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Li, Xiaomin. "Accelerated carbonation of municipal solid waste incineration residues." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2008. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/8399/.
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Incineration can reduce the mass and volume of municipal waste significantly but produces solid waste in the form of bottom ash and air pollution control (APC) residues. Landfill is currently the most commonly used disposal option for these ash residues, however, the impact of hazardous compounds in these wastes on the environment during landfilling is becoming more widely appreciated and cheaper, alternative, management options need to be explored. In this research, the treatment of these municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) residues by accelerated carbonation is investigated and compared with naturally aged ashes. Both bottom ash and APC residues were carbonated in an atmosphere composed of gaseous CO2. It was found that the carbonation of calcium oxides/hydroxides resulted in the rapid formation of calcium carbonate and that silicate compounds were hydrated. The reduction of pH from 12-12.5 to 7-9 observed upon carbonation was associated with a reduction in availability of soluble salts and meals. Carbonated ash had a higher buffering capacity to acid attack when compared to the untreated, non-carbonated, ash. The bottom and APC ashes sequestrated between 6% and 13% CO2 (w/w dry weight), respectively upon carbonation; and this may be important where the reduction of greenhouse emissions to the atmosphere is concerned.
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Xiong, Yiqun. "Study on behavior of heavy metals in semi-aerobic landfill sites of municipal solid waste incinerator residues." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253263.
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Lampris, Christos. "Solidification/stabilisation of air pollution control residues from municipal solid waste incineration." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/18973.
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Air pollution control (APC) residues are by-products of the flue gas cleaning process in energy-from-waste (EfW) plants treating municipal solid waste. They are classified as a hazardous waste in the EU Waste Catalogue and are a priority hazardous waste stream in the UK due to high alkalinity, concentrations of volatile heavy metals and soluble salts. Plans currently exist to increase the number of EfW plants in the UK, with the potential to increase future arisings of APC residues. Stabilisation/solidification (S/S) is an inexpensive treatment technology, involving mixing of the waste with cementitious binders. The main objective of this research is to assess the effectiveness of CEM I and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as S/S binders for the treatment of APC residues. The ultimate goal is to expand existing knowledge on S/S systems and assist development of more sustainable treatment methods for APC residues. S/S APC residue specimens were prepared varying the waste-to-binder and water-to-solids ratios and subsequently tested for physical properties and contaminant leaching according to international standards. Geochemical modelling was used to assess contaminant release-controlling processes and contribute to more efficient mix and treatment design. Results from this study indicate that mechanical properties of 50 wt.% CEM I and GGBS mixes exceed UK landfill disposal criteria (1.0 MPa), achieving unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values of up to 21 MPa. CEM I mixes with 10 and 20 wt.% binder addition also met the criterion of 1.0 MPa, achieving UCS values of up to 10 MPa. In contrast, 10 and 20 wt.% GGBS mixes exhibited inferior mechanical properties (UCS < 1.0 MPa). S/S is hampered predominantly by high concentrations of chloride in APC residues. All monolithic S/S samples exceeded relevant UK waste acceptance criteria (monWAC) for chloride (20,000 mg/m2) within the first two days of the 64-day monolithic leaching test. Altough partial immobilisation occurs through the formation of chloro-complexes, S/S of APC residues would require binder additions greater than 50 wt.% to meet UK requirements for landfill disposal. Leaching of Pb also becomes problematic for mixes with 10 and 20 wt.% binder addition, exceeding UK monWAC (20 mg/m2). Nevetheless, the amphoteric nature of heavy metals and the high solubility of chloride salts could favour extraction of potentially valuable elements through washing procedures. Modelling results indicate that a simple washing step may be able to extract 650 mg of Pb and 120 mg of Zn per kg of APC residues treated, while removing approximately 90% of available chloride.
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Maldonado, Alameda Alex. "Alkali-activated binders based on municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672107.
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Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is the most widely used solution in those countries where landfilling areas are limited. Incineration allows reducing the total volume of waste (up to 90%) and generating energy resulting from combustion. The main by-product generated in waste-to-energy plants is known as incineration bottom ash (IBA), which is a heterogeneous mixture of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, ceramics, and glass. IBA is classified as a non- hazardous material due to its composition rich in calcium oxide, silica, and iron. IBA composition and morphology are very similar to natural siliceous aggregates after an ageing treatment where the weathered bottom ash (WBA) is obtained. This maturation process makes feasible the WBA valorisation as a secondary aggregate in the field of construction and civil engineering. Moreover, the high percentage of glass and aluminium found in the WBA would allow its valorisation as a precursor in the alkali-activated binders (AABs) formulation. The main goal of this PhD thesis was the scientific and technological development of new AABs based on the alkali activation of WBA (AA-WBA binders), to reduce the use of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in building and civil engineering fields. In this sense, this aim is related to the use of more sustainable cement-based materials, which promote the circular economy and zero-waste principle through the valorisation of WBA. The potential of WBA as a precursor in the AA-WBA binders’ formulation was evaluated along with the PhD thesis through different studies that can be classified into four blocks. The first block was based on the evaluation of the WBA potential as a precursor in AABs based on its particle size. This study demonstrated the variability in the reactive SiO2 and Al2O3 availability as a function of the particle size. The potential of the entire fraction (EF) and the 8-30-mm fraction highlighted the possible use of them as precursors in the AABs formulation. The second block of this thesis was focused on the study of AA-WBA binders using the WBA as a sole precursor. Mixtures of sodium silicate (WG) and NaOH (2M, 4M, 6M, and 8M) were used as alkaline activator solutions to assess the effect of the NaOH concentration on the final properties. It was demonstrated the possibility of developing AA-WBA. The influence of alkaline activator solution concentration on the final properties of the AA-WBA was evidenced, obtaining better mechanical performance with the use of the WG/NaOH 6M solution. The results revealed the enhancement in the mechanical properties when the 8-30-mm fraction was used. However, the environmental results revealed
arsenic and antimony leaching values that require further research to validate the environmental feasibility of AA-WBA. In the third block, the 8-30-mm fraction was mixed with other precursors with greater availability of Al2O3 (metakaolin and PAVAL®). The main purpose was to improve the mechanical properties and the heavy metal stabilisation effect of the AA- WBA obtained in the second block. In both cases, mechanical performance was improved due to the inclusion of Al2O3. However, the environmental properties continued to show leaching values that did not ensure the environmental viability of the AA-WBA binders. Finally, the fourth block of the thesis was focused on carrying out an environmental and ecotoxicological assessment to validate the use of AA-WBA binders as construction material. The results showed a medium-low level of ecotoxicity in the AA-WBA formulated with the 8-30-mm fraction, similar to the binders activated with MK (AA-MK).<br>El principal subproducte generat durant la incineració de residus sòlids urbans es coneix com a cendra de fons. La seva composició és molt similars als agregats silícics naturals després d’un tractament d’envelliment on s’obté la cendra de fons madurada (weathered bottom ash; WBA segons les sigles angleses). El seu alt contingut en vidre i alumini el converteixen en un potencial candidat com a precursor en la fabricació d’aglutinants activats alcalinament (alkali-activated binders, AABs segons les sigles angleses). L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi doctoral va consistir en el desenvolupament de AABs mitjançant l’activació alcalina de WBA (aglutinants AA-WBA). El potencial de la WBA i els aglutinants AA-WBA es va avaluar mitjançant diferents estudis que es poden classificar en quatre blocs. Al primer bloc es va avaluar el potencial de WBA com a precursor en funció de la seva mida de partícula. Aquest estudi va demostrar el potencial de la fracció sencera i de la fracció 8-30 mm. El segon bloc es va centrar en l’estudi d’aglutinants AA-WBA que utilitzaven el WBA com a únic precursor. Es va evidenciar la influència de la concentració de la solució activadora alcalina en les propietats finals dels aglutinants AA-WBA. Els resultats van revelar la millora de les propietats mecàniques quan es va utilitzar la fracció 8-30 mm. No obstant, els resultats ambientals van revelar valors de lixiviació d'arsènic i antimoni que requerien la validació a nivell ambiental dels aglutinants. Al tercer bloc, la fracció 8-30 mm es va barrejar amb altres precursors rics en d’Al2O3 (metakaolin i PAVAL®) per millorar les propietats mecàniques i l’estabilització de metalls pesants dels aglutinants obtinguts al segon bloc. En ambdós casos, es va millorar el rendiment mecànic, tot i que les propietats ambientals van continuar mostrant valors de lixiviació que no asseguraven la viabilitat ambiental dels aglutinants AA-WBA. Finalment, al quart bloc es va realitzar una avaluació ambiental i ecotoxicològica per validar l’ús d’aglutinants AA-WBA com a material de construcció. Els resultats van mostrar un nivell mitjà-baix d’ecotoxicitat a l’AA-WBA formulat amb la fracció de 8 a 30 mm, similar als aglutinants activats amb MK (AA-MK).
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Olsson, Susanna. "Environmental assessment of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash in road constructions." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : KTH Land and Water Resource Engineering, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-435.
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Wasantakorn, Aran. "Efficient power generation by integrating a MSW incinerator with a combined cycle gas turbine plant." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369938.
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Rhea, Lisa R. "Mineral Solubilization from Municipal Solid Waste Combustion Residues: Implications for Landfill Leachate Collection Systems." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000534.
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Wilkes, Timothy. "The treatment of municipal solid waste air pollution control (MSW APC) residues with sodium silicate." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2005. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/773426/.
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Waste materials are hazardous if they display toxic, corrosive or other characteristics which have the potential to cause danger to health or the environment. New regulations to meet the requirements of the Landfill Directive contain controls on hazardous waste including the requirement to pre-treat hazardous waste prior to disposal and to ensure these wastes meet stringent waste acceptance criteria (WAC) on leachability. Waste from the cleaning of combustion gases produced from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration is classed as hazardous by virtue of their corrosive properties. The majority of these air pollution control (APC) residues which contain dioxins, heavy metals and high levels of chloride are currently sent to landfill. To meet the new controls, pretreatment will be required to improve the handling properties and reduce the release of chloride ions into the environment. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is used to treat hazardous wastes. The solid form produced with the addition of OPC is however susceptible to degradation from aggressive leaching fluids and may release contaminants over time. Additives with high silica content can be used to interact with free lime produced during OPC hydration to improve the physical and chemical properties of the solid waste form. The treatment of MSW APC residues with sodium silicate and cement produces a solid waste form with a reduced structural integrity and a tendency to breakdown under attack from aggressive fluids. Silica 'gels' are formed during initial setting reactions which 'depolymerise' with fluid ingress to form new calcium rich silica 'gels' within cracks and voids of the solid waste form. Expansion due to water absorption and continual 'gel' formation causes structural failure. The addition of sodium silicate to sludges produced from a current treatment by mixing MSW APC residues with other mixed hazardous waste improves strength development by 'encapsulating' the waste sludge inside a calcium/silica 'gel'. This stops components of the sludge from interfering with normal OPC hydration. The treatment of MSW APC residues with sodium silicate will not produce a solid form to meet the new waste acceptance criteria. However, sodium silicate has the potential to improve handling and structural integrity of the sludge produced from the current treatment process.
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Zhu, Fenfen. "Technological Development of an Effective Recycling System for Fly Ash from Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator to be Raw Material in Cement Industry." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/66206.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・課程博士<br>博士(工学)<br>甲第14148号<br>工博第2982号<br>新制||工||1443(附属図書館)<br>26454<br>UT51-2008-N465<br>京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻<br>(主査)教授 津野 洋, 教授 森澤 眞輔, 教授 酒井 伸一<br>学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Cardoso, Antonio J. "Relationship of waste characteristics to the formation of mineral deposits in leachate collection systems." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001266.
