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Benoist, Franck. "Théorie des modèles des corps munis d'une dérivation de Hasse." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00134889.
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L'objet de cette thèse est l'étude des corps munis d'une dérivation de Hasse, sous l'angle de la théorie des modèles. Les deux premières parties sont dédiées à des rappels sur les propriétés algébriques des dérivations de Hasse et modèle-théoriques sur les corps munis d'une dérivation de Hasse qui sont existentiellement clos (axiomatisation, stabilité,...). On introduit dans la troisième partie un analogue de la géométrie algébrique prenant en compte la dérivation de Hasse ; et on l'utilise pour décrire les objets définissables dans les structures étudiées (via les prolongations, les D-structures,...). On s'intéreese dans la quatrième partie au cas particulier des sous-groupes infiniment définissables dans les groupes algébriques. La cinquième partie est dédié au cas de la caractéristique nulle, en particulier sur les différentes notions de rang.
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Bonhomme, Yannick. "Test faible consommation des circuits munis de chaînes de scan." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20053.
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Cantin, Daniel. "Étude des résonateurs instables munis de miroirs à sauts de phase." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0011/NQ36244.pdf.
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Benoist, Franck André René. "Théorie des modèles des corps munis d' une dérivation de Hasse." Paris 7, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00134889.
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Simoneau, Charles. "Modélisation de matériaux composites adaptatifs munis d'actionneurs en alliage à mémoire de forme." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2013. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/1177/1/SIMONEAU_Charles.pdf.
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Le développement technologique de structures ayant la capacité de s’adapter à différentes conditions d’utilisation est grandissant dans plusieurs sphères d’activité comme celle de l’aéronautique. En effet, beaucoup de projets sont maintenant orientés vers la conception d’ailes d’avion adaptatives où le but recherché est d’augmenter les propriétés aérodynamiques de ces ailes.
Dans cette avenue, les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de ce mémoire présentent les étapes qui ont mené à la réalisation d’un modèle numérique pouvant être utilisé pour prédire le comportement d’un panneau adaptatif, et donc, éventuellement d’une aile d’avion adaptative.
Tout d’abord, le panneau adaptatif de ce projet a été conçu à partir d’un composite carboneépoxy, agissant en tant que structure d’accueil, où des fils en alliage à mémoire de forme (AMF), agissant en tant qu’actionneurs, ont été insérés au sein de ce dernier. Les actionneurs en AMF ont, par ailleurs, été positionnés de façon asymétrique, selon la direction de l’épaisseur du panneau, afin qu’un moment de flexion soit généré lorsque ces derniers sont activés.
Pour parvenir à modéliser une telle structure, un premier modèle numérique composé uniquement d’éléments finis de type solide a été analytiquement validé. Un second modèle numérique composé d’éléments finis de type coque, poutre et tige a démontré que des résultats identiques à ceux du premier modèle pouvaient être obtenus. Considérant que le premier modèle était composé de plus de 300 000 noeuds comparativement à 1 000 noeuds pour le second, le choix du type d’éléments finis à employer s’est arrêté sur la combinaison coque-poutre-tige.
Par la suite, une loi de matériau spéciale a dû être employée afin de pouvoir modéliser le comportement particulier des AMF, soit le modèle micromécanique de Likhachev. Pour ce projet, c’est une version uniaxiale du modèle qui a été utilisée. De plus, à l’aide d’une formulation mathématique assez directe, cette relation constitutive a permis de modéliser pratiquement toutes les propriétés fonctionnelles des AMF dont l’effet mémoire de forme double sens (TWSME) à contrainte nulle obtenu suite à un traitement d’éducation thermomécanique. Pour ce faire, une orientation cristallographique préférentielle a été modélisée au niveau des actionneurs, ceci est d’ailleurs un aspect original de ce projet.
La dernière étape a consisté à regrouper les dernières considérations afin de concevoir le modèle numérique expérimentalement validé à l’aide d’un prototype où 19 fils ont été insérés au sein d’un panneau de 425 mm x 425 mm. À cet effet, dans le but de comparer le modèle numérique avec le prototype, divers cas de chargements ont été réalisés.
Néanmoins, durant les essais expérimentaux, l’incapacité des thermocouples à mesurer adéquatement la température des actionneurs a provoqué une sous-estimation systématique. Par conséquent, en comparant le rayon de courbure du panneau en fonction de la température des actionneurs, un décalage (en température) entre les courbes obtenues de façon expérimentale et numérique est observable. Mise à part cette difficulté technologique, les résultats expérimentaux et numériques sont très comparables et par conséquent, ce modèle numérique peut être utilisé pour prédire le comportement d’un panneau adaptatif. Par ailleurs, un des principaux avantages de ce modèle numérique réside au niveau de sa versatilité où il a été démontré qu’un « gauchissement » du panneau pouvait être réalisé en contrôlant les actionneurs de manière indépendante.
Les travaux futurs devront évidemment se concentrer sur la lecture de la température tout en considérant le raffinement du modèle numérique et la possibilité de modéliser un panneau adaptatif initialement courbé dont la forme pouvait s’apparenter à une aile d’avion.
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Willmann, Benoît. "Fonctionnement des amplificateurs hautes fréquences de puissance à triode munis d'un circuit de réaction." Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10269.
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Ce travail est consacré à l'étude du fonctionnement des amplificateurs hautes fréquences munis d'un circuit de réaction. On montre qu'il est possible de prélever une partie de la puissance fournie, par une triode montée grille à la masse, et de la réinjecter en phase, avec le signal appliqué à la cathode. La réaction augmente le gain de l'étage d'un facteur cinq et permet de réduire la puissance que doit fournir le préamplificateur. La réaction positive est mise en œuvre par une ligne coaxiale de longueur proche de la longueur d'onde. Un "combiner" assure l'addition des signaux, au niveau de l'entrée de l'amplificateur. La notion d'impédance de sortie d'un amplificateur linéaire a été étendue aux amplificateurs non linéaires, de classes B et C. Elle repose sur la justification d'une même relation qui lie les variations du gain aux variations des impédances de la charge que les amplificateurs alimentent. L'impédance de sortie d'un amplificateur, à triode montée grille à la masse et dont le circuit de sortie est un circuit résonnant, varie peu lorsque l'étage est corrigé par une réaction positive<br>This work is devoted to a study of the operation of the high frequency amplifiers provided with a feedback circuit. It is shown that it is possible to take part of the amplifier output power, through use of a grounded-grid triode, and to reinject it in phase, with the signal applied to the cathode. This increases the stage gain by a factor five and makes it possible to reduce the power which must be provided by the preamplifier. The positive feedback is made through a coaxial line, the length of which is close to the wavelength. A combiner ensures the addition of the signals, at the amplifier input. The concept of output impedance of a linear amplifier has been extended to nonlinear amplifiers, of classes B and C It is based on the same relation ship which binds the variations in gain to the variations of impedance of the load that the amplifiers. The output impedance of an amplifier, with a grounded-grid triode and whose output circuit is resonant, varies little when the stage is corrected by a positive feedback
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Jeannette, David. "Contributions à l'étude des résonateurs laser à l'état solide munis de miroirs coniques et holographiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26169/26169.pdf.
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Nechache, Akli. "Modélisation du phénomène de fluage-relaxation dans les assemblages à brides boulonnées munis de joint d'étanchéité." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2007. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/595/1/NECHACHE_Akli.pdf.
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Les différents travaux de recherche menés dans le cadre de la présente thèse, ont comme premier objectif de développer un modèle analytique pouvant prédire la relaxation de la charge des boulons en fonction du temps due au fluage des boulons, du joint d'étanchéité, de l'anneau de la bride, du cylindre, de la collerette et du couvercle plat. Dans ce modèle, des solutions analytiques pour les déplacements radiaux et axiaux et les rotations dues au fluage de ces différents éléments ont été déterminées selon leurs théories correspondantes. Par la suite, ces déflexions obtenues par le calcul analytique sont utilisées dans l'analyse d'interaction mécanique pour déterminer la relaxation de la charge des boulons et celle du joint d'étanchéité en fonction du temps. Le deuxième objectif est d'élaborer un modèle analytique pour un calcul précis, du nombre de rondelle "Belleville" ou des dimensions des manchons à installer avec les boulons. En rendant l'assemblage plus flexible à l'aide de ces méthodes, le modèle permet de vérifier si la relaxation de la charge dans les boulons due à l'effet du fluage est dans la proportion désirée. Des exemples de calcul sur différents cas d'assemblages de brides symétriques et de brides avec couvercles plats sont présentés pour illustrer la méthode analytique proposée. Les profils de la variation de la charge dans la boulonnerie et du joint d'étanchéité en fonction du temps sont analytiquement en bon accord avec les éléments finis.
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Nechache, Akli. "Modélisation du phénomène de fluage-relaxation dans les assemblages à brides boulonnées munis de joint d'étanchéité /." Thèse, Montréal : École de technologie supérieure, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1467893371&sid=9&Fmt=2&clientId=46962&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thèse (Ph.D.)--École de technologie supérieure, Montréal, 2007.<br>"Thèse présentée à l'École de technologie supérieure comme exigence partielle à l'obtention du doctorat en génie" "par Nechache, Akli" -- p. de t. CaQMUQET CaQMUQET Bibliogr. : f. [207]-214. Également disponible en version électronique. CaQMUQET
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El-Rich, Marwan. "Étude de l'effet de la rotation des brides sur la fuite des assemblages boulonnés munis de joints d'étanchéité." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0016/MQ53572.pdf.
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Murayama, Hideki. "STUDIES ON RIPENING CHARACTERISTICS OF PEAR(Pyrus com-munis L.) FRUIT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CELL WALL POLYSACCHARIDES." Kyoto University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149938.
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Bragança, Pierre. "Ventilation par mélange utilisant des dispositifs de diffusion munis d’inserts lobés : analyse des écoulements moteurs et du confort thermique induit." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS018/document.
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Cette thèse porte sur la ventilation par mélange à haute induction pour le bâtiment au moyen de diffuseurs d’air innovants munis de promoteurs de tourbillons. Il s’agit d’inserts lobés, introduits au sein de diffuseurs d’air commerciaux, sans en modifier le processus de fabrication. L’innovation est née de travaux antérieurs et a fait récemment l’objet d’un brevet européen. Sa mise en situation à l’échelle 1 en conditions typiques de chauffage et de climatisation, constitue l’objectif premier des présents travaux. Par une démarche expérimentale, l’impact des inserts lobés sur la topologie de l’écoulement moteur, sur le confort thermique induit en zone d’occupation d’une cellule climatique thermiquement gardée, et sur les pertes de charges et le bruit générés, sont évalués. Les écoulements moteurs sont analysés par PIV 2D2C grand champ, et le confort thermique est évalué en zone d’occupation à l'aide d’un ensemble de capteurs ponctuels de vitesse et de température et du modèle PMV/PPD de Fanger. Les résultats montrent que les inserts lobés introduits dans le diffuseur, favorisent le mélange du jet qui en est issu avec l’air ambiant à traiter. Le confort thermique en zone d’occupation est amélioré de façon significative, par rapport au cas de référence du même diffuseur sans inserts. L’impact des inserts sur l’acoustique et les pertes de charges n’est pas significatif, ce qui valide l’innovation pour son application immédiate dans le bâtiment. En dernière partie, nous avons comparé la performance des diffuseurs innovants munis d’inserts lobés au diffuseur vortex, présenté sur le marché de la diffusion de l’air comme étant doté d’une grande capacité de mélange, suite à la mise en rotation du jet à l’aide d’ailettes profilées. Les résultats ont montré que l’encastrement au plafond du diffuseur vortex préconisé par le fabricant, dont il résulte l’adhérence immédiate du jet par effet Coanda, inhibe le mouvement de rotation escomptée, et sa performance dans ces conditions est inférieure à celle du diffuseur à inserts lobés. Il résulte de ce constat, la nécessité d’une installation du diffuseur vortex sur conduite apparente pour que sa performance soit réelle ; cela est envisageable pour des locaux commerciaux ou industriels de grande hauteur sous plafond. Les diffuseurs lobés encastrés au plafond, dont on a ainsi démontré la performance, sont parfaitement adaptés aux espaces de bureaux ou d’habitations de faibles hauteurs sous-plafond, et répondent par conséquent au réel besoin de la haute induction dans ce type de locaux<br>This thesis deals with high-induction mixing ventilation for buildings using innovative air diffusers equipped with vortex promoters. These are lobed inserts, introduced into commercial air diffusers, without modifying the manufacturing process. The innovation was born from previous work and has recently been the subject of an European patent. The first objective of the present work is to conduct full scale experiments under typical heating and air conditioning conditions. By an experimental approach, the impact of the lobed inserts on the airflow and jet pattern, on the thermal comfort induced in the occupied zone of a thermally guarded climate chamber, and on the pressure drop and the noise generation. Airflow pattern is analyzed by large scale PIV 2D2C, and thermal comfort is evaluated in the occupied zone using a set of temperature and speed sensors and Fanger's PMV / PPD model. The results show that the lobed inserts introduced into the diffusers enhance the mixing between the jet and ambient air whose to be treated. The thermal comfort in the occupied zone is significantly improved, compared to the reference case of the same diffuser without inserts. The impact of the inserts on the acoustics and the pressure drop is not significant, which validates the innovation for its immediate application in buildings. Finally, we compared the performance of innovative diffusers with lobed inserts to the vortex diffuser, presented in the air diffusion market as a high mixing diffuser, because of the rotation generated by profiled fins. The results showed that when the diffuser is flush mounted to the ceiling, which is recommended by the manufacturer, the immediate attachment of the jet due to the Coanda effect inhibits the expected rotational movement. Its performance under these conditions is lower to that of the diffuser with lobed inserts. It follows from this finding that the installation of the vortex diffuser on a free pipe is necessary for its best performance ; this can be performed for high ceiling commercial buildings or industrial buildings. Ceiling flush mounted diffusers with lobed inserts, which we have demonstrated their performance, are perfectly suited for office spaces or homes with low ceiling heights, and therefore meet the real need for high induction in this type of buildings
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HADJADJ, AHMED. "Etude du transfert de chaleur par convection naturelle et mixte dans l'espace delimite par deux cylindres concentriques verticaux munis de protuberances sinusoidales." Besançon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BESA2055.
