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1
Yang, Guangliang, Tony Clarkson, Simon Gardner, et al. "Novel muon imaging techniques." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2137 (2018): 20180062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0062.
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Owing to the high penetrating power of high-energy cosmic ray muons, muon imaging techniques can be used to image large bulky objects, especially objects with heavy shielding. Muon imaging systems work just like CT scanners in the medical imaging field—that is, they can reveal information inside of a target. There are two forms of muon imaging techniques: muon absorption imaging and muon multiple scattering imaging. The former is based on the flux attenuation of muons, and the latter is based on the multiple scattering of muons in matter. The muon absorption imaging technique is capable of imaging very large objects such as volcanoes and large buildings, and also smaller objects like spent fuel casks; the muon multiple scattering imaging technique is best suited to inspect smaller objects such as nuclear waste containers. Muon imaging techniques can be applied in a broad variety of fields, i.e. from measuring the magma thickness of volcanoes to searching for secret cavities in pyramids, and from monitoring the borders of countries checking for special nuclear materials to monitoring the spent fuel casks for nuclear safeguards applications. In this paper, the principles of muon imaging are reviewed. Image reconstruction algorithms such as Filtered Back Projection and Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximization are discussed. The capability of muon imaging techniques is demonstrated through a Geant4 simulation study for imaging a nuclear spent fuel cask. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.
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Harel, A., and D. Yaish. "Lingacom muography." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2137 (2018): 20180133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0133.
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Lingacom Ltd develops detectors for muography—imaging using cosmic-ray muons—together with imaging algorithms and tools. We present selected simulation results from muon imaging of cargo conta- iners, from a joint muon and X-ray imaging algorithm, and for ground surveys using borehole detectors. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.
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Bae, JungHyun, Rose Montgomery, and Stylianos Chatzidakis. "Enhanced material identification via momentum-integrated muon scattering tomography." Nuclear Science and Technology Open Research 2 (April 29, 2024): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/nuclscitechnolopenres.17545.1.
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Background Cosmic ray muons, originating from interactions in the upper atmosphere, possess high energy and unique penetrative capabilities suitable for non-traditional radiographic inspection. This study explores their application in various fields such as nuclear fuel cask monitoring, nuclear reactor imaging, and archaeology, leveraging the principle of multiple Coulomb scattering for imaging dense materials. While muon scattering tomography has shown promise, accurately measuring muon momentum remains challenging. Methods This research introduces the Momentum Integrated Point-of-Closest Approach (mPoCA) algorithm, integrating muon momentum data into the traditional Point-of-Closest Approach (PoCA) framework. Utilizing the Cherenkov muon spectrometer, renowned for precise muon momentum estimation, the mPoCA algorithm offers a novel imaging approach. Results Simulations conducted with GEANT4 evaluate the mPoCA algorithm’s performance against the standard PoCA method, demonstrating superior image resolution and enhanced material identification capabilities, particularly in distinguishing materials like uranium and lead. Conclusions These findings underscore the potential of the mPoCA algorithm for advancing muon scattering tomography applications.
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Cimmino, Luigi. "Principles and Perspectives of Radiographic Imaging with Muons." Journal of Imaging 7, no. 12 (2021): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7120253.
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Radiographic imaging with muons, also called Muography, is based on the measurement of the absorption of muons, generated by the interaction of cosmic rays with the earth’s atmosphere, in matter. Muons are elementary particles with high penetrating power, a characteristic that makes them capable of crossing bodies of dimensions of the order of hundreds of meters. The interior of bodies the size of a pyramid or a volcano can be seen directly with the use of this technique, which can rely on highly segmented muon trackers. Since the muon flux is distributed in energy over a wide spectrum that depends on the direction of incidence, the main difference with radiography made with X-rays is in the source. The source of muons is not tunable, neither in energy nor in direction; to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, muography requires large instrumentation, long time data acquisition and high background rejection capacity. Here, we present the principles of the Muography, illustrating how radiographic images can be obtained, starting from the measurement of the attenuation of the muon flux through an object. It will then be discussed how recent technologies regarding artificial intelligence can give an impulse to this methodology in order to improve its results.
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Miyadera, Haruo, Christopher Morris, Jeffery Bacon, et al. "ICONE23-1569 FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI MUON IMAGING." Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2015.23 (2015): _ICONE23–1—_ICONE23–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2015.23._icone23-1_265.
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Su, Ning, Yuan-Yuan Liu, Li Wang, and Jian-Ping Cheng. "Muon radiography simulation for underground palace of Qinshihuang Mausoleum." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 6 (2022): 064201. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20211582.
