Dissertations / Theses: 'Municipal solid waste incineration'

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Li, Xiaomin. "Accelerated carbonation of municipal solid waste incineration residues." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2008. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/8399/.

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Incineration can reduce the mass and volume of municipal waste significantly but produces solid waste in the form of bottom ash and air pollution control (APC) residues. Landfill is currently the most commonly used disposal option for these ash residues, however, the impact of hazardous compounds in these wastes on the environment during landfilling is becoming more widely appreciated and cheaper, alternative, management options need to be explored. In this research, the treatment of these municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) residues by accelerated carbonation is investigated and compared with naturally aged ashes. Both bottom ash and APC residues were carbonated in an atmosphere composed of gaseous CO2. It was found that the carbonation of calcium oxides/hydroxides resulted in the rapid formation of calcium carbonate and that silicate compounds were hydrated. The reduction of pH from 12-12.5 to 7-9 observed upon carbonation was associated with a reduction in availability of soluble salts and meals. Carbonated ash had a higher buffering capacity to acid attack when compared to the untreated, non-carbonated, ash. The bottom and APC ashes sequestrated between 6% and 13% CO2 (w/w dry weight), respectively upon carbonation; and this may be important where the reduction of greenhouse emissions to the atmosphere is concerned.

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Paoletti, Francesca. "Behavior of oxyanions forming heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration." Karlsruhe : FZKA, 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=967951496.

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Maldonado, Alameda Alex. "Alkali-activated binders based on municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672107.

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Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is the most widely used solution in those countries where landfilling areas are limited. Incineration allows reducing the total volume of waste (up to 90%) and generating energy resulting from combustion. The main by-product generated in waste-to-energy plants is known as incineration bottom ash (IBA), which is a heterogeneous mixture of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, ceramics, and glass. IBA is classified as a non- hazardous material due to its composition rich in calcium oxide, silica, and iron. IBA composition and morphology are very similar to natural siliceous aggregates after an ageing treatment where the weathered bottom ash (WBA) is obtained. This maturation process makes feasible the WBA valorisation as a secondary aggregate in the field of construction and civil engineering. Moreover, the high percentage of glass and aluminium found in the WBA would allow its valorisation as a precursor in the alkali-activated binders (AABs) formulation. The main goal of this PhD thesis was the scientific and technological development of new AABs based on the alkali activation of WBA (AA-WBA binders), to reduce the use of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in building and civil engineering fields. In this sense, this aim is related to the use of more sustainable cement-based materials, which promote the circular economy and zero-waste principle through the valorisation of WBA. The potential of WBA as a precursor in the AA-WBA binders’ formulation was evaluated along with the PhD thesis through different studies that can be classified into four blocks. The first block was based on the evaluation of the WBA potential as a precursor in AABs based on its particle size. This study demonstrated the variability in the reactive SiO2 and Al2O3 availability as a function of the particle size. The potential of the entire fraction (EF) and the 8-30-mm fraction highlighted the possible use of them as precursors in the AABs formulation. The second block of this thesis was focused on the study of AA-WBA binders using the WBA as a sole precursor. Mixtures of sodium silicate (WG) and NaOH (2M, 4M, 6M, and 8M) were used as alkaline activator solutions to assess the effect of the NaOH concentration on the final properties. It was demonstrated the possibility of developing AA-WBA. The influence of alkaline activator solution concentration on the final properties of the AA-WBA was evidenced, obtaining better mechanical performance with the use of the WG/NaOH 6M solution. The results revealed the enhancement in the mechanical properties when the 8-30-mm fraction was used. However, the environmental results revealed arsenic and antimony leaching values that require further research to validate the environmental feasibility of AA-WBA. In the third block, the 8-30-mm fraction was mixed with other precursors with greater availability of Al2O3 (metakaolin and PAVAL®). The main purpose was to improve the mechanical properties and the heavy metal stabilisation effect of the AA- WBA obtained in the second block. In both cases, mechanical performance was improved due to the inclusion of Al2O3. However, the environmental properties continued to show leaching values that did not ensure the environmental viability of the AA-WBA binders. Finally, the fourth block of the thesis was focused on carrying out an environmental and ecotoxicological assessment to validate the use of AA-WBA binders as construction material. The results showed a medium-low level of ecotoxicity in the AA-WBA formulated with the 8-30-mm fraction, similar to the binders activated with MK (AA-MK). El principal subproducte generat durant la incineració de residus sòlids urbans es coneix com a cendra de fons. La seva composició és molt similars als agregats silícics naturals després d’un tractament d’envelliment on s’obté la cendra de fons madurada (weathered bottom ash; WBA segons les sigles angleses). El seu alt contingut en vidre i alumini el converteixen en un potencial candidat com a precursor en la fabricació d’aglutinants activats alcalinament (alkali-activated binders, AABs segons les sigles angleses). L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi doctoral va consistir en el desenvolupament de AABs mitjançant l’activació alcalina de WBA (aglutinants AA-WBA). El potencial de la WBA i els aglutinants AA-WBA es va avaluar mitjançant diferents estudis que es poden classificar en quatre blocs. Al primer bloc es va avaluar el potencial de WBA com a precursor en funció de la seva mida de partícula. Aquest estudi va demostrar el potencial de la fracció sencera i de la fracció 8-30 mm. El segon bloc es va centrar en l’estudi d’aglutinants AA-WBA que utilitzaven el WBA com a únic precursor. Es va evidenciar la influència de la concentració de la solució activadora alcalina en les propietats finals dels aglutinants AA-WBA. Els resultats van revelar la millora de les propietats mecàniques quan es va utilitzar la fracció 8-30 mm. No obstant, els resultats ambientals van revelar valors de lixiviació d'arsènic i antimoni que requerien la validació a nivell ambiental dels aglutinants. Al tercer bloc, la fracció 8-30 mm es va barrejar amb altres precursors rics en d’Al2O3 (metakaolin i PAVAL®) per millorar les propietats mecàniques i l’estabilització de metalls pesants dels aglutinants obtinguts al segon bloc. En ambdós casos, es va millorar el rendiment mecànic, tot i que les propietats ambientals van continuar mostrant valors de lixiviació que no asseguraven la viabilitat ambiental dels aglutinants AA-WBA. Finalment, al quart bloc es va realitzar una avaluació ambiental i ecotoxicològica per validar l’ús d’aglutinants AA-WBA com a material de construcció. Els resultats van mostrar un nivell mitjà-baix d’ecotoxicitat a l’AA-WBA formulat amb la fracció de 8 a 30 mm, similar als aglutinants activats amb MK (AA-MK).

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Lampris, Christos. "Solidification/stabilisation of air pollution control residues from municipal solid waste incineration." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/18973.

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Air pollution control (APC) residues are by-products of the flue gas cleaning process in energy-from-waste (EfW) plants treating municipal solid waste. They are classified as a hazardous waste in the EU Waste Catalogue and are a priority hazardous waste stream in the UK due to high alkalinity, concentrations of volatile heavy metals and soluble salts. Plans currently exist to increase the number of EfW plants in the UK, with the potential to increase future arisings of APC residues. Stabilisation/solidification (S/S) is an inexpensive treatment technology, involving mixing of the waste with cementitious binders. The main objective of this research is to assess the effectiveness of CEM I and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as S/S binders for the treatment of APC residues. The ultimate goal is to expand existing knowledge on S/S systems and assist development of more sustainable treatment methods for APC residues. S/S APC residue specimens were prepared varying the waste-to-binder and water-to-solids ratios and subsequently tested for physical properties and contaminant leaching according to international standards. Geochemical modelling was used to assess contaminant release-controlling processes and contribute to more efficient mix and treatment design. Results from this study indicate that mechanical properties of 50 wt.% CEM I and GGBS mixes exceed UK landfill disposal criteria (1.0 MPa), achieving unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values of up to 21 MPa. CEM I mixes with 10 and 20 wt.% binder addition also met the criterion of 1.0 MPa, achieving UCS values of up to 10 MPa. In contrast, 10 and 20 wt.% GGBS mixes exhibited inferior mechanical properties (UCS < 1.0 MPa). S/S is hampered predominantly by high concentrations of chloride in APC residues. All monolithic S/S samples exceeded relevant UK waste acceptance criteria (monWAC) for chloride (20,000 mg/m2) within the first two days of the 64-day monolithic leaching test. Altough partial immobilisation occurs through the formation of chloro-complexes, S/S of APC residues would require binder additions greater than 50 wt.% to meet UK requirements for landfill disposal. Leaching of Pb also becomes problematic for mixes with 10 and 20 wt.% binder addition, exceeding UK monWAC (20 mg/m2). Nevetheless, the amphoteric nature of heavy metals and the high solubility of chloride salts could favour extraction of potentially valuable elements through washing procedures. Modelling results indicate that a simple washing step may be able to extract 650 mg of Pb and 120 mg of Zn per kg of APC residues treated, while removing approximately 90% of available chloride.

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Gunnarsson, Martin, and Rickard Johannesson. "Waste Management with Focus on Waste incineration with energyrecovery in Chisinau Municipality, Moldova." Thesis, Halmstad University, Halmstad University, Halmstad University, Halmstad University, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-4282.