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L'auteur presente une etude numerique des transferts de chaleur par convection naturelle et mixte en regime laminaire dans un espace delimite par deux cylindres concentriques verticaux. Il analyse egalement l'influence de protuberances sinusoidales disposees sur les surfaces exterieure et interieure, sur les transferts de chaleur. L'auteur complete ce memoire par une etude numerique et experimentale du meme phenomene dans la meme configuration muni cette fois-ci de deux protuberances sinusoidales sur la surface exterieure du cylindre interieur et une autre a faible amplitude sur la surface interieure du cylindre exterieur. La discretisation des equations qui regissent les phenomenes est basee sur la technique des volumes de controle aux differences finies. Le couplage entre la vitesse et la pression est effectue a l'aide de l'algorithme simple. Les resultats sont presentes sous forme de fonctions de courant, d'isothermes, de profils de temperature, de vitesses et de pressions et sous forme de correlations. Ils mettent en evidence les effets des forces de gravitation sur l'ecoulement et de l'interaction entre ces forces et les forces centrifuges. Les protuberances intensifient le transfert de chaleur et perturbent l'ecoulement. Les resultats experimentaux caracterises par une visualisation de l'ecoulement en utilisant de la fumee d'encens et par les mesures de temperatures de surface du cylindre exterieur a l'aide de thermocouples et d'une camera de thermographie infrarouge sont en bon accord avec les resultats theoriques
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Bernardi, Sébastien. "Contribution à l'étude de la fissuration et du comportement à l'effort tranchant d'éléments de structure en bétons de hautes performances munis d'armatures de hautes performances." Toulouse, INSA, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ISAT0035.
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Du fait de l'évolution des matériaux avec notamment l'apparition des bétons de hautes performances (BHP), il apparaît nécessaire d'entreprendre de nouvelles investigations expérimentales afin d'évaluer les éventuelles conséquences du changement induit par les nouvelles propriétés du matériau. Or, le béton armé est un matériau composite hétérogène, le raisonnement sur l'amélioration de ses caractéristiques ne doit pas seulement avoir lieu sur le béton mais aussi sur l'acier. C'est pourquoi nous avons choisi d'orienter notre travail de thèse vers l'étude de la fissuration et de l'effort tranchant d'éléments de structures en BHP munis d'armatures de hautes performances (AHP). La première partie est consacrée à l'étude expérimentale du comportement à la fissuration de tirants et de poutres rectangulaires. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence, pour une même contrainte dans les armatures, une réduction de 20 à 40 % de l'ouverture moyenne des fissures entre un BHP (100 MPa) et un béton ordinaire (30 MPa). Des vérifications à l'aide d'une modélisation numérique par éléments finis ont permis de compléter et de corroborer ce résultat. La deuxième partie traite d'une étude expérimentale sur le comportement à l'effort tranchant de poutres en Té. L'accroissement de la résistance du béton et de la limite élastique des armatures transversales permet d'augmenter dans certaines proportions les charges aux différents états limites, sans pour autant mettre en évidence une éventuelle réduction des ouvertures de fissures diagonales de cisaillement<br>Due to the evolution of the material with the apparition of high performance concretes (HPC) notably, it appears necessary to undertake new experimental investigations in order to assess the possible consequences of the change due to the new properties of the material. However, reinforced concrete is a heterogeneous composite material, the reasoning on the improvement of its characteristics must not only take place on the concrete but also on steel. This is why we chose to orient our work of thesis toward the study of cracking and shear behaviour of HPC structural elements provided with high performance reinforcement (HPR). The first part is dedicated to the experimental study of cracking behaviour of ties and rectangular beams. Thus, we were able to highlight, for a same steel stress, a reduction of 20 to 40% of the mean crack opening between HPC (100 MPa) and plain concrete (30 MPa). Verifications with a finite element model permitted to complete and to corroborate this result. The second part is about a experimental study on the shear force behaviour of T-beams. The improvement of the concrete strength and the yielding strength of the transverse reinforcement allows to increase, in certain proportions, loads at the different limit states, without to put in evidence a possible reduction of diagonal shear cracks openings
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Hansner, Thomas. "Molekularbiologische und proteinchemische Charakterisierung einer Thiolproteinase des einzelligen Parasiten Sarcocystis muris (Apicomplexa)." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=960418563.
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Makanga, Ursy. "Transport and deformation of flexible fibers in structured environments." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023IPPAX080.
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Les fibres flexibles se rencontrent dans diverses situations dans la nature et les applications industrielles. Parmi lesquelles on trouve des fibres de microplastiques, des fibres de cellulose et des structures filamenteuses résultant de colonies bactériennes dites “biofilms". Dans la plupart des cas, les fibres flexibles sont généralement immergées dans des environnements fluidiques qui sont munis d'obstacles. A titre d'exemple, les lave-linge rejettent un grand nombre de fibres de microplastiques (environ 1900 fibres par lavage) dans des eaux usées contenant plusieurs débris. Dans de tels environnements complexes, les fibres peuvent adopter différentes formes non triviales et se déplacer suivant différents modes à travers les obstacles environnants. Ces différents comportements résultent du couplage complexe entre la réponse élastique des fibres, les collisions et les interactions hydrodynamiques. Leur compréhension est par conséquent essentielle pour l'étude des systèmes biologiques, environnementaux et industriels, où des phénomènes similaires sont observés, de même que pour éviter des problèmes majeurs comme la pollution ou le colmatage. Au cours des dernières décennies, la modélisation des particules élancées immergées dans un fluide visqueux a été un domaine majeur de recherche en mécanique des fluides. Cependant, le développement des modèles numériques permettant de prendre en compte des environnements munis d'obstacles a été peu abordé. Le problème raide à résoudre sous contraintes qui en résulte en est une des raisons. Modéliser des fibres dans de tels environnements est un défi majeur pour les approches numériques actuelles.Ainsi, dans cette thèse, nous proposerons une méthodologie pour simuler des fibres flexibles dans des environnements fluidiques munis d'obstacles. Notre implémentation permet de simuler des systèmes contenant un nombre considérable de fibres et d'obstacles en des temps raisonnables sur une seule carte graphique (GPU). Forts de cet outil, et d'expériences simples, nous étudierons ensuite le problème de sédimentation des fibres flexibles dans des environnements complexes. Nos résultats jettent les bases pour de futures expériences et fournissent des ingrédients physiques essentiels pour la conception des dispositifs de tri de particules sous l'action de la gravité<br>Flexible fibers are encountered in various situations in nature and industrial applications. Examples include microplastics fibers, cellulose fibers, and biofilm streamers. In a wide range of such situations, flexible fibers are often immersed in a fluidic environment with obstacles embedded. For instance, laundry washing machines discharge a large number of microplastics fibers (around 1900 fibers per wash) into wastewaters which contain a significant amount of debris. In such complex media, flexible fibers can exhibit nontrivial conformations and different modes of transport through the surrounding obstacles. These dynamics result from the complex interplay between their elastic response, collisions and hydrodynamic interactions. Understanding of these phenomena is therefore essential to study the physics of biological, environmental and industrial systems, but also to prevent issues such as pollution or clogging. While modeling slender particles in viscous fluids has been a major area of research over the past few decades, methodologies involving surrounding environments are scarce. The resulting complex coupling leads to a constrained formulation of the problem in addition of being stiff. Therefore, modeling fibers in complex media is challenging and can be computationally costly.In this thesis, we will propose a methodology to model flexible fibers in different environments that are made of rigid stationary obstacles. Our implementation enables dynamic simulations of large systems in a reasonable wall times on a single modern Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). Using the capabilities afforded by our method, together with simple experiments, we will investigate the sedimentation of flexible fibers in structured environments. The resulting findings provide physical insight into future experiments and the design of gravity-based sorting devices
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Soler, Matthieu. "Les dieux de l'amphithéâtre : étude sur la relation entre religion et spectacle de l'Occident romain du IIe s. av.J.-C. au Ve s. ap. J.-C." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU20119.
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Le monde de l’amphithéâtre, entre l’apparition, au IIIe s. av. J.-C., des ludi qu’il abrite à partir de la fin du IIe s. av. J.-C., et l’abandon de ce type d’édifice en tant que monument de spectacle dans lecourant du Ve s. ap. J.-C., a longtemps été perçu par l’historiographie soit comme l’excroissance monstrueuse d’une civilisation brillante, soit comme l’exemple même de la cruauté d’une société autocratique et esclavagiste. Cette image de l’arène s’appuyait en particulier sur les rites se déroulant dans les édifices dédiés aux munera décrits par les écrivains chrétiens à partir de Tertullien au IIe s. ap. J.-C. Plus tard, pour livrer une étude dépassionnée de la gladiature, Georges Ville a postulé une "laïcisation" précoce de l’institution et rejeté ainsi les textes des polémistes chrétiens dans le domaine du pur discours. La reprise attentive de l’ensemble de la documentation, tant littéraire qu’épigraphique ou iconographique permet de nuancer ces constats. Si la religion est au cœur des jeux, c’est avant tout parce que ceux-ci, non seulement, sont parfaitement intégrés à la société romaine et provinciale, mais aussi et surtout car ils sont un des lieux par excellence où est montrée l’image idéalisée de Rome, sa structure sociale, culturelle et donc religieuse. Les dieux de l’amphithéâtre sont donc avant tout les dieux de la cité, garants de sa pérennité et de son équilibre. Ils sont adorés dans les amphithéâtres par des actes publics et privés, par l’ensemble de la communauté, des groupes sociaux, ou encore des individus de toute origine. La société se soude dans ce contexte où les spectateurs forment une communauté émotionnelle, prélude à la communauté cultuelle et sociale. Les acteurs des jeux eux-mêmes ont des préférences pour des dieux censés les protéger : Diane, Hercule, Némésis, Fortune, Mars, Minerve, Vénus, Mercure, et sont acteurs des rites de la cité. Cela ne fait pas d’elles les seules divinités des arènes et tout citoyen peut également se tourner vers elles dans les sacella des amphithéâtres, généralement ouverts à tous<br>The amphitheater was used as a spectacle edifice between the end of the IInd century BC, hosting the ludi that appeared during the IIIrd century BC, and the Vth century AC. It was long perceived by historiographers either as the monstrous appendix of an enlightened civilization or as an example of an autocratic and slavering society. This image of the arena was derived from the rituals taking place in the edifices dedicated to munera and described by Christian writers starting with Tertullien in the IInd century AC. Georges Ville later conducting a dispassionate study of the Gladiatura, postulated an early non-religious nature of the institution and rejected the texts written by the Christian polemists as pure discourse. The careful study of the whole literary, epigraphic and iconographic documentation allows to nuance those statements. Religion is seen as the central core of the games not only because they are perfectly integrated to the Roman and provincial society but also because they are the best place to show an idealized image of Rome with its social, cultural and de facto religious structure. The gods worshiped in the amphitheater are first and foremost those of the city that guarantee its perenniality and stability. Inside the amphitheater they receive public and private adoration from the part of the whole community, of social groups and of individuals. The audience thus becomes united creating an emotional community that will later turn into a cultural and social community. The actors of the games give preference to certain gods expected to protected them -Diana, Hercules, Nemesis, Fortuna, Mars, Minerva, Venus and Mercury- and thus become actors in the city’s rites. Other gods and goddesses can also be worshiped in the sacella of the amphitheater that are generally open to all citizens
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BIGIO, Narcísio Costa. "As Espécies de Pera mutis (Euphorbiaceae) na Amazônia brasileira." UFRA/MPEG, 2008.