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Bröms, Axelsson Emilia. "Kloridutlakning från flygaska : möjligheten till en lokal hantering." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-107893.
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In Sweden, there are limits to how much leachable substances waste must contain in order to be deposited as hazardous waste. Fly ash from waste incineration often end up over the limit, mainly due to the chloride content. Fly ash is therefore often deposited abroad. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility to handle fly ash locally. To clarify how the law is applied, environmental reports and permit documents from ten waste sites with permission to deposit fly ash were studied. In addition, a literature study was made to review the state of knowledge regarding the treatments of fly ash. The treatment methods are numerous, but are at different levels of commerciality. Among the treatments available there are both physical, chemical, biological, electrical and thermal variants. Many of the treatments (except for carbonation and microbial bioleaching) results in chloride levels below the limits. Several are however unrealistically expensive or generate wastewater with high levels of chloride that would need further treatment. Three plants out of the ten holding permits to deposit fly ash, have exemptions from the limit for chlorides. It's however difficult to see a common reasoning for allowing exemptions. In several cases there are sensitive receiving waters downstream from the landfill. One reason to be dispensed despite this sensitivity, may be the guidance that EPA issued. It is not formulated any specific concerns relating to chlorides. One handles therefore often high levels of chloride in the leachate as a dilution problem, not a leaching problem.<br>I Sverige finns det gränsvärden för hur mycket utlakningsbara ämnen avfall får innehålla för att kunna deponeras som farligt avfall. Flygaska från avfallsförbränning hamnar ofta över gränsen för vad som får deponeras, främst p.g.a. kloridinnehållet, och askan deponeras därför bl.a. i Norge och Tyskland. Syftet med denna studie var att utreda möjligheten att hantera flygaska lokalt. För att klargöra hur lagstiftningen tillämpas har miljörapporter och tillståndsbeslut från tio avfallsanläggningar med tillstånd att deponera flygaska studerats. Dessutom har en litteraturstudie gjorts av kunskapsläget när det gäller behandling av flygaska för att motverka lakning av klorider. Behandlingsmetoderna är många, men har kommit olika långt i att anses som kommersiella. Bland behandlingarna finns både fysiska, kemiska, biologiska, elektriska och termiska varianter. Många av behandlingarna (med undantag för karbonatisering och mikrobiell bioutlakning) gör att gränsvärden för utlakning av klorider klaras. Många av behandlingarna är dock orealistiskt dyra eller genererar avloppsvatten med höga kloridhalter. Av de tio anläggningar som innehar tillstånd till att deponera flygaska, så har tre även dispens för gränsvärdet för klorider. Utifrån den information som finns i tillståndsbesluten är det mycket svårt att se ett mönster vad gäller bedömningen av de enskilda fallen. I flera fall finns känsliga recipienter nedströms deponin. En anledning till att dispens ges trots denna känslighet kan vara den vägledning som Naturvårdsverket gett ut. Där formuleras inte någon specifik problematik kring klorider, utan andra ämnen är i fokus. Man behandlar därför ofta höga kloridhalter i lakvatten som ett utspädningsproblem, istället för ett utlakningsproblem.
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Chen, Zhao-yu, and 陳昭羽. "Effects on leaching characteristics of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator residues by accelerated carbonation." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/72738852564174089829.
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碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>環境工程與科學所<br>99<br>This research investigated that the accelerated carbonation reaction effects on leaching characteristics of heavy metals and stabilization of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash and fly ash (referred to as ash). The experiments were conducted by controlling 25 weight percentage of moisture content of ash, carbon dioxide concentration (10% and 20%) and fly ash addition ratio (10%, 20% and 30%), respectively. This research was also established the kinetics parameters of accelerated carbonation reaction using Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) method, and evaluated the carbon reduction and/or carbon dioxide capture efficiency by MSWI ash during accelerated carbonation reaction process. The experimental results showed that higher CO2 concentration will help to accelerate the carbonate reaction, and to reduce the required time for MSWI ash stabilization. Meanwhile, the higher MSWI fly ash addition ratio will enhance the carbonate reaction rate and ash stabilization degree, due to its good moisture holding capacity. Besides, the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) formed in ash was more that the ash stabilization will be better. According to results of leaching concentration of tested heavy metals of ashes by accelerated carbonation, the tested heavy metals, such as zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), their leaching concentration decreased with carbonate reaction time increased. However, the copper (Cu) leaching concentration increased from 0.42±0.02 mg/l to 1.12±0.06 mg/l with an increase the carbonation time. According to results of MINTEQA2 model for prediction of heavy metals speciation formed in ash, the Cu speciation will be Cu2OCl2 (Melanothallite) that it will reduce the saturation index (SI: -19.361) and increase the solubility of ash. Therefore, the Cu leaching concentration will increase after accelerated carbonation reaction. In summary, the toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) concentration of tested metals in accelerated carbonation ash were all in compliance with the current Taiwan’s regulation thresholds. All tested hazardous MSWI ashes have converted to non-hazardous ashes by accelerated carbonation process that will promote the potential application in further resourcification and reutilization of ash.
According to analysis results of carbonate reaction kinetic, the slow carbonation reaction occurred at controlling of high CO2 concentration and smaller particle size of ash. This is due to the smaller particle size of ash has a low relatively porosity. When higher CO2 concentration will be enhanced the carbonation reaction rate and then formed calcium carbonate crystals on the ash surface. It could clog the ash pores and inhibit the diffusion of CO2. According to the analysis results of activation energy, the smaller particle size of ashes (ranged between 0.074 mm and 0.149 mm) has a lower activation energy (ranged between 17 kJ/mole and 76 kJ/mole). However, when the particle size increased to 0.149-0.420 mm, its activation energy will be increased approximately between 62 kJ/mole and 159 kJ/mole.
According to the relationships between pH and carbon dioxide variation, the stabilization index (ΣΔpH/ΣΔCO2/Ca) for evaluating accelerated carbonation reaction was established. The results of stabilization index of accelerated carbonation ash were approximately between 1.2 and 2.6. Based on the results of accumulated amounts of CO2 uptake by MSWI ash, in the case of 10% CO2 concentration, every 100 grams of MSWI ash could capture the amounts of CO2 were approximately ranged between 43 grams and 45 grams during the accelerated carbonation. The overall effectiveness of carbon dioxide capture and reduction was also estimated approximately between 310 thousands and 370 thousands every year in Taiwan if all MSWI ash treated by accelerated carbonation process. In summary, the results of this study can provide further information for selection of potential technology in resourcification and reutilization of accelerated carbonation ash, but will also evaluate the benefits of carbon dioxide capture and reduction by accelerated carbonation process.
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CAO, CAN-ZHONG, and 高燦忠. "Leachate quality analysis & prediction of municipal solid waste combined with incinerated residues." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79594062466434458434.
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Lee, Cheng-Po, and 黎正博. "Using Microtox to assess the stabilization efficacy of carbonated municipal solid waste incineration residues." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/dxywxt.
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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>環境工程研究所在職專班<br>107<br>In this study, to understand the changes of the hazard associated with the pre- and post-carbonation of the municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) residues (both bottom ash and fly ash) from the perspective of “biological effect”, the Microtox bioassay was adopted in this investigation. In the meantime, analysis of the reproducibility, repeatability, and sensitivity of the assay was performed. Results from this study may help determine the correlation between chemical and ecotoxicological characteristics of the MSWI residue leachates and also if the chemical analysis alone would be sufficient to be a basis for the regulation on the harmlessness of solid waste. Throughout the experiments, it was found that for Microtox assay, pH adjustment of the TCLP leachates was a necessitate in an effort to eliminate the interference resulting from elevated hydroxide levels of MSWI residues. Further, toxicity was not equilibrated in Microtox within the 15 min exposure suggested by the protocol, indicating that to avoid underestimation of sample toxicity, appropriate exposure periods should be cautioned. Most surprisingly, Microtox readings showed that toxicity increased after carbonation. Nonetheless, all the tested samples were classified as the 5th level material – which is non-toxic.
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ZHOU, XIE-JUN, and 周燮君. "The study on the heavy metals and chloride leaching from municipal solid waste incinerator residuals." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12281936484940902516.
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Hsiao, Yu-Chuan, and 蕭毓撰. "Feasibility of Carbon Dioxide Capture by using Accelerated Carbonation of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Residues." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w5r26a.
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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>環境工程研究所<br>106<br>The accelerated carbonation system combined with semi-dry rotary kiln was developed and investigated the feasibility of the carbon dioxide capture and non-hazardous treatment of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash and bottom ash. The carbon dioxide capture efficiency, the tested metals leaching characteristics and acid neutralization capacity of MSWI fly ash and bottom ash after accelerated carbonation reaction, , and reduction in cement usage by stabilization were discussed, respectively.
The experimental results showed that pH value of MSWI fly ash and bottom ash could significantly decrease from 12 to 9 and below by accelerated carbonation during 8 hours reaction time. It is implied MSWI fly ash and bottom ash have matched criteria of carbonation reaction. In the case of moisture content effect on carbon dioxide capture efficiency, the carbon dioxide was captured by MSWI fly ash and bottom ash were decreased from 29.66 g/kg and 77.73 g/kg to 27.46 g/kg and 66.37 g/kg with moisture content increasing from 20 % to 30 %, respectively. This is because higher moisture content of ash could tend to block the pores of fly ash resulted in decreasing diffusion of carbon dioxide. On the other hand, due to the filling ratio of MSWI bottom ash in carbonation system was lower than that of fly ash, it can have a higher porosity and good diffusion of carbon dioxide resulted in MSWI bottom ash exhibits good carbon dioxide capture efficiency than that of MSWI fly ash. The presence of sulfur dioxide (SO2) could occur a competitive reaction during accelerated carbonation process. The experimental results indicated carbon dioxide was captured by MSWI fly ash and bottom ash were decreased from 29.66 g/kg and 77.73 g/kg to 23.79 g/kg and 64.17 g/kg with sulfur dioxide concentration increasing from 0 ppm to 30 ppm, respectively. That is, the sulfur dioxide could competitively react and consume the calcium content of fly ash and/or bottom ash resulted in decreasing carbon dioxide capture efficiency.
Based on the analysis results of environmental safety of MSWI fly ash and bottom ash by accelerated carbonation, the all tested heavy metals of carbonated fly ash and bottom ash were in compliance with current Taiwan EPA regulation thresholds. In the case of variation in Pb TCLP concentration of fly ash, it was significantly decreased from 4.12 mg/l to 0.16 mg/l and below after accelerated carbonation reaction. It could conclude that the accelerated carbonation has good potential for enhancing in Pb stabilization of MSWI fly ash. According to the results of compressive strength of stabilization product using fly ash before and after carbonation treatment, it was shown that the cement usage amounts for MSWI fly ash stabilization after carbonation could approximately reduce 20 % under controlled at the similar requirement of compressive strength of stabilization product. In summary, this research has been successfully developed and proven the performances of accelerated carbonation reaction system combined with semi-dry rotary kiln. It could have good potential for carbon dioxide sequestration, but also could reduce the cement usage amounts in MSWI fly ash stabilization. The multiple purposes of resources reduction, harmless of MSWI fly ash, and carbon dioxide sequestration by accelerated carbonation have been conducted in this research.