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The amount of waste in the world increases every year due to an improved living standard andgrowing population. The problem is especially large in poor countries where the ability tohandle the waste is limited due to financial and management problems. If instead wastematerial is seen as a resource it can help reduce the amount of waste on landfill. Byincinerating waste and recover the energy it would also help reducing greenhouse gasemissions from landfill and give electric and thermal energy.Chisinau Municipality in the Republic of Moldova today lacks several important parts fora satisfying waste management. Today most of the waste generated in Chisinau municipalityends up at the municipality landfill. The current contract to use the landfill expires on the 31December 2010, if the municipality won’t be able to renew the contract they have to look forother ways to deal with the waste problem. As the dominating source for energy in Chisinau isimported natural gas, an effective way to reduce the use of gas for electricity and thermalenergy production would be to use waste material for incineration with energy recovery.Therefore, the goal with this thesis is to evaluate the possibility to extract energy from coincinerationof sewage sludge and waste material generated in Chisinau. To reach this goal thesituation in Chisinau where studied on site for two months, quantities and composition of thewaste material was investigated. Based on the data gathered on the waste, a suitabletechnology for the waste-to-energy (WTE) plant is proposed. The proposal is made based onthe assumption that a WTE plant would not be established until 2025.The result shows that the waste material in Chisinau can be used for co-incineration ofwaste and sludge. The calorific value of the waste material was determined to 7.87 MJ per kg.The suggested WTE plant has the total power of 138 MW, the result based on that all wastematerial available 2025 are incinerated. Annually this makes it possible to recover 1152 TJ(320 GWh) electric power and 2650 TJ (736 GWh) heat, based on 8000 operating hoursannually.Even if a WTE plant sounds like a good investment it is a long time before a plant couldoperational. Much is to be made in the waste management to have well-functioninginfrastructure that will work together with an incineration plant. Furthermore, the data used inthis study regarding the quantities is very uncertain and further studies in affected areas arenecessary before a WTE plant can be established. Den totala mängden avfall i världen ökar varje år som följd av ökad folkmängd ochlevnadsstandard. Problemet är extra påtagligt i fattiga länder med begränsade ekonomiskaresurser för att ta hantera avfallet. Om avfallet istället skulle ses som en resurs skulle detkunna reducera andelen avfall som läggs på deponi. Genom att förbränna avfallet medenergiåtervinning skulle också växthusgaserna från deponering minska och samtidigt geelektrisk och termisk energi.Chisinau kommun i Republiken Moldavien saknar idag flera vitala delar iavfallshanteringen. Idag slutar den största delen av avfallet som produceras i Chisinaukommun på den kommunala deponin. Kontraktet för att använda deponin löper ut den sistadecember 2010, om Chisinau kommun inte tillåts förnya kontraktet är det nödvändigt att sesig om efter nya lösningar för avfallshanteringen. Eftersom den dominerande källan för energii Chisinau är importerad gas, skulle ett effektivt sätt att reducera gasanvändningen vid el ochtermisk energiproduktion att förbränna avfall med energiåtervinning.Av den orsaken är målet med studien att utvärdera möjligheterna att utnyttjasamförbränning med energiåtervinning av avfall och avloppsslam från Chisinau kommun. Föratt nå detta mål har den nuvarande situationen i Chisinau kommun studerats på plats under tvåmånaders tid, detta för att undersöka vilka mängder avfall som årligen produceras och huravfallets fraktionsfördelning ser ut. Baserat på de data som samlats in föreslogs en lämpligavfallsförbränningsanläggning. Förslaget är baserat på antagandet att enavfallsförbränningsanläggning inte är etablerad förrän tidigast 2025.Resultatet visar att det är möjligt att samförbränna avloppsslam och avfall i Chisinau. Detkalorimetriska värmevärdet för avfallet och slammet har bestämts till 7.87 MJ per kg. Det irapporten presenterade förslag på kraftvärmeverk för avfallsförbränning kommer att ha entotal effekt av 138 MW, resultatet är baserat på att allt tillgängligt kommunalt avfall 2025förbränns. Kraftvärmeverket beräknas årligen utvinna TJ (320 GWh) elektrisk energi och2650 TJ (736 GWh) termisk energi, beräknad på 8000 drifttimmar årligen.Även om en avfallsförbränningsanläggning låter som en god investering så ligger detlångt fram i tiden innan en sådan anläggning är möjlig att etablera. Först måste en brafungerande infrastruktur som fungerar tillsammans med avfallsförbränningsanläggningenupprättas. Vidare bör poängteras att de data som använts i denna studie gällandeavfallsmängder är ytterst osäkra och ytterligare studier inom området krävs innan enavfallsförbränningsanläggning kan etableras.

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Tasneem, Kazi. "Beneficial Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Ashes as Sustainable Road Construction Materials." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/6370.

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Incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) is common for energy recovery, and management of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ashes has received a growing attention around the world. In the U.S., generation of MSW has increased up to 65% since 1980, to the current level of 251 million tons per year with 53.8% landfilled, 34.5% recycled and composted, and 11.7% incinerated with energy recovery. In the process of incineration, MSWI ash is being produced as byproducts; about 80 to 90% of the MSWI ash is bottom ash (BA) and 10 to 20% is fly ash (FA) by weight. The current practice of the U.S. is to combine both BA and FA to meet the criteria to qualify as non-hazardous, and all combined ashes are disposed in landfills. European countries have utilized MSWI BA as beneficial construction materials by separating it from FA. The FA is mostly limited to landfill disposal as hazardous material due to its high content of toxic elements and salts. BA has been actively recycled in the areas of roadbed, asphalt paving, and concrete products in many of European and Asian countries. In those countries, recycling programs (including required physical properties and environmental criteria) of ash residue management have been developed so as to encourage and enforce the reuse of MSWI ashes instead of landfill disposal. Moreover, many studies have demonstrated the beneficial use of MSWI ashes as engineering materials with minimum environmental impacts. On the other hand, the U.S. has shown a lack of consistent and effective management plans, as well as environmental regulations for the use of MSWI ashes., Due to persistent uncertainty of engineering properties and inconsistency in the Federal and State regulations in the U.S., however, the recycling of the MSWI ashes has been hindered and they are mostly disposed in landfills. In this research work, current management practice, existing regulations, and environmental consequences of MSWI ashes utilization are comprehensively reviewed worldwide and nationwide with an emphasis of the potential area of its utilization in asphalt paving and concrete product. This research also entails a detailed chemical and microstructural characterization of MSWI BA and FA produced from a Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) facility in Florida so that the MSWI ash is well characterized for its beneficial uses as construction materials. The material characterization includes Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques. In addition, leaching experiments have been conducted to investigate the environmental properties (e.g. leachate concentration) of BA and ash-mixed hot mix asphalt (HMA) and Portland cement concrete (PCC). Leaching results reveals the reduced leaching potential of toxic material from MSWI ashes while incorporated in HMA and PCC. Lastly, a preliminary experimental approach has been devised for the vitrification of FA which is a promising thermal process of transferring material into glassy state with higher physical and chemical integrity to reduce toxicity so that utilization of FA can be possible. M.S.C.E. Masters Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering Engineering and Computer Science Civil Engineering

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Eggimann, Manuel. "Geochemical aspects of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash and implications for disposal /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://www.zb.unibe.ch/download/eldiss/08eggimann_m.pdf.

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Sebastian, Roshni Mary. "Formulation and demonstration of a technique to assess the incinerability of municipal solid waste." Thesis, IIT, Delhi, 2019. http://eprint.iitd.ac.in:80//handle/2074/8066.

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Huang, Ying. "Removal of Organohalogen Compounds from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash by Column Flotation." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148541.

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Subasinghe, Gayan. "Prefeasibility Study for a Waste-to-EnergyApplication in Gauteng Province, South Africa." Thesis, KTH, Energisystemanalys, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-127914.

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Waste-to-Energy concept becomes increasingly popular from the perspectives of the waste management and alternative energy. South Africa, which is a country heavily dependent on the fossil fuel, can explore the opportunities of Waste-to-Energy in order to deal with increasing amount of waste generated while reducing what is deposited at non-engineered landfills, thereby increase the renewable energy share. This prefeasibility study attempts to identify Waste-to-Energy potentials in Gauteng provinceso as to develop a Waste-to-Energy facility under the new renewable Independent Power Producer procurement programme of South Africa. The analysis identifies abundant Wasteto-Energy incineration and landfill gas opportunities linked with municipal solid waste in twomunicipalities. The prefeasibility study further evaluates environmental, socio-economic aspects of Waste-to-Energy initiative. The financial viability of a Waste-to-Energy incineration facility with the Feed-in-Tariff proposed by the government of South Africa isalso detailed analysed.

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Zabaleta, Amaia. "Sustainability Indicators for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Case study : The City of Stockholm: landfill vs. incineration." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-31162.

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Sustainability Indicators (SIs) have been used with many different purposes, but never before inside a Waste Management Planning (WMP) process. In this report, a list of indicators has been designed so that the sustainability of a Waste Treatment Technique (WTT) for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in a specific situation is evaluated. The creation of this list is the consequence of a deep information seeking process on SIs, on MSW’s treatment techniques and of the use, as a base, of the indicators created by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations. In order to assess the usefulness of the list designed, The City of Stockholm has been chosen. A satisfactory result has been obtained: the SIs selected for this specific use, give a suitable picture and enough information of the studied situation. However, additional applications (in other contexts) are necessary for a more complete validation and for improving the weakest points. Division Industrial Ecologywww.kth.se/itm/indecowww.ima.kth.se

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Funari, Valerio <1987&gt. "The Critical Raw Materials Potential of Anthropogenic Deposits: Insights from Solid Residues of Municipal Waste Incineration." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7426/1/Funari_PhDThesis%28AMS%29.pdf.

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Due to the current and foreseen global growth of raw material demand, the sustainable supply of minerals and metals for high-tech applications, the so-called critical raw materials (Co, Cr, Ga, Nb, Rare Earth Elements, Sb, W, Platinum Group Elements), is of general concern. Industrial wastes have the potential to become an alternative source (flow) of strategic metals and, consequently, their valorisation can be seen as a move towards resources efficiency and circular economy. In this 3-years study I aimed to decipher the critical raw materials potential from solid residues produced by Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI), namely bottom and fly ashes. These solid residues, coming from different leading companies of MSWI in northern Italy, have been selected because they can be accounted for urban mining purposes and represent high elements flows, still poorly explored. In the present work I address the potential of MSWI solid residues as an alternative source of critical raw materials by studying the material chemistry, its resources flow and the evaluation of metals upgrading and recovery. Finally, I tackle some environmental and economic issues.

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Li, Kui. "Study of Influence Factors in Municipal Solid Waste Management Decision-making." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-32756.

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Nowadays, municipal solid waste (MSW) has got great attention from world-wide decision makers in the field of waste management. When they are making a MSW management decision, there are lots of factors that may influence their final decision for picking up an optimal alternative. In order to find out the influence factors in municipal solid waste management decision-making, incineration and anaerobic fermentation techniques are selected as example for comparison. Literature study and interview are used for collecting theoretical and practical information respectively. A list of theoretical influence factors is created, which integrates environmental, social and financial aspects of incineration and anaerobic fermentation. This list can help the decision-maker to have a better choice when they are choosing an alternative from MSW management methods. Practical information is achieved by interviewing the City of Stockholm Waste Management Administration. Differences are revealed between theory and the Stockholm case. The priority of each influence factor is discussed in this paper. Base on the decision between theoretical factors and the Stockholm case, the result shows that the theoretical factors are not completely sufficient for the practical use in the city of Stockholm. The list of theoretical influence factors should be extended by integrating more factors and more MSW management alternatives to meet different requirements in practical cases. There is no clear definition on which factor has the highest degree of influence for the decision-maker. The priority of influence factors is depended on the local condition and subjective choice of decision-maker. www.ima.kth.se

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Udomsri, Seksan. "Combined Electricity Production and Thermally Driven Cooling from Municipal Solid Waste." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-32117.