Find full textAbstract:
Pera Mutis is a endemic genus of Neotropics, with about 30 species, occurring in Cuba,
Central America to southem Brazil. Major concentration of species is on Amazon. This genus
has not been subject of a modem revision, and the revision works, are laged, with keys and
descriptions difficult to follow. Also have doubts with the correct position on Euphorbiaceae.
In this way the objective of this work is to know what species of Pera occur in Amazon,
where the species occur, update the specimes identification on herbarium visited, illustrating
the amazonian species and makes descriptions and keys. For that it was consulted herbarium
of Embrapa Amazônia Oriental (IAN), Instituto de Pesquisa da Amazônia (INPA), Jardim
Botânico do Rio de Janeiro (RB), Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro (R), Museu Paraense
Emílio Goeldi (MG), Universidade de Brasília (UNB), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso
(UFMT). The species of Pera can be dioecious trees or shrubs, rarely monoecious, leaves
simple, alternate and exceptionally opposite, with flowers in axillary pseudants, always
protected by a involucral bract, and sometimes are confused with a flower-buds. In the
Brazilian Amazon ocurr 13 species, which are: P barbinervis (Mart. ex Kl.) Pax et Hoff., P.
bicolor (Klotzsch) Müll. Arg., P. benensis Ruby, P. coccinea (Benth.) Müll. Arg., P.
distichophylla (Mart.) BailL, P. glabrata (Schott.) BailL, P. heteranthera (Schranck) I. Johnst
M., P. membranacea Leal, P. decipiens Müll. Arg., P. lomenlosa (Benth.) Müll. Arg., P.
pulchrifolia Ducke, Pera sp. I and Pera sp. II. Three of these are new records from Amazon.
Have been excluded 4 taxon that were believed to occur in Brazilian Amazon: P. citriodora
BailL, P. heterodoxa Müll. Arg., Pera arbórea Mutis and Pera incisa Leal. And have a
proposal of sinonization of Pera fruíescens Leal and P. heteranthera.<br>O gênero Pera Mutis é endêmico do neotrópico, com aproximadamente 30 espécies, ocorrendo em Cuba, América Central até o sul do Brasil. Sendo que a maior concentração de espécies está na Amazônia. Esse gênero ainda não foi objeto de uma revisão moderna, e os trabalhos de carater revisional encontram-se defasados e com chaves e descrições difíceis de serem seguidas. Além disso apresenta grandes duvidas sobre a sua correta posição taxonômica na familia Euphorbiaceae. Diante disso objetivou-se saber quais são as espécies de Pera que ocorrem na Amazônia, onde as espécies ocorrem, atualizar as identificações nos herbários estudados, ilustrar o material, elaborar descrições e chaves. Para isso consultou os herbários
da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental (IAN), Instituto de Pesquisa da Amazônia (INPA), Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro (RB), Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro (R), Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MG), Universidade de Brasília (UNB), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso (UFMT). A espécies de Pera podem ser árvores ou arbustos dióicos, raramente monóicos, de folhas simples, alternas e excepcionalmente opostas, com inflorescências em pseudantos axilares, sempre protegidas por uma bráctea globosas, e as vezes são confundidas com um botão floral. Na Amazônia Brasileira existem 13 espécies, sendo elas: P. barbinervis (Mart. ex Kl.) Pax et Hoff., P. bicolor (Klotzsch) Müll. Arg., P. benensis Ruby, P. coccinea (Benth.)
Müll. Arg., P. distichophylla (Mart.) Baill., P. glabrata (Schott.) Baill., P. beteranthera (Schranck) LM. Johnst, P. membranacea Leal, P. decipiens Müll. Arg., P. lomenlosa (Benth.) Müll. Arg., P. pulchrifolia Ducke, Pera sp. I, Pera sp. II. Destas 13 espécies 3 são novas ocorrências para o Pará. Foram excluídos taxon que acreditava-se ocorrer na amazônia brasileira, a saber: P. citriodora Baill., P. heterodoxa Müll. Arg., Pera arbórea Mutis e Pera incisa Leal. É proposta uma sinonimização de Pera fruíescens Leal como P. heteranthera.
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Hüttemann, Maria. "Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Entwicklungsstadien von Angiostrongylus cantonensis und Trichuris muris (Nematodes)." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=97184397X.
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Shears, Rebecca. "Defining the host protective antigens secreted by the murine whipworm, Trichuris muris." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/defining-the-host-protective-antigens-secreted-by-the-murine-whipworm-trichuris-muris(34417c03-44c9-46ff-bae8-9509f4c74e1c).html.
Full textAbstract:
Soil-transmitted helminths are a major cause of morbidity for humans and their livestock. A combination of better sanitation, anthelminthic drugs and vaccines are predicted to reduce the morbidity of these parasites in humans. The drugs currently used to treat these infections, albendazole and mebendazole, are fairly ineffective against Trichuris trichiura (human whipworm), and there are reports of drug resistance arising within parasite populations in Vietnam and Zanzibar. There are also no commercially available vaccines against human STH species, and very few against their veterinary counterparts. The murine whipworm, T. muris, has been used for over 50 years as a model for T. trichiura. These parasites share homology at the genomic and transcriptomic levels, and the immune responses associated with both acute and chronic infection have been well studied using the T. muris mouse model. T. muris excretory/secretory products have been studied in the context of vaccination for over four decades, however relatively little progress has been made towards identifying the molecular components that stimulate protective immunity following vaccination or during acute infection. Here, a stringent selection protocol was developed using chromatography and mass spectrometry methods combined with a measurement of T cell cytokine production. The work presented in this thesis provides a novel framework for identifying potential immunogenic candidates within adult T.muris excretory/secretory products. Exosome-like vesicles isolated from adult T. muris ES were also explored as a source of host protective material. Vaccination with exosome-like vesicles protected male C57BL/6 mice from a subsequent low dose infection, which would ordinarily progress to chronicity, and a number of potential immunogenic candidates were identified. Over the course of this thesis, several important observations were made relating to characteristics of the immune response induced by vaccination with ES. Firstly, proteinaceous material is likely to be responsible for the host protective properties of ES. Secondly, vaccination with ES products stimulates long-lasting immunity. Thirdly, vaccination with ES collected from both larval and adult stages stimulates protective immunity. The number of potential immunogenic candidates has also been narrowed down from over four hundred to just eleven. Given the homology between T. muris and T. trichiura at both the genomic and transcriptomic levels, this work has the potential to advance vaccine design for T. trichiura and other Trichuris parasites.
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Otto, Sarah. "The role of circadian rhythm in the immune response to Trichuris muris." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-role-of-circadian-rhythm-in-the-immune-response-to-trichuris-muris(cc0b22e0-4fd6-4bf3-8741-f773b9e1783e).html.
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Circadian rhythms have been implicated in severity and outcome of infection and disease. Commonly, LPS and bacterial infection have been used to identify the mechanisms behind the difference in immune responses depending on the time of day of the challenge. In this thesis, the colon dwelling nematode parasite Trichuris muris, which elicits a Th2 immune response in resistant mice, was used to identify if circadian rhythms influence infection outcome 3 weeks post infection. C57BL/6 mice infected with 200 eggs of T. muris at ZT0 (7am, lights on) expelled the parasite more efficiently than mice infected at ZT12 (7pm, lights off), which expelled with a delay of several days compared to ZT0 infected mice. Analysis of cell infiltration into the colon during the first days of infection suggested that there was no visible difference in the local immune response. There also were no differences in macrophage and dendritic cell numbers in colon tissue of naïve mice at ZT0 or ZT12. Further experiments examined immunomodulation of the immune response to T. muris by pushing the immune response towards a Th1, by low dose infection, or a Th2 response, by vaccination with excretory/secretory antigen. In both cases any circadian influence was overwritten. Mice infected at ZT0 or ZT12 with only 40 eggs of T. muris were equally susceptible to infection and mice infected at ZT3 10 days after vaccination at ZT0 or ZT12 were equally resistant to infection. Mice food restricted to mid-light phase and infected at ZT0 were not significantly delayed in their worm expulsion or polarised more towards a Th1 immune response compared to ZT0 infected mice fed during the dark phase. Therefore it is unlikely that feeding behaviour during the first days of infection is able to polarise towards a Th1 response and lead to delayed worm expulsion. Transgenic mice were used to dissect the mechanism underlying the delay in worm expulsion in ZT12 infected mice. mPer2::luc mice were used to confirm rhythmic Per2 expression in colon tissue and dendritic cells. Infection of mPer2::luc mice at ZT0 or ZT12 with T. muris showed similar worm expulsion, antibody and cytokine production when infected at ZT0 or ZT12. Bmal1floxLysMcre mice, which lack rhythmic clock gene expression in macrophages and granulocytes, produced a stronger Th2 antibody response in a primary infection at ZT3 than wild-type littermate controls. Newly generated mPer2::lucBmal1floxCD11ccre mice showed the no difference in worm burden and parasite specific antibody production between ZT0 and ZT12 infected mice. Only IL-10 and IL-6 levels were significantly lower in ZT12 infected mPer2::LucBmal1floxCD11ccre mice compared to ZT12 infected wild-type littermates. Confirmation of removal of exon 8 of the Bmal1 gene was not achieved; therefore it is not clear if circadian rhythm in dendritic cells has any impact on the immune response to T. muris or if the mPer2::LucBmal1floxCD11ccre mice and littermate controls both contain circadian rhythm in dendritic cells and therefore cannot be used to identify the role of the dendritic cell clock in the time of day differences in infection outcome. This thesis shows that time of day of the infection impacts on the outcome of infection with Trichuris muris.
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Else, Kathryn J. "Immunogenetics of Trichuris muris infection." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1989. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12875/.
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Investigations have been made into the genetic control of immunity to the nematode Trichuris muris. Both background genes and genes within the mouse major histocompatibility complex (MHC), H-2, were shown to influence the expulsion of T. muris with the former having the stronger influence. At least two genes within the H-2 complex determined response phenotypes, the effects of "resistance" or "susceptibility" alleles at I-A being modulated by resistance or susceptibility alleles at aD end locus/loci. Differential responsiveness within slowly responding mouse strains suggested that parasite-dependent effects were also important. The primary antibody response to T. muris excretory/secretory (E/S) antigen, predominantly an IgG response, was also shown to be controlled by background and H-2-linked genes. In general, mouse strains less resistant to infection developed higher levels of IgG than- more resistant strains of mice. However strains of mice possessing the H-2q haplotype, irrespective of their genetic background, rapidly developed higher levels of IgG1 antibodies than strains of other haplotypes, H-2q haplotype mice tending to be more resistant to infection. Recognition of two high molecular weight (MW) E/S antigens by IgG as revealed by immunoprecipitation was also found to be almost exclusively H-2q restricted. This restriction may be partly quantitative but as such would operate in vivo due to the restriction on the ability to produce high levels of specific IgG. Both H-2q restricted phenomena may be part of, but not absolute requirements for, protective immunity. Parasite-induced effects on host immunity were also studied. Later larval and adult stages of T. muris were shown to be immunosuppressive, immunosuppression being long lasting and preventing the expulsion of subsequent infections. Vaccination with E/S antigen was shown to protect strains of mice which are slow to expel worms (poor-responder) or totally unable to expel worms (non-responder) from a primary infection with T. muris. However protection was slow to be expressed. Antigen recognition profiles of vaccinated strains of mice differed from their primary infection recognition profiles and included the recognition of the two high MW antigens shown to be H-2q restricted in a primary infection. Thus altering the mode or route of E/S antigen presentation may lead to shifts in responsiveness of H-2 genotypes to specific determinants and/or boost specific antibody levels sufficiently to reveal recognition of these antigens. Prior experience of a patent primary infection prevented vaccination protecting non-responder mice against subsequent infections. This inability was correlated with suppressed IgG1 antibody levels and failure to recognise three high MW antigens including the IL-2q restricted antigens. Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies raised against E/S antigen it was shown that E/S antigens, apparently including both immunogenic and immunosuppressive molecules, were localised to granules within the stichocyte cytoplasm of the adult T. muris stichosome.