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Su, Ming Hao, and 蘇銘顥. "Microbial community study of municipal solid waste incinerator anaerobic digestor adding municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash/fly ash." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78521253552866770648.
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碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>環境工程學系<br>93<br>Currently, a large amount of municipal solid waste is produced through various activities. Landfill has been practiced as the major treatment method in Taiwan. However, this treatment method is extremely constrained to the condiotions that the land is very scarce and the population density is very high in Taiwan. Thus, municipal solid waste incinerator is inevitably chosen as an effectively alternative for MSW treatment. Furthermore, the residues generated from the incinerator still remain 10 % of initial MSW weight and need to be treated further to prevent the secondary pollution. Generally, residues of incinerator are composed of bottom ash and fly ash.
Recently, some researches were confirmed that these ashes could be used as a soil cover in landfill and had positive advantage for anaerobic digestion in landfill. However, we know very little regarding the microbial communities in such treatment method. Therefore, molecular technique of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was applied to investigate microbial community in this study. Combined with the parameter of digestors and VFA concentration, the effect of the microorganisms in anaerobic digestion was explored.
According to the result of biogas production amount, the bottom ash addition in the ash/refuse ratio of 100 g/l and the fly ash addition in the ash/refuse ratio of 10 g/l and 20 g/l showed a beneficial effects on anaerobic digestion and accelerated the metaboism of microoranisms and methanogenesis was better than contorl reactors.
It was also shown that the proportion of hydrogenotrophic methanogens in all microorganisms were more abundant than aceticlastic methanogens, in which Methanobacterials were dominant hydrogenotrophic methanogens. This indicated that there were vigorous hydrogen production in the reactor adding ashes. And the proportion of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) which can compete common substate (H2 and acetate) with methanogens was lower than methanogens, suggesting that SRB would not outcompete methanogens in such evironment and the existence of SRB won’t effect the process of anaerobic digestion.
If addition of ashes in landfill was optimum, incinerator bottom ash and fly ash could be used as a soil cover. It had positive beneficial effect to stimunate the process of anaerobic digestion and it could increase the efficiency of methanogenesis. Therefore, the method of codigestion of MSW and ashes was demonstrated a efficicent way for biological resouces.
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Lin, Yen-Ching, and 林彥妗. "Characteristics of Residue Organic Compounds in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93153551878744368126.
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博士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>環境工程學研究所<br>99<br>Although heavy metals in bottom ash have been a primary issue in resource recovery of municipal solid waste incinerator residues in past decades, less studied are potentially toxic and odorous organic fractions that exist as they have not been completely oxidized during the mass burn process.
The organic carbon residues contained in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWIBA) can be categorized into elemental carbon, extractable organic carbon and non-extractable organic carbon. The data showed the fraction of extractable organic carbon by water and dichloromethane are 110–1,670 mg kg-1 and 0–842 mg kg-1, respectively. The non-extractable organic carbon is in the range of several grams per kg of bottom ash, indicating most of the organic carbon residues are not easily water extractable. Therefore, there is a need to reveal the spectrum of the organic carbon residues in MSWIBA and to evaluate the effectiveness of using water washing as a pre-treatment process for reducing the environmental risk of the organic residues when recycling MSWIBA. In this work, two extraction techniques, soxtec extraction (SE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), were employed for the full spectrum of the organic carbon residues in MSWIBA before and after pre-treatment with water washing. Although organic compounds in raw bottom ash of different seasons extracted by SE and SFE showed obvious variability, organic compounds in water-washed bottom ash of different seasons extracted by SE and SFE showed noticeable stability.
The major organic compounds such as phenols, chloro-organics and carboxylic acids in the weathered and water-washed bottom ash were quantitatively determined by GC-MS and those in washing water were determined with GC-MS after liquid-liquid extraction. For all the bottom ash samples, a total of 149 compounds were foun from weathered bottom ash and a total of 40 compounds were found from water-washed bottom ash. Organic compounds in water-washed bottom ash such as aliphatics, aliphatic amines, aromatic amines and aromatic compounds extracted by SFE and SE from different incinerators distributed over similar frequency and it was much lower than organic compounds in weathered bottom ash.
The results of quantification demonstrated that fewer organic compounds were detected in water-washed bottom ash extraction with SFE and only one chloro-organic was identified from water-washed bottom ash by SE. It indicates the effectiveness of water washing as pretreatment for organics such as several phthalates (e.g., phthalic acid isobutyl tridec-2-yn-1-yl ester, dibutyl phthalate and 2-butoxyethyl butyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate), organic phosphates (e.g., octicizer and phosphoric acid isodecyl diphenyl ester), aromatic amines (e.g. 1-nitro-9,10- dioxo-9,10-dihydro-anthracene-2-carboxylic acid diethylamide and 3-bromo-N- (4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-propanamide) and aromatic compounds (other than amines) (e.g. 7-chloro-4-methoxy-3-methyl- quinoline and 2,3-dihydro-N- hydroxy-4-methoxy-3,3-dimethyl indole-2-one). The results here suggest that washing with water can be an effective pre- treatment step for removing odour-causing and environmental concerned organics.
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Chow, Jing-Dong, and 周錦東. "Landfill Leachate Characteristics and Modeling of Municipal Solid Wastes Combined with Incinerator Residuals." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71401836189037941567.
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Wang, Mao-Sung, and 王茂松. "Characteristics of persistent organic pollutants from a municipal solid waste incinerator." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54029710556498496175.
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博士<br>國立屏東科技大學<br>環境工程與科學系所<br>99<br>Since polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were first discovered in flue gases and the fly ash of MSWIs, PCDD/F emissions have become one of the most controversial issues associated with MSWI. MSWIs have also been identified as the largest contributors to the environmental levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) due to the wide use and application of the PCBs mixtures. Concerns about polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) have increased, because PBDD/F can be generated in some production and waste incineration processes involving plastics containing brominated flame retardants. The goal of this study was to develop an efficient and stable analytical method for determining the quantity of five target compounds (including 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs, PBDEs, PCBs, and PBBs) from a single sample extraction by combining multiple columns and to characterize emissions of five target compounds in the whole MSWI.
A comprehensive technique, based on multiple (silica, alumina, and active carbon) columns, can be applied to prepare samples for determining the five group compounds in stack gases, air samples and ashes based on high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. The method was also validated by analyses of blank and spiked samples. In the sampled air, the mean PCDD/F, PCB, PBDD/F, PBDE, and PBB concentrations were 59.6 fg WHO-TEQ/Nm3, 6.74 fg WHO-TEQ/Nm3, 12.2 fg WHO-TEQ/Nm3, 52100 fg/Nm3, and 341 fg/Nm3, respectively. The WHO-TEQ of PCB and PBDD/Fs counted for 8.9% and 16% of total TEQ (summed over PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, and PCBs), respectively, suggesting that the atmospheric concentrations of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds should be regulated together because of the persistence and toxicity of PBDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs.
The sample cleanup procedures that are combined with a multiple column were applied to determine the quantities of five persistent organic pollutants (PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, PBDEs, PCBs, and PBBs) simultaneously from single stack gas samples collected from a large-scale MSWI in Taiwan. The mean concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs, and PBBs in the flue gases of the MSWI were 0.0719 ng WHO-TEQ/Nm3, 0.00169 ng WHO-TEQ/Nm3, 0.00546 ng WHO-TEQ/Nm3, 20.7 ng/Nm3, and 0.958 ng/Nm3, respectively. The emission factors of PCDD/Fs, PBDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs, and PBBs were 0.300 µg WHO-TEQ/ton-waste, 0.00667 µg WHO-TEQ/ton-waste, 0.0207 µg WHO-TEQ/ton-waste, 84.5 µg/ton-waste, and 1.05 µg/ton-waste, respectively. Therefore, the emissions of not only PCDD/Fs but also BFRs from MSWIs should not be ignored and need further investigation.
Data on levels and emission factors of the five target compounds in the different units (super heater (SH), heat economizer (HE), semi-dryer absorber (SDA), bag-house filter (BF), and fly ash pit (FAP), and bottom ash (BA) discharger)of the MSWI were first reported. The PCDD/Fs were found in high content in the HE, mainly because of the operating temperature range (250–400 °C) which is favorable for PCDD/F formation through de novo synthesis. High concentrations PCBs and PBBs were detected in the BF. The highest concentrations of PBDD/Fs and PBDEs were observed in the BA. A significant correlation existed between content of PCDD/F and PCB in individual ash and corresponding operating temperature, while the content of ash-bound PBDD/Fs and PBDEs chiefly related to feeding wastes that contained brominated flame retardants. The emission of the five pollutants in the MSWI was primarily from fly ash. Further treatment is necessary for ash collected from the HE and BF because the ash had total-PCDD/F content exceeding the regulation limit (1 ng I-TEQ/g) in Taiwan.
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Kuo, Cheng-Han, and 郭政翰. "Washing municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash resourced on pervious concrete." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79630038022354913517.
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碩士<br>國立高雄應用科技大學<br>土木工程與防災科技研究所<br>98<br>This study used washing municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash (WMSWIBA) to produce the pervious concretes. Firstly, the physical and chemical properties of WMSWIBA were tested, and the test mixes was decided by the results of the vertical flow test. The water-cement ratios of the mixes include 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, 0.45 and 0.50. And the paste filled the concrete pore of 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80%, respectively. Using the permeated coefficient, compressive strength, bending strength and splitting tensile strength of the concretes, to analyse the feasibility of WMSWIBA resoured on the pervious concrete. Secondly, to compare the properties of pervious concretes made with WMSWIBA and natural aggregates, respectively. Finally, using the smaller WMSWIBA to produce pervious concrete, and then to analyse the properties of concretes affected by the dimension of aggregates.
The results showed that the permeated coefficients of the pervious concretes were 0.66–4.11 cm/s, all in accordance with the regulations of the Construction and Planning Agency Ministry of the Interior, for the permeated coefficient of pervious pavement should be more than 10-2 cm/sec. The compressive strength, bending strength, and splitting tensile strength of tests are 4.75–12.68, 1.76–3.11, and 0.51–1.40 MPa. The influence of water-cement ratio and paste-pore ratio on the splitting tensile strength and bending strength is accordance with that of the compressive strength. Hence, the maximum splitting tensile strength and bending strength are about 1/9 and 1/4 of the compressive strength, respectively. When water-cement ratio fixed, increasing paste-pore ratio would reduce the proportion of connected porosity and permeability of pervious concrete. And we observed that the permeated coefficient of pervious concrete is about 1/10 of the percentage of connected porosity. The compressive strengths of pervious concretes made with WMSWIBA, natural aggregates, and smaller WMSWIBA have no significant difference.
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Cheng, Ting-yuan, and 鄭丁元. "Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Organic Substances at Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31727452103287820572.
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碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>環境醫學研究所<br>88<br>The issues of environmental pollution in incinerating the municipal solid waste has been concerned by the general public, but there was no study about exposure assessment to organic hazardous substances of the incinerator workers in Taiwan. In this study, we selected three incineration plants - A, B, and C being study subjects according to their incinerating volume and the geographical positions and planed twice sampling works of organic compounds during the normal operation duration and stopping burning for maintenance, respectively. We also analyzed 1-Hydroypyrene (1-OHP) in urine samples collecting at prior and end of shift of workers had contacted bottom ash and repair workers worked inside the combustion chamber belonging to other companies. Besides, we conducted a questionnaire survey of workers about their working events, places, and other factors may affect the exposure scenario. All above were used to describe the exposure scenario for organic compounds of workers and discuss relationships between exposure scenario and the work category and the operation duration. Finally, we would evaluate their carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk.