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Increasingly intensive efforts are being made to enhance energy systems via augmented introduction of renewable energy along with improved energy efficiency. Resource constraints and sustained high fossil fuel prices have created a new phenomenon in the world market. Enhanced energy security and renewable energy development are currently high on public agenda worldwide for achieving a high standard of welfare for future generations. Biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW) have widely been accepted as important locally-available renewable energy sources offering low carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Concerning solid waste management, it has become a critical issue in Southeast Asia since the most popular form for waste disposal still employs open dumping and landfilling. While the need for a complete sustainable energy solution is apparent, solid waste management is also an essential objective, so it makes sense to explore ways in which the two can be joined. Electricity production in combination with energy recovery from flue gases in thermal treatment plants is an integral part of MSW management for many industrialized nations. In Sweden, MSW is considered as an important fuel resource for partially meeting EU environmental targets within cogeneration. However it is normally difficult to justify traditional cogeneration in tropical locations since there is little need for the heat produced. Similarly, MSW-fired cogeneration usually operates with low capacity during non-heating season in Sweden. Therefore, it is very important to find new alternatives for energy applications from waste, such as the implementation of thermally driven cooling processes via absorption cooling in addition to electricity production. The work presented herein concentrates first on an investigation of electricity generation from MSW power plants and various energy applications from waste in tropical urban areas. The potential for various types of absorption chillers driven by MSW power plants for providing both electricity and cooling is of particular interest. Additionally a demonstration and analysis of decentralized thermally driven cooling in district heating network supplied by low temperature heat from a cogeneration of MSW have been conducted. This study aims at developing the best system configuration as well as finding improved system design and control for a combination of district heating and distributed thermally driven cooling. Results show that MSW incineration has the ability to lessen environmental impacts associated with waste disposal, and it can contribute positively towards expanding biomass-based energy production in Southeast Asia. For electricity production, the proposed hybrid dual-fuel (MSW/natural gas) cycles feature attractive electrical efficiency improvements, leading to greenhouse gas emissions reduction. Cogeneration coupled with thermally driven cooling is a solution that holds promise for uniting enhanced sustainability with economic advantages. The system offers great opportunity for primary energy saving, increasing electrical yield and can significantly reduce CO2 emissions per unit of cooling as compared to compression chiller. The demonstration and simulation have also revealed that there is a potential with some modifications and improvements to employ decentralized thermally driven cooling in district heating networks even in temperate regions like Sweden. Thus, expanding cogeneration towards trigeneration can augment the energy supply for summer months in Europe and for year-round cooling in tropical locations. QC 20110408

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Hedberg, Erika, and Helén Danielsson. "Potential for Absorption Cooling Generated from Municipal Solid Waste in Bangkok : A Comparison between Waste Incineration & Biogas Production with Combustion." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-57240.

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This master’s thesis has been performed in Bangkok, Thailand at the company Eco Design Consultant Co., Ltd. The aim is to investigate the possibilities to generate absorption cooling from municipal solid waste in the Bangkok area. The investigation includes a comparison between waste incineration and biogas production with combustion to see which alternative is preferable. During the investigation, a Swedish perspective has been used. The research for the report mainly consisted of published scientific articles from acknowledged sources as well as information from different Thai authorities. Also, experts within different areas were contacted and interviewed. In order to determine which of the two techniques (waste incineration or biogas production with combustion) that is best suited to generate absorption cooling, a model was designed. This model involved several parameters regarding e.g. plant efficiency, amount of treated waste and internal heat usage. As for the results of the model, three parameters were calculated: the generated cooling, the net electricity generation and the reduced greenhouse emissions. The overall Thai municipal solid waste generation in Thailand is estimated to approximately 15 million tons per year and the majority of the waste ends up at open dumps or landfills. There are only two to three waste incinerators in the country and a few projects with biogas generation from municipal solid waste. The main electricity is today generated from natural gas which makes the majority of the Thai electricity production fossil fuel based. As for absorption cooling, two applications of this technique has been found in Thailand during the research; one at the Naresuan University and one at the Suvarnabhumi airport in Bangkok. The model resulted in that the best alternative to power absorption cooling technique is waste incineration. This alternative has potential to generate 3200 GWh cooling per year and 1100 GWh electricity per year. Also, this alternative resulted in the largest decrease of greenhouse gas emissions, ‐500 000 tons per year. The model also showed that the same amounts of generated cooling and electricity can never be achieved from biogas production with combustion compared to waste incineration. Regardless, waste incineration has an important drawback: the citizens of Thailand seem to oppose further development of waste incineration in the country. The biogas technique seems more approved in Thailand, which benefits this alternative. Due to the high moisture and organic content in the municipal solid waste, a combination between the two waste handling alternatives is suggested. This way, the most energy can be withdrawn from the waste and the volume of disposed waste is minimized. Our overall conclusion is that the absorption cooling technique has great potential in Thailand. There is an increasing power‐ and cooling demand, absorption cooling generated from either or both of the alternatives can satisfy these demands while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. We also believes that the cost for using absorption cooling has to be lower than for the current compression cooling if the new technique is to be implemented further.

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Paoletti, Francesca [Verfasser]. "Behavior of oxyanions forming heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration / Francesca Paoletti. Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Karlsruhe." Karlsruhe : FZKA, 2002. http://d-nb.info/967951496/34.

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Bolin, Lisa, Hui Mien Lee, and Mattias Lindahl. "LCA of Biogas Through Anaerobic Digestion from the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW) Compared to Incineration of the Waste." Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-51291.

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Production of biogas through anaerobic digestion (AD) from the organic fraction of minucipal solid waste (OFMSW) was compared to incineration of the waste. At the moment, almost all of the OFMSW in Singapore is incinerated. Three different scales of biogas plants were compared to incineration: one large-scale biogas plant that can treat half of all OFMSW in Singapore; one medium- scale biogas plant about 15 times smaller than the large one; and one small-scale biogas plant that can treat waste from e.g. a shopping centre or food centre. Two alternatives for utilization of the biogas were also compared, generation of electricity and the use of the biogas in heavy vehicles. The combination of the different scales and the different utilization gives the six different scenarios. By using life cycle assessment (LCA) the different scenarios were compared in terms of global warming potential (GWP), acidification, eutrophication, energy use and land use. The results show that biogas production creates less environmental impact than incineration. The use of the gas as a vehicle fuel creates a bigger decrease of GWP, acidification and eutrophication than when using the gas for electricity generation. The prevention of leakage of biogas during production and upgrading is crucial for the environmental impact on GWP. A leakage of only a few percent of the produced gas will lead to a loss of all the gain in saved GHG-emissions.

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Yang, Cha. "Municipal Solid Waste Management in an urban area of China: Case studies of Shanghai, China and Linköping, Sweden." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-76770.

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With the rapid and large increase of waste quantities, China, surpassed the USA as the world’s largest municipal solid waste (MSW) generator since 2004. The phenomena and critical issues of MSWM in China inspired this paper to investigate and analyse the MSWM in an urban area of China. Comparing with the increasing rates of MSW generation, little has been done concerning the municipal solid waste management (MSWM). Not only the local government and authorities are responsible for the MSWM, but also the individuals are playing a significant role in MSWM. An integrated waste management system should be built in order to improve the holistic MSW system and reduce the waste production. The aim of the study is to investigate and analyse the current status and problems of MSWM in an urban area of China and to analyse to what extent a viable reduction of the MSW can be implemented and management systems to be improved in the near future. In this study, two case studies of Shanghai and Linköping are employed and compared to explore the challenges and potentials for improving the MSWM system in China. The result indicated that inadequate facilities and infrastructure, less advanced technology, insufficient public participation, low awareness of environmental protection, problems in policy and laws are the major barriers for the improvement of MSWM. Involving international environmental cooperation activities, planning a sustainable and comprehensive policy and framework for MSWM, introducing economic incentive approaches, promoting the capacities of waste management technologies, raising public environmental awareness are believed to be viable solutions to improve the MSWM system in China.

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Wasantakorn, Aran. "Efficient power generation by integrating a MSW incinerator with a combined cycle gas turbine plant." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369938.

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Olsson, Susanna. "Environmental assessment of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash in road constructions." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : KTH Land and Water Resource Engineering, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-435.

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Sharma, Sabita. "Life Cycle Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management regarding Green House Gas Emission: A Case Study of Östersund Municipality, Sweden." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik och hållbar utveckling, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-17409.

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This study aims to undertake a comprehensive analysis of different waste management systems for the wastes produced in Östersund municipality of Sweden with an impact assessment limited to greenhouse gas emissions and their total environmental effects in terms of global warming potential, acidification potential, and eutrophication potential. A life cycle assessment methodology is used by integrating knowledge from waste collection, transportation, waste management processes and the product utilization. The analytical framework included the definition of functional unit, system boundaries, complimentary system design, waste management, and partial use of the energy. Three different municipal solid waste management scenarios, incineration, composting, and digestion were considered for the study. All wastes from Östersund municipality were classified into biodegradable and combustible and thereafter treated for energy and compost production. Greenhouse gas emissions and total environmental impacts were quantified and evaluated their corresponding benefits compared to three different types of marginal energy production system. The results showed that the major greenhouse gas carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions are greater in composting scenario, whereas methane emission is greater in digestion scenario. Composting scenario that uses additional coal fuel has greater global warming potential and acidification potential compared to other scenarios. Composting scenario using wood fuel additional energy has greater eutrophication potential. The highest reduction in global warming potential is achieved when digestion scenario replace coal energy. The greater reduction in acidification and eutrophication potential achieved when digestion scenario replaced coal energy, and wood fuel respectively. Based on the assumptions made, digestion scenario appears to be the best option to manage solid waste of Östersund municipality if the municipality goal is to reduce total environmental impact. Although there may have plentiful of uncertainties, digestion and incineration scenario results are competitive in reducing environmental effects, and based on the assumptions and factors used for the analysis, the results and conclusions from this study appear to be strong. Key words: Solid waste, incineration, composting, digestion, total environmental effect, wood fuel, biogas.

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Karásek, René. "Transfer těžkých kovů při spalování odpadů." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233969.