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Gražulis, Saulius. "Structure and function of the restriction endonucleases Bse634I and MunI." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=962024953.
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Briggs, Eppie. "The Munich Massacre: A New History." Thesis, Department of History, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/7980.
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This thesis examines the Nixon administration’s response to the Munich Massacre; a terrorist attack which took place at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich. By examining the contextual considerations influencing the administration’s response in both the domestic and international spheres, this thesis will determine the manner in which diplomatic intricacies impacted on the introduction of precedent setting counterterrorism institutions. Furthermore, it will expound the correlation between the Nixon administration’s response and a developing conceptualisation of acts of modern international terrorism.
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Carvalho, Marcelo Braga de [UNESP]. "Myriam Muniz: uma pedagoga do teatro." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86876.
Full textAbstract:
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carvalho_mb_me_ia.pdf: 3042861 bytes, checksum: 672f91b0f04453a3d15bca43d3826f67 (MD5)<br>Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)<br>A matéria de que trata essa dissertação é a pedagogia teatral desenvolvida por Myrian Muniz, que consiste em uma prática que lança um olhar muito particular sobre o trabalho do ator e é resultado de um amálgama composto por experiências de formação, vivências importantes e influências decisivas. Tendo formado várias gerações de artistas, ela ocupa, sem dúvida alguma, posição de destaque no cenário de ensino do teatro no Brasil. Myrian acreditava que a atividade teatral possibilitava um intercâmbio de conhecimentos, criando assim um espaço para olhar e ser olhado, tocar e ser tocado, influenciar e ser influenciado: base fundamental sobre a qual desenvolveu sua atuação como pedagoga do teatro. Este trabalho resgata os processos pedagógicos utilizados por Myrian Muniz e identifica uma linha de trabalho dentro do ensino do teatro que está apoiada no autoconhecimento, na reflexão crítica do trabalho do ator e no estabelecimento de uma relação harmoniosa entre indivíduos interessados em desenvolver uma prática teatral<br>The subject of this thesis is the theatrical pedagogy developed by Myrian Muniz based on a practice that sets a very unique look over the acting work, resulting in an amalgam made of important lifelong and upbringing experiences and decisive influences. Being responsible for the formation of many generations of artists, she has, without questioning, a distinctive place in the Brazilian theatrical education. Myrian believed that theatrical work allowed an exchange of knowledge, opening a space to see and be seen, to touch and be touched, to inspire and be inspired: the stone bedding over which she evolved her work as a theatrical educationalist. This work proposes a recovery of the educational procedures applied by Myrian and identifies a work method for the theatrical teaching, based on self knowledge, critical thought of acting and in establishing a suitable relation between people that search developing theatrical experiences
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Carvalho, Marcelo Braga de 1967. "Myriam Muniz: uma pedagoga do teatro /." São Paulo : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86876.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Berenice Albuquerque Raulino de Oliveira<br>Banca: Armando Sérgio da Silva<br>Banca: Reynúncio Napoleão de Lima<br>Resumo: A matéria de que trata essa dissertação é a pedagogia teatral desenvolvida por Myrian Muniz, que consiste em uma prática que lança um olhar muito particular sobre o trabalho do ator e é resultado de um amálgama composto por experiências de formação, vivências importantes e influências decisivas. Tendo formado várias gerações de artistas, ela ocupa, sem dúvida alguma, posição de destaque no cenário de ensino do teatro no Brasil. Myrian acreditava que a atividade teatral possibilitava um intercâmbio de conhecimentos, criando assim um espaço para olhar e ser olhado, tocar e ser tocado, influenciar e ser influenciado: base fundamental sobre a qual desenvolveu sua atuação como pedagoga do teatro. Este trabalho resgata os processos pedagógicos utilizados por Myrian Muniz e identifica uma linha de trabalho dentro do ensino do teatro que está apoiada no autoconhecimento, na reflexão crítica do trabalho do ator e no estabelecimento de uma relação harmoniosa entre indivíduos interessados em desenvolver uma prática teatral<br>Abstract: The subject of this thesis is the theatrical pedagogy developed by Myrian Muniz based on a practice that sets a very unique look over the acting work, resulting in an amalgam made of important lifelong and upbringing experiences and decisive influences. Being responsible for the formation of many generations of artists, she has, without questioning, a distinctive place in the Brazilian theatrical education. Myrian believed that theatrical work allowed an exchange of knowledge, opening a space to see and be seen, to touch and be touched, to inspire and be inspired: the stone bedding over which she evolved her work as a theatrical educationalist. This work proposes a recovery of the educational procedures applied by Myrian and identifies a work method for the theatrical teaching, based on self knowledge, critical thought of acting and in establishing a suitable relation between people that search developing theatrical experiences<br>Mestre
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Lefort, Michèle. "Maqroll el Gaviero dans l'oeuvre d'Alvaro Mutis : de l'alter ego à l'autre." Rennes 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995REN20012.
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A partir d'une étude comparée de la vie et de l'oeuvre d'Alvaro Mutis, poète et romancier colombien, ce travail tente, dans une première partie, de dégager un maximum d'éléments communs à l'auteur et à son alter ego de papier : Maqroll el Gaviero. Il se poursuit par une double démarche, qui consiste à analyser le personnage de Maqroll el Gaviero dans sa dimension à la fois mythique et humaine, afin de mettre en évidence l'évolution de la relation que l'auteur entretient avec son personnage, laquelle se superpose au passage de la poésie au récit, et aboutit, pour Alvaro Mutis, à travers sa propre mise en fiction, à l'invention de soi par l'écriture<br>Starting from a parallel drawn between the life and the work of Alvaro Mutis, a Colombian poet and novelist, this study first endeavours to bring out the greatest number of elements common to the author and his paper alter ego : Maqroll el Gaviero. It then goes on following a double approach : analysis the character of Maqroll el Gaviero in its dual mythical and human dimension, it throws light on the evolution of the relation the character bears to its author, which superimposes itself on the transition from poetry to narrative and results in Alvaro Mutis, through his own fictionalisation of himself, inventing himself through writing
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Islam, Md Rafiqul. "The changing Garo Adivasi culture of Bangladesh : a case study of marriage rituals /." Tromsø : Faculty of Social Sciences, Universitetet i Tromsø, 2008. http://www.ub.uit.no/munin/handle/10037/1552.
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Rudeklint, Robin. "En kartläggning av nätverksövervakningssystem." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-4053.
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<p>Rapporten tar upp en kartläggning av nätverksövervakningssystem (NMS) som används för att övervaka nätverkstjänster och noder på ett nätverk. De egenskaper för NMS som utvärderas är vilket stöd systemen har för att övervaka ett flertal tjänster, hur god prestandan är för varje system samt hur god användbarheten i gränssnittet är. Resultatet visar att Nagios, OpenNMS samt Argus hade stöd för samtliga tjänster medan Munin inte hade stöd för nätverksenheter och Cacti endast stöd att övervaka SNMP. Det visar även att Nagios och OpenNMS generellt hade möjlighet att larma vid fler händelser samt att dessa två system var markant snabbare än Cacti och Munin. Användbarheten visade relativt stor skillnad i olika system. OpenNMS hade högst totalpoäng, men Nagios presterade något bättre i vad Sundström (2005) kallar för interaktion. Munin och Argus fick samma resultat med låg funktionalitet och högre struktur medan Cacti hade god funktionalitet och interaktion men väldigt låg struktur.</p>
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Belosevic, Miodrag. "Biological and immunological aspects of the host-parasite relationship in infections of mice with Giardia muris." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=72072.
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Biological and immunological aspects of the host-parasite relationship were examined in mice which are susceptible (A/J) and resistant (B10.A) to Giardia muris. B10.A exhibited a shorter latent period, lower cyst output during the acute phase of the infection and shorter period of cyst release compared to A/J. Characteristics of the infection transmitted from mouse-to-mouse and those induced by oral inoculation with cysts or trophozoites were similar. The infection was longer in male A/J and B10.A mice compared to females. Susceptibility and resistance during both the acute and elimination phases of the infection were under non-H-2-linked multigenic control. A/J and B10.A differed in non-specific serum IgG and IgA, but not in the specific IgG and IgA to G. muris. Specific antibodies participated in complement-mediated killing of trophozoites. Spleen, mesenteric lymph node and peritoneal cells from A/J and B10.A mice had a similar ability to kill trophozoites. The capacity of B10.A to mount inflammatory responses was greater than that of A/J. A/J were more immunosuppressed than B10.A during the infection, particularly at mucosal sites. Macrophage-like suppressor cells were shown to be the mediators of this suppression.
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Boeri, Marcelo D. "O prazer dentre todas as coisas é o maior impostor que existe”. Comentarios a Platão, Filebo (Texto estabelecido e anotado por John Burnet. Traducão, apresentação e notas de Fernando Muniz), Rio de Janeiro/São Paulo: Editora Puc-Rio/ Edições Loyola 2012." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú - Departamento de Humanidades, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113056.
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Roach, Tamara I. A. "Immunity to Trichuris muris in the mouse." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1986. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12886/.
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Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the serum antibody responses of NIH, C57BL/10, BALB/c, DBA/2 and CFLP mice infected with Trichuris muris have been made using ELISA and immunoprecipitation techniques. No correlation was found between specific serum antibody titres measured using T. muris E/S products and the time of onset of expulsion in the different mouse strains examined. However, there were some differences in the antigen recognition profiles of some sera as determined by immunoprecipitation analyses. In all the strains of mice examined significant increases in detectable specific serum antibody to the parasite E/S products occurred around day 15 to 20 postinfection and continued to rise, as measured up to at least day 40 and even up to day 65. Cortisone acetate treatment during larval development, in infected CFLP mice, in order to establish heavy adult worm burdens, did not reduce specific antibody titres to T. muris E/S products. In responding and tolerant DBA/2 mice there was no marked difference in either the kinetics of specific serum antibody production during primary and secondary infections, or in the antigen specificities of secondary infection sera. The "defect" in mechanism in the tolerant DBA/2 mice, which allows primary infections of T. muris to develop to patency, was shown to be permanent as secondary infections with the parasite could also establish in these animals. An investigation was made of the phenomenon of tolerance in the DBA/2 model- system and in the cortisone treated CBA mice. The capacity of MLNC from different groups of animals to produce IL-2 in vitro upon mitogen stimulation was investigated, on the basis that IL-2 deficit during antigen presentation may result in immune tolerance. Although no differences were found in the responding and tolerant DBA/2 cell-Vpopulations, there was an apparently synergistic interaction between cortisone administration and T. muris infection which dramatically reduced the IL-2 producing capacity of the MLNC. However, IL-2 cannot yet be ruled out as a factor in the inherent tolerance of a proportion of the DBA/2 population as IL-2 receptor expression by the 2 groups of cells assayed was not examined. Basic analyses of the antigens of T. muris were performed. The major protein of adult male homogenate (AMA) was also the major protein of the excretory/secretory (E/S) products and the surface antigen preparations. In addition several common E/S and surface antigens were shown to have proteolytic enzyme activities against gelatin and/or casein. The relationship between T. muris and Trichinella spiralis was examined in greater detail, and the m. wts. of the cross-reacting antigens were determined. Evidence suggested that the stichosomes of these worms may be the source of these antigens. Both Trichuris muris adults and Trichinella spiralis infective larvae each had common major E/S and surface antigens, indeed, both were shown to have surface proteases. These studies were extended to examine the possibility of cross-reactivity between Trichuris muris and T. trichiura; mouse infection sera and human infection sera respectively were able to cross-react with heterologous antigen preparations. The demonstration that anti-Trichinella spiralis 48 kD and 50/55 kD stichocyte antigen MoAbs also reacted with Trichuris trichiura adult homogenate in ELISA supports the suggestion that common stichocyte antigens may exist amongst the trichuroid nematodes Trichuris muris, Trichuris trichiura and Trichinella spiralis. Monoclonal antibodies were produced against the E/S products of Trichuris muris, which were characterized in terms of isotype and antigen specificities. Initial experiments indicated that one of the IgA MoAbs recognizing 34,22,20 and 18 kD E/S proteins may be effective in the passive transfer of immunity.