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Muon radiography is a nondestructive imaging technology based on the naturally existing cosmic ray muons. Because cosmic ray muons have the strong ability to penetrate, muon radiography in which the absorption of muons through matter is utilized, is especially suitable for the imaging of large-scale objects. While the traditional geophysical technologies used in archeology have some limitations, muon radiography is expected to become a powerful supplement in the nondestructive detection of large-scale cultural relics. Based on Monte Carlo simulation method Geant4, the muon radiography of the underground palace of Qinshihuang Mausoleum is studied in this work. A model of the underground palace of Qinshihuang Mausoleum is set up with GEANT4 program according to the data acquired by the previous archaeological study of Qinshihuang Mausoleum’s inner structure, as well as a reference model without these inner structure. By investigating the differences between the muon fluxes obtained from the two models, the muon radiography image of the inner structure of the model can be obtained. During the simulation, the cosmic ray muon source is generated by sampling according to an empirical formula summarized by Reyna, which can accurately describe the energy spectrum and angular distribution of cosmic ray muons at sea level. In addition, two viewpoints are selected in order to determine the three-dimensional position of the chamber. The simulation data are processed by using an image reconstruction algorithm which can be described as the following three steps. Firstly, the counts of muons in different directions are converted into muon flux. Secondly, the muon flux of the reference model is deducted from that of the Qinshihuang Mausoleum model, and the angular coordinates of the chamber walls are determined. Finally, combined with the wall’s angular coordinates obtained from the two viewpoints and the relative position between the two viewpoints, the chamber size and its position are reconstructed according to the geometric relationship. The errors of the reconstructed chamber center position and the length of chamber walls are both approximately 7%. In this article, we conduct only a preliminary study of muon radiography applied to the nondestructive detection of Qinshihuang Mausoleum, but the results show that muon radiography can be a promising tool for the archeological study of Qinshihuang Mausoleum. In the follow-up study, more factors will be taken into consideration, including the details of Qinshihuang Mausoleum model, and the improvement of image reconstruction algorithm.
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Zhai, Jiajia, Meichan Feng, Bin Pan, et al. "Compact cosmic ray muon scattering imaging system based on plastic scintillating fibers." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 12 (2024): P12016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/12/p12016.
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Abstract Muon scattering imaging is a non-destructive method that utilizes cosmic ray muons to image materials with different atomic numbers. In recent decades, multiple international research institutions have developed various detection systems and reconstruction algorithms for applications in nuclear reactor core monitoring, nuclear material imaging, border security screening, and nuclear non-proliferation. However, the methods for assessing the material discrimination capability of the corresponding system are not very intuitive. In this study, the design and construction of a cosmic ray muon imaging system based on plastic scintillating fibers are described. The system's material discrimination capability assessment method was designed based on theoretical calculations and physical analysis. Based on the detector position and angular resolution, joint simulation and experimental data analysis were conducted to evaluate the material discrimination and imaging capabilities of the cosmic ray muon system.
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Dash, Nitali, Sidhartha S Sahoo, and Manasi Goswami. "Exploring Muon Imaging: Principles, Applications, and Techniques." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 14, no. 1 (2025): 1085–88. https://doi.org/10.21275/sr25122112148.
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Saracino, G., F. Ambrosino, L. Bonechi, et al. "Applications of muon absorption radiography to the fields of archaeology and civil engineering." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2137 (2018): 20180057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0057.
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Muon radiography, also known as muography, is an imaging technique that provides information on the mass density distribution inside large objects. Muons are naturally produced in the interactions of cosmic rays in the Earth's atmosphere. The physical process exploited by muography is the attenuation of the muon flux, that depends on the thickness and density of matter that muons cross in the course of their trajectory. A particle detector with tracking capability allows the measurement of the muons flux as a function of the muon direction. The comparison of the measured muon flux with the expected one gives information on the distribution of the density of matter, in particular, on the presence of cavities. In this article, the measurement performed at Mt. Echia in Naples (Saracino 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 , 1181. ( doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01277-3 )), will be discussed as a practical example of the possible application of muography in archaeology and civil engineering. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.
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Venere, L. Di, G. Giavitto, F. Giordano, R. López-Coto, and R. Pillera. "A fast muon tagger method for Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1548, no. 1 (2020): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1548/1/012036.