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The municipal solid waste (MSW) is a heterogeneous material that consists mainly of organic and mineral substances, metals and water. After thermal treatment this waste redistributes into individual incineration products. This also holds for the metals contained in the waste. This thesis deals with the behaviour of heavy metals and their compounds during the incineration process. Determining the percentage content of heavy metals from the waste entering the process of thermal utilization is practically impossible. The principal aim is to determine the amount of each heavy metal in the MSW from the incineration products. The opening sections of the thesis deal with waste, options of incineration, flue gas cleaning processes and also with the problems of the heavy metals in the environment. The next section introduces recent developments, what possibilities there are for determining the heavy metals in the waste and methods of data evaluation. The experimental part of the thesis introduces of a four-day measuring process that was conducted at the MSW incineration plant SAKO, Inc. The samples of the individual products of incineration were taken and after the laboratory analysis the results for the selected heavy metals were processed. The results include statistical data analysis.

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Xiong, Yiqun. "Study on behavior of heavy metals in semi-aerobic landfill sites of municipal solid waste incinerator residues." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253263.

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Huang, Yi-Jui, and 黃奕叡. "Vitrification of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Ash." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/kpfx8u.

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碩士 國立成功大學 環境工程學系碩博士班 90 The quantity and variety of waste has recently increased with the economic rapid growth of Taiwan. Therefore, the government preaches high volume reduction efficiency incineration process and plans to build 36 incinerators before year 2004. The problem in treating great quantities of incineration ash will surface soon. It is thus urgent to develop a good technology for reclamation of reusable resources. This study focused on the treatment of municipal solid waste by melting process, and investigated the effluence of melting process from different basicity and additive. The transformation and leaching of heavy metals before and after melting process were also analyzed to determine the detoxifying quality of molten ash. The results of this study are summarized as follows: The incineration ash from municipal solid waste can be treated by the melting process and is well detoxified under 1450℃ operating for 1.5 hours. The ash started to melt when the range of the basicity was between 0.240 and 1.75. The best ratio for melting is ash : glass = 8 : 1; the volume and weight reduction ratio are 65 % and 26.7 % respectively. It shows that the melting process has the advantage of high volume and weight reduction rate. The heavy metal transformation among metal phase was mainly Fe and Cu, and Mg, Al, Ca and Si predominate among slag phase. The molten slag became smooth and hard in surface structure, glass luster and it had no apparent pore. The melting material vitrified as the basicity was lower than 1.24 and it contributed to reduce heavy metal leaching. The porosity of slag phase was between 0.18 % and 1.14 %, the water adsorption was between 0.12 % and 0.78 %; the compressing strength is higher than 600 km/cm2, even reach 760 kg/cm2. The water tolerant and compress strength of the slag reach 15 % and 150 kg/cm2, corresponding to the first grade brick standard. It is thus feasible to recover the molten ash as a recover resource.

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Aragon, Olvin Alberto Castillo, and 歐文. "Tegucigalpa Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Plant Prefeasibility Study." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16166376709032593759.

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碩士 國立臺灣科技大學 管理學院MBA 100 Honduras is a developing country in Central America with two major problems, its dependence on fossil fuel thermal energy and the lack of wastes treatment. This prefeasibility study aimed to analyze whether is possible to construct a municipal solid waste incineration plant in Honduras capital city Tegucigalpa, to properly treat the municipal solid waste and to generate electricity. In specific is to proof if Tegucigalpa solid waste and institutional framework fulfill the requirements to successfully apply incineration. Interview with Tegucigalpa’s City Hall representatives and a complete study of Honduras institutional framework was made. In addition, an interview with a Taiwan waste sector representative was made, to review the current incineration technologies and to analyze Honduras critical data, in order to decide which combination of technologies would fit better. From this study we found that Tegucigalpa waste fulfill the quality (9 MJ/kg) and quantity (more than 50,000 metric tons/year) required to incinerate. Furthermore, Honduras institutional network, especially the waste and energy sectors can provide important benefits to a municipal solid waste incineration plant. The results and analysis reveal that is feasibility for Tegucigalpa to reach the higher level in the solid waste management hierarchy and construct a MSW incineration plant. Therefore, this study can be use to make a political decision to start a further feasibility study and transform this idea into a concrete project.

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Ku, Shun-Rong, and 顧順榮. "Partitioning of Heavy Metals in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14258554571343433612.

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碩士 國立中央大學 環境工程研究所 83 This research investigates chemical, physical and structural properties of the ashes sampled from three MSWI. In addition to physicochemical properties such as specific surface area, particle size, morphology and elemental carbon content of the ashes particles, pH and chloride concentration of TCLP leachate can also affect the leaching behavior of heavy metals. Most trace metals would leach out more easily as TCLP leachate pH value decreases to acidic conditions except for Hg and As which tend to leach out in basic conditions. The resulting TCLP leachate pH after extraction seemed to have a greater effect on the metals contents than did pysicochemical factor in the various sized ash particles. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) and metal vapor were sampled from the stack of MSWI. The results of stack sampling show that metals with high vapor pressure, such as As and Hg, were mainly trapped on cooling system of sampler. Hg and As in gas phase were more than 80 percent and dominated the partitioning of metal. The results indicate that metals with low boiling points tend to penetrate through APCD unless a particular control device is installed to collect them. As can be seen from the results of metals content in ashes and stack emission, the heavy metal contents were fairly high in all sampling,especially Cd, Pb and Zn. The high contents of Cd, Pb and Zn in ashes possibly come from plastic materials in contained in MSW. Furthermore, concentrations of the more enriched elements in fly ashes compared to normal soil result in enrichment factors (ENF). The order of ENF in fly ash were Cd>Pb>Zn>Hg>Cu and Cd was higher than others.

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Li, Hong-Yi, and 李宏鎰. "A Study on Waste to Energy Performance for Municipal Solid Waste Incineration." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/g7vd64.

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碩士 國立臺北科技大學 環境工程與管理研究所 101 As economic developments and advance of the living standard, waste management becomes an important topic for environmental protection. So far, garbage disposal methods are mainly landfill, incineration, and resource recycle. In Taiwan, incineration is the main direction for current waste management policy due to not large enough geography area for constructing more sanitary landfills. In the meantime, transformation of Taiwan life style diverse disposals; hence, landfill method in Taiwan is foreseen its limitations. In order to operate profitably as well as comply government policy, Municipal Waste Incinerations (MWI) require sufficient disposals and co-generation power plant to maintain profitable operations. The purpose of this research is to analyze 24 incinerators between 2003 to 2012 and identify average value of electricity-generated inefficiency. The result implies that electricity-generated inefficiency for Taiwan incinerators decrease average 22.8% through time-being, which means the improvements of electricity production during this decade. The study also determines 0.113 as the minimum inefficiency value presented by Kaohsiung County Renwu Incineration plant, that implies higher efficiency. Additionally, the study also found that northern private-owned plants operate more efficiently than public-owned plants. Besides to Kaohsiung County Renwu incineration plant, a public-owned plants, Yilan County Letzer refuse incineration plant, New Taipei City Hsintien refuse incineration plant, and Chiayi City refuse incineration plant are relatively identified as higher efficiency private-owned plants. To comply with environmental protection policy, waste incinerators now require more general wastes to fulfill capacity and achieve certain profits. However, general wastes cause unstable effects for incinerators and operational difficulties, which is foreseen to damage incinerators as well as increase the maintenance costs. Suggest public-owned incinerators to recruit management professionals to increase operational efficiency and prevent financial deficits.

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GUPTA, SHUBHAM. "FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION USING WASTE TO ENERGY INCINERATION TECHNOLOGY." Thesis, 2016. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/15393.

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With rapid economic growth and massive urbanization in India, many cities face the problem of municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal. Improper management of municipal solid waste causes hazards to inhabitant. In an emerging economy like India, rapid population growth has further added to the intensity of waste generation. There has been increasing pressure in India to reduce green- house gases and CO2 emissions. The growth of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) has been skyrocketing as a result of growing urban population and industrialization. The MSWM (municipal solid waste management) system comprises with generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid wastes. The conversion of municipal solid waste (MSW) to energy can conserve more valuable fuels and improve the environment by lessening the amount of waste that must be landfilled and by conserving energy and natural resources. With the lack of space for new landfills, five technologies for waste to energy generation, namely biomethanation, incineration, gasification/pyrolysis, Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) and plasma arc gasification are playing an increasingly important role in waste management have been compared. Roorkee City being under holy district Haridwar is a target place of the government to clean it under “Swach Bharat Abhiyan” and “Ganga Bachao” programme, so in order to be part of these programmes Roorkee city is selected for the dissertation work. Effective waste management has been a big challenge in most developing cities including Roorkee. Collection and sorting of municipal wastes at source in Roorkee with the hope of reducing the indiscriminate dumping of wastes has never been realized. A study on the potential of generating green energy from municipal solid waste at Roorkee is presented in this dissertation. Roorkee is also a big generation city of MSW as city comprises of Industrial Area & Colleges also. The population of Roorkee city as per the census 2014 is 1.4 lakh. The study is conducted by collecting data from waste collection points of Roorkee city. The waste generation per day is around 200 tonne per day. The work represents study of current municipal solid waste management technique of Roorkee City and comparison of different Waste to Energy technologies.

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Chu, Chin-Hung, and 朱志弘. "Vitrification of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash by Thermite reaction." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15119974411170524032.

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碩士 國立中央大學 環境工程研究所 92 This study investigated the feasibility of melting fly ash for a recycling purpose, by using chemical energy released by the reaction of waste-derived thermite. Typical thermite tested in this study comprised of strong-exothermic aluminum and iron(Ⅲ) oxide, simulating aluminum dross from aluminum foundries and iron oxides from the fly ash and byproducts of steelworks in industrial practice. The self-propagating characteristics of the targeted thermite treating municipal solid wastes incinerator(MSWI) fly ash was evaluated by varying fly ash content in the starting mixture (thermite mixed with fly ash) from 5% to 35% by weight. The distribution of major elements (Al, Fe, Ca, and Si), and the partitioning of heavy metals during thermite type melting process were determined. The recovered alloy and slag were analyzed for their composition and engineering properties. The results indicate that the self-propagating temperature required a maximum fly ash content less than 30%, corresponding to a melting temperature higher than 2017K in this study. The maximum reaction temperature reached was found to be 3055K for thermite without addition of fly ash, depending on the fraction of heat loss from the thermite reactor. It was also noted that the recovery of slag increased with increasing MSWI fly ash content in the starting mixture whereas greater than 91% alloy, mainly iron, was recovered. The major elements in thermite and MSWI fly ash, including Al, Fe, Ca, Si, were evaluated. It was found expectedly that most of the iron was recovered in alloy, and aluminum in slag and secondary fly ash (generated from melting process, SFA). The distribution of Al to SFA decreased with increasing ash addition, showing the violent character of the thermite reaction was weakened. Calcium and silicon existed in MSWI fly ash as calcium oxides and silicon oxide, and were mostly recovered in slag. In the thermite reactions with half of the Al replaced by Mg, and with 100% excess of stoichiometric Al, it was found that the volatility of Pb was decreased; whereas the volatility of Cd and Zn was enhanced. Moreover, the recovered slag showed stable vitrified structure with extremely low TCLP leaching concentration of heavy metals which complies with current regulatory thresholds. The slag has a specific gravity less than 2, with apparent porosity ranging from 2-25%, and water adsorption from 1.6-16%. Most of the slag samples has a linear expansion less than 15%. The ability of anti-acid(base) corrosion for all slag samples is greater than 80%. This study demonstrated that a thermite reaction of aluminum and iron oxide treating MSWI fly ash was demonstrated to be a feasible approach to recover metallic resources and slag for construction materials.