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Glover, Maya. "Trickle infection and immunity to Trichuris muris." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/trickle-infection-and-immunity-to-trichuris-muris(0add74f1-05de-49a1-b54c-2dff9b523422).html.
Full textAbstract:
Trichuris trichiura is a gastrointestinal helminth infection causing global morbidity and economic burden. The mouse species Trichuris muris is a well established laboratory model to study infection and immunity. Studies investigating the immune response to T. muris revealed that resistance is dependent on CD4+ Th2 cells and the production of IL-13 that mediates worm expulsion mechanisms. The majority of experimental studies follow infection and immunity after a single dose infection, however individuals are naturally infected with repeated low doses resulting in the slow development of partial immunity. Therefore to replicate a more natural infection regime in the laboratory, mice were infected repeatedly with low doses of T. muris, so called trickle infection and the developing immune response was investigated. Trickle infection of C57BL/6 mice resulted in the slow build up of worm burden followed by a significant decrease in adult worms and early larval stages, thus partial immunity was established. Flow cytometry revealed that a reduction in worm burden was associated with an increase in CD4+ Th2 cell populations that coincided with an increase in IL-13 and worm expulsion mechanisms, including goblet cell hyperplasia, Muc5ac production and increased epithelial cell turnover. Depletion of CD4+ T cells confirmed their importance in the development of resistance following trickle infection. Challenge experiments confirmed that resistance developed following trickle infection was long lasting. Additionally, trickle infection resulted in a microbiome dysbiosis that recovered following the development of resistance. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) have been shown to be essential for resistance following N. brasiliensis infection, therefore ILC responses were investigated during T. muris infection. Analysis of ILC populations by flow cytometry during single dose and trickle T. muris infection suggested there was no significant response during infection. Depletion of ILC2s in ICOS-T mice confirmed they were not essential for the development of resistance following a single high dose T. muris infection or a T. muris trickle infection. Together the data presented here demonstrates the need for natural infection regimes to be used in the laboratory for animal helminth models to become more applicable to human infections.
34
Bowcutt, Rowann. "Dendritic cells as a biomarker for gut pathology." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/dendritic-cells-as-a-biomarker-for-gut-pathology(33ff2fed-3955-4401-bd01-6df1f8397642).html.
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Trichuris trichiura (T. Trichiura) is a large-intestinal dwelling nematode that affects over 1 billion people world-wide and thus has large global significance. Much of our understanding of T. trichiura infection comes from the study of the mouse model Trichuris muris (T. muris). However, how the immune system is initiated in response to helminth threat and how inflammation and pathology are resolved in T. muris infection still remain to be addressed. Here, I have attempted to provide insight into these questions. Previous work has shown resistance to T. muris infection is associated with the rapid recruitment of dendritic cells (DCs) to the colonic epithelium via epithelial production of CCL5 and CCL20. However, the epithelial-parasite interaction that drives chemokine production is not known. Pattern recognition receptor (PRRS) are critical mediators of pathogen recognition but there is no known (PRR) specific for T. muris. Here, we address the role of the cytosolic pattern recognition receptor Nod2, the location of which within the crypts correlates with the T. muris niche. In WT mice, in response to infection, there was a rapid influx of CD103+CD11c+ DCs into the colonic epithelium, whereas, this recruitment was impaired in Nod2 /- animals. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed the impairment in DC recruitment in Nod2-/- mice was attributable to the epithelial compartment. Subsequent work revealed decreased production of epithelial chemokines in the absence of functional Nod2. Thus, we have shown a novel role for Nod2 in the initiation the immune response to T. muris. We next addressed how pathology is regulated during T. muris infection. Firstly we investigated the role of arginase and Arg1-expressing macrophages in regulating pathology. My data showed that, unlike other gastrointestinal helminths, arginase and Arg1-expressing macrophages are not essential for resistance to T. muris or effective resolution of helminth-induced inflammation. I also addressed the role of DCs in the resolution of infection. DCs can regulate immune responses via the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and induction of regulatory T cells (Treg). I used an IL 10flox/floxCD11cCre transgenic model in which mice have DCs that cannot make IL-10. I found no role for CD11c+ cell mediated IL-10 production in the regulation of pathogen induced pathology in chronic T. muris infection. In summary I have been able to identify factors in the initiation of immunity to T. muris namely epithelial expression of Nod2. However, as arginase, Arg1-expressing macrophages and DC derived IL-10 appeared to play a redundant role in T. muris infection, the question as to how infection induced inflammation is resolved remains elusive.
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Zancanaro, Krauss Maria Eduarda. "CD4+ T cell metabolism during Trichuris muris infection." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/cd4-t-cell-metabolism-during-trichuris-muris-infection(24eb0cc7-db70-46ea-ba49-e4fe3d5a5d03).html.
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Trichuris trichiura is a gastrointestinal dwelling nematode that infects almost 500 million people worldwide. T. muris occurs naturally in mice and is very closely related the human whipworm, making it a suitable model to dissect the immune response against the parasite. Studies using the Trichuris muris system have identified CD4+ T cells as dictators of the outcome of infection. In wild type mice, infection with a high dose of T. muris eggs leads to resistance and worm expulsion, which are dependent on a Th2 response and the secretion of type 2 cytokines especially interleukin (IL) 13. Chronicity is dependent on a Th1 response and occurs when mice are infected with a low dose of T. muris eggs. It is well established that metabolic changes are essential to promoting T cell activation and effector function. Moreover, during chronic infection the host immune system is continuously exposed to parasite antigen, which represents a metabolic challenge. This thesis has investigated the importance of T cell metabolism during response against T. muris. Data presented here show that low and high dose T. muris infections promote upregulation of the glycolytic pathway in CD4+ T cells. During later stages of chronic infection, CD4+ T cells displayed supressed glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration, and may be due to metabolic modulation imposed by the parasite. Leucine uptake via the amino acid transporter Slc7a5 was previously shown to be required for mTORC1 activation and for T cell effector function. Data presented here show that in early stages following a high dose T. muris infection, mice that lack Slc7a5 in T cells have delayed worm expulsion, impaired production of antibodies, and lower levels of IL-13. Their CD4+ T cells present reduced glycolytic rates when compared to cells from cohoused infected wild type mice. However, at later stages of infection, antibody, IL-13 and glycolytic levels were restored together with worm expulsion. CD4+ T cells from the early stage of infection showed reduced phosphorylation of mTOR, which suggested that impairment of function was mTOR dependent. Indeed, mice lacking mTOR in T cells fail to expel a high dose of parasites. They showed abrogation of IL-13 production, impairment in antibody class switching and their CD4+ T cells failed to upregulate glycolysis. Thus, this thesis shows that mTOR is essential for the proper functioning of T cells during T. muris infection and efficient amino acid transport plays a significant role. Taken together, these data show that metabolic orchestration of T cell function influences the capacity to effectively control helminth infection and that even subtle changes in T cell metabolic control can have a major effect on response phenotype.
36
CACADOR, H. S. "O Grupo dos Onze: Repressão e Anticomunismo no Município de Muniz Freire - ES." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2017. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/9282.
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Previous issue date: 2017-05-02<br>A dissertação ora apresentada analisa a formação do Grupo dos Onze no município de Muniz Freire - ES e as consequências de sua criação, tais como: repressão política e social e a sua ligação ao comunismo. O Grupo dos Onze foi criado via rádio, a partir de novembro de 1963, por Leonel Brizola, então deputado federal do Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (PTB), com o objetivo de organizar a população para lutar pelas reformas de base e contra possíveis tentativas de golpes de Estado. A ideia teve grande aceitação e inúmeros grupos surgiram em todo o país a partir das pregações de Brizola, inclusive no pequeno município de Muniz Freire, localizado no interior do Estado do Espírito Santo. Assim como ocorreu nacionalmente, o grupo capixaba foi associado a atividades revolucionárias e ao comunismo, o que ocasionou perseguições após o golpe de 1964. Além do golpe, a disputa política e a sociedade conservadora local também contribuíram para fortalecer o sentimento anticomunista no município, criando um clima repressivo contra os membros do Grupo dos Onze, já que os mesmos eram constantemente associados ao governo deposto de João Goulart. Nesse sentido, este trabalho percorre a história do município de Muniz Freire e seu vínculo com acontecimentos ocorridos no Espírito Santo e nacionalmente. Inquérito policial e fontes orais, bem como jornais, atas e outros documentos norteiam o seu desenvolvimento.
37
D'Elia, Riccardo V. "Exploring the immunomodulatory mechanisms of Trichuris muris isolates." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495741.
Full textAbstract:
Studies using the gastrointestinal nematode Trichuris muris typically focus on the E (Edinburgh) isolate. However, two other isolates exist: J (Japan) and S (Sobreda). Earlier experiments showed that following infection with the S isolate of T. muris the C57BL/6 mouse was susceptible and the worms survived, whereas the E and J isolates were expelled. The reason for the prolonged survival of the S isolate is unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the immunological basis of S isolate survival. Overall, these data suggest that the S isolated has evolved immunomodulatory mechanisms to prolong its survival within the C57BL/6 host.
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Granström, Johanna, and Linnéa Vestin. "Munic ipal land allocation in larger development projects." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-190776.
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Currently there is a high demand for housing in Sweden, especially in the metropolitan areas. The municipalities own a major part of the land intended for new construction. Through a land allocation the land can be allocated to developers, which in turn develops the area. Thus, land allocation is a vital tool for the housing development in Sweden. Currently there are no regulations concerning how the land allocation should be carried out. Consequently, the implementations differ significantly between different municipalities and projects. The purpose of this master thesis is to describe and compare different approaches of municipal land allocations in larger development projects. Furthermore, the aim is to analyze pros and cons of the different approaches and recommend which components that should be used in land allocations of larger development projects. When the different approaches have been described and compared the particular method has been studied, what criteria that have been used during the selection of developers and how the assessment has been carried out. Other than that the duration, pricing and regulation of rent and tenure have been investigated. Furthermore, questions regarding zoning have also been considered in the study. The four projects that has been investigated is Frihamnen (Göteborg), Årstafältet (Stockholm), Södra Ladugårdsängen (Örebro) and Vallastaden (Linköping). The objective of the study has been achieved through a literature review and a case study of the four projects. The case study is based on written documents and conducted interviews with involved parties from the municipalities and developers. The study has shown that all approaches of land allocation studied differ depending on the project conditions and objectives. In all projects a tender process has been the base for selection of developers. Price was the driving factor in Årstafältet, while other criterias were in focus in the other projects. The study shows that a selection based on other criterias then price is good in order to promote quality and diversity in the project. However, a tender based only on price is a simple and relatively cheap method. Regarding detail plans, it is concluded that it can be an advantage for smaller municipalites to prepare the detail plan before a land allocation takes place in order to attract developers. This approach is something that especially promotes smaller developers since preparation of a plan is costly and time-consuming. In addition, it is concluded that it always should occur some type of coordination and planning among the municipality and the selected developers in order to obtain optimal overall solutions for the area.<br>Det råder i Sverige idag en stor efterfrågan på bostäder, speciellt i storstadsregionerna. En stor del av marken för nyproduktion ägs av Sveriges kommuner som via en markanvisning kan fördela marken till byggherrar för exploatering av marken. Markanvisning är därmed tillsammans med planmonopolet ett viktigt instrument för bostadsutvecklingen. Någon reglering för hur fördelning av markanvisning bör ske finns inte och tillämpningen skiljer sig därmed väsentligt mellan kommun och projekt. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att beskriva och jämföra tillvägagångssätten vid kommunal markanvisning inom större exploateringsprojekt. Detta för att kunna observera skillnader, analysera för- och nackdelar samt att ge förslag på komponenter som bör tillämpas vid markanvisning av större exploateringsområden. Med tillvägagångssätt menas bland annat vilken tilldelningsmetod som använts, vilka kriterier som val av byggherrar grundats på samt hur denna bedömning gått till. Vidare har även processens gång, prissättning och eventuell reglering av hyra och upplåtelseformer undersökts. Hur och när detaljplan framtagits berörs även i studien. De fyra projekt som ingår i studien är Frihamnen (Göteborg), Årstafältet (Stockholm), Södra Ladugårdsängen (Örebro) och Vallastaden (Linköping). Syftet med studien har uppnåtts via en litteraturstudie samt en fallstudie över de fyra projekten. Inom fallstudien har dels material studerats och dels intervjuer med kommunala tjänstemän samt deltagande byggherrar genomförts. Studien har visat på att samtliga studerade tillvägagångssätt skiljer sig åt beroende på förutsättningar och mål med projekten. Inom samtliga projekt har anbudsanvisning tillämpats och inom samtliga projekt förutom Årstafältet har urvalet grundats på andra kriterier än pris. Att genomföra bedömningen på andra kriterier än pris är något som studien kommit fram till är lämpligt för att främja kvalitet och mångfald i projektet. Däremot är ett anbud baserat endast på pris en enkel och mindre resurskrävande metod att tilldela markanvisning samt erhålla ett marknadspris på. Avseende framtagande av detaljplan kan detta i vissa mindre kommuner vara fördelaktigt att ta fram innan markanvisning för att locka fler byggherrar. Detta tillvägagångssätt är även något som främjar mindre byggherrar då ett detaljplanearbete är resurs- och tidskrävande. Någon slags samordning och planering bör däremot alltid ske mellan kommun och tilldelade byggherrar för att erhålla en optimal helhetslösning för området.