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Abstract The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) will be the next major observatory for Very High Energy gamma-ray astronomy. Its optical throughput calibration relies on muon Cherenkov rings. This work is aimed at developing a fast and efficient muon tagger at the camera level for the CTA telescopes. A novel technique to tag muons using the capabilities of silicon photomultiplier Compact High-Energy Camera CHEC-S, one of the design options for the camera of the small size telescopes, has been developed, studying and comparing different algorithms such as circle fitting with the Taubin method, machine learning using a neural network and simple pixel counting. Their performance in terms of efficiency and computation speed was investigated using simulations with varying levels of night sky background light. The application of the best performing method to the large size telescope camera has also been studied, to improve the speed of the muon preselection.
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Cohu, Amélie, Matias Tramontini, Antoine Chevalier, Jean-Christophe Ianigro, and Jacques Marteau. "Atmospheric and Geodesic Controls of Muon Rates: A Numerical Study for Muography Applications." Instruments 6, no. 3 (2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments6030024.
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Muon tomography or muography is an innovative imaging technique using atmospheric muons. The technique is based on the detection of muons that have crossed a target and the measurement of their attenuation or deviation induced by the medium. Muon flux models are key ingredients to convert tomographic and calibration data into the 2D or 3D density maps of the target. Ideally, they should take into account all possible types of local effects, from geomagnetism to atmospheric conditions. Two approaches are commonly used: semi-empirical models or Monte Carlo simulations. The latter offers the advantage to tackle down many environmental and experimental parameters and also allows the optimization of the nearly horizontal muons flux, which remains a long-standing problem for many muography applications. The goal of this paper is to identify through a detailed simulation what kind of environmental and experimental effects may affect the muography imaging sensitivity and its monitoring performance. The results have been obtained within the CORSIKA simulation framework, which offers the possibility to tune various parameters. The paper presents the simulation’s configuration and the results obtained for the muon fluxes computed in various conditions.
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Amperiadou, D., C. Petridou, D. Sampsonidis, et al. "Development of a muon tomography application with Micromegas detectors." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2375, no. 1 (2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2375/1/012007.
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Abstract The application of muon tomography method in small scale, for the imaging of a five-centimeter side lead cube, is being examined in the present work. The representation of the object is being achieved by using the transmission muography technique, in which the “free-sky” muon flux is compared to the muon flux measured within the acceptance of the detector. This comparison yields information about the absorption of the muons as they pass through the object under investigation. Also, a projective reconstruction method called “Back Projection” is tested by being applied on the data, providing information about the location of the object and its dimensions. This project has been carried out within the frame of EKATY programme, which aims to the innovative imaging of the subsurface of archaeological sites and the interior of structural elements of monuments in three and four dimensions.
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Lee, Sangkyu, Amanda Foley, and Tatjana Jevremovic. "Novel precision enhancement algorithm with reduced image noise in cosmic muon tomography applications." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 31, no. 1 (2016): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp1601051l.
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In this paper, we present a new algorithm that improves muon-based generated tomography images with increased precision and reduced image noise applicable to the detection of nuclear materials. Cosmic muon tomography is an interrogation-based imaging technique that, over the last decade, has been frequently employed for the detection of high-Z materials. This technique exploits a magnitude of cosmic muon scattering angles in order to construct an image. The scattering angles of the muons striking the geometry of interest are non-uniform, as cosmic muons vary in energy. The randomness of the scattering angles leads to significant noise in the muon tomography image. GEANT4 is used to numerically create data on the momenta and positions of scattered muons in a predefined geometry that includes high-Z materials. The numerically generated information is then processed with the point of closest approach reconstruction method to construct a muon tomography image; statistical filters are then developed to refine the point of closest approach reconstructed images. The filtered images exhibit reduced noise and enhanced precision when attempting to identify the presence of high-Z materials. The average precision from the point of closest approach reconstruction method is 13 %; for the integrated method, 88 %. The filtered image, therefore, results in a seven-fold improvement in precision compared to the point of closest approach reconstructed image.
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Zhang, Bin, Zhe Wang, and Shaomin Chen. "Mountain Muon Tomography Using a Liquid Scintillator Detector." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (2022): 10975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122110975.