In the results, the major compounds of workers exposed were Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene, and Naphthalene. According to the equipment of plants, exposure conditions of workers, and results of ambient air sampling, we could conclude that the main source of organic compounds was the waste reservoir, and workers who worked inside exposed to the highest concentration of organic compounds. The changing of operation duration was indeed the most important factor influencing the exposure scenario of workers. They were exposed higher concentration of organic compounds in the maintenance duration, especially when the fan systems were not working. The other factor was the working division. Workers of maintenance department were exposed to the highest concentration of organic compounds, but it hardly been observed because it was easily affected by time-activity of workers and the concentration of organic compounds in the ambient air. The 1-OHP concentration of workers worked inside the combustion chamber was about four times than that of bottom ash crane operators, particularly when they worked at the time of chambers opened initially. The result of health survey showed that higher exposure concentration of organic compounds, the higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms was observed. The carcinogenic risk of workers exposed to Benzene and PAHs were acceptable, but workers of management department may have related health effects because of exposed to Naphthalene. We suggest that workers should wear appropriated respiratory protective equipment in all times inside the plant, and the ventilation efficiency should be enhanced or equipped the facilities for controlling the organic hazards in the air of the working place.
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Kao, Yuan-Chun, and 高永駿. "Environmental Properties of Asphalt Mixtures Containing Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84680033734612898756.
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碩士<br>中華大學<br>土木工程學系碩士班<br>93<br>Municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash (MSWIBA) is similar in appearance to porous, grayish, silty sand with gravel, and contains small amounts of unburned organic material and chunks of metal. A future policy prohibiting landfill will encourage beneficial use of approximately 800,000 metric tons of MSWIBA generated annually from a total of 19 waste-to-energy facilities around Taiwan. A few works proposed use of processed MSWIBA as an aggregate substitute in construction materials such as asphalt mixture for highway pavements. Most works look into the engineering properties and propose the substitution of fine aggregate up to about 20% by weight. However, little works have been done on investigating the environmental characteristics of MSWIBA contained asphalt mixtures and the environmental risks turn out to be a major concern on using MSWIBA in asphalt mixtures. Based on the above, we should evaluate the environmental impact of MSWIBA contained asphalt mixtures. The environmental characteristics could be measured by detecting contaminants in the water samples collected from laboratory leaching tests and outdoor leaching test. To do so, leachates, from both laboratory and outdoor leaching tests, are collected for measuring the concentration of selected heavy metals and the level of daphnia toxicity. The results form outdoor leaching tests show a high level of toxic daphnia. However, after being mixed with asphalt binder, the level of heavy metal and daphnia toxicity recede. For the 10-days leachates that were collected from flat plate leaching tests on Marshall specimens, show undetectable heavy metal concentration and ineffective daphnia toxicity.
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Huei, Tong Yu, and 董育蕙. "Assessment of occupational exposure to heavy metals at municipal solid waste incinerator." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94924898659460077793.
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碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>環境醫學研究所<br>87<br>Recently, the application of incineration to municipal solid waste has been given much attention. Incineration possesses several advantages as a municipal solid waste disposal technology : (1) toxic components of municipal solid waste can be converted to harmless compounds or, at least, to less harmful compounds; (2) the volume of municipal solid waste is great reduced by incineration; (3) Heat recovery makes it possible to recover some of the energy produced by the combustion process; (4) less land needed. From the environmental standpoint, incineration can be the best method of disposing of municipal solid waste.
Some occupational exposure researches from incinerator indicates that the possible exposure to heavy metals is also a subject of public debate. So, we want to evaluate how much heavy metals the workers working in incinerator exposure. We optimize the sampling strategy for personal exposure measurements and biological monitoring of workers. After collecting the personal exposure and biological samples , we do analysis by ICP-Ms and graphite AAS. Then we will develop a risk assessment model to determine the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of occupational heavy metals exposure.
We choose three incinerators, A B and C, being the study subject according it's rated incinerating volume. Using cyclone sampler to proceed personal exposure and collecting the end of work urine to do biological monitoring. We have sampled twice individual for B and C incinerator in the normal operating situation, and three times for A incinerator when it was at normal operating situation, stopping burning for maintaining and stopping burning for checking. We collected 140 respirable dust samples, 87 blood samples and 174 urine samples. At the same time we also collected 103 questionnaires in order to gather some information about the incinerator workers. There are 13 female in the three incinerators and the average age of the workers is 32 years old. The working time in incinerator are form 1 mouths to 4 years, the most of workers are graduate from junior college.
The respirable dust concentrations' range is 0.010-1.323mg/m3, and the average respirable dust concentrations in incinerator B was significance higher then incinerator A and C. Between the different work group, in the incinerator A the maintenance group's average concentration (0.056±0.193 mg/m3) is significance higher then management group's average concentration (0.045±0.579 mg/m3) is the lowest. Beside, The respirable dust concentration at the different operation situation was not appear the different. The concentration of eight kinds of heavy metals (Pb,Cr,Cd,Hg,As,Zn,Ni,Cu) in respirable dust are very low. The concentration of three kinds heavy metals(As ,Cr, Hg) are different between the three incinerators, and the concentration of Cr, Ni, As, Hg are dissimilar at the different operation situation. We measure Pb concentration in the blood and Cr, Cd, Ni in the urine samples. There were 7 workers who's Cd concentration in urine and 5 worker who's Cr concentration being excess BEI(5,10mg/g creatinine). The PbB and CrU concentration were different between incinerator and the operation situation. According the unit risk about As, we assessment the carcinogenic risk for incinerator workers and the carcinogenic risk of occupational As exposure is 10-fold then normal population. The other heavy metal be assessed non- carcinogenic risk by using hazard index(HI), and all HI.are less 1 to show that the exposure to these heavy metal(Pb, Cd, Hg, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn) dose not endanger the incinerator workers.
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Huang, Chien Kun, and 黃健琨. "Evaluation of the Emission Characteristic of Air Pollutants in Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79569192032259028826.
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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>環境工程研究所<br>87<br>Two municipal solid waste incinerators（MWIs）equipped with different air pollution control device (APCD) were selected for conducting flue gas sampling to determine the particle size distribution and heavy metal concentrations on particles with different sizes by U.S. EPA Method 5 and Andersen Mark III Cascade Impactor. MWI-A is equipped with cyclone, dry lime scrubbing system with fabric filter while MWI-B is equipped with electrostatic precipitators (ESP) followed by wet scrubbers for removing air contaminants in flue gas. Results indicated that particulate and heavy metal for the APCD inlet of MWI-A and MWI-B have bimodal form on mass conc. versus particle sizes. Concentrations of particulate matter at the inlet of APCD for both incinerators (MWI-A and MWI-B) were 2,965 and 3,094 mg/Nm3, respectively. The particulate matter removal efficiencies of two MWIs were higher than 99.5%. Emission factors of particulate matter were 12.01 and 37.76 g/ton-waste at MWI-A and MWI-B, respectively. Based on the mass concentrations and emission rate at each location, the mass percentage of carbon and chlorine element in MSW was estimated by back calculation method. Carbon content of municipal solid waste was 27.67% and 21.74% while chlorine content was 0.53 and 0.72% for MWI-A and MWI-B, respectively. The average HCl concentrations in front of APCD were 265 and 232 ppm at MWI-A and MWI-B, respectively. HCl concentrations of stack were 30 and 15 ppm and HCl removal efficiency were 88.8% and 93.5% for MWI-A and MWI-B, respectively. The results of energy balance calculation indicate that the rate of energy input are 17,500,000 kcal/hr based on the LHV value of 1,800 kcal/kg for one incinerating unit at MWI-B. Energy distribution analysis demonstrates that heat loss of incinerator, boiler absorption amount, heat loss of APCD and heat emission from stack are 3.74%, 68.12%, 11.55% and 15.42% of total energy input, respectively.
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Tsai, Ming-Chun, and 蔡明忠. "The study of metals characteristic in ashes of a municipal solid waste incinerator." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24290613085550071239.
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碩士<br>國立屏東科技大學<br>環境工程與科學系所<br>97<br>This study determined heavy metal from different unites ash in a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI). The heavy metals including Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were analyzed by sequential extraction. The ash samples collected from super heater (SH), economizer (EC), semi-dryer absorber (SDA), and fabric filter (FF), fly ash pit (FAP), and bottom residue (BR) in a municipal solid waste incinerator from South of Taiwan
Experimental results showed that principal metals in the incinerator ash were Al and Fe. On average, these two metals accounted for 94.76％, 78.67％, 87.27％, 58.01％, 67.78％, 78.58％ of the total metals in SH, EC, SDA, FF and BR ash, respectively. Cd, Pb and Zn contents in ash samples from the FF were 146.2, 5403.0, 23216.1 mg/kg, respectively. Cr, Cu and Ni contents in ash samples from the BR were 1109.0, 23425.8, 338.4 mg/kg. According to this result, the ashs from SH, EC, SDA, FF, an FAP have to be solidification or stabilization before landfill.
In this research, the major types of Al, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn and Ni from sequential extraction result are Ⅵ type. Because that Cu has higher affinity with organic matters than other metals, the Ⅴ type of Cu contents 61.59%~21.37%. The Zn and Pb in ashs, which content more than 50% Ⅳ type, are easier to become Ⅳ type and conversion into oxide. The concentration of Ⅰ type and Ⅱ type in different unites ash are lower than detection limit, so moveable and bio-available type from metals are not easy to release to the environment. In statistical results, there are two groups from total content of metals and different unites ash in this study. The first group of metals is Zn, Pb, and Cd, which are semi-volatilization metals and the constant of correlation is over 0.824. The second group of metals is Ni, Cr, Mn, and Fe, which are low- volatilization metals and the constant of correlation is over 0.799.
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Ho, Hong-Che, and 何鴻哲. "Mobility characteristics of volatile heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06927679622169241186.
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博士<br>淡江大學<br>水資源及環境工程學系博士班<br>96<br>Leaching and evaporation characteristics of heavy metals in Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Fly Ash (MSWIFA) should be considered seriously during solidified for landfill or thermal treatment for recycling. These characteristics of heavy metals in MSWIFA are affected by the species of metals and the conditions of surrounding, such as pH and chemical components. In this study, leaching and thermal mobility of four selected heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd) found in two types of MSWIFA [cyclone ash (CA) and filter ash (FA)] were investigated.
Leaching behavior of heavy metals from MSWIFA was investigated by toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). The effect of particle size and alkalinity of fly ash on leaching behavior were also discussed in this study. Thermal behavior of heavy metals from MSWIFA was performed with tube furnace. The role of chloride in MSWIFA during heavy metals evaporation procedure was investigated by water washing pretreatment. In addition, the influence of phosphoric acid stabilization on heavy metals leaching and evaporation was also explored in this research.
While reducing the particle size or/and increasing the alkalinity of CA elevate the leaching concentration of Pb, the leaching concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd in CA meet the regulatory limit of TCLP in Taiwan. However, the leaching concentration of Pb in FA fails to the regulatory limit. Lead leaching concentration was restrained by blending FA and 2-3 M phosphoric acid with liquid/solid ratio=0.5 ml/g. Similarly, FA blending with sulfuric acid or nitric acid result in the pH of TCLP leachate 10-12 also inhibits the leaching concentration of heavy metals.