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Lopes, Jos? Lidemberg de Sousa. "Zoneamento ambiental do Munic?pio de Aquiraz - Cear?" Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2006. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18972.
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Previous issue date: 2006-11-16<br>The Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza (RMF) is composed by thirteen cities, where is call the attention of Aquiraz. The city has a excellent resort area and a big importance in socioculture and historics aspects. It was one of the first village of Cear?, and it was founded in 1699, with was also the capital of the state until 1726. The urban local development has been disorganized in the last decades, the fact is, insert of turismon in its coast, and it is unable with alow capacity of the natural suppots, configuring unsustainable and et environment ambience. Considering as a turistic region, it is preoccupy, been necessart to create a better control of the nature of the region by the users. The environmental zoning in this work it is to plan of adequate form the use of the ground based in the management of the interests and the social and economic necessities in accord with the preservation of the environment and the natural characteristics of the city. The same is one great instrument planning where use to be analized in differents ways: social, ambiental, economical and institucional, and promove alternatives of use and occupation of the land to recreate the city. The methodo used to get the real objective, englobed zonal maps in ambiental unities and others themes (geologic/geomorphologic) since than the images from satelities LANDSAT and SPOT and fotografies under position of maps, secundaries listes gets in publics department, bibliographie, informations by the local populations. This prociduries mede easy to create maps, geologic/geomorphologic, of use and occupation the earth and the environmental zoning to analize the dynamic and the working of each ambiental unity of the city Aquiraz wich is located by map of this job. As a result of this job was confectionated the environmental zoning map of Aquiraz wich was divided in five ambiental unities and restrictions areas of occupation: unit I Littoral Plain (zoning with serious restrictions to the occupation); unit II Sub-Littoral Plain (improper zoning to the occupation); unit III between tray zoning Pr?-Littoral and Peripheral Depression (improper zoning to the occupation); unit IV Strativism reserve of the plug (zoning used more under control in its occupation) and unit V Fluvial Plain Localities of the Indians Jenipapo-Kaninde/ locality Quilombolas (zoning used more without official regulation). With proposal in the ambient units above one expects that it has a reduction of the ambient degradation and protection of the local biodiversity of the city of Aquiraz in the State of the Cear?<br>A Regi?o Metropolitana de Fortaleza (RMF) ? composta por treze munic?pios, destacando-se entre eles Aquiraz. O munic?pio possui uma excelente est?ncia balne?ria e grande import?ncia devido a seus aspectos socioculturais e hist?ricos. Foi uma das primeiras vilas e primeira capital do Cear?, sendo fundada em 1699 e sede administrativa da capitania do Siar?-Grande at? o ano de 1726. O crescimento urbano local, que vem ocorrendo de forma desordenada nas ?ltimas d?cadas, em fun??o, da inser??o da ind?stria do turismo ao longo do litoral cearense, ? incompat?vel com a baixa capacidade de suporte do meio natural, configurando-se insustent?vel e degradante do meio ambiente. Considerando tratar-se de uma regi?o tur?stica, este dado ? preocupante, sendo necess?ria ? ado??o de um melhor controle quanto ao uso dos recursos naturais da regi?o. O zoneamento ambiental neste trabalho ? planejar de forma adequada o uso do solo baseado na ger?ncia dos interesses e das necessidades sociais e econ?micas em conson?ncia com a preserva??o do meio ambiente e as caracter?sticas naturais do munic?pio. O mesmo ? um instrumento amplo de planejamento onde s?o analisados diversos atributos sociais, ambientais, econ?micos e institucionais, para promover alternativas de uso e ocupa??o do solo para a reestrutura??o do munic?pio. O m?todo de pesquisa utilizado para atingir o objetivo pretendido englobou o mapeamento de unidades ambientais e outros temas ( geol?gico/geomorfol?gico e uso e ocupa??o das terras) a partir de imagens de sat?lites LANDSAT e SPOT e fotografias a?reas e a sobreposi??o de mapas, al?m de dados secund?rios, obtidos em ?rg?os p?blicos, bibliografia e dados prim?rios, obtidos junto ? popula??o local. Tais procedimentos facilitaram na confec??o de mapas de localiza??o, geol?gico/geomorfol?gico, de uso e ocupa??o do solo e o de zoneamento ambiental para analisar a din?mica e o funcionamento de cada unidade ambiental do munic?pio de Aquiraz que se encontra no mapa s?ntese deste trabalho. Como resultado deste trabalho foi confeccionado o mapa de zoneamento ambiental de Aquiraz, o qual foi dividido em cinco unidades ambientais e suas restri??es de uso e ocupa??o a seguir: Unidade I - Plan?cie Litor?nea (Zonas com s?rias restri??es ? ocupa??o); Unidade II - Plan?cie Sublitor?nea (Zona Impr?pria ? ocupa??o); Unidade III - entre Tabuleiro Pr?-Litor?neo e Depress?o Perif?rica (Zona Impr?pria ? ocupa??o); Unidade IV - Reserva Extrativista do Batoque (Zona utilizada mais sob controle em sua ocupa??o) e Unidade V Plan?cie Fluvial - Localidades dos ?ndios Jenipapo-Kanind?/Localidade Quilombolas (Zonas utilizadas mais sem regulamenta??o oficial). Com proposi??o nas unidades ambientais acima se espera que haja uma redu??o da degrada??o ambiental e prote??o da biodiversidade local do munic?pio de Aquiraz no Estado do Cear?
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Medeiros, Marysol Dantas de. "Vulnerabilidade socioambiental no munic?pio de Natal, RN." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2014. http://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/19943.
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Previous issue date: 2014-03-27<br>Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq<br>A sociedade atual vive cercada por v?rios tipos de riscos, fazendo com que os indiv?duos
sejam tomados por uma sensa??o constante de medo e inseguran?a, j? que os resultados
negativos dos riscos, sempre trazem algum preju?zo ? popula??o direta ou indiretamente
envolvida. A cidade de Natal apresenta diversas ?reas de riscos, principalmente nas periferias
da cidade, devido ? ocupa??o de espa?os que apresentam limita??es legais e/ou f?siconaturais,
bem como a falta de organiza??o urbana, aumentando assim, a vulnerabilidade da
popula??o que reside nestas ?reas. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi mapear as ?reas de
vulnerabilidade social e os riscos naturais na cidade de Natal, levando-se em considera??o as
inter-rela??es entre as vulnerabilidades sociais e a exposi??o diferenciada aos riscos naturais.
Para tanto, foi necess?rio estabelecer, segundo a metodologia utilizada, o grau de
vulnerabilidade social e de vulnerabilidade ao perigo natural no qual os indiv?duos est?o
sujeitos; visando estabelecer a rela??o sociedade/ riscos. Neste caso, foi utilizada a
metodologia proposta por Crepani (2001) que se baseia na Ecodin?mica de Tricart (1977), no
qual, classifica as ?reas de risco e o grau de vulnerabilidade destas ?reas conforme os
processos morfodin?micos para elabora??o do ?ndice de Vulnerabilidade Ambiental; e para
organiza??o do ?ndice de Vulnerabilidade Social adotou-se uma adapta??o do ?ndice Paulista
de Vulnerabilidade Social, elaborado pela Funda??o SEADE (Funda??o Sistema Estadual de
An?lise de Dados) do Estado de S?o Paulo, valendo-se de dados que denotam desvantagem
social no n?vel do setor censit?rio. Em seguida, com a sobreposi??o destes dois ?ndices,
elaborou-se o ?ndice de Vulnerabilidade Socioambiental. Assim, concluiu-se que al?m de
espacializar as ?reas de risco indica qual o grau de vulnerabilidade dos indiv?duos
potencialmente expostos ao perigo natural.<br>Contemporary society lives surrounded by various types of risks, causing individuals to be
taken by a constant feeling of fear and insecurity, as the negative risks, always bring some
harm to the population directly or indirectly involved. The city of Natal has several risk areas,
especially on the outskirts of the city, due to the occupation of spaces that have laws and / or
natural physical limitations as well as the lack of urban organization, thus increasing the
vulnerability of the population living in these areas. The principal objective of this research
was to map the areas of social vulnerability and natural hazards in Natal, taking into account
the interrelationships between social vulnerability and differential exposure to natural hazards.
Therefore, it was necessary to establish, according to the methodology used, the degree of
social vulnerability and vulnerability to natural hazard in which individuals are subject, to
establish the relationship between society/ risks. In this case, the methodology proposed by
Crepani (2001) which is based on ecodynamic Tricart (1977), which classifies the areas of
risk and the degree of vulnerability of these areas according to the morphodynamic processes
for preparation of the Vulnerability Index was used Physical natural, and for organizing the
social Vulnerability Index adopted an adaptation of the Paulista social Vulnerability Index,
prepared by SEADE (Funda??o Sistema Estadual de An?lise de Dados) of the State of S?o
Paulo, drawing on data that denote social disadvantage at the census tract level. Then, with the
superposition of these two indices, it was elaborated a Socioenvironmental Vulnerability
Index. Thus, it is concluded that besides spatialize areas of risk which indicates the degree of
vulnerability of individuals potentially exposed to natural hazard.
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Chiarot, Manlio. "Cum-munus...: Contributi per una comunità orientata pedagogicamente." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427461.
Full textAbstract:
The new millennium man is living in a completely new context that many people have defined liquid, systemic, global, uncertain about the consequences it could generate.
This new man will be concerned to face his own context as well as his ancestors did; he will must actively change it and must be changed by it: he has to build his life through it and, together with the others, think about what are the ways they should take to complete their growth.
In this respect, the quality of the relationship he will be able to maintain with the “out-of-him” will be crucial: at the moment it seems that the fear leads him, i.e. the fear to lose the right street to his personal growth, failing his main task as a man. The relational fragmentation with himself, with the others and with his social and natural behaviour and the lack of plans for the future spread away, making the essential objectives of the human formation farther and harder to be reached.
Yet not anything is lost and from the same liquid fragmented context, new proposals and new possibilities appear: actually, often the Answer is not this novelty in itself but what is new is how it is used to interpret the present. So the communitas (community), an ancient form of human aggregation, comes back, with new ideas, new features and new aims.
This work aims to analyse the issue of community, in particular in its educational meaning and in its possibility to be a mean of growth of the human being where the humanization is an excellent place. The issue, having regard to its complexity has been treated considering two points of view, linked by a common aim. From one side the community has been treated by a theoretical multi-disciplinary point of view giving a definition of communitas that groups together knowledge from psychology, philosophy, politics, sociology, history, pedagogy, etc… through 8 main dimensions (spatial-territorial, temporal-narrative, relational, cultural, educational, socio-political, psychic-spiritual, utopici-eschatological). By the other side it has been analysed from a empirical point of view studying a particular community, the Programa Educativo de Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes Trabajadores “Alejandro Cussiánovich” (educational program for working children and teenagers “Alejandro Cussiánovich”) operating in the suburbs of Peru’s capital Lima.