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Chou, Fu-Yuan, and 周富源. "Production of Synthetic Stone From Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43649192721990185639.

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碩士 國立臺灣大學 化學工程學研究所 94 The utilization of municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash has to overcome the problems of high contents of chlorides and leaching of heavy metals. The feasibility of producing artificial aggregates from fly ash by a combined washing and sintering process, in which most alkali chlorides could be removed and heavy metals could be immobilized, has been studied. Fly ash, collected at the air pollution control units, was washed with deionized water, NaOH solutions (1-10 wt.%), and H3PO4 solutions (1-10wt.%), respectively, with a liquid/ solid weight ratio of 7. The dry washed samples were then pelletized with a pressure of 5000 psi. and were sintered at 900 ℃ and 1000 ℃ for 1 hour. The chlorine content of fly ash was markedly reduced after washing. Leaching tests of fly ash treated by the combined process showed that the amounts of heavy metals dissolved were less than the standard values set for the hazardous industrial wastes in Taiwan, only for fly ash washed with deionized water or with phosphorous acid solutions. However, the immobilization of heavy metals was more pronounced in the later case. In that case, heavy metal ions were immobilized in the matrix of calcium phosphate gel, and subsequently were stabilized in the sintered cylinders. The compressive strengths of sintered cylinders were greater for fly ash washed with phosphorous acid solutions. When 5 wt% and 10 wt% phosphorous acid solutions were used, the sintered cylinders did not disintegrate for a long period of exposure in ambient air; their compressive strengths (112~305 kgf/cm3) and values of Vickers hardness (1.65~5.37GPa) were comparable to that of bricks and marble. Fly ash treated by washing with phosphorous acid solutions and subsequent sintering may be considered suitable to use as a constructive material.

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Yan, Lin-Yu, and 顏琳育. "Speciation of Unburn Carbon in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Baghouse Ashes." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47476091460166943713.

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碩士 國立屏東科技大學 環境工程與科學系 94 Unburned carbon in coal and oil fly ashes hase been attracted much attention by many researchers, recently. Few of them have focused on the study of unburned carbon in municipal solid waste incineration baghouse ashes. This study collected baghouse ashes and sieved them into six fractions with sizes of >297μm, 210~297μm, 149~210μm, 104~149μm, 74~74μm, and <74μm, in order to investigate their physico-chemical properties. In addition, the absorption capacity of lead in aqueous solution by fractionated fly ashes were also conducted for which, the MSW sieved fly ashes could be used as solid adsorbants directly. Results show that 55.49％ of fly ash is in a size of 149~104μm. As the particle size reduces, the color of appearance of fly ashes turn from gray to gray-white, whereas the FT-IR spectrum of carbonaceous matters in ashes locates at 700, 1130 to 1590 cm-1. Two-dimensional infared correlation spectroscopy also confirmed that these three peaks are contributed from the same source. The carbonaceous matters locates in 2θ=26.5。in XRD spectra and seems to be increased as reducing particle size. From the SEM observation, more porous surface was obseved on the fine fly-ash particles. Besides, SEM-EDX and TGA analysis also found that the tendency of carbon content in fly ashes increase along with the reduction of particle size. Adsorption experiments of lead ions indicate that fractionated fly ashes show better removal efficiency than commercial carbon black and activate carbon. Removal efficiency of lead is not controlled by unburned carbon only, but also affected by calcium, silicon and chloride in ashes.

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Zhang, Xixi. "Conflicts and order : controversies over municipal solid waste incineration in China." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25568.

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Au cours des dernières décennies, nous avons été témoins de la croissance des controverses relatives à l’incinération des déchets solides municipaux dans de nombreuses villes du monde. Cela est particulièrement vrai pour les grandes et moyennes villes en Chine. Diverses catégories d’acteurs, y compris l’État, les autorités locales, les acteurs du marché économique et de la société civile, tentent d’exercer leur influence sur la construction, l’extension et/ou l’opération des incinérateurs. Même si les controverses relatives à l’incinération des déchets solides municipaux abordées par le passé dans plusieurs disciplines, nous ne sommes pas en présence d’une véritable compréhension collective suffisante de la stabilité et du changement à l’échelle méso. La thèse traite de la question suivante: dans les débats et les affrontements autour de l’incinération, comment et jusqu’à quel point les interactions et les compétitions entre contestataires et adversaires contribuent-elles à définir un champ d’action stratégique où la structure industrielle et les politiques de gestion des déchets dominées par l’incinération sont remises en question ou reconduites ? Pour répondre à cette question, cette étude considère l’incinération des déchets solides municipaux en Chine sous l’angle d’un champ d’action stratégique. Elle essaie de clarifier ce qui se passe dans ce champ sous trois aspects: les acteurs, les actions stratégiques et les retombées politiques. Faisant appel à une démarche de recherche qualitative, un grand volume de données primaires et secondaires a été amassé, y compris 42 entretiens semi-structurés, 557 posts en ligne, des rapports de recherche, des documents d’archives, des rapports d’évaluation de l’impact sur l’environnement, des nouvelles en ligne, des données statistiques et des documents de politique. À l’aide de ces données, cette étude approfondi la compréhension des relations entre, d’un côté les acteurs s’opposant aux activités découlant de l’incinération – les contestataires – et, de l’autre, les adversaires dans le champ d’action stratégique, mettant en lumière leurs arguments respectifs. En outre, le processus par lequel les militants utilisent les réseaux sociaux pour la mobilisation du consensus a reçu une attention supplémentaire. De plus, cette étude a analysé l’évolution des interactions entre les militants et les décideurs politiques et a contextualisé la transformation du champ au cours des dernières décennies. Les résultats ont montré que les controverses autour de l’incinération des déchets solides municipaux sont allées au-delà des préoccupations pour les intérêts personnels et le bien-être environnemental. Cela permet d’introduire des explications plus nuancées comparativement aux discours conventionnels concernant les protestations contre l’incinération, fournissant une compréhension systématique de l’activisme local. Cette analyse exploratoire a permis également de mieux comprendre la signification politique et sociale des controverses publiques à travers des pratiques locales de gestion des déchets. Dans un sens plus large, la thèse permet de revoir les notions usuelles à l’égard des relations entre conflits et ordre. The past few decades have witnessed the growth of controversies regarding municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration in many cities around the world. This is especially true when it comes to large and medium-sized cities in China. Various categories of actors—including the state, local authorities, market actors, and the civil society—seek to exert their influence on the construction, expansion, and/or operation of incinerators. Even though the controversies over MSW incineration have been discussed across a range of disciplines in previous literature, we are not in the presence of a sufficient collective understanding of stability and change of the meso-level social order. This dissertation addresses the following question: How and to what extent do interactions and competition between pro-incineration and anti-incineration groups contributes to defining a strategic action field (SAF) where the incineration-dominated industrial structure and waste disposal policies are challenged or maintained? To answer the question, this study considers MSW incineration in China an SAF and attempts to clarify what is happening in this SAF from three aspects: actors, strategic action, and policy impacts. Based on a qualitative research design, a great volume of primary and secondary data were collected, including 42 semi-structured interviews, 557 online posts, research reports, archival materials, environmental impact assessment reports, online news, statistical data, and policy documents. With the help of collected data, this study deepened the understanding of the relationship between proponents and opponents in the field of incineration and shed light on their respective arguments. In addition, the process through which activists used social media for consensus mobilization was given additional attention. Moreover, by analyzing the dynamics of the interplay between activists and policy makers, this study revealed and contextualized the evolution of the SAF over the past few decades. The findings showed that controversies around MSW incineration had gone beyond the concerns for personal interests and environmental well-being. This allows to introduce more refined explanations compared to conventional discourses regarding anti-incineration protests and provide a more nuanced understanding of local activism. This exploratory analysis also helped to better understand the political and social significance of public controversies through local practices of MSW management. In a broad sense, this dissertation makes it possible to review the usual conceptions with regard to the relations between conflict and order.

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HUNG, YU-JU, and 洪玉如. "Framework of Corporate Sustainability Report for Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Plants." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/e3g77m.

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碩士 國立臺北大學 自然資源與環境管理研究所在職專班 106 As requested by financial supervisory authorities, certain types of listed companies have to produce the “Corporate Social Responsibility Report” or “Corporate Sustainability Report”. These companies should reveal their operational performance in corporate governance, environment, and society through the reports. The reports not only make management systems more transparent and companies and their stakeholders. In addition, the booming economy brought by the Industrial Revolution has led to climate change and enormous greenhouse gas emissions. In the national greenhouse gas emission inventory, the “waste department” receives considerable attention as a specific investigation target. Waste disposal policies in Taiwan have moved from landfills to incineration facilities over time and have promoted resources recycling and landfill reduction through incineration. The environmental protection facilities service industry is closely related to the general public. It resolves various waste-producing problems, but it also suffers from its “stigma” as the “neighborhood avoidance facility”. However, in response to urbanization and circular economy, the environmental protection facilities service industry needs not only innovation but also communication with people. This study, therefore, intends to explore the compilation method of enterprise sustainability reports for the environmental protection facilities service industry, to identify potential risks for the enterprise in the process, and to additionally self-disclose and communicate with stakeholders for the better understanding of the overall operational processes and the improvement of the corporate image. The research method mainly relies on discussion and development of the relevant domestic laws and regulations, summarizing the importance of stakeholders and major issues for incineration plants, and further examining domestic cases to discuss and suggest on areas for improvement. This research focuses on waste incineration plants in the environmental protection facilities service industry as an example to propose strategies and recommendations for compiling corporate sustainability reports, which reduce public panic and anxiety for neighborhood avoidance facilities though active self-disclosure. There has also been the international encouragement that pushes the environmental protection facilities service industry to do so. Through the compilation process of corporate sustainability reports, more sustainable operation management can be achieved with the investigation of the industry performance on environment, society, and governance (ESG). In response to an internationalization of industries, foreign manufacturers have requested that before any order placements, government units should consider the issues of corporate social responsibility and sustainability, development trends and core businesses of each corporate in domestic and foreign regions. Sustainability issues should be understood in order to realize international integration. Through the self-disclosure of the Corporate Social Responsibility Report and the communication with stakeholder, corporate can reduce losses and move toward internationalization. The government should reward honorable enterprises for providing disclosure reports, fostering sustainability talents, raising more macro-topics and enhancing competitiveness.