Lead possesses the highest evaporation ratio among the examined heavy metals in the two types of fly ashes under thermal treatment. While FA washed with water removes large amounts of chloride in FA and is able to inhibit the evaporation ratio of zinc, copper and cadmium significantly, it still has no effects on lead. It is experimentally concluded that chlorides play a key role in the determination of the evaporation of heavy metals in the fly ashes. That is, chloride salts in fly ashes will transform metal oxides into metal chlorides and enhance the evaporation ratio of heavy metals significantly. Furthermore, there is a selectivity of the transformation of chloride salts so that lead oxide has higher priority than zinc oxide. FA and water washed filter ash (WWFA) stabilized by phosphoric acid show no significantly variance in evaporation ratio of selected heavy metals.
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Liou, Ren-Chi, and 劉人慈. "The Study of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash Reused in Permeable Concrete." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51247003175847097617.
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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>土木工程學系<br>101<br>Corresponding with referenced price in the Public Construction Commission in order to conduct economic feasibility test, this studies focuses on the analysis of basic properties of incinerator bottom ash. We firstly conducted dynamic leaching test to assess the environmental impact, and this is followed by permeable concrete analysis of bottom ash, exploring its uniformity and stability.
The results revealed that the permeable concrete made with incinerator bottom ash demonstrated compressive strength of 2.3 ~ 4.67Mpa, meeting the standard specified in the “Chapter Outline Section 02794 Permeable Concrete”. Furthermore, there were little or no heavy metals found in the dynamic leaching test.
The studies also manifested, by the process of washing and screening, incinerator bottom ash showed a vast amount of homogeneity and stability after properly reprocessed. In terms of higher wear rate of incinerator bottom ash, it is suggested to adopt blending methodology for the purpose of reuse. According to the current market price, the cost of processing incinerator bottom ash into permeable concrete is NTD 633.5 ~ 763.6, compared to non-processed aggregate with a price approximately NTD 1,247.1. These analyses indicated incinerator bottom ash is a safe and cost-effective material in engineer applications.
Finally, this studies aims to provide constructive recommendation to “Chapter Outline Section 03341”, assisting incinerator bottom ash in having a more extensive adoption in practice.
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Lei, Yi Hua, and 李怡華. "Feasibility of Detoxification of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator (MSWI) Fly Ash by Geopolymer." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bhyxz3.
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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>環境工程研究所<br>106<br>This research investigates the feasibility of non-hazardous treatment of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash by using geopolymer. The ceramic fiber (0~20%) and silt generated from gravel washing plant (25%~100%) were used as amendments to adjust Si/Al ratio of geopolymer. The alkaline activate agents (sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide), extraction time (30~120 minutes), curing temperature and humidity were also discussed. Meanwhile, to improve the efflorescence of geopolymer and to enhance the mechanic strengths of geopolymer were major objectives of this research. The experimental results showed the efflorescence in geopolymer was significantly eliminated and compressive strength was reached to 30.5±1.7 kgf/cm2 under the Si/Al ratio controlled at 1.88 and cured at 20℃ and 65% of humidity. Ceramic fiber was used as amendment could effectively enhance the mechanic strength of geopolymer. That is, the compressive strength of geopolymer was increased with an increase in ceramic fiber addition. In the case of 20 % ceramic fiber addition and KOH used as alkaline active agent, the compressive strength of geopolymer was approximately 49.4±2.2 kgf/cm2 at 28 curing days. Extraction time was also a critical parameter for evaluating performance of geopolymer. When the extraction time increased to 120 minutes, the compressive strength of geopolymer was increased to 68.5±8.9 kgf/cm2 at 28 curing days. On the other hand, in the case of detoxification of MSWI fly ash, the PCDD/Fs toxic equivalent quotient (TEQ) concentration of MSWI fly ash was significantly decreased from 1.68 ng I-TEQ/g to 0.44 ng I-TEQ/g by geopolymer controlled at KOH addition, 20 % ceramic fiber amendment and extraction time 120 minutes. It could not only comply with current Taiwan regulation thresholds, but also destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of PCDD/Fs could approximately reach to 74.12%. Meanwhile, all tested heavy metals TCLP concentrations of geopolymer were also all in compliance with current Taiwan regulation thresholds. In summary, this study has successfully conducted the reduction in leaching concentrations of tested heavy metals and dioxin in MSWI fly ash, and that resulted in the detoxification of MSWI fly ash by geopolymer technology. Geopolymer technology could be good potential for development and application of MSWI fly ash detoxification in the future.
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Wang, Chieh-hao, and 王階豪. "Cement-based solidification and heavy metal extraction for municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/n2fk3b.
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碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>環境工程研究所<br>101<br>Incineration and recycling had became the main way to dispose of wastes in Taiwan, the data recently published by the Environmental Protection Administration in Taiwan indicate that in 2011 about 83% of municipal refuse collected in Taiwan was treated by incineration. The incinerated refuse is reduced to 20% of its original weight, and it contains about 20% fly ash. Fly ashes were classified as hazardous wastes because they may contain high concentrations of heavy metal, so they should be adequate processing before landfill. This research focus on one of municipal solid wastes incineration plant in Taiwan, and its incinerator fly ashes was solidified by cement and chelant solidification method. Observed the different solidification ratio and curing period, the leaching of heavy metals concentration and solidified volume changes, and find out the most adequate solidification ratio, which can meet the leaching standard, and can be moderately reduced the body volume, improve the utilization efficiency of the landfill. The TCLP(Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) testing result shows that, lead leaching concentration is 38.84 mg/L higher than hazardous wastes limit 5 mg/L, and other heavy metal leaching concentration is lower than hazardous wastes limit. With 30 % water/ash ratio, the solidified with 3% chelant/ 8% cement/ 3 days curing period, lead leaching concentration is 3.43 mg/L, it can meet TCLP lead leaching concentration regulation limit. In optimize test, regardless of the amount of water added for 25, 20 or 10%, the amount of chelating agent of 3, 3.5% and 8, 10% of the amount of cement can meet TCLP lead leaching concentration regulation limit. Under the conditions of 10% water added, the amount of chelating agent 3 or 3.5%; cement dosage 8 or 10% can meet the solidified weight / fly ash weight < 1.35. When the amount of water added to 20%, regardless of amount of chelating agent for 3 or 3.5%, only cement dosage 8% can meet the solidified weight / fly ash weight < 1.35.The amount of water added 10%, chelating agent 3% and cement 8% can make the solidified weight / fly ash weight of a minimum range of 1.20 to 1.23.
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Lin, Yan-Lu, and 林晏汝. "Pollutants Emission From Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator and Impact on Ambient Soil─PCDD/Fs." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ykbpzw.
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碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>環境工程與管理研究所<br>102<br>This study not only investigated the characteristics of PCDD/Fs content in fly ash but also impacted on ambient soil, and used enrichment factor (EF) to establish fingerprint then compare of congener. In addition, assessed to mix industrial waste to combustion that influence of dioxin emission.The results obtained from this study inclicate fly ash that the OCDD was the higest contribution to the total PCDD/Fs content, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF was the higest contribution to the toxicity, vicinity soil, too. The PCDD/Fs EF value of fly ash is 1.00; EF value of soil is 0.26. MSWI combustioned with industrial waste impact of fly ash and flue gas dioxin contant that results show mixed with industrial waste and dioxin concentrations in flue gas showed a moderate correlation (R2 = 0.427), and dioxin concentrations in fly ash also showed moderate correlation (R2 = 0.5494).
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Chou, Shang-Yi, and 周尚義. "Removal of water-soluble chloride ion in bottom ash from municipal solid waste incinerator." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36330722395191085298.
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碩士<br>東南科技大學<br>防災科技研究所<br>98<br>Bottom ash was derived from the incineration processes of municipal solid wastes. Its properties were similar to the natural aggregates. Due to the excessive amount of water-soluble chloride ion in bottom ash which will increase the corrosion rate on steel bar of reinforced concrete, leading to crack the protective layer of reinforced concrete. Subsequently, the strength of building will be weakening. As a result, the bottom ash requires proper pretreatment to remove chloride ion before be reused as construction material. In accordance with the official announcement by Environmental Protection Administration in Taiwan, to reuse bottom ash as aggregates of reinforced concrete must diminish water-soluble chloride ion content down to 0.0240% (w/w). This research studied the removal efficiencies of water-soluble chloride ion in bottom ash by both Shaking treatment (ST) and Ultrasound Sonication Treatment (UST). The optimal operation conditions were evaluated included shaking strength, L/S, extraction time, extraction temperature, extraction solutions, and test stages.
The results showed the optimal operation conditions were four-stage of ST, shaking speed of 75 rpm, total extraction time of 50 minutes (30, 10, 5, 5 minutes for each stage), total L/S of 5/1 (2/1, 1/1, 1/1, 1/1 mL/g for each stage), extraction solution of the first stage used 2 N NaOH solution, the second to the fourth stage used deionized water, and operation temperature of 50 ℃. Under these conditions, 98% removal of chloride ion was achieved, and the average concentration of water-soluble chloride ion remained in bottom ash was 0.0160%. On the other hand, while extraction with H2SO4 solution would restrain chloride ion dissolved out. The main factors for removal of soluble chloride ion in bottom ash presume that related to the acid-base reactions between extratction solution and the surface of bottom ash. In addition, the removal efficiencies of chloride ion were not effect by the wet or dry state of bottom ash. All expermints showed that the ST had better dissolved efficiencies of chloride ion then the UST.
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Jing-SingYang and 楊景行. "Emission of Polychlorinated Diphenyl Ethers from Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator during the Cold Start." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29840299641204891464.
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碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>環境工程學系<br>102<br>The aim of this study is to know the polychlorinated diphenyl ether (PCDE) concentrations and characteristics in the stack flue gas of municipal solid waste incinerators and their continuous emission scenario under cold-start condition. In this study, two incinerators (3 and 1) of a continuously operating MSWI in Taiwan were investigated in 2011. Each incinerator ran the cold start-up one time. Each of the whole sampling periods remain 47 hours after the beginning of cold start-up and fifteen samples were collected (sample A~O). The sampling period was divided into three parts: the initial stage (combustion chamber temperature rose slowly to 200℃) , the middle stage (combustion chamber temperature rose quickly to 850℃), and the final stage (combustion chamber temperature remained steadily at about 1000℃). The result showed that during the cold start of MSWIs, the peak of total PCDE concentration was at the time of 8-11 hours after burner started; which was in the middle stage of the cold-start. At that time, the temperature of combustion chamber reached 267~440℃ and it was in the temperature window (250℃~450℃) of the PCDD/F de novo synthesis. In the incinerator 3 and 1, after careful calculation, the amount of PCDE emission during start-up was estimated to be 1.01 and 3.08 mg, respectively within 47 hrs. During the cold start, the phenomenon of high PCDE emission occurred since the temperature passed through the temperature window (250℃~450℃) of the PCDE de novo synthesis which was similar to PCDD/Fs. The previous study also showed that due to the memory effect, the PCDD/F concentrations, which sampled at a stable combustion condition after start-up, were 2~3 times higher than the mean concentration under normal operational condition. The PCDE concentrations effected by the memory were predictable. The PCDE concentrations were still high (0.0383 and 0.0189 ng/Nm3 in incinerator 3 and 1, respectively) even when 47 hours after the cold start. The above phenomenon demonstrated the significance of PCDE memory effect in the MSWI system. The annual PCDE emission under normal operational conditions excluding the cold-start was 7.17 mg for incinerator 3 and 7.05 mg for incinerator 1 in 2011. However, 1 to 8 times of cold-start can discharge approximately 22.3% to 70.5% of annual total PCDE emission. The amount of annual PCDE emission under normal operational conditions with one cold-start was 8.2 mg for incinerator 3 and 10.1 mg for incinerator 2 in 2011. However, if the cold-start was increased up to 2 and 8 times per year, the increment (%) of total PCDE emission would be elevated up to 21.9% and 153.6%, respectively; in the other word, the average annual PCDE emission rose from 22.3 to 46.4 mg. Therefore, how to avoid unnecessary cold-start is of great importance for controlling PCDE emission in municipal solid waste incinerators.
