. "Kudoa sp. (Myxosporea, Multivalvulida) infection in juvenile white perch, Morone americana (Gmelin): histopathology and spore morphology." Journal of Fish Diseases 14, no. 5 (1991): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1991.tb00615.x.

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31

Matsukane, Yuuki, Hiroshi Sato, Shuhei Tanaka, Yoichi Kamata, and Yoshiko Sugita-Konishi. "Kudoa septempunctata n. sp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) from an aquacultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) imported from Korea." Parasitology Research 107, no. 4 (2010): 865–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-1941-8.

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32

Whipps, C. M., R. D. Adlard, M. S. Bryant, and M. L. Kent. "TWO UNUSUAL MYXOZOANS, KUDOA QUADRICORNIS N. SP. (MULTIVALVULIDA) FROM THE MUSCLE OF GOLDSPOTTED TREVALLY (CARANGOIDES FULVOGUTTATUS) AND KUDOA PERMULTICAPSULA N. SP. (MULTIVALVULIDA) FROM THE MUSCLE OF SPANISH MACKEREL (SCOMBEROMORUS COMMERSON) FROM THE GREAT BARRIER REEF, AUSTRALIA." Journal of Parasitology 89, no. 1 (2003): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2003)089[0168:tumkqn]2.0.co;2.

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33

EGUSA, Syuzo. "A myxosporean of the order multivalvulida from the brains of Lateolabrax japonicus and some other marine fishes." Fish Pathology 21, no. 4 (1986): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.21.233.

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34

Cheung, Paul J., and Ross F. Nigrelli. "Coccomyxa(Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) andSeptemcapsula(Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) Infections, the Possible Cause of Death of Coral CatfishPlotosus anguillarisin Captivity." Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 2, no. 2 (1990): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1990)002<0112:bamitp>2.3.co;2.

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35

Inoue, Ken, Akihiro Kasai, Imron Rosyadi, and Hiroshi Sato. "Occurrence of Kudoa prunusi and K. lateolabracis (Myxozoa: Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) in Philippine-Sea Japanese parrotfish (Calotomus japonicus)." Parasitology Research 121, no. 2 (2022): 601–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07418-y.

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36

Diamant, A., M. Ucko, I. Paperna, A. Colorni, and A. Lipshitz. "KUDOA IWATAI (MYXOSPOREA: MULTIVALVULIDA) IN WILD AND CULTURED FISH IN THE RED SEA: REDESCRIPTION AND MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY." Journal of Parasitology 91, no. 5 (2005): 1175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-491r.1.

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37

Yokoyama, Hiroshi, Niichiro Abe, Tomofumi Maehara, and Jun Suzuki. "First record of Unicapsula seriolae (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida) from the muscle of Malabar grouper Epinephelus malabaricus in Japan." Parasitology International 63, no. 3 (2014): 561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2014.03.002.

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38

BURGER, M. A. A., and R. D. ADLARD. "Four new species of KudoaMeglitsch, (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) from Australia with recommendations for species descriptions in the Kudoidae." Parasitology 137, no. 5 (2009): 793–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009991557.

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SUMMARYKudoid parasites are significant pathogens of marine fish. In the past, specific identification has been difficult due to a paucity of detailed morphological and biological information provided in the original description of some species. However, the introduction of DNA analysis has dramatically improved diagnosis. For morphological characterization, this paper proposes a new set of schematics including additional measurements to give a more thorough description of spore morphology, and provides evidence for uniqueness of 4 new species: Kudoa gunterae n. sp. (from 10 pomacentrid species and 1 apogonid species), K. kenti n. sp. (from 4 pomacentrid species), K. paraquadricornis n. sp. (from 4 carangid species), and K. whippsi n. sp. (from 8 pomacentrid species and 1 apogonid species). Subtle morphological differences found between closely related species were reflected in their genetics, with increased resolution provided by the large subunit, compared with that of the small subunit, of the ribosomal DNA gene region. This article proposes comprehensive requirements for species descriptions within the Kudoidae that incorporate biology, morphology, and genetic sequence.