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Muon tomography (MT), based on atmospheric cosmic rays, is a promising technique suitable for nondestructive imaging of the internal structures of mountains. This method uses the measured flux distribution after attenuation, combined with the known muon angular and energy distributions and a 3D satellite map, to perform tomographic imaging of the density distribution inside a probed volume. A muon tomography station (MTS) requires direction-sensitive detectors with a high resolution for optimal tracking of incident cosmic-ray muons. The spherical liquid scintillator detector is one of the best candidates for this application due to its uniform detection efficiency for the whole 4π solid angle and its excellent ability to distinguish muon signals from the radioactive background via the difference in the energy deposit. This type of detector, with a 1.3 m diameter, was used in the Jinping Neutrino Experiment (JNE). Its angular resolution is 4.9 degrees. Following the application of imaging for structures of Jinping Mountain with JNE published results based on the detector, we apply it to geological prospecting. For mountains below 1 km in height and 2.8 g/cm3 in the reference rock, we demonstrate that this kind of detector can image internal regions with densities of ≤2.1 g/cm3 or ≥3.5 g/cm3 and hundreds of meters in size.
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Huo, Yong-Gang, Jiang-Yu Yan, and Quan-Hu Zhang. "Image quality evaluation of multimodal imaging of muon." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 2 (2022): 021401. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20211083.
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Both the information about the scattering of muons due to their interaction with material and the information about the material-stopped muons generating secondary induced neutrons effectively are used for multimodal imaging of muon. In order to evaluate the image quality of multimodal imaging of muon, the detection model is established based on Geant4 and the reliability of the detection model is verified. Both the multiple Coulomb scattering module and the muon induced neutron module prove to be reliable. The multimodal imaging simulation program is developed, and the images are reconstructed on the basis of the simulated data. Four imaging models are developed. The first model is a line pair model used to study the spatial resolution of reconstructed images with imaging time ranging from two hours to two weeks. The line pair model is composed of <sup>235</sup>U and the length of each line pair is set to be 100 mm. The cross sections are set to be 4<sup>2</sup>, 4<sup>2</sup>, 6<sup>2</sup>, 6<sup>2</sup>, 10<sup>2</sup>, 10<sup>2</sup>, 20<sup>2</sup>, and 20<sup>2</sup> mm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. The second model is a cube model used to study the material resolution of reconstructed images with imaging time ranging from one hour to twelve hours. The side length of each cube is 100 mm. The third model is the cladding model used to test the reliability of multimodal imaging images in complex shielding situations. The outermost layer is of lead, with the side length being 140 mm and the thickness 40 mm. The middle layer is of iron, with the side length being 100 mm and the thickness 40 mm. The innermost layer of <sup>235</sup>U, with the side length being 60 mm. The last letter model is used to calculate the structural similarity of reconstructed images, with imaging time ranging from half an hour to twelve hours. The letter model is made of <sup>235</sup>U and consists of cubes with side length of 50 mm. The letters “E” and “P” are made up of 16 cubes and 15 cubes respectively. The spatial resolution reaches 4 mm when imaging time is within 12 hours. The <sup>235</sup>U and other common high-z, medium-z, and low-z material can be distinguished when imaging time is on the order of hours. Muon scattering imaging image of the cladding model will cause misjudgment. However, the multimodal imaging image can correctly reflect the existence of <sup>235</sup>U. The structure similarity between the reconstructed image and the reference image in different imaging times proves that multimodal imaging has higher quality than single imaging method. The study indicates that the multimodal imaging of muon has better imaging quality, can adapt to more complex imaging scenes and has more advantages in the detection and recognition of special nuclear material than muon imaging method with single interaction information.
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Kaushal, Neerav. "A Novel RID Algorithm of Muon Trajectory Reconstruction in Water Cherenkov Detectors." Astrophysical Journal 936, no. 2 (2022): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac8798.
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Abstract Cosmic rays that strike the top of the Earth’s atmosphere generate a shower of secondary particles that move toward the surface with relativistic speeds. Water Cherenkov detectors (WCDs) on the ground can detect charged muons, which are one of the many particles generated in the shower, with the Cherenkov imaging technique. A large number of these muons travel in WCD tanks near the speed of light in a vacuum, faster than the speed of light in water, and so trigger isotropic Cherenkov radiation, which is detected by the photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) placed inside the tanks. When the radial component of the speed of the muon toward a PMT drops from superluminal to subluminal, the PMT records Cherenkov light from an optical phenomenon known as relativistic image doubling (RID), which causes two Cherenkov images of the same muon to appear suddenly, with both images moving in geometrically opposite directions on the original muon track. The quantities associated with the RID effect can be measured experimentally with a variety of detector types and can be used to find various points on the original trajectory of the muon. In this paper, a detailed study of reconstructing the trajectory of a muon entering a WCD using the RID technique has been presented. It is found that the measurements of standard RID observables enables a complete reconstruction of the trajectory of the muon to a high degree of accuracy with less than 1% error.