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Xie, Wen-Sheng, and 謝文生. "Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ashes with Blended Waste Polethylene Terephthalate （PET）." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58706716595397106711.

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碩士 萬能科技大學 工程科技研究所 99 The aim of this work is to prepare harmless blends of waste polethylene terephthalate (PET) and fly ashes (FA). Systematically investigations of the physical and chemical properties of the PET/FA blends are reported. First, the aim of this study is the production of composites from waste PET and FA by means of a melt blending method using a twin-screw extruder. The PET/FA blends are expected to provide that the fly ashes are well encapsulated with PET/FA blend utilization technology, which is shown by the results of toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test. Then, FA was washed by water (WFA) to comprehend the effect of pre-treatment of FA on the physical and chemical properties of the PET/FA blends before blending with PET. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis of the FA/PET, WFA/PET specimens reveal that the decomposition temperatures (Td) reduce as their FA or WFA contents increase. As evidenced by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, no significant effect on the Tg and Tm values of FA/PET and WFA/PET specimens when their FA or WFA contents increase. The values of tensile strength of the PET/FA blends increase with the FA contents from 0 to 5 wt%. In contrast, the elongation at break obviously decreases with their FA contents. However, the tensile strength and the elongation at break of the WFA/PET blends decrease as their WFA contents increase from 0 to 5 wt%. As evidenced by the impact strength and abrasion testing, no significant effect on the impact strength of FA/PET and WFA/PET blends when their FA or WFA contents increase. Although the rate of wear loss of FA/PET and WFA/PET specimens increases as their FA or WFA contents increase, but the results of weight loss is much lower than the addition weight of FA or WFA. The results from the TCLP test illustrate that heavy metals can be encapsulated in PET and the maximum percentage of FA allowed in the blends is above 20%. Therefore, fly ashes blend with waste PET is a valuable technology for the utilization of fly ashes and waste PET.

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巫宗威. "Study on Engineering Performance of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash Concrete." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/764e5c.

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碩士 中國科技大學 建築系 105 Study on Engineering Performance of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash ConcreteThe MSWI bottom ash after optimum incineration left about 20% of the original weight, This type of ash was buried in the past。Landfills are becoming saturated these days, in order to avoid the secondary pollution, The promotion of new ash treatment methods is a priority. However, the natural resources in Taiwan are deficient,most of the raw materials in the construction industry rely on imports, Due to the long-term over exploitation of domestic sand material, we are faced with the shortage of resources crisis.Diversified use of MSWI bottom ash recycled materials, not only can make up for lack of natural materials in Taiwan, but also can reduce the construction of landfills effectively.This study based on the engineering application of MSWI bottom ash concrete, in order to increase the use of MSWI bottom ash. Following the Taguchi method, our MSWI bottom ash concrete manufacturing experiment include water binder ratios as 0.4, 0.44 and 0.48, MSWI bottom ash fine aggregate substitution ratio as 30%, 60% and 90%, MSWI bottom ash coarse aggregate substitution ratio as 0%, 20% and 40%, Addition amount of water reducing agent as 0.9%, 0.6% and 0.3%. Those parameters were used as input factors, compressive strength, slump, resistivity, ultrasonic and chloride ion as output factors. The experimental results showed that the optimal factor combination for compressive strength, ultrasonic, chloride ion were water binder ratio as 0.4, addition amount of water reducing agent as 0.9% and MSWI bottom ash fine aggregate substitution ratio as 30%, MSWI bottom ash coarse aggregate substitution ratio as 0%. The optimal factor combination for slump were water binder ratio as 0.48, addition amount of water reducing agent as 0.9% and MSWI bottom ash fine aggregate substitution ratio as 90%, MSWI bottom ash coarse aggregate substitution ratio as 20%. The optimal factor combination for resistivity were water binder ratio as 0.44, addition amount of water reducing agent as 0.3% and MSWI bottom ash fine aggregate substitution ratio as 30%, MSWI bottom ash coarse aggregate substitution ratio as 20%.

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Lin, Yen-Ching, and 林彥妗. "Characteristics of Residue Organic Compounds in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93153551878744368126.

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博士 國立臺灣大學 環境工程學研究所 99 Although heavy metals in bottom ash have been a primary issue in resource recovery of municipal solid waste incinerator residues in past decades, less studied are potentially toxic and odorous organic fractions that exist as they have not been completely oxidized during the mass burn process. The organic carbon residues contained in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWIBA) can be categorized into elemental carbon, extractable organic carbon and non-extractable organic carbon. The data showed the fraction of extractable organic carbon by water and dichloromethane are 110–1,670 mg kg-1 and 0–842 mg kg-1, respectively. The non-extractable organic carbon is in the range of several grams per kg of bottom ash, indicating most of the organic carbon residues are not easily water extractable. Therefore, there is a need to reveal the spectrum of the organic carbon residues in MSWIBA and to evaluate the effectiveness of using water washing as a pre-treatment process for reducing the environmental risk of the organic residues when recycling MSWIBA. In this work, two extraction techniques, soxtec extraction (SE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), were employed for the full spectrum of the organic carbon residues in MSWIBA before and after pre-treatment with water washing. Although organic compounds in raw bottom ash of different seasons extracted by SE and SFE showed obvious variability, organic compounds in water-washed bottom ash of different seasons extracted by SE and SFE showed noticeable stability. The major organic compounds such as phenols, chloro-organics and carboxylic acids in the weathered and water-washed bottom ash were quantitatively determined by GC-MS and those in washing water were determined with GC-MS after liquid-liquid extraction. For all the bottom ash samples, a total of 149 compounds were foun from weathered bottom ash and a total of 40 compounds were found from water-washed bottom ash. Organic compounds in water-washed bottom ash such as aliphatics, aliphatic amines, aromatic amines and aromatic compounds extracted by SFE and SE from different incinerators distributed over similar frequency and it was much lower than organic compounds in weathered bottom ash. The results of quantification demonstrated that fewer organic compounds were detected in water-washed bottom ash extraction with SFE and only one chloro-organic was identified from water-washed bottom ash by SE. It indicates the effectiveness of water washing as pretreatment for organics such as several phthalates (e.g., phthalic acid isobutyl tridec-2-yn-1-yl ester, dibutyl phthalate and 2-butoxyethyl butyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate), organic phosphates (e.g., octicizer and phosphoric acid isodecyl diphenyl ester), aromatic amines (e.g. 1-nitro-9,10- dioxo-9,10-dihydro-anthracene-2-carboxylic acid diethylamide and 3-bromo-N- (4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-propanamide) and aromatic compounds (other than amines) (e.g. 7-chloro-4-methoxy-3-methyl- quinoline and 2,3-dihydro-N- hydroxy-4-methoxy-3,3-dimethyl indole-2-one). The results here suggest that washing with water can be an effective pre- treatment step for removing odour-causing and environmental concerned organics.

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Chiang, Hsiung Jen, and 江雄仁. "An Operational Management Model for Large Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Plants in Taiwan." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74410013366989022244.

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HsiangHuang, Hsin, and 黃信翔. "Study on the recovery of Zinc from Municipal Solid Waste incineration fly ash." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/umrzzg.

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Chireshe, Amato. "Evaluation of municipal solid waste illegal disposal in Masvingo City, Zimbabwe: towards a sustainable solid waste management model." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27369.

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Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is a global problem as most local authorities fail to dispose MSW safely. In view of this, the study was aimed at evaluating environmental and health risks associated with municipal solid waste (MSW) illegal disposal as well as constraints faced by Masvingo City in MSWM, with a view to developing an alternative sustainable management model. The study, informed by the philosophy of pragmatism, employed a mixed methods design in which quantitative and qualitative data werecollected concurrently. Questionnaires comprising both close and open-ended questions, semi-structured interviews and site visits were used to collect data. The study population comprised participants from Masvingo City’s residential areas, Masvingo City Council employees, Environmental Management Agency (EMA) officials and informal waste pickers. A sample of 406 participants, comprising 354 residents from high-density, 16 residents from medium-density, 24 residents from low-density suburbs, six council employees, two EMA officials and four informal waste collectors participated in the survey. Concurrent triangulation was employed to analyse data. Basic numerical analysis was used for quantitative data while thematic data analysis was employed for qualitative data. Three main findings which emerged from the study were (a) Land pollution, air pollution, surface water pollution and loss of urban beauty, were the main environmental risks as at least 59 % of the respondents noted the four as environmental risks associated with illegal municipal solid waste disposal (b) Cholera, skin problems and malaria were the main health risks; and, (c) The main constraints related to MSW management were inadequate environmental education, lack of cooperation and participation from waste generatorsand lack of resources by Masvingo City . From the findings, 66 %, 52 % and 49 % of participants noted inadequate environmental education, lack of cooperation and participation, and lack of resources respectively as constraints faced by Masvingo City in MSWM. Basing on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that MSW disposal in Masvingo was a threat to the environment and human health and, as a result, a sustainable MSWM model was developed for Masvingo City. Environmental Sciences

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Su, Ming Hao, and 蘇銘顥. "Microbial community study of municipal solid waste incinerator anaerobic digestor adding municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash/fly ash." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78521253552866770648.