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Huang, Ling-cian, and 黃齡仟. "Incinerator Transformation Assessment and Municipal Solid Waste Collecting Routes Re-programming in Kaohsiung City." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85282061065409764304.
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碩士<br>國立高雄大學<br>土木與環境工程學系碩士班<br>101<br>Due to the implementation of waste reduction and resource recycling policy, the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) is rapidly decreased in recent years in Taiwan. Parts of incinerators have faced an awkward situation of waste insufficiency even by increasing the treatment amounts of industrial waste. Besides, the idea of transferring incinerator to bioenergy plant and the combination of administrative divisions have made the assessment of incinerator stopping operation and transformation therefore becomes an essential issue. In this research, an evaluation framework was constructed and put into practice. A case study was implemented for four incinerators in Kaohsiung City of southern Taiwan to demonstrate the feasibility of proposed assessment framework. With the considerations of service status, operation performance, MSW treatment status and impact effect of stopping operation was integrated and assessed firstly. The Central District Incinerator was the final decision site for stop operating. With the waste resources supply status and the types of transformation assessment, the biogas was assessed as the proper bioenergy type. Lastly, an optimal model was built for re-programming the MSW clean strategies of original service areas by taking account of MSW collection distance, design capacity of incinerators, the heating value of solid waste and the waste guarantee amounts.
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Tsai, Shu-Ju, and 蔡淑如. "Performance Evaluation of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator in Taiwan by Using Data Envelopment Analysis." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89206954110963629508.
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碩士<br>朝陽科技大學<br>環境工程與管理系碩士班<br>95<br>To improve the efficiency of incinerators, this research selects nineteen large-sized incinerators in Taiwan as a case study and used data envelopment analysis approach to evaluate their relative performances. In order to finger out the benchmarking for each incinerator as well as to put forward a plan for improving its performance, input-oriented models including CCR and BCC modules are used. Simultaneously, an uncertainty analysis based on Monte Carlo simulation is proceeded to identify the uncertainty derived from the inaccurate estimation of input variables.
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Hung, Shu Hui, and 洪淑惠. "Removal of Heavy Metal in Wastewater from Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Plant by Chelating Agent." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77126620236366527304.
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碩士<br>淡江大學<br>水資源及環境工程學系<br>89<br>Generally,Municipal Solid Waste Incineration plant uses Chelating Agent(so called Heavy Metal Catching agent) and Ferric Chloride Coagulant to remove the heavy metal, so, this research is based on Pei-Tou Incineration Plant as the object, to study:
(1)The specific of inorganic wastewater with heavy metal
(2)The influential elements in removing the heavy metal by Chelating Agent and Ferric Chloride Coagulant.
This experiment uses jar test, adding Mercury, Cadmium, and Lead as the heavy metal to distilled water and inorganic wastewater in the incineration plant; then, using the pH,
Chelating Agent volume as well as category(the main component are carbamate and phosphate) and Ferric Chloride volume in addition to other existing organism as the influence elements.
The result shows the variation and specific of the property of this inorganic wastewater with heavy metal coming to pH and COD from 8.7-11.5 as well as 50-1630 mg/L respectively. At the same time, the heavy metal--- Mercury, Cadmium, and Lead come out with stronger density which needed to be well managed in order to reach the water flowing standard; however, on the other hand, the rest of heavy metal, such as Copper, Zinc, and Chromium become lighter. The most suitable pH to remove heavy metal of Chelating Agent and Ferric Chloride Coagulant is 11 and 10 respectively. In process of managing the wastewater by the incineration plant, the first step is to catch the heavy metal with Chelating Agent to become complexes from Chelating Agent and heavy metal; the second step is to use Ferric Chloride Coagulant to expedite the concrete liquid to release from the mixed precipitation and raise the COD removing effect. Besides, Chelating Agent category will influence the heavy metal removing effect. For example,phosphate Chelating Agent works better than carbamate Chelating Agent, both Chelating Agent and Ferric Chloride Coagulant have the same heavy metal removing effect sequence, they are Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury. So, it tells the chemical reaction of Chelating Agent and heavy metal is influenced by the metal category. Thus, the effect of removing the heavy metal is different.
When the COD of the inorganic wastewater with heavy metal in the incineration plant becomes more than 1000 mg/L, the organism COD in wastewater will react with Chelating Agent and Ferric Chloride Coagulant, the heavy metal removing effect will be lowered whenever the COD in wastewater becomes more and that’s the time to add more Chelating Agent and Ferric Chloride Coagulant.
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Chen, Ming-Chou, and 陳明州. "Reuse Technology and Process Improvement Analysis of Bottom Ash in the Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63459685919690995130.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>機械工程學研究所<br>93<br>The waste incineration ratio in Taiwan has reached 57%. After the completion of the 32 metropolis-scale incineration plants, the amount of waste incineration will reach 8.07 million tons per year, and the amount of bottom ash will reach 1.66 million tons. Such enormous amount, along with the limit to the capability of waste landfill and difficulty in developing new landfills, the reuse of bottom ash becomes an urgent issue.
This study used 3-E (engineering, Economy and Regulation, and environment) and 6-risks (technical risk, commercial risk, economic risk, legal risk, environmental risk, and health risk) to evaluate the sintering, melting, and selective/stabilizing technologies. The results showed that separation/stabilizing is more advantageous in recycling technology. The separation /stabilizing technology has been applied in one plant in Taiwan, but problems concerning the equipment and product channels will have to be resolved.
“Dismantling” and “separation” are important segments in the bottom ash reuse technology. This study discussed the operation of “dismantling” and “separation”, and measured the water content of the bottom ash produced by the seven incineration plants in northern Taiwan, by sampling three specimens each before sending to the separation plants. The bottom ashes were processed by magnetic separation, sieving, and eddy current separation. The gradation was about 88%-92%, the iron content was 6%-10%, the non-iron and substances from incomplete combustion were half of the residue. The heavy metal content was analyzed to explored the impact on the environment.
Lastly, this study discussed the flaw charts in the design of Plant A and new plant, offered modification to the design, and calculated the mass balance, thus, to provide as a design reference for the new plants.
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許仁澤. "Study on Distribution Model of PCDD/Fsin the Environmental Media around Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89537049654489112999.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>環境工程學研究所<br>91<br>The government plans to build 30 municipal solid waste incinerators（MSWIs）, that total designed capacity is 26,250 tons/day in Taiwan before 2007. The capacity is enough for all household garbage in Taiwan area. MSWIs are the major emission sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins（PCDDs）, dibenzofurans（PCDFs）, and biphenyls（PCBs）. Although the dioxins standard of MSWIs in Taiwan is the most strict regulation, but people live close to MSWIs lack of confidence of the operation and management of MSWIs. They are afraid of the environmental influence and human damage by the air pollutants emitted from the MSWIs, and worry about dioxins emissions of MSWIs specially.
In Taiwan, the risk assessment processes and results of dioxins organic compounds, not only assumes the worst emission but also applies some assessment parameters of few countries. Those risk assessments might not represent the actual risk in Taiwan. We need to establish a complete dioxins emission and environmental distribution inventory as soon as possible in Taiwan.
This study collects dioxins emissions and distribution investigations related to MSWIs, including ambient air, plant, and soil environmental media, then selects a MSWI to compare and analyze dioxins patterns, 17 congeners and 10 homologues, and the correlations between the emission source and environmental media.
The statistic methods are Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results of this study includes
:（1）All samples of each medium have distinguishable congener/homologue patterns correlation. （2）There are highly similar congener/homologue patterns between MSWI stack emission and ambient air samples. （3）Plant samples of the congener/homologue patters is similar to ambient air samples. （4）Soil sample congener/homologue patterns are dissimilar to the others media.
By the PCA, there are two common factors that only explain 56.41%（congener patterns）and 63.19%（homologue patterns） variances of all media.
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Liu, Chien-Liang, and 劉建良. "The Effects of Composition on the Sintering Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Fly Ash." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42974214499507108533.
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碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>環境工程研究所<br>87<br>This study investigated the effects of compositions varied by component addition and water washing on the sintering characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator fly ash by using a tube furnace. The speciations, partitioning, and leachability of heavy metals, as well as physical properties of the sintered ash were determined. The results indicates that the speciation and partitoning of heavy metals during sintering process were mainly affected by the presence of chlorides, which tended to react with metallic oxides to form metallic chlorides more volatile than their corresponding oxides. The presence of SiO2, especially amorphous silicates of small particle size and loose structure, tended to form viscous liquid when sintered at 800-900 degree C. This resulted in hindered volatilization of metallic chlorides and in possible increased reaction between Si and heavy metals.
On the other hand, due to the stronger bonding between alkali metals(Na, K) and chlorine, less free chlorine were considered to be provided by the presence of NaCl and KCl, thus no significant effects on the volatilization of heavy metals was observed during the sintering. Furthermore, when sintering at high temperature, compounds of low melting points such as NaCl and KCl could result in the temporary formation of liquid phase to hinder the volatilization of some heavy metals by surrounding the surface of the ash particles.
The results also indicates that heavy metal concentrations in the TCLP leachate of the fly ash were pH-dependent. Their leachability as determined by the released percentages was found to follow a decreasing order as Cd>Cr>Pb,Cu,Zn. However, the sintering of the fly ash with compositions modified by component addition or water washing suggested that the leaching concentration of Cd decreased with increasing Si content, presumably due to the formation of insoluble CdSiO3. On the other hand, the leaching concentrations of Zn and Cu showed an increasing trend with increasing NaCl and KCl contents. This is possibly due to the formation of soluble ZnCl2 and CuCl2. On the contrary, the leaching concentration of Cr (sintered at 600-900 degree C) decreased with increasing NaCl and KCl contents. This might be accounted for by the increase of sodium and potassium, which reduced the oxidizing possibility of chromium, thus resulting in a decreased leachability. However, the sintering of water-washed MSW fly ash at 600-900 degree C for 1 hour indicats that all concentrations of target metals (i.e., Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu) except that for Cr met the current EPA''s regulatory thresholds and showed a decreasing trend with increasing contents of Cl and Ca.
It is noted that the compressive strength of the sintered monoliths was affected by the occurrence of viscous flow sintering resulted from the silicates and/or the locally liquid sintering caused by the substance of low melting point such as NaCl and KCl. The addition of silicates and alkaline earth metallic chlorides greatly reduced the porosity of the sintered monoliths, accordingly increasing the compressive strengths by densification. In general, the sintering of pressure-formed MSW fly ash at 600-900 degree C for 1 hour can develop an applicable strength required by the recovery and reuse of the ash as an construction material.
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Yuhung, Liu, and 劉裕宏. "Characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the ambient air of a municipal solid waste incinerator." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27920063977396265120.