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Georgadze, Anzori Sh. "Design and Simulation of a Muon Detector Using Wavelength-Shifting Fiber Readouts for Border Security." Instruments 9, no. 1 (2025): 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments9010001.
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Cosmic ray muon tomography is a promising method for the non-invasive inspection of shipping containers and trucks. It leverages the highly penetrating cosmic muons and their interactions with various materials to generate three-dimensional images of large and dense objects, such as inter-modal shipping containers, which are typically opaque to conventional X-ray radiography techniques. One of the key tasks of customs and border security is verifying shipping container declarations to prevent illegal trafficking, and muon tomography offers a viable solution for this purpose. Common imaging methods using muons rely on data analysis of either muon scattering or absorption–transmission. We design a compact muon tomography system with dimensions of 3 × 3 × 3 m3, consisting of 2D position-sensitive detectors. These detectors include plastic scintillators, wavelength-shifting (WLS) fibers, and SiPMs. Through light transport modeling with GEANT4, we demonstrate that the proposed detector design—featuring 1 m × 1 m scintillator plates with 2 mm2 square-shaped WLS fibers—can achieve a spatial resolution of approximately 0.7–1.0 mm. Through Monte Carlo simulations, we demonstrate that combining muon scattering and absorption data enables the rapid and accurate identification of cargo materials. In a smuggling scenario where tobacco is falsely declared as paper towel rolls, this combined analysis distinguishes the two with 3 σ confidence at a spatial resolution of 1 mm (FWHM) for the muon detector, achieving results within a scanning time of 40 s for a 20-foot shipping container.
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Baccani, Guglielmo, Lorenzo Bonechi, Massimo Bongi, et al. "Muon Radiography of Ancient Mines: The San Silvestro Archaeo-Mining Park (Campiglia Marittima, Tuscany)." Universe 5, no. 1 (2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe5010034.
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Muon absorption radiography is an imaging technique based on the measurement of the absorption of cosmic ray muons. This technique has recently been used successfully to investigate the presence of unknown cavities in the Bourbon Gallery in Naples and in the Chephren Pyramid at Cairo. The MIMA detector (Muon Imaging for Mining and Archaeology) is a prototype muon tracker for muon radiography for application in the fields of archaelogy and mining. It is made of three pairs of X-Y planes each consisting of 21 scintillator bars with a silicon photomultiplier readout. The detector is compact, robust, easily transportable, and has a low power consumption: all of which makes the detector ideal for measurements in confined and isolated environments. With this detector, a measurement from inside the Temperino mine in the San Silvestro archaeo-mining park in Tuscany was performed. The park includes about 25 km of mining tunnels arranged on several levels that have been exploited from the Etruscan time. The measured muon absorption was compared to the simulated one, obtained from the information provided by 3D laser scanner measurements and cartographic maps of the mountain above the mine, in order to obtain information about the average density of the rock. This allowed one to confirm the presence of a partially accessible exploitation opening and provided some hints regarding the presence of a high-density body within the rock.
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Gharibshahi, Elham, and Miltiadis Alamaniotis. "Simulation study of cosmic-ray muons for detection of nuclear materials in liquid freight containers." Journal of Instrumentation 20, no. 02 (2025): P02014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/20/02/p02014.
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Abstract Accurately detecting nuclear materials concealed within the bulk of cargo containers is essential for establishing a robust defense against nuclear terrorism. Identifying such hidden materials can be achieved through imaging techniques that are ideally non-intrusive—meaning the container does not need to be manually opened—and capable of providing quick and precise identification of the contents. Muon tomography is one such effective imaging technique, utilized across various fields. This technique reconstructs cargo images using cosmic-ray muons, highly penetrative particles that reach the Earth's surface from the upper atmosphere and interact with materials primarily through Coulomb scattering. This study conducts a simulated examination of cosmic-ray muon tomography to detect special nuclear materials, specifically focusing on identifying uranium isotopes U-235 and U-238, as well as plutonium (Pu-239), hidden within large liquid freight containers. A series of muon simulations is performed using the Geant4 software platform to explore the potential for imaging small amounts of concealed nuclear materials within large-scale containers filled individually with water or oil. The results confirm the accurate detection and localization of illicit nuclear content within the substantial volume of liquid freight containers.
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Gamage, R. M. I. D., Samip Basnet, Eduardo Cortina Gil, et al. "Portable Resistive Plate Chambers for Muography in confined environments." E3S Web of Conferences 357 (2022): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235701001.