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碩士 國立中興大學 環境工程學系 93 Currently, a large amount of municipal solid waste is produced through various activities. Landfill has been practiced as the major treatment method in Taiwan. However, this treatment method is extremely constrained to the condiotions that the land is very scarce and the population density is very high in Taiwan. Thus, municipal solid waste incinerator is inevitably chosen as an effectively alternative for MSW treatment. Furthermore, the residues generated from the incinerator still remain 10 % of initial MSW weight and need to be treated further to prevent the secondary pollution. Generally, residues of incinerator are composed of bottom ash and fly ash. Recently, some researches were confirmed that these ashes could be used as a soil cover in landfill and had positive advantage for anaerobic digestion in landfill. However, we know very little regarding the microbial communities in such treatment method. Therefore, molecular technique of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was applied to investigate microbial community in this study. Combined with the parameter of digestors and VFA concentration, the effect of the microorganisms in anaerobic digestion was explored. According to the result of biogas production amount, the bottom ash addition in the ash/refuse ratio of 100 g/l and the fly ash addition in the ash/refuse ratio of 10 g/l and 20 g/l showed a beneficial effects on anaerobic digestion and accelerated the metaboism of microoranisms and methanogenesis was better than contorl reactors. It was also shown that the proportion of hydrogenotrophic methanogens in all microorganisms were more abundant than aceticlastic methanogens, in which Methanobacterials were dominant hydrogenotrophic methanogens. This indicated that there were vigorous hydrogen production in the reactor adding ashes. And the proportion of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) which can compete common substate (H2 and acetate) with methanogens was lower than methanogens, suggesting that SRB would not outcompete methanogens in such evironment and the existence of SRB won’t effect the process of anaerobic digestion. If addition of ashes in landfill was optimum, incinerator bottom ash and fly ash could be used as a soil cover. It had positive beneficial effect to stimunate the process of anaerobic digestion and it could increase the efficiency of methanogenesis. Therefore, the method of codigestion of MSW and ashes was demonstrated a efficicent way for biological resouces.

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Lin, Kun-Ying, and 林崑穎. "The study of diagnosis process for monitoring system of municipal solid waste incineration plant." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19975234864939197179.

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碩士 輔英科技大學 環境工程與科學系碩士班 94 Monitoring system is very important on operating municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration plant. But we don’t known how to know its efficiency. We think that a good monitoring system for MSW incineration plant has the following functions: status monitor, state assessment, data complement, and risk detection. In a case study, results showed no monitoring item are relative to the emissions of Dust, CO, SOx, and HCl. All the ratios of error are less than 10%. This monitoring system is a good status monitor on Dust emission and provides precise state assessment on steam generation and NOx control, but it can not monitor other air pollutants like SOx, HCl, Dust and CO.

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Zhang, Shun-Qin, and 張順欽. "Characteristics of Heavy Metals near a Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Plant during Construction Period." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51936822705442575681.

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碩士 國立成功大學 環境工程學系碩博士班 92 This study is to characterize the heavy metals from ambient air, water and sediment surrounding the U incinerator. We already established the background of it’s surrounding environment and collected local information of meteorology. Using these data and the ISCST3 model was used to estimate the influence of heavy metals ( Pb, Cd, Hg ) emitting from the U incinerator to the quality of water inlet and the water treatment plant in following conditions：1. normal operation 2. emergency effluent 3. re-operation. Furthermore, to evaluate the risk of public health. The study results were as follows : 1. the concentration of Pb in ambient air ranged from 0.0178 to 0.133 μg/Nm3 (mean＝0.042 μg/Nm3 ), concentration of Cd ranged from 0.00023 to 0.0031 μg/Nm3 (mean＝0.000905 μg/Nm3 ), and concentration of Hg ranged from 0.000014 to 0.0015 μg/Nm3 (mean＝0.000362 μg/Nm3 ). 2. the concentration of Mn ( mean＝19.9 mg/L ) and Ca ( mean＝47.4 mg/L ) were higher than other metals in water. Concentration of Pb in water ranged from ND to 0.008 mg/L, concentration of Cd ranged from ND to 0.00154 mg/L, and concentration of Hg is ND. 3. Concentration of Mg ( mean＝1645 μg/g ), Ca ( mean＝6709 μg/g ), Fe ( mean＝23572μg/g ) were higher than other metals in bottom sediments. The content of Pb ranged from 4.34 to 33.7 μg/g ( mean＝12.8 μg/g ), content of Cd ranged from 0.007 to 0.035 μg/g ( mean＝0.0215 μg/g ), and content of Hg ranged from ND to 0.0440 μg/g( mean＝0.0619 μg/g ). 4. In normal operation of the incinerator, the deposition of Pb ranged from 12.2 to 15.8 ng/m2．day ( mean＝14.0 ng/m2．day ), deposition of Cd ranged from 1.83 to 2.37 ng/m2．day ( mean＝2.10 ng/m2．day ), deposition of Hg ranged from 1.83 to 2.37 ng/m2．day (mean＝2.10 ng/m2．day ). 5. In emergency effluent, the deposition of Pb ranged from 848 to 1134 μg/m2．day ( mean＝986 μg/m2．day ), deposition of Cd ranged from 165 to 220 μg/m2．day ( mean＝191 μg/m2．day ), deposition of Hg ranged from 160 to 214 μg/m2．day ( mean＝186 μg/m2．day ). 6. In re-operation state, the deposition of Pb ranged from 6783 to 9074 μg/m2．day ( mean＝7885 μg/m2．day ), deposition of Cd ranged from 1017 to 1361 μg/m2．day ( mean＝1183 μg/m2．day ), deposition of Hg ranged from 1017 to 1361 μg/m2．day ( mean＝1183 μg/m2．day ). 7. the Hazard Quotient of the Cd and Hg were 5.47×10-10 and 9.12×10-10, both were lower than 1 which is the Hazard Quotient in law.

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Chang, Zih Xiang, and 張祉祥. "Study on the Sintering of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash for Construction Materials." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59752375967974482887.

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碩士 國立中央大學 環境工程研究所 87 The decreasing availability of landfill sites, the growing amount of municipal solid waste (MSW), and the increasing disposal costs have hastened efforts to adopt incineration technologies and energy recovery strategies. By the year 2004, the completion of 36 MSW incinerators will generate more than 4000 tons incineration ashes each day, which has to be properly treated, disposed of, or recovered. Recognizing the trend toward more usage of bottom ash as constructional materials, the author investigated the feasibility of recovering bottom ash as aggregates, by sintering size-fractioned MSW incinerator bottom ashes (particle size less than 1.41 mm and between 4.76-1.41 mm) at 400-1000 degree C for 60-240 min, to determine their sintered characteristics such as compressive strength, heavy metal leachability, and principal material properties. The results indicate that the pH of the TCLP leachate for the fine and the coarse ashes, ranging from 10.04-11.49, and from 7.49-11.26, respectively, showed a decreasing trend with increasing sintering temperature. Correspondingly, the acid-neutralization capacity for both ashes decreased with increasing sintering temperature. In addition, for both ashes, the compressive strength of the sintered monoliths, ranging from 500-550 kgf/cm2, slightly decreased when the sintering temperature was increased from 400 degree C to 600 degree C. Problems such as deformation may result from the melting of glassy substance in the ash when the bottom ash was sintered at higher than 1000 degree C. Moreover, when sintering between 800 to 1000 degree C, the sintered bottom ash may be destroyed due to the formation of calcium salts and/or aluminum. The decomposition of calcium carbonate at 650degree C, releasing significant amount of carbon dioxide, may also cause the destruction of the monolith. Based on considerations of the loss on ignition, volume change, water adsorption, soundness, bulk density, and the compressive strength of the sintered ash, the general results from the experiments suggest that acceptable aggregates meeting Chinese National Standards(CNS) for permeable block can be developed by sintering the bottom ash between 400 to 600 degree C after removing its coarse impurities.

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Cid, Eva Berenice Rivera Del, and 蕾薇拉. "Ecotoxicity Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Bottom-Ash Wastewater Using Plant Bioassays." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40631036027158619072.

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博士 國立屏東科技大學 熱帶農業暨國際合作系所 99 Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is one of the most widely accepted technologies for waste disposal. However, in spite of its advantages, this process generates many kind of ash wastes, which if managed improperly can increase environmental pollution. Through the years it has become generally accepted that, chemical data alone do not allow evaluation of toxic effects. Reason for which, plant bioassays are gaining more importance, since they are inexpensive and in many cases more sensitive than other available systems. Two concentrations (50 and 100%) of MSWI bottom-ash wastewater (treated and untreated) were used for germination and root elongation tests of Ipomoea aquatica (water spinach) and two Oriza sativa (rice) varieties, Variety 9 and Variety 139. In addition, water spinach was hydroponically grown in order to asses the MSWI bottom-ash wastewater. Results for hydroponically grown water spinach show that 50% of untreated wastewater resulted in acute toxicity (plants died within less than 24 hours). Uses of lower doses (3 and 6%) of both types of wastewater presented no significant difference when compared to the control. Seed germination inhibition ranged from 21 to 30% in water spinach and from 7 to 35% in rice. Root length in water spinach and in rice Variety 139 was only inhibited by the use of 100% untreated wastewater, the rest of the treatments promoted root length. Root length in rice Variety 9 was inhibited by both treated and untreated wastewater (16% reduction). Overall, for seed germination and root elongation tests the use of 100% treated and untreated wastewater (trt100 and unt100) were the most toxic for both species. Results from both bioassays sustain that; biological assays can be effectively used to complement physical and chemical analysis in order to asses wastewater effluent toxicity. Further treat the wastewater by physical (filtration) or chemical means in order to reduce not only the dissolve solute content but also to lower the pH and the salt content of the wastewater. Special attention must be place to the accumulation of heavy metals (e.g., Sr, Cu, Sn) in living organism that grow near MSWI facilities or plants that are irrigated with MSWI wastewater effluents.

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Lee, Cheng-Po, and 黎正博. "Using Microtox to assess the stabilization efficacy of carbonated municipal solid waste incineration residues." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/dxywxt.

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碩士 國立中央大學 環境工程研究所在職專班 107 In this study, to understand the changes of the hazard associated with the pre- and post-carbonation of the municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) residues (both bottom ash and fly ash) from the perspective of “biological effect”, the Microtox bioassay was adopted in this investigation. In the meantime, analysis of the reproducibility, repeatability, and sensitivity of the assay was performed. Results from this study may help determine the correlation between chemical and ecotoxicological characteristics of the MSWI residue leachates and also if the chemical analysis alone would be sufficient to be a basis for the regulation on the harmlessness of solid waste. Throughout the experiments, it was found that for Microtox assay, pH adjustment of the TCLP leachates was a necessitate in an effort to eliminate the interference resulting from elevated hydroxide levels of MSWI residues. Further, toxicity was not equilibrated in Microtox within the 15 min exposure suggested by the protocol, indicating that to avoid underestimation of sample toxicity, appropriate exposure periods should be cautioned. Most surprisingly, Microtox readings showed that toxicity increased after carbonation. Nonetheless, all the tested samples were classified as the 5th level material – which is non-toxic.