This research is composed by the collection, analysis and interpretation of some interviews, by a researcher’s diary, written after a period of about one and half year of in situ observation and by the analysis of some institutional documents of the educational program.
It has been then tried to join the theoretical research to the most practical one with the major aim to underline the central relevance of the community in forming people and to understand whether and how it could answer, for example, to the relational fragmentation problem. In particular, the theoretical research has been used to analyze and interpret data collected in the educational program using the already described 8 dimensions, while the practical research has allowed to find a new dimension (the working-economical one) and some other nuclei (like the family, the cross-culture, the fight, and so on) which must be taken into account when we want to study and/or to promote the community in the territory.
As a conclusion of this thesis, it has been said that is possible to link community experiences although far one from each other using the conceptual instrument elaborated, and that it would be desirable apply what understood in this research to the educational program work.<br>L’uomo del nuovo millennio si trova a vivere in un contesto del tutto inedito per la sua portata, un contesto che in molti non esitano a definire liquido, sistemico, globale, incerto per le conseguenze che potrà generare. Come i suoi antenati, anche l’uomo del nuovo millennio dovrà affrontare il proprio contesto, dovrà porsi in relazione attiva con esso, modificarlo per quanto possibile e la-sciarsi modificare: dovrà costruire, tramite esso, la propria esistenza e riflettere con gli altri uomini su quale strada o strade intraprendere per proseguire il cammino comune di crescita. In questo senso, la qualità della relazione che sarà in grado di portare avanti con il fuori-da-sé si rivelerà fondamentale: per ora sembra che sia il timore a farla da padrone, la paura di perdere la bussola della propria umanizzazione e di fallire, così, il proprio compito primario in quanto uomo. La frammentazione relazionale con se stesso, con gli altri e con il proprio intorno sociale e naturale, e la mancanza di progettualità esistenziale si diffondono, rendendo gli obiettivi essenziali della for-mazione umana più lontani e difficili da raggiungere. Non tutto è perduto, comunque, dallo stesso contesto frantumato, liquido e complesso emergono nuove proposte, nuove possibilità: la novità, in realtà, però, spesso non riguarda la risposta in sé, ma le modalità in cui essa viene declinata nel-la contemporaneità. Così la comunità, antica formula aggregativa umana, torna nuovamente in auge, con idee nuove, caratteristiche finora sconosciute, finalità originali.
Il lavoro di tesi che qui si presenta intende affrontare propriamente il tema della comunità, in mo-do speciale nella sua valenza formativa e nella sua possibilità di essere strumento di crescita dell’umano, luogo fecondo di umanizzazione. L’argomento, vista la sua natura complessa, è stato avvicinato e trattato da due punti di vista distinti, congiunti però da una finalità comune. Da una parte, allora, la comunità è stata affrontata da un punto di vista teorico pluridisciplinare, che inte-grando le letture che la psicologia, la filosofia, la politica, la sociologia, la storia, la pedagogia ecce-tera danno del fenomeno preso in esame, presenta una definizione della comunità costruita a par-tire dalle sue dimensioni fondanti: le dimensioni, cioè, spaziale-territoriale, temporale-narrativa, relazionale, culturale, formativa-educativa, socio-politica, psichica-spirituale e utopica-escatologica. Dall’altra parte, la stessa prassi di aggregazione umana è stata approfondita da un punto di vista empirico, attraverso lo studio di una specifica realtà comunitaria, il Programa Educa-tivo de Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes Trabajadores “Alejandro Cussiánovich” (PE) che opera in una delle molteplici periferie di Lima, la capitale del Perù. L’approccio di ricerca seguito è squisitamente i-diografico ed è composto dalla raccolta, analisi e interpretazione di interviste narrative focalizzate, dalla stesura di un diario del ricercatore, frutto di un periodo di circa un anno e mezzo di osserva-zione partecipata, e dall’analisi dei documenti istituzionali prodotti dal PE.
Con lo scopo principale di evidenziare le possibili valenze formative della comunità e di compren-dere se e come essa possa presentarsi come efficace risposta ai problemi di frammentazione rela-zionale e di mancanza di intenzionalità esistenziale, si è cercato quindi di integrare la ricerca teori-ca con quella empirica su più piani: in particolare, la ricerca “dall’alto” ha permesso la costruzione di uno strumento interpretativo (formato dalle otto dimensioni summenzionate) che si è rivelato estremamente interessante ai fini dell’analisi e dell’interpretazione dei dati raccolti presso il PE, mentre la ricerca “dal basso” ha sottolineato l’esistenza di una ulteriore possibile dimensione (quella lavorativa-economica) e di alcuni altri nuclei concettuali (quali la famiglia, l’intercultura, la lotta e così via) che si devono tenere in debita considerazione sia che si intenda studiare la/le co-munità, sia che si intenda operare in favore di una sua promozione di esse sul territorio.
Le conclusioni, tutt’altro che definitive, del lavoro di ricerca qui presentato hanno mostrato, oltre agli elementi già posti in evidenza, come sia possibile porre in comunicazione esperienze comuni-tarie anche distanti tra di loro, attraverso l’utilizzo dello strumento concettuale elaborato, e come sia auspicabile una ricaduta formativa nel PE di quanto emerso attraverso l’indagine.
42
Olsson, Kolkman Monica. "There are oceans of blessings under this soil : Möten och kollektivet som protagonist i Cities of Salt av Abdelrahman Munif." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för film och litteratur (IFL), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-65816.
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Brito, FÃbio Leonardo Castelo Branco. "VisionÃrios de um Brasil profundo: invenÃÃes da cultura brasileira em Jomard Muniz de Britto e seus contemporÃneos." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=18543.
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nÃo hÃ<br>Este trabalho pretende estudar historicamente, a pretexto do ativista cultural pernambucano Jomard Muniz de Britto e de seus contemporÃneos, uma sÃrie de debates que, entre as dÃcadas de 1920 e 1990, demarcaram os esforÃos de constituiÃÃo de uma identidade e uma cultura brasileiras, bem como do local do Brasil no concerto das naÃÃes. Esses debates, articulando projetos de brasilidade que passavam pela luso-tropicologia proposta por Gilberto Freyre, pelas interpretaÃÃes marxistas do Brasil elaboradas pela geraÃÃo de Caio Prado JÃnior, pelo Movimento Armorial de Ariano Suassuna e pelo nomeado movimento tropicalista, na centralidade desejada por Caetano Veloso e Gilberto Gil, conformaram o que aqui chamo de linha evolutiva da cultura brasileira. A partir da forja dessa linha, proponho pensar a vida e a obra de Jomard Muniz de Britto, desde sua militÃncia de esquerda, vivenciando o Movimento de EducaÃÃo de Base (MEB), passando pela sua atuaÃÃo universitÃria e ensaiasta de uma filosofia da cultura brasileira, bem como pela sua guerrilha em filmes experimentais, atà a produÃÃo literÃria, marcada pelo que ele prÃprio chamaria de atentados poÃticos. Nesse material, localizando desde sua busca por uma cultura brasileira revolucionÃria, os manifestos tropicalistas que assina, as esgrimas superoitistas contra o tradicionalismo da cultura brasileira e sua dita pop filosofia, procuro perceber sua relaÃÃo contraditÃria com os espaÃos e sujeitos que inventam a jà citada linha evolutiva. Por fim, analiso em que medida as iniciativas literÃrias de Jomard, ao mesmo tempo delirando e deslizando por entre uma dada ideia de brasilidade, aproxima-se de outras tantas formas de ler o Brasil, presentes em seus contemporÃneos, intelectuais tais como IgnÃcio de Loyola BrandÃo, Jorge Mautner, Josà Agrippino de Paula, Roberto Piva, Torquato Neto e Waly SalomÃo, a partir dos quais penso o conceito de brasilidades deslizirantes.
44
Montacute, Rebecca. "Infection in Alzheimer's disease." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/infection-in-alzheimers-disease(a69fbf77-1455-4a78-a700-54815cad926d).html.
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Infections are a common co-morbidity in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and evidence suggests that infections can exacerbate neuroinflammation and increase cognitive decline in AD patients. In AD, immune changes are observed both in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the rest of the body. However, only a few studies have investigated immune responses to infection in AD. Here, two extensively studied infections, Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and Trichuris muris (T. muris) were used to investigate infection in AD. T. gondii is a protozoan parasite which is common globally, including in the developed world where AD cases are increasing dramatically. Infection with T. gondii starts in the gut, before becoming systemic and then infecting the CNS, where the parasite forms a chronic cyst infection. In contrast, T. muris is a nematode parasite, which remains localised to the gut. Notably, T. gondii is known to alter neuroinflammation and behaviour. T. gondii forms cysts preferentially in the areas of the brain commonly affected by AD, such as the hippocampus, which therefore makes it an interesting model to study co-morbidity. AD is often associated with advanced age. As we age, our immune system declines, and an important unanswered question is whether age impacts on the immune response to infection. This is of particular significance when considering chronic infections such as T. gondii, which require immune surveillance to prevent parasite recrudescence. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to investigate infection in AD by determining: whether the immune response to an infection is altered in AD; whether the immune response to an infection in AD differs with age; what the effects of infection are on neuroinflammation, pathology and behaviour in AD; what are the effects of chronic infection with T. gondii. Immune responses to infection were altered in both the 3xTg-AD and the APP PS1 mouse models of AD, including increased inflammation and weight loss in AD mice following infection. Although older (eleven to twelve-month-old) 3xTg-AD mice showed some alterations in cytokine responses following infection, overall there were no major difference compared to younger (five to six-month-old) animals. Additionally, infection was found to alter neuroinflammation in both 3xTg-AD and APP PS1 mice, though differently. In 3xTg-AD mice, microglia activation increased following infection with T. gondii and T. muris, showing that infection did not need to be in the brain to alter neuroinflammation. In APP PS1 mice, a decrease in microglia activation occurred after infection with T. gondii, which was accompanied by an increase in IL-1alpha production and increased amyloid beta levels in APP PS1 mice following infection. However, no changes were found in behaviour following infection with T. gondii or T. muris in AD mouse models. Finally, chronic T. gondii infection was investigated in the TgF344-AD rat, which was established as a suitable AD model with both amyloid and tau pathology in which to study chronic infection. This work adds to a growing body of literature to suggest that infections are detrimental to AD patients, and that future measures to decrease morbidity could focus on further study of infections in AD, and the development of strategies to better prevent infections in AD patients.
45
Kaya, Ryan D. "Muscle Strength, Motor Units, and Aging." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1365769270.
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Hidri, Abderrazak. "L’évolution du personnage romanesque chez Abd al-Rahman Munif." Thesis, Paris 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA030011.
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Cette thèse traite l’évolution du personnage romanesque Abd al-Rahman Munif selon une approche sémiotique. Dans le premier chapitre, nous avons analysé le statut du personnage romanesque dans les études narratives. La recherche se compose de quatre parties et une conclusion générale : la première traite les isotopies du discours, les noms des personnages et leurs portraits. La deuxième aborde la relation du personnage avec l’espace et sa relation avec le temps. La troisième traite la structure narrative dans les deux textes [le texte de la prison et celui du désert] et la quatrième partie évoque l’idéologie dans le texte de prison puis dans le texte du désert et l’axiologie sous jacente aux deux textes. La conclusion comportant les résultats de cette thèse<br>This dissertation deals with the evolution of the characters in the novels of Abd al-Rahman Munif based on a semiotic methodology. This is done according to four research lines : first the isotopies, names connotation and portraits of characters. Second their relationships with space and time. Third the narrative construction of the jail text. Finally the ideology and the system of values in both texts
47
Klementowicz, Joanna. "Investigating regulation of immune responses during Trichuris muris infection." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/investigating-regulation-of-immune-responses-during-trichuris-muris-infection(ca5140ba-fec9-4efc-92e4-ff88e5a98df0).html.