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39

Koie, Marianne. "Trilosporoides platessae gen. et sp. n. (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida) in the plaice Pleuronectes platessa (Teleostei: Pleuronectidae) from Denmark." Folia Parasitologica 52, no. 4 (2005): 304–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2005.041.

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40

Ahn, Meejung, Hyun Ju Ko, Jeongtae Kim, Yeounghwan Jang, and Taekyun Shin. "Evaluation of the inflammatory response to Kudoa septempunctata genotype ST3 isolated from olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in Caco-2 cells." Parasite 25 (2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2018013.

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Kudoa septempunctata (Myxosporea, Multivalvulida) is a parasite of the trunk muscle of cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). We investigated whether K. septempunctata genotype ST3 spores induce cell damage and the secretion of inflammatory mediators in Caco-2 cells, which exhibit characteristics similar to human intestinal epithelial cells. Purified K. septempunctata spores were heated at 95 °C for 5 min. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was measured to determine the efficacy of denaturation. Naïve and heated spores, lipopolysaccharide (positive control) and vehicle (negative control) were added to Caco-2 cells. Cells were subjected to the cytotoxic LDH assay and western blot analysis to examine the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Supernatants were collected to measure nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Most spores were denaturated by heating, and the spore morphology was found to be wrinkled with shell valves and polar capsules. In addition, cytotoxicity and inflammatory mediators, such as NO, PGE2, iNOS, and COX-2, remained unchanged in Caco-2 cells following exposure to naïve and heated spores compared with the positive controls. Collectively, the findings of this study imply that spores of K. septempunctata genotype ST3 do not cause inflammation in Caco-2 cells.

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41

Yokoyama, Hiroshi, Meibi Lu, Koh-ichiro Mori, Jun Satoh, Tohru Mekata, and Tomoyoshi Yoshinaga. "Infection Dynamics of Kudoa septempunctata (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida) in Hatchery-produced Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus." Fish Pathology 50, no. 2 (2015): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.50.60.

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Castro R, Raúl, and Rodrigo Burgos. "Kudoa thyrsithes (Myxozoa, Multivalvulida) causing "milky condition" in the musculature of paralichthys adspersus (Neopterygii, Pleuronectiformes, (Paralichthyidae) from Chile." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 91, no. 2 (1996): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761996000200007.

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Maeno, Yukio, Kazuya Nagasawa, and Minoru Sorimachi. "Kudoa intestinalis n. sp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) from the Intestinal Musculature of the Striped Mullet, Mugil cephalus, from Japan." Journal of Parasitology 79, no. 2 (1993): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3283506.

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Jones, Simon R. M., Ian Forster, Xiangjun Liao, and Michael G. Ikonomou. "Dietary nicarbazin reduces prevalence and severity of Kudoa thyrsites (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar post-smolts." Aquaculture 342-343 (April 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.01.033.

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LANGDON, J. S. "Myoliquefaction post-mortem ('milky flesh') due to Kudoa thyrsites (Gilchrist) (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) in mahi mahi, Coryphaena hippurus L." Journal of Fish Diseases 14, no. 1 (1991): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1991.tb00575.x.

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IIDA-AOYAMA, NATSUKO, TETSUYA HARADA, TAKAO KAWAI, HIROSHI YOKOYAMA, and KENTARO KAWATSU. "Development of a Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection of Kudoa iwatai (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) in Japanese Seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus)." Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 8 (2018): 1346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-089.