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碩士<br>國立屏東科技大學<br>環境工程與科學系所<br>100<br>Taiwan is a world-renowned kingdom of plastic and electronic industry. With the development of science and economy, home appliances and 3C electronic products have been widely used. In order to preventing them from catching fire and ignition brominated flame retardants are added into the products. Therefore, concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are growing rapidly in the environment. Exposure to PBDEs affects neurodevelopment, liver function and reproductive system. Several animal studies confirmed PBDEs have liver toxicity, embryo toxicity, thyroid interference, and behavior influences. Recent studies discovered waste incinerators and metal smelting process are major PBDE emission sources, and PBDEs can be generated in the combustion system. Moreover, PBDEs in the feeding materials cannot be completely destroyed.
In this study, a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI-K) was our research focus. Using PS-1 high-volume air samplers, ambient air samples were collected for a total of two quarters; an electron impact gas chromatograph was used for analysis of a variety of thirty PBDE congeners in order to understand the PBDE characteristics of the region. Based on the concentrations, were also estimated. The concentrations of two sampling sites ranged from 74.4 - 186 pg/Nm3 and 71.2 - 99.6 pg/Nm3; among the congener profiles, BDE-209 is the most dominant congener. The concentration difference which is higher than previous study is still insignificant in these two sampling sites. In the first quarter, the downwind PBDE concentrations in the ambient air of MSWI-K were higher than that of upwind side. The PBDE concentrations in thses two quarters had no significant difference. During the start-up period of MSWI-K, the PBDE concentrations in the ambient air had no viable changes, suggesting that there may be other major PBDEs emission sources.
The gas/particle partitioning of PBDEs is as the following, about 95% of BDE-209 exists in particle phase. Particle bound BDE-183 to BDE-206 are higher than gaseous bound, but the total concentrations are low. However, BDE-47 and BDE-99, over 90% were found in gas phase, .hold the respective second highest and third highest concentrations. In the distribution profiles of gas phase, BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-209 accounted for 29.5 %, 21.0 %, and 14.1 % total gaseous bound PBDEs. In the distribution profiles of particle phase, BDE-209 (79.8%) is the dominating one and is much higher than the second highest BDE-206 (5.0 %).
Although the sample size is small, we can still obtain the results from its wind direction that BDE-209 is the dominant congener in the region, and about 95% of BDE-209 exists in the particle phase, suggesting that the region there may be other, more major sources of emissions impact.
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Hour, Chin-yuan, and 侯清元. "Effect of Aging of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash on Characteristics of Asphalt Mixtures." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59734247837701907373.
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碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>土木工程學系碩博士班<br>95<br>Municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash is the by-product produced during the combustion of municipal solid waste in combustor facilities. With the rising of the concept of environmental protection, how to reuse MSWI bottom ash has become a critical issue.
In this research, aging of MSWI bottom ash, for an estimated period of 1~3 months, were investigated. Physical tests were performed to determine its gradation and specific gravity, as well as chemical composition of the leaching from the ash. MSWI bottom ash was also used in the mixture of hot-mix asphalt and optimum mixtures were evaluated.
The results show the concentration of H and Cl decreased with aging of MSWI bottom ash increased. The most significant change in the bottom ash was found that the content of Ca decreased noticeable before and after aging by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). However, physical properties of MSWI bottom ash would not be affected by aging. The index of aging could be judged by pH value with a period of 3 months in this study.
Furthermore, results also indicate that Marshall stability value, resilient modulus and indirect strength value decreased with increasing percent of MSWI bottom ash, whereas retained strength increased. Results from Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and Multiple Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (MTCLP) conducted the concentrations of Pb, Cu, Cb and Cr would conform to the standard of Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA) even with a percentage of up to 45% by total weight.
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Jyun-JiLin and 林俊吉. "Emissions of PCDEs during the Cold-Start of a Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator: Monitoring and Control." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2p843n.
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碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>環境工程學系<br>103<br>The aim of this study is to solve the problem of extremely high polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs) concentrations and formation during cold-start procedure of municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs). In this study, we proposed control technologies, including shortening the heating time of combustion between 200-450°C and advancing the injecting times of activated carbon and lime, to abate high emissions of combustion-originated PCDEs during the cold-start procedure. PCDE emissions of two MSWIs, one adopting proposed control technologies (MSWI-A) and the other with standard start-up procedure (MSWI-B), were compared to evaluate the effect of reduction on PCDEs. Stack flue gases sampling were carried on the incinerator 3 and 2 of MSWI-A during cold-start trials and a total of four (sample A–D) and six samples (sample A–F) were collected, respectively.
The results showed that the total PCDE concentrations rose in the middle stage of two cold-start trials of MSWI-A. At that time the temperature of combustion chamber reached 231°C–406°C, which was in the temperature region of de novo synthesis (250°C–450°C). After that, the waste feeding resulted in the incomplete combustion condition, causing the drastic elevation of total PCDE concentrations (0.0994 ng/Nm3 for incinerator 3 and 0.134 ng/Nm3 for incinerator 2). Furthermore, the temperatures in the inlet of superheater and economizer were also in the temperature region of de novo synthesis, which may resulted in the formation of PCDEs. After calculating, the estimated PCDE emission quantities of MSWI-A during the first and the second start-up trials were 0.0664 mg and 0.0486 mg, respectively. By adopting the control technologies, the highest PCDE concentrations and PCDE emission quantities of MSWI-A during two cold-start trials were reduced by 98.7–99.0% and 98.4–98.4%, respectively, compared to those of MSWI-B.
This study was carried out at the MSWI which is in operation. The adopted measures can be practically applied without modifying any hardware facilities. Cleaning stoppage of auxiliary fuel nozzle and advancing the injecting times of activated carbon and lime will not affect the operational cost. Furthermore, the furnaces and air pollution control devices (APCDs) of MSWI-A are similar to those of other MSWIs in Taiwan. Therefore, the control technologies proposed in this study can be applied to other MSWIs in the future.
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Chun-JouGuo and 郭君柔. "Emissions of PCDD/Fs and PCBs During the Cold-start of A Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14046179341746594982.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>環境工程學系<br>102<br>The aim of this study is to know the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) concentrations and characteristics in the stack flue gas of municipal solid waste incinerators and their continuous emission scenario under cold-start condition. In this study, two furnaces (1 and 2) of a continuously operating MSWI in Taiwan were investigated in 2010. Each furnace ran the cold-start one time. Each of the whole sampling periods remain 45 hours after the beginning of cold-start and fifteen samples were collected (sample A~O). The sampling period was divided into three parts: the initial stage (combustion chamber temperature rose slowly to 200 °C), the middle stage (combustion chamber temperature rose quickly to 850 °C), and the final stage (combustion chamber temperature remain steadily at about 1000 °C). The result showed that during the cold-start of MSWIs, the peak of total (PCDD/F+PCB) (WHO2005-TEQ) concentration was at the time of 10-13 hours after burner started; which was in the middle stage of the cold-start. At that time, the temperature of combustion chamber reached 295~359 °C and it was in the temperature window (250 °C ~450 °C) of the PCDD/F de novo synthesis. In the furnace 1 and 2, after careful calculation, the amount of (PCDD/F+PCB) (WHO2005-TEQ) emission during cold-start was estimated to be 68.0 and 46.0 (mg WHO2005-TEQ), respectively within 45 hrs. During the cold-start, the phenomenon of high PCDD/F and PCB emission occurred since the temperature passed through the temperature window (250 °C ~450 °C) of the PCB and PCDD/F de novo synthesis. Both the PCDD/F and PCB (WHO2005-TEQ) concentrations were still high (0.368 and 0.262 ng WHO2005-TEQ/Nm3 in furnace 1 and 2, respectively) even when 45 hours after the cold-start, about 2.8~3.8 times higher than the National regulated standard in Taiwan. The above phenomenon demonstrated the significance of PCDD/F and PCB memory effect in the MSWI system. More fraction of PCB-TEQ was discharged during the initial stage of cold-start. This is probably due to the fact that at the lower temperature between 77 and 200 °C, in the initial stage of cold-start, the PCB congeners – PCB-126 and PCB-169 were more volatile than those PCDD/F congeners such as 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF and 2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF, and contributed more on the (PCDD/F + PCB) WHO2005-TEQ concentrations. The annual (PCDD/F+PCB) (WHO2005-TEQ) emission from normal operational conditions without including the cold-start was 32.9 (mg WHO2005-TEQ) by furnace 1 and 24.7 (mg WHO2005-TEQ) by furnace 2 in 2010. However, one, 2, 4, 6 and 8 times of cold-start can discharge approximately 66.3%, 80.1%, 89.5%, 93.1%, and 95.1% of annual total (PCDD/F+PCB) (WHO2005-TEQ) emission. The amount of annual (PCDD/F+PCB) (WHO2005-TEQ) emission from normal operational conditions with one time of the cold-start was 100.9 (mg WHO2005-TEQ) in furnace 1 and 70.7 (mg WHO2005-TEQ) in furnace 2 in 2010. However, if the cold-start was increased as two, 4, 6 and 8 times yearly, the amount of total (PCDD/F+PCB) (WHO2005-TEQ) emission will be elevated approximately by 65%, 196%, 327%, and 458%, respectively; in the other word, the average annual (PCDD/F+PCB) (WHO2005-TEQ) emission will be 142.1, 254.7, 367.3, and 479.9 mg WHO2005-TEQ, respectively. Therefore, how to prevent from the unnecessary cold-start is of great importance for the control of PCDD/F and PCB emission in municipal solid waste incinerators.
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Yang, Renbo, and 楊仁泊. "Entrapment on the Heavy Metals of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Fly Ash for Electro-oxidation Treatment." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29792842608014977281.
Full textAbstract:
博士<br>國立中興大學<br>環境工程學系所<br>101<br>There are 24 large-scale municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) plants in Taiwan. One ton of MSW can produce 157 kg of bottom ash and 38 kg of fly ash (including reaction products) after incineration. The study adopted water washing, acid leaching, and electrochemical methods to evaluate the effects, then proposed the optimal manner, to remove toxic heavy metals in MSWI fly ashes.
The study first conducted with the experiments of washing MSWI fly ash, and obtained the optimal liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratios between 20-25. Water washing could relieve a large amount of salts (KCl, NaCl, SiCl4, CaClOH) and CaSO4 from fly ash, which was further proved by the XRD crystalline analysis. The water washing of fly ash reduced the mass of ash sample by 38%; in contrast, leaching fly ash with 0.5 N nitric acid reduced the mass by 68.6%.
The leachable amounts of chloride in fly ashes from middle- and large-scale plants of MSWI were 2.3-11.2 and 16.0-25.5%, respectively. The regression analyses of the relationships between the chloride concentrations and the EC values in the leachates produced by washing fly ash showed that the coefficients of determination (r2) were all above 0.98. Clearly, each MSW incineration plant has its own ash characteristics as well as a specific regression line for the leachates from fly ash.
The following 7 kinds of electrochemical techniques were undertaken at the optimum operational condition based on water washing fly ash that is by an L/S ratio of 20/1. The conducted experiments included direct electrokinetic (DEK), pretreatment of water washing and electrokinetic (WEK), electrodeposition (ED), combined acid leaching and ED (Acid+ED), aluminum anode electro-oxidation (Al/EO), aluminum anode electrocoagulation (Al/EC), and iridium oxide anode electro-oxidation (IrO2/EO) methods. The analyzed items during each test mainly included pH, electrical conductivity, the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) tests of heavy metals for Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, the sequential extraction procedure for heavy metals, energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and X-ray power diffraction (XRD) analyses.
