Academic literature on the topic 'Municipal services – Brazil – 19th century'

Social work in Germany has emerged from Christian charity in the monasteries and hospitals of the Middle Ages, with their doctrine of giving alms to all who begged for it. From about 1500 a new idea became established, that poor people should be examined to see whether they were ‘worthy’ of support. Honorary municipal officials judged the willingness to work and the moral way of life of the poor. The ‘unworthy poor’ were locked up in poorhouses and penitentiaries in order to educate them to work. The division into ‘worthy’ and ‘unworthy’ received a new, eugenic interpretation in the 19th century, and especially during the National Socialist era.

Abstract Chapter 3 discusses how the Supreme Court responded to two sets of state and local defaults in the second half of the 19th century. When hundreds of cities and counties defaulted on debts incurred to build railroads between 1860 and 1890, the Supreme Court stretched its powers to their limits to help creditors. This let bondholders enforce contracts in federal court and forced local governments to raise taxes and cut spending, even during massive recessions. In contrast, when white-dominated Southern states defaulted on debts incurred by mixed-race governments during Reconstruction, the Supreme Court radically reshaped its “sovereign immunity” doctrine, helping these states avoid their creditors. These decisions had predictable effects. Cities and counties that defaulted on railroad bonds had to engage in austerity, making economic problems and social services worse. But these cities and others were then able to borrow, allowing them to build crucial urban infrastructure during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, some of which stands to this day. Southern states were spared the cost of repayment, providing short-term economic benefits. But their defaults meant they lost access to municipal bond markets, meaning they could not borrow to build critical infrastructure, harming their future economic growth.

A cidade de Aveiro sofreu no século XIX várias transformações físicas, voltando a sofrer novas transformações no século XX, altura em que a malha urbana possibilitou o desenvolvimento da cidade. Inserida nestas alterações está a Avenida Dr. Lourenço Peixinho que permitiu a conexão urbana entre o caminho-de-ferro e o centro. A avenida sobrevive aos Planos Urbanísticos (1948-2009) que surgiram após a sua abertura. A investigação visa identificar as tipologias arquitectónicas predominantes, existentes nesta estrutura, entender a problemática do espaço nos diferentes níveis de uso do solo e de mud