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Ho, Kai-Chang, and 何凱彰. "The Study on Municipal Solid Wastes Incineration Policy in Taiwan." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88262468956461058120.

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碩士 國立雲林科技大學 企業管理系碩士班 90 This study is through secondary data and semi-structure interview methods to realize the development procedure of municipal solid wastes incineration policy. Moreover, this study utilize the EPA statistic data that the cleaning number of municipal solid wastes decreased year after year to express government wants to use incinerator’s over measured-capacity to demonstrate general industry solid wastes problem. Besides, to synthesize former research about substance produced by trash incineration to realize the advantage and disadvantage of trash incineration method. This study also uses the analysis from the interaction between each incineration policy mover’s concernment with each other and applies the built process of incinerator in Yunlin as case study. In this case through the interaction and position of each movers understand the operation of municipal solid wastes incineration policy in pushed about pursuit. After analysis, this research can get some conclusion as below: 1.conclusion: (1) Due to central government is lack of overview consideration to cause the incomplete policy. (2) The key of government in pushed is local city and people need to have the same conscience. (3) The production is under time and space background. (4) The trash incineration policy is not the only method. (5) The Incinerator industry of flourishing, causing government has to promote the policy of wastes incineration. 2.Suggestion: （1） The role of local government is more important. （2） Government has to concern about the issue proposed by people. （3） Resources re-distribute. （4） Center government should use resource recycle performance to evaluate the built of incineration pants. （5） To build the industry solid wastes disposal institution. （6） Monitor business strictly for people’s survivable right and establish commission system to build nongovernmental monitor organization.

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Li, Chi-Hua, and 李其樺. "The development of diagnosis tool for the monitoring performance of municipal solid waste incineration plant." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64197902269751752965.

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碩士 輔英科技大學 環境工程與科學系碩士班 94 Incineration has been popularly used to dispose of municipal solid waste in Taiwan. A modern Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Plant (MSWIP) is always equipped with Digital Control System (DCS) to handle such a complex mechanism as waste incineration. In these DCSs, there are enormous monitoring data of continuously recording the real-time combustion state. So we can get a huge database of monitoring data after a long term operation of waste incineration. The objective of this study is to develop a diagnosis tool that can evaluate the performance of DCS in MSWIP. I selected a large MSWIP located at the South Taiwan to be the studied plant. After a preliminary system analysis, I found that the monitoring database of our studied plant is facing a serious problem of missing data. So we use the Pearson Correlation Index, Cluster analysis, and the Sensitivity of Neural Networks to judge the importance of each monitoring factor, then to evaluate how severe situation we are facing. In my study, I have develop several packages composed of Pearson Correlation Index, Missing Data analysis, Simulation model of Neural Networks, Sensitivity Analysis of Neural Networks, K-Means Data Cluster, Hierarchical Data Cluster via Matlab® program. After comparisons among my developed packages, we recommended that those packages of Missing Data analysis, Sensitivity Analysis of Neural Networks, Hierarchical Data Cluster are powerful to analyze the performance of DCS. While pursuing the optimization of waste incineration, I also recommend the simulation models of Neural Networks with respect to NOx, power generation included in the diagnosis tool. Overall my study could push a more reliable design of DCS in MSWIP.

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HU, JHIH-HAO, and 胡智豪. "Detoxification of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash and recycle for producing concrete and glass." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52766170059253874289.

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碩士 國立聯合大學 環境與安全衛生工程學系碩士班 105 Abstract Almost of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash in Taiwan was treated by cement solidification/stabilization and final disposed, which does not meet the principles of waste minimization and reutilization. In this research, two MSWI fly ashes from M and H plants were studied in two parts: (1) detoxification of M fly ash and mixing with textile sludge to produce cement mortar. (2) inediblenormal glass made fromH fly ash and crystal glass made from H fly ashextractedlead-containing sludge. The results of detoxification of M fly ash show that water extraction of L/S (1.2) + 2 days of aging + acid stabilization combined with aging was the best method. TCLP-Pb of M fly ash couldbe reduced from 10.3 mg/L to all heavy metals passing the regulatory limits and water soluble chloride content reduced from 23.6% to 0.77%. In the detoxified fly ash mixing with textile sludge to produce cement mortar, textile sludge was pretreatedat 550°C to remove organics.Thereafter, cement mortarswere made of different ratios of textile sludge ash + cement + sand, and the best compressive strength of 271 kgf/cm2(higher than the governmental standard for structural concrete, 210 kgf/cm2) was carried out with the composition was22%textile +53%cement +25%sand). Furthermore, cement was replaced with0, 5, and 10% detoxified fly ash to test the variation of compressive strength.A best compressive strength of 278 kgf/cm2at 91th day, higher than the former mortar because of detoxified fly ash playing as apozzolanicmaterial,was found withthe composition of 22% textile sludge ash + 10% detoxified fly ash + 43% cement + 25% sand. In addition, leaching test show that all heavy metal concentrations were far lower than regulatory limits. In the normal glass made from H fly ash, the best result was R-3 (30% reacted fly ash + 30% Na2CO3 + 40%SiO2/1% activated carbon /1,300 °C) with Na-Ca-Si structure; moreover, no porosity, and leaching concentrations of Cd and Pb were below regulatory limits in accordance with ISO 7086-2:2000; density and refractive index (nD) were 2.67 g/cm3 and 1.573 respectively, better than that of market normal glass (density of 2.67 g/cm3 and refractive index of 1.573). In the crystal glass made from lead-containing sludge was P-3 (20% fly ash extracted sludge + 40% K2CO3 + 40%SiO2 + 5%TiO2/1,300 °C) with K2O-PbO-SiO2 structure. Additionally, no porosity and leaching concentrations of Cd and Pb were ND; density and refractive index were 2.75 g/cm3 and 1.600 respectively, better than that of the former normal glass made of H fly ash, and achieve the multiple purposes of saving the Earth's resources and resources reutilization. Keyword: MSWI fly ash; Detoxification; Chloride ion; Lead-containing sludge; Glass

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Pham, Long, and Long Pham. "Ecological Risk Assessment of Using Taiwan's Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash in Concrete Tetrapods." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/rt46y3.

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碩士 國立東華大學 自然資源與環境學系 106 This study looks into a theoretical scenario where tetrapods were produced with various percentages of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash used as aggregate replacement. The incineration of municipal wastes is not a permanent solution for waste management. Therefore, the use of bottom ash in tetrapod productions offers another method for disposal or recycling of bottom ash, while also adding other benefits such as the reduction of natural resource usage (gravel). Some considerations were necessary to completely run and analyze the scenarios at an overestimation or a worst case scenario for the risk assessment. There were four bottom ash replacement scenarios tested with bottom ash data from four different cities in Taiwan and a scenario where the regulated toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) limit would be used as the bottom ash data: 30%, 50%, 60%, and 70% replacement with Yilan, Keelung, Taipei, New Taipei, and TCLP limit bottom ash data. The different cities were chosen to represent big and small cities in Taiwan while also being close to the northeast coast, which could benefit from tetrapod usage. The heavy metals of interest for this study are lead, cadmium, chromium, and copper because they were the most commonly tested metals for TCLP. The results of the scenarios were assessed with Taiwan’s sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and Hakanson’s methods. Both methods showed chromium to be the lowest in all cities and replacement percentages while cadmium was shown to have the highest impacts of all the metals in this study. Overall, the heavy metal’s ecological impacts in the study would be in the order of cadmium > copper > lead > chromium. Based on the results, future studies could consider focusing on reducing cadmium concentrations in bottom ash by way of additional steps in the pretreatment of bottom ash.

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Chen, Liping, and 陳麗萍. "Detoxification of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash and Recycle for Producing Concrete and Brick." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/mx9ac8.

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碩士 國立聯合大學 環境與安全衛生工程學系碩士班 101 Almost of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash in Taiwan was treated by cement solidification/stabilization and final disposed in isolated landfill sites; however, which does not match the principles of waste treatment and resource reuse. In this research, two domestic A and B large incineration plants fly ashes were studied to explore the feasibility of detoxification and reutilization. Water extraction experiments were carried out first and the results show that the higher L/S, the lower ion concentration release in low-speed water extraction processes was found; in addition, with the increases in the L/S ratio and the water extraction time, some of the ions release had slowed down. Also, all of TCLP-Cd and -Pb passed the regulatory standard. In medium-speed water extraction processes, ions were rapidly released from fly ash and significant removals of much Pb and parts of Cd ions were detected; moreover, TCLP-Cd and -Pb also passed the regulatory standard. Thereafter, an optimal water extraction process was summarized and achieved that the water soluble chloride ion contents were at the range of 6.6–11.3% and the A and B fly ashes passed the TCLP test and became non-hazardous fly ashes (NHFA). Some advanced experiments for reducing water soluble chlorides was conducted after the previous water extraction experiments. The results show that the thermal treatment of fly ash does not benefit the stabilization of heavy metals and the reduction of water soluble chlorides; however, adding phosphates might slightly reduce the water soluble chlorides of fly ash. Twice water extraction for fly ash could significantly reduced the water soluble chlorides to 1.08%, verifying that more water extraction and increasing the L/S ratio could decrease the water soluble chlorides. Furthermore, an optimal water extraction at 50 °C could notably reduce the dioxin content of fly ash. Finally, the NHFA was reused for producing cement mortar and brick. The results of cement mortar show that the addition of 10% NHFA as pozzolanic fine aggregate filling the micro-pores of cement mortar not only dramatically reduce the dissolutions of heavy metal and water soluble chlorides but also enhance the compressive strength about 20–150 kgf/cm2. In the reuse for producing brick, increase of NHFA ratio would increase the water absorption and decrease the bulk density and volume shrinkage. The produced brick fired at 1,100 °C could meet the CNS first brick standard, and the compressive strengths of all of 10% NHFA bricks could also meet the CNS first brick standard. Moreover, the heavy metal concentrations in TCLP test for all bricks were far below the regulatory limits. In summary, the feasibility of detoxification of MSWI fly ash and reusing NHFA for producing concrete and brick was verified.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Municipal solid waste incineration'

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