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Muography (or muon radiography) is an imaging technique that relies on the use of cosmogenic muons as a free and safe radiation source. It can be applied in various fields such as archaeology, civil engineering, geology, nuclear reactor monitoring, nuclear waste characterization, underground surveys, etc. In such applications, sometimes deploying muon detectors is challenging due to logistics, e.g. in a narrow underground tunnel or mine. Therefore, we are developing muon detectors whose design goals include portability, robustness, autonomy, versatility, and safety. Our portable muon detectors (or “muoscopes”) are based on Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC), planar detectors that use ionization in a thin gas gap to detect cosmic muons. Prototype RPCs of active area 16×16 cm2 and 28 × 28 cm2 were built in our laboratories at Louvain-la-Neuve (UCLouvain) and Ghent (UGent) to test and compare various design options. Benefiting from the experience gained in building and operating these prototypes, we are proceeding towards the development of improved prototypes with more advanced technical layout and readiness. In this paper we provide the status of our performance studies, including the cross-validation of the two types of prototypes in a joint data taking, and an outline of the direction ahead.
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Bae, Junghyun, and Stylianos Chatzidakis. "Momentum-Dependent Cosmic Ray Muon Computed Tomography Using a Fieldable Muon Spectrometer." Energies 15, no. 7 (2022): 2666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072666.
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Cosmic ray muon tomography has been recently explored as a non-destructive technique for monitoring or imaging dense well-shielded objects, classically not achievable with traditional tomographic methods. As a recent example of technology transition from high-energy physics to real-world engineering applications, cosmic ray muon tomography has been used with various levels of success in nuclear nonproliferation. However, present muon detection systems have no momentum measurement capabilities and recently developed muon-based radiographic techniques rely only on muon tracking. This unavoidably reduces resolution and requires longer measurement times thus limiting the widespread use of cosmic ray muon tomography. Measurement of cosmic ray muon momenta has the potential to significantly improve the efficiency and resolution of cosmic ray muon tomography. In this paper, we propose and explore the use of momentum-dependent cosmic ray muon tomography using multi-layer gas Cherenkov radiators, a new concept for measuring muon momentum in the field. The muon momentum measurements are coupled with a momentum-dependent imaging algorithm (mPoCA) and image reconstructions are presented to demonstrate the benefits of measuring momentum in cosmic ray muon tomography.
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Bhattacharya, Purba, Rishabh Gupta, Shounok Guha, et al. "Study of charge dynamics in THGEM-based detectors — a numerical approach." Journal of Instrumentation 20, no. 04 (2025): C04019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/20/04/c04019.
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Abstract Muography [1] utilizes cosmic muon interactions to image and analyze material properties. Electromagnetic interactions cause cosmic muon trajectories to deviate [2] (or even absorbed [1]), with the magnitude of deviation (absorption) reflecting the material's characteristics. These modifications in cosmic muons can be utilized to generate images of a target object in their path and infer its material composition and geometry. Position-sensitive detectors, such as various gaseous ionization detectors, solid-state detectors, emulsion-based detectors are typically used to track cosmic muons to fulfil this purpose. THick Gaseous Electron Multipliers (THGEM) [3], that are robust and relatively easily fabricated [4], can monitor muon tracks effectively. This numerical study has been initiated to evaluate the performance and suitability THGEM-based detectors in this context, focusing on key parameters like gain, charging up and discharge probability. A hybrid numerical model integrates HEED, MAGBOLTZ, and COMSOL for simulating charge dynamics and detector response. A Python interface automates necessary repetitive simulations. Thus, this work provides a framework for optimizing THGEM detectors for imaging applications.
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Kedar, S., H. K. M. Tanaka, C. J. Naudet, C. E. Jones, J. P. Plaut, and F. H. Webb. "Muon radiography for exploration of Mars geology." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems Discussions 2, no. 2 (2012): 829–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gid-2-829-2012.
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Abstract. Muon radiography is a technique that uses naturally occurring showers of muons (penetrating particles generated by cosmic rays) to image the interior of large scale geological structures in much the same way as standard X-ray radiography is used to image the interior of smaller objects. Recent developments and application of the technique to terrestrial volcanoes have demonstrated that a low-power, passive muon detector can peer deep into geological structures up to several kilometers in size, and provide crisp density profile images of their interior at ten meter scale resolution. Preliminary estimates of muon production on Mars indicate that the near horizontal Martian muon flux, which could be used for muon radiography, is as strong or stronger than that on Earth, making the technique suitable for exploration of numerous high priority geological targets on Mars. The high spatial resolution of muon radiography also makes the technique particularly suited for the discovery and delineation of Martian caverns, the most likely planetary environment for biological activity. As a passive imaging technique, muon radiography uses the perpetually present background cosmic ray radiation as the energy source for probing the interior of structures from the surface of the planet. The passive nature of the measurements provides an opportunity for a low power and low data rate instrument for planetary exploration that could operate as a scientifically valuable primary or secondary instrument in a variety of settings, with minimal impact on the mission's other instruments and operation.