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Infection with human gastrointestinal (GI) parasites, such as Trichuris trichiura, affects more than billion people worldwide, causing significant morbidity and health problems especially in poverty-stricken developing countries. Despite extensive research, the mechanisms of induction and regulation of effector immune responses against these parasites are incompletely understood, which hinders the development of anti-parasite therapies. Infection with GI parasite is usually chronic suggesting that parasites are capable of modulating immune responses of their host to prevent expulsion. However, mechanisms by which parasites control host immunity to allow infection are still ill-defined. The aim of this PhD study was to characterise the role of different immunoregulatory mechanisms in immunity to GI parasite infection, with a focus on dendritic cells (DCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the regulatory cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGF-β).Here we showed for the first time that loss of TGF-β-activating integrin alphavβ8 specifically on DCs resulted in protection from chronic infection with Trichuris muris, a mouse model of T. trichiura infection in man. Accelerated expulsion was immune-mediated and although increased levels of protective Th2 cytokines were observed very early during infection, elevated levels of non-protective Th1 cytokines were also detected. Partial depletion of CD4+ or FcεRI+ cells had no effect on the observed phenotype. Since deletion of alphavβ8 on DCs results in decreased numbers of Tregs in the gut, we tested whether depletion of Tregs using a mouse model that allows conditional ablation of Foxp3+ Tregs (DEREG mice) would alter infection development. Although transient Treg depletion at the beginning of infection had no major effect on expulsion kinetics, we observed a tendency for enhanced Th2 responses in DEREG mice. Moreover, even though DC-mediated TGF-β activation via alphavβ8 integrin was essential for T. muris infection development, transient depletion of DCs had no effect on the induction of Th2 responses or parasite expulsion. These data indicate a novel role for the TGF-β-activating integrin alphavβ8 and DCs in regulating effector immune responses during T. muris infection and may contribute to the development of new anti-parasite therapies.
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Neves, Estela Maria Souza Costa. "A pol?tica ambiental e os munic?pios brasileiros." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2006. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/tede/677.
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Previous issue date: 2006-08-09<br>Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior<br>The thesis investigates the environmental policies of Brazilian municipalities. The starting
point is the involvement in environmental action by municipalities mandated by the
environmental legislation of 1981 and confirmed by the Brazilian 1988 Constitution. Contrary
to the case in education and health, the environmental responsibilities vested on municipalities
do not have financial and institutional strengthening mechanisms attached. We focus our
study on the environmental mandate of municipalities and the resources available to them to
carry out the corresponding environmental agenda. The question leading the research is
whether municipalities can face up to their environmental mandate in the absence of regular
financial transfers from other levels of government. Using a step-wise approach, the thesis
pins down the contents and characteristics of the municipal environmental agenda, the
resources required to implement it, and the extent to which those resources are available to
municipal authorities. The first part of the thesis demarcates the field of environmental action
according to the Brazilian legal and institutional framework. The profile of our main actor, the
Brazilian municipality, is then presented. This is done through the mapping of the structural
characteristics of municipalities and of their governmental responsibilities under the federal
system of the country. The area of work of municipalities in environmental protection and
management is identified next by crossing the overall municipal mandate for government
action with the national environmental matrix. This allows establishing the contents of the
municipal environmental agenda. Resources were examined first from a theoretical
perspective and then through empirical study. The latter included both qualitative analyses
using case studies and interviews, and the statistical scrutiny of data sets. The question of
whether resource availability is a binding constraint to municipal environmental action can be
answered as follows: municipalities do much more than expected in the environmental area,
much less than they could possibly do under present conditions, and much less than is
required from their constitutional mandate. The thesis concludes that, in spite of the
institutional and financial restrictions binding their capabilities and limiting their resource
mobilization possibilities, municipalities have shown an impressive environmental
performance. Nonetheless, resource mobilization for this purpose was under potential. There
is hence a wide area of municipal environmental action that remains to be colonized .
Considering, however, the breadth of their overall environmental mandate, it is not possible
for municipalities to fully respond to their constitutional environmental agenda without a
supporting national strategy involving the federal and state governments.<br>As pol?ticas p?blicas de defesa ambiental promovidas pelos Munic?pios brasileiros constituem
o tema da pesquisa. O ponto de partida ? a obrigatoriedade do envolvimento municipal com as
tarefas de defesa do meio ambiente, determinada em 1981 pela regula??o da pol?tica
ambiental em ?mbito nacional e consagrada na Constitui??o Federal em 1988. Ao contr?rio de
outros temas como a educa??o e a sa?de, a atribui??o ambiental outorgada aos munic?pios
est? desprovida de mecanismos que assegurassem seu financiamento e a capacita??o de seus
promotores. Neste contexto, a tese investiga o campo e conte?do das atribui??es ambientais
sob responsabilidade dos munic?pios e os recursos dispon?veis para fazer face ? agenda
ambiental. A pergunta-guia da investiga??o indaga se os munic?pios s?o capazes de
responder ?s suas atribui??es relacionadas ao meio ambiente na aus?ncia de transfer?ncias
regulares de recursos financeiros. O m?todo adotado para a pesquisa consistiu em
aproxima??es sucessivas ao tema dos recursos e capacidades municipais para pol?ticas
ambientais. A primeira parte da pesquisa foi dedicada a delinear o objeto da a??o ambiental -
os contornos do campo de a??o ambiental tal como entendido no marco institucional
brasileiro. A seguir, foi delineado o perfil do ator principal, o Munic?pio. Foram analisadas as
caracter?sticas estruturais dos munic?pios brasileiros e as atribui??es nas quais se insere a a??o
municipal, ? luz do processo de descentraliza??o e das rela??es federativas. O campo de
atua??o dos munic?pios para a defesa ambiental foi identificado atrav?s do confronto entre o
conjunto de atribui??es municipais e a matriz ambiental nacional, sendo delineada a agenda
ambiental municipal. O tema dos recursos foi abordado desde uma perspectiva te?rica e em
seguida atrav?s de estudos emp?ricos. Estes conjugaram an?lises qualitativas atrav?s de
estudos de caso e entrevistas, e an?lises quantitativas atrav?s de procedimentos estat?sticos de
descri??o e an?lise explorat?ria. No que diz respeito ? disponibilidade de recursos, os
resultados da pesquisa podem ser assim sintetizados: os munic?pios fazem bem mais do que
seria de esperar no campo da defesa ambiental, bem menos do que lhes ? poss?vel fazer com
os recursos de que disp?em e muito menos do que lhes ? exigido por suas atribui??es
constitucionais. Tendo em vista o panorama institucional e financeiro que enquadra as
atividades municipais, suas capacidades e recursos j? mobilizados, a pesquisa conclui que os
Munic?pios t?m tido um desempenho not?vel. Entretanto, desde o ponto de vista dos recursos
dispon?veis, seu desempenho t?m sido inferior ?s suas possibilidades. H? um amplo territ?rio
do exerc?cio da autoridade estatal em benef?cio da qualidade ambiental que est? ainda por ser
colonizado pelos munic?pios com recursos e capacidades atualmente dispon?veis. Do ponto
de vista do conjunto das atribui??es municipais, sem uma estrat?gia de ?mbito nacional na
qual estejam envolvidos os governos estaduais e federal, ? imposs?vel aos munic?pios cumprir
integralmente com sua agenda.
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Santana, J?nior Henrique Eufr?sio de. "Zoneamento agroecol?gico do munic?pio de Apodi/RN." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18203.
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Previous issue date: 2010-02-23<br>The aim of the paper is to carry out a geo-environmental characterization of Apodi District, in Rio Grande do Norte State, as a support to agro-ecological zoning studies on that region. The first methodology action was to accomplish a comprehensive bibliography review on the subject, followed by observation of satellite images and their processing throughout geographic information systems (SIG), as well as technical visits to various places in order to verify in loco the preset conditions of the soil and the environmental degradation problems in those areas. The paper also presents data about the socio-economy and physic-natural local aspects of the land, required to the implementation of zoning studies which are one the most important tool to the planning and organization of the use of the soil containing a sustainable cattle-raising activity. As a result, thematic maps describing the physic-natural features and analysis of the socio-environment data, indispensable to the agro-ecological zoning, have been provided<br>Este trabalho objetivou a caracteriza??o geoambiental do munic?pio de Apodi, Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, como subs?dio para estudos de zoneamento agroecol?gico dessa regi?o. S?o apresentados dados acerca da socioeconomia local e dos aspectos f?sico-naturais da paisagem necess?rios a elabora??o do zoneamento, uma das principais ferramentas para organiza??o do uso do solo com uma atividade agropecu?ria sustent?vel. Como metodologia, foi efetuada uma revis?o bibliogr?fica, observa??o de imagens de sat?lite e seu processamento por sistemas de informa??es geogr?ficas (SIG) e visitas t?cnicas ?s diversas paisagens da ?rea, para a verifica??o, in loco, das condi??es de utiliza??o atual do solo e observa??o de problemas de degrada??o ambiental nessas ?reas. Como resultados, foram elaborados mapas tem?ticos dos atributos f?sico-naturais e an?lise dos dados socioambientais de interesse para o zoneamento agroecol?gico
50
Abdulaal, Wesam. "The role of Interleukin-1 signaling in the immune defense and in the development of the T helper cell lineage." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-role-of-interleukin-1-signaling-in-the-immune-defense-and-in-the-development-of-the-t-helper-cell-lineage(1432f7f4-7c04-4bc5-9fda-4441b5c14e66).html.
Full textAbstract:
IL-1 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine which play an important role in the activation and regulation of host defence and immune responses to inflammation or injury. IL-1 is able to bind and activate IL1-RI and IL1-RII, which are found on many cells types. The role of the IL-1 signalling in the deployment of Th cell subsets, especially Th17 cells is well known. However, the specific cells which are responsible for the expression of IL-1 signalling in the immune defense and in the development of the Th cell lineage in response to infection, is still largely unclear. Therefore in this thesis, IL1-RI conditional knockout mice specifically in hematopoietic cells (IL1-RI vaviCre+) were generated. Using IL1-RI vaviCre+ mice in comparison with IL1-RI global knockout mice (IL1-RI-/-) would determine whether the expression IL-1 signalling from hematopoietic cells is responsible for the immune defense and in the development of the Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells against gastrointestinal helminth Trichuris muris (T.muris) infections. The generation of IL1-RI vaviCre+ mice have been investigated at the genomic and proteomic level in order to confirm that the Il1-rI gene is inactivated in hematopoietic cells. The characterisation of IL1-RI vaviCre + mice at the genomic level confirmed that the Il1-rI gene was obliterated successfully. At protein level the characterisation of IL1- RI vaviCre + mice confirmed that IL1-RI was dysfunctional in hematopoietic cells. Additionally, the development of the immune cells was investigated in IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI-/- mice. Our findings demonstrated that the lymphocyte development was not affected by the deletion of the IL1- RI gene. This data indicated that IL1- RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI-/- mice are vital in vivo models. In high dose infection, both IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice were able to clear the infections due to their ability to generate a Th2 response. Both IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice infected with low dose of T.muris were susceptible to infections and showed high levels of Th1 cytokines. Thus, we hypothesised that IL1-RI signalling in hematopoietic cells was not required for worm expulsion and the generation of Th2 and Th1 response. Interestingly, low dose T.muris infection showed a clear reduction in the Th17 cytokines IL22 and IL17 in both IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice, suggesting that IL-1 signalling expressed from hematopoietic cells is responsible for the development of Th17 cells and secretion of IL17 and IL22. IL1- RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice infected with low dose of T.muris also showed an increase in inflammation in the colon and decreased of goblet cell hyperplasia. It is well known that IL22 plays an important role in preventing tissue damage and repair. Thus, in this study IL22 global knockout mice (IL22 -/-) were used to determine if the change in crypt lengths and goblet cell hyperplasia in IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- was due to an absence of IL22. Our finding showed that IL22 -/- mice infected with low dose of T.muris had increased crypt length and a reduction in goblet cells. The similar phenotype in crypt length and goblet cell hyperplasia between IL22 -/-, IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice suggested that a lack of IL22 in IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice is responsible for the change in mice phenotype. It also provides more evidence for the role of IL-1 signaling in hematopoietic cells in the generation of Th17 cells and in the production of its cytokine IL22.IL1-RII is an inhibitor of IL1-RI, thus, in this study IL1-RII global knockout mice (IL1-RII -/-) mice was used in comparison with IL1-RI -/- mice to verify the role of IL-1 signaling in the development of Th17 cells. Our finding showed an overexpression of IL17 and IL22 in IL1-RII -/- compared with IL1-RI -/- mice and a higher level of IL17 in IL1-RII -/- mice compared with IL1-RII flox/flox mice. This data confirmed that IL-1 signaling is important for the development of Th17 cells and the production of its cytokine IL17 and IL22.