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ABSTRACT Kudoa iwatai, a myxosporean parasite, has low host fish specificity, and consumers encounter commercial marine fish or marketed marine fish infected with this parasite in Japan. Although the presence of this parasite infection in fish samples is traditionally determined by the microscopic morphological examination of extracted spores, this method lacks sensitivity and specificity. In this study, we developed a real-time PCR assay for the detection of K. iwatai 18S rDNA to achieve the rapid and specific identification of K. iwatai in foreign substance inspection. We also evaluated the usefulness of real-time PCR for Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) with or without K. iwatai cysts. Our real-time PCR assay was able to reliably detect the target plasmid DNA over a 7-log range (from 4.0 × 101 to 4.0 × 107 copies per reaction) and displayed a linear relationship, with a correlation of determination value of 0.9993 and slope of −3.3651. Moreover, the mean value of the intra-assay coefficient of variation was 0.89% in triplicate assays, and the detection limit of this method was 2.5 copies of K. iwatai 18S rDNA per reaction. The sensitivity of the real-time PCR was the same or higher than that of an established conventional PCR when DNA extracts from eight Japanese seabass with or without K. iwatai were used as templates. The specificity of the real-time PCR was comparable with that of conventional PCR by using DNA extracts from fish samples infected with nine Kudoa species. Together, these results indicate that our real-time PCR assay is highly sensitive, reproducible, and specific for detecting K. iwatai 18S rDNA in foreign substance inspection. We believe that this highly sensitive real-time PCR may also be useful for understanding the gastrointestinal diseases associated with K. iwatai and for studying the yet unknown life cycle of K. iwatai.

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Rodríguez-Ponce, Eligia, Eva Betancor, Dieter Steinhagen, et al. "Kudoa sp. (Myxozoa, Multivalvulida): first report in five commercial fish species from the Canary Islands-FAO 34 (Macaronesia-Spain)." Parasitology Research 118, no. 9 (2019): 2567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06415-6.

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Yokoyama, H., T. Yanagida, and S. Shirakashi. "Kudoa ogawai n. sp. (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida) from the trunk muscle of Pacific barrelfish Hyperoglyphe japonica (Teleostei: Centrolophidae) in Japan." Parasitology Research 110, no. 6 (2011): 2247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2756-y.

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Jeon, Chan-Hyeok, Seong Wi, Jun-Young Song, Hye-Sung Choi, and Jeong-Ho Kim. "Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for detection of Kudoa septempunctata (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida) in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)." Parasitology Research 113, no. 5 (2014): 1759–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-3821-0.

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Ibrahim, Mustafa M., Marwa M. Attia, Hanadi B. Baghdadi, and Mohamed Abdelsalam. "First report of Kudoa species (Myxozoa, Multivalvulida) infection in purple-spotted Bigeye (Priacanthus tayenus) from the Saudi Arabian Gulf." PLOS ONE 19, no. 1 (2024): e0295668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295668.

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The purple-spotted bigeye, Priacanthus tayenus, is a marine benthic fish native to the Indian and Pacific Oceans, including the Arabian Gulf in Saudi Arabia. This study identified a myxozoan parasite infecting wild P. tayenus from the Saudi Arabian Gulf. These parasites produced spherical to ovoid-shaped, white plasmodia enclosed within pseudocysts in the fish musculature. The annual infection rate was 5.1%, with the highest prevalence in summer (7.6%), followed by spring (6%), and autumn (2.5%), while no infections were observed in winter. The number of plasmodia per fish ranged from 100 to 150 (135.1 ± 16.2). Their dimensions were 4–4.7 mm (4.3 ± 0.3 mm) in length and 4.5–7 mm (6 ± 1.1 mm) in width. Milky-colored exudates within the plasmodia contained mature spores measuring 8–9 μm (8.6 ± 0.4 μm) x 6–7.5 μm (6.9 ± 0.5 μm). The polar capsules of the spores exhibited dimensions of 2–5 μm (3.5 ± 0.5 μm) x 2.5–4.5 μm (3 ± 0.45 μm). Both morphological and genetic analyses confirmed these plasmodia as a novel Kudoa species. Histopathological examination revealed atrophy in the surrounding muscles without an inflammatory response. This study documents the first occurrence of a novel Kudoa sp. in P. tayenus at the Jubail landing site in Saudi Arabia, emphasizing the need for further surveillance and investigations to elucidate its pathogenesis and implications for wild fish stocks.

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