The WEK, ED, and Al/EO techniques can transfer the weakly-bonded fractions of toxic heavy metals to the strongly-bonded fractions, which indicate these three techniques can stabilize the toxic heavy metals and pass the TCLP regulatory limits. Nevertheless, DEK and IrO2/EO techniques cannot stabilize the toxic heavy metals, thus fail to pass the TCLP regulatory limits.
Acid leaching fly ash at a fixed L/S ratio of 20/1 with a 0.5 N HNO3 solution causes the leachability of Cl, Pb, and Cu to be 87.6, 59.4, and 77.0%, respectively. Based on the results from the treating series which combine methods of Al/EO and Al/EC (Al/EO+Al/EC) to detoxify the fly ash, the optimum operational process is suggested. By using the indirect Al/EO technique can achieve the same purposes as by using water-washing process, in terms of the extraction of KCl, NaCl, SiCl4, CaClOH, and CaSO4 from fly ash. The treated fly ash is a success due to the processes changing the forms of heavy metals, causing the entrapment and adsorption of heavy metals, and also converting into Friedel’s salt (3CaO.Al2O3.CaCl2.10H2O), which can stabilize heavy metals and also contain insoluble chloride in crystal structure.
The wash-out leachate can be treated as well with the Al/EC technique, which can recycle the high-salinity leachate as clean water to be reused again in the next treatment.
The electric power cost of the Al/EO+Al/EC for treatment of one ton of fly ash requires approximately NT$ 4,622 dollars, which has competitive value for commercial development. Furthermore, the reaction mechanisms for forming the Friedel’s salt in the Al/EO process, and the conceptual plan for recycling MSWI fly ash by the series combining methods of Al/EO+Al/EC are also investigated.
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HAUNG, GOHN-YA, and 黃教彥. "Investigation on Dioxin Level of Ambient Air, Vegetation and Soil nearby a Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81587844418578749641.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>環境工程學系碩博士班<br>93<br>The mean PCDD/F concentration in stack air of the M municipal solid waste incinerator M(MSWIs) is 0.0183 ng I-TEQ/Nm3, lower than 0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm3, the regulation value of national MSWIs. The mean PCDD/F concentration in 24 ambient air samples nearby M municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWIs) is 0.142 pg I-TEQ/Nm3 .Compared with ambient air concentration of Japan regulation value (0.6 pg I-TEQ/Nm3), the ambient air concentration of the M incinerator is lower than Japanese regulation value. The mean PCDD/F concentration in 24 vegetation samples nearby the M municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWIs) is 5.07 ng I-TEQ/kg ; The mean PCDD/F concentration in 24 soil samples nearby M municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWIs) is 1.60 ng I-TEQ/kg . In this research, even the soil from site L, which has the highest PCDD/Fs levels, can still be freely utilized (based on the German regulation value). According to the PCA of ambient air samples . 12 ambeint air samples are different from the stack air sample . Some sites with higher concentration had profiles similar to those of stationary emission sources or mobile source. By comparing the PCDD/F concentration of maximum ground concentration sampling sites, upwind sampling sites and downwind sampling sites, it is concluded that the emission of PCDD/F from the M MSWI to its surrounding environment is not significant.
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Thipse, Sukrut S. "Parametric study of heavy metal partitioning in a pilot scale incinerator burning simulated municipal solid waste." Thesis, 2001. http://library1.njit.edu/etd/fromwebvoyage.cfm?id=njit-etd2001-086.
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Kuo, Yu-Feng, and 郭于鳳. "Characteristics and Cytotoxicity on Particulate Matters in the Stack Gas of a Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43045160740596892966.
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Mai, Lung-En, and 買隆恩. "Accelerated carbonation reaction effects on mobility of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73345858217929446514.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>環境工程與科學所<br>100<br>This study investigated the leaching characteristic of chlorine and sulfate ion, and
mobility of heavy metal by accelerated carbonation technology. The experiments were
conducted by controlling 20 weight percentage of moisture content of ash, carbon
dioxide concentration (10%) and column pore volume(56%), respectively.
This research was also established the characteristic of accelerated carbonation
reaction using Elemental Analyzer(EA) method, and evaluated the carbon reaction
and/or carbon dioxide capture efficiency by MSWI bottom ash during accelerated
carbonation reaction process. The experimental results showed that higher moisture
content of ash will help to accelerated the carbonate reaction, and to reduce the
required time for MSWI bottom ash stabilization. Based on the results of accumulated
amounts of CO 2 uptake by MSWI bottom ash with particle size1-4mm, in the case of
10% CO 2 concentration, every 100 grams of MSWI bottom ash could capture the
amounts of CO 2 were approximately 4.3grams during the accelerated carbonation. The
overall effectiveness of carbon dioxide capture and reduction was also estimated
approximately 4 thousands every year in Taiwan if all MSWI bottom ash treated by
accelerated carbonation process.
According to results of accelerated carbonation ash-soil column leaching test, the
chlorine and sulfate ion leaching rate was higher during the initial time about 7-11%.
Furthermore, according to the results of the heavy metal distribution in soil column
test, the proportion of metals in the10cm soil was 0.6-2.4%, more than 80% were
remained at the soil. That indicated the MSWI bottom ash was more stabilizing by
accelerated carbonation technology.
Investigating of accelerated carbonation ash-soil column leaching test with using
the Building Materials Decree(BMD) formula to calculated the environmental release amounts, the results indicated that chlorine and sulfate ion much higher than heavy
metals. According to results of leaching metals with pH, acid environment will
enhance the mobility of Zn.
The results of the retardation factors analysis showed that the retardation of Zn
was greater. The mobility of heavy metals were Ca>Fe>Zn>Cu in the case of 30cm
soil column.
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Chen, Po-Ting, and 陳柏廷. "A Study on Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Bottom Ashes Used as Fine/Coarse Aggregates of Concrete Block." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/sh7z8q.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>資源工程研究所<br>101<br>In this study, the feasibility of MSWI bottom ashes fully substituting for natural sandy gravels as fine/coarse aggregates to produce concrete block is evaluated, and the experimental parameters such as water-cement ratio, coarse aggregate ratio , cement ratio, slag added ratio and stirring time are investigated. The experimental molding machine was used to produce concrete block specimens and the compressive strength test of concrete block is performed after 28 days of curing at room temperature. The types of aggregate are including natural sandy gravel and MSWI bottom ash. The ratio of water to cement is set to 0.22, 0.26 and 0.3 . The ratio of coarse aggregate is set to 0%, 15% and 30%, and the ratio of cement is set to 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25. In addition, the ratio of slag added is set to 0%, 15% and 30%, and the slurry mixing time is set to 2 minutes, 3minutes and 4minutes. All operating parameters were designed with Taguchi methods. By analyzing the engineering properties of concrete blocks such as compressive strength, water absorption, porosity and unit weight, it explored the feasibility of concrete blocks made from MSWI bottom ash aggregate.
The results indicated that the optimum experimental parameters were 0.3 of water-cement ratio, 30% of coarse aggregate ratio, 0.25 of cement ratio, 0% of slag added ratio and 3 minutes of slurry mixing time. The highest compressive strength of all specimens would reach to 250kgf/cm2, it was close to the standards of CNS 3930. However under lower water-cement ratio, the compressive strength of concrete block made from natural sandy gravel aggregate was not significantly better than MSWI bottom ash. Based on the above results, the following experimental parameters such as cement ratio, coarse aggregate ratio and slag added ratio would be further investigated. By analyzing unit weight, porosity, water absorption and compressive strength of concrete blocks, the optimum parameters were 0.3 of cement ratio, 40% of coarse aggregate ratio and 4% of slag added. The highest compressive strength of concrete blocks would reach to 300kgf/cm2, it complied with the standards of CNS 3930. Besides, the effects of weather resistance through wet-dry cycle test is evaluated, the results indicate that the higher compressive strength of concrete block is, the more wet-dry test cycle is. Based on the results of this study, it is feasible that MSWI bottom ashes could fully substitute for natural sandy gravels as fine/coarse aggregates to produce concrete blocks.
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Huang, Shu-Chen, and 黃淑貞. "Kinetic and characteristic study on glass-ceramics produced from slag of municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07917224511111242245.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>環境工程與科學所<br>96<br>Abstract
This study investigates that the feasibility of glass ceramic products made from molten slag of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash and waste glass cullet. The experiments were conducted at melting temperature 1450℃ and sintering-crystallization temperatures ranged from 900 to 1100℃. To assess the characteristics of glass-ceramic products and optimum operation conditions, the activation energy of melting an sintering reaction were also evaluated.
Based on the results of activation energy of melting process, the melting temperature of MSWI fly ash is higher than 1350℃. However, in case of the waste glass cullet addition above 30%, the melting temperature will be decreased to 1285℃. That is, the waste glass addition will enhance the reaction of melting and reduce the melting temperature. Meanwhile, the activation energy of melting decreased from 109.9 kJ/mole to 23.5 kJ/mole with an increase in waste glass cullet addition ranged from 30% to 50%.The TCLP concentrations of Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd and Pb in slag were all in compliant with Taiwan regulation thresholds. Besides, the results of residual rate of tested metals of slags, the residual rate of Cd, Pb and Zn were approximately 0%.
The experimental results of glass ceramic products indicated that the water absorption and compressive strength of glass-ceramic (slag produced from 30% waste glass cullet addition) were 11.29%~14.03% and 20.32 MPa~25.92 MPa, respectively. In case of slag produced from 50% waste glass cullet addition, the water absorption and compressive strength of glass ceramic products were 13.54% and 27.23MPa, respectively. The above results were all in compliant with Chinese National Standard (CNS) building brick criteria for construction work. Besides, the major speciation of glass ceramic products were Gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7), Augite-aluminian (Ca(Mg,Fe,Al)(SiAl)2O6), Augite (Ca(Mg,Fe)Si2O6), Diopside (Ca(Mg,Al)(Si,Al)2O6), and Wollastonite (CaSiO3), respectively.
According to results of linear swelling analysis and activation energy, the maximum swelling value (dL/dt) of slag increased from 1.83% ~2.53% to 3.71%~5.07% with waste glass cullet addition increased from 30% to 50%. The activation energy of sintering also increased from 22.00 kJ/mole~24.34 kJ/mole to 39.09 kJ/mole~52.56 kJ/mole with an increase in waste glass cullet addition. That is, the activation energy of sintering increased with waste glass cullet addition increased.
The assessment for environmental safety of glass ceramic products was conducted by the toxic characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) concentration and acid neutralization capacity (ANC). The TCLP concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, and Pb were lower than regulation thresholds. The results of ANC test showed that the used amounts of acid titration were ranged from 8.18 meq/g to 12.56meq/g as pH = 4. The maximum released amounts of Cr、Pb and Cu of glass ceramic products (slags produced from 40% and 50% waste glass cullet addition) were 0.002 mg/meq•kg ~3.51 mg/meq•kg, 0.001 mg/meq•kg~0.008 mg/meq•kg, and 0.001 mg/meq•kg~1.434 mg/meq•kg, respectively. The released amounts of tested metals of glass ceramic products were far below the maximum released amounts of MSWI fly ash (3.70 mg/meq•kg for Cr, 94.37 mg/meq•kg for Pb, and 25.31 mg/meq•kg for Cu).