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Kedar, S., H. K. M. Tanaka, C. J. Naudet, C. E. Jones, J. P. Plaut, and F. H. Webb. "Muon radiography for exploration of Mars geology." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 2, no. 1 (2013): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-2-157-2013.
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Abstract. Muon radiography is a technique that uses naturally occurring showers of muons (penetrating particles generated by cosmic rays) to image the interior of large-scale geological structures in much the same way as standard X-ray radiography is used to image the interior of smaller objects. Recent developments and application of the technique to terrestrial volcanoes have demonstrated that a low-power, passive muon detector can peer deep into geological structures up to several kilometers in size, and provide crisp density profile images of their interior at ten meter scale resolution. Preliminary estimates of muon production on Mars indicate that the near horizontal Martian muon flux, which could be used for muon radiography, is as strong or stronger than that on Earth, making the technique suitable for exploration of numerous high priority geological targets on Mars. The high spatial resolution of muon radiography also makes the technique particularly suited for the discovery and delineation of Martian caverns, the most likely planetary environment for biological activity. As a passive imaging technique, muon radiography uses the perpetually present background cosmic ray radiation as the energy source for probing the interior of structures from the surface of the planet. The passive nature of the measurements provides an opportunity for a low power and low data rate instrument for planetary exploration that could operate as a scientifically valuable primary or secondary instrument in a variety of settings, with minimal impact on the mission's other instruments and operation.
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Zaher, Zahraa, Samuel Alvarez, Tommaso Dorigo, et al. "Optimisation of Muon Tomography Scanners for Border Control Using TomOpt." Particles 8, no. 2 (2025): 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/particles8020053.
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The TomOpt software package is designed to optimise the geometric configuration and the specifications of detectors intended for muon scattering tomography, an imaging technique exploiting cosmic-ray muons. The software employs an end-to-end differentiable pipeline that models the interactions of muons with detectors and scanned volumes, infers properties of the scanned materials, and performs an optimisation cycle minimising a user-defined loss function. This article presents the implementation of a case study related to cargo scanning applications in the context of homeland security.
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Georgadze, Anzori Sh. "Rapid cargo verification with cosmic ray muon scattering and absorption tomography." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 10 (2024): P10033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/10/p10033.
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Abstract Cosmic ray muon tomography is considered a promising method for the non-invasive inspection of shipping containers and trucks. It utilizes highly penetrating cosmic-ray muons and their interactions with various materials to generate three-dimensional images of large and dense materials, like inter-modal shipping containers, typically not transparent with conventional X-ray radiography techniques. The commonly used methods for imaging with muons are based on muon scattering or absorption-transmission data analysis. Due to large thickness of cargo material in shipping container substantial scattering and absorption occur when muons are passing through cargo. One of the key tasks of customs and border security is to verify shipping container declarations to prevent illegal trafficking, and muon tomography could be a viable choice for this task. In this paper, we demonstrate through Monte Carlo simulations using the GEANT4 toolkit that a combined analysis of muon scattering and absorption data can improve the identification of cargo materials compared to using scattering or absorption data alone. The statistical differences in scattering and absorption data for several cargo materials are quantified. For a particular smuggling scenario where tobacco declared as paper towel rolls, it is demonstrated that the combined analysis can accurately distinguish between tobacco and paper towel rolls with 5.5σ accuracy for detector spatial resolution (FWHM) of 0.235 mm, 4.5σ for 1.175 mm resolution (FWHM), and 3.9σ accuracy for 2.35 mm spatial resolution (FWHM), in a short scanning time of 10 seconds. This rapid detection capability has significant implications for anti-smuggling efforts and cargo inspection.
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Lechmann, Alessandro, David Mair, Akitaka Ariga, et al. "SMAUG v1.0 – a user-friendly muon simulator for the imaging of geological objects in 3-D." Geoscientific Model Development 15, no. 6 (2022): 2441–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2441-2022.
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Abstract. Knowledge about muon tomography has spread in recent years in the geoscientific community and several collaborations between geologists and physicists have been founded. As the data analysis is still mostly done by particle physicists, much of the know-how is concentrated in particle physics and specialised geophysics institutes. SMAUG (Simulation for Muons and their Applications UnderGround), a toolbox consisting of several modules that cover the various aspects of data analysis in a muon tomographic experiment, aims at providing access to a structured data analysis framework. The goal of this contribution is to make muon tomography more accessible to a broader geoscientific audience. In this study, we show how a comprehensive geophysical model can be built from basic physics equations. The emerging uncertainties are dealt with by a probabilistic formulation of the inverse problem, which is finally solved by a Monte Carlo Markov chain algorithm. Finally, we benchmark the SMAUG results against those of a recent study, which, however, have been established with an approach that is not easily accessible to the geoscientific community. We show that they reach identical results with the same level of accuracy and precision.
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Li, J., Z. Li, R. Han, et al. "Investigation of structures in tunnel overburdens by means of muon radiography." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 05 (2022): P05029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/05/p05029.
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Abstract Cosmic ray muon radiography is a new imaging technique that is being used to investigate the density structure of large objects and the shallow crust. For example, it has been used to investigate magma conduits of active volcanoes, cavities above tunnels and hidden chambers inside pyramids, and has proven to be effective and accurate. However, low cosmic muon flux has limited the development of muon radiography in many engineering applications. In this paper, the potential application of muon radiography to investigate density anomalies in tunnel overburden is discussed. Results show that in a typical 25-meter thick overburden, muon radiography can identify overburden anomalies of 10% in two hours with an inaccuracy probability of 30.8% by lack of enough statistics, and this inaccuracy will reduce to 2.2% if data are collected over a full day. The study also indicates that muon radiography can detect structure density anomalies above 1% with an inaccuracy probability of 2.2%. As a non-destructive, non-invasive and passive imaging method, cosmic ray muon radiography has its great potential in timely monitoring and imaging of overburden structures to discover potential structural defects.
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Lo Presti, Domenico, Giuseppe Gallo, Danilo Bonanno, Daniele Bongiovanni, Fabio Longhitano, and Santo Reito. "Feasibility Study of a New Cherenkov Detector for Improving Volcano Muography." Sensors 19, no. 5 (2019): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051183.
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Muography is an expanding technique for internal structure investigation of large volume object, such as pyramids, volcanoes and also underground cavities. It is based on the attenuation of muon flux through the target in a way similar to the attenuation of X-ray flux through the human body for standard radiography. Muon imaging have to face with high background level, especially compared with the tiny near horizontal muon flux. In this paper the authors propose an innovative technique based on the measurement of Cherenkov radiation by Silicon photo-multipliers arrays to be integrated in a standard telescope for muography applications. Its feasibility study was accomplished by means of Geant4 simulations for the measurement of the directionality of cosmic-ray muons. This technique could be particularly useful for the suppression of background noise due to back-scattered particles whose incoming direction is likely to be wrongly reconstructed. The results obtained during the validation study of the technique principle confirm the ability to distinguish the arrival direction of muons with an efficiency higher than 98% above 1 GeV. In addition, a preliminary study on the tracking performance of the presented technique was introduced.
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Wang, Zhenyu, Zhiyuan Li, Lukai Wang, et al. "Performance Simulation of Muon Detectors Based on Structural Design and Array Layout of Plastic Scintillators." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 08 (2024): P08006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/08/p08006.
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Abstract The performances of muon detectors have prominent effects on the accuracy and application scenario of muon imaging. Previous studies have paid more attention to the performance improvements of muon detectors in the assembly of imaging systems and optimization of imaging algorithms, while, the structural design and array layout of plastic scintillators in muon detectors have received less attention. In this work, the simulation models of plastic scintillator, wavelength-shifting (WLS) fibers, and muon source are constructed in the Geant4 software. On this basis, different factors affecting light collection efficiency (LCE) have been investigated, including muon hitting position, plastic scintillator cross-sectional shape and size, and WLS fiber size and position. Meanwhile, the influences of scintillator array layout, average width, and muon energy on the position resolution performance of the detector are investigated. The constructive results have been listed as follows: (a) the longitudinal length of the plastic scintillator unit, the shape and size of the WLS fiber, and the position of the WLS fiber have a large impact on the LCE. (b) The Right-angled triangle staggered layout is suitable for small-sized scintillators with single-energy muon hitting, and the Rhombus staggered layout is suitable for large-sized scintillators with multiple-energy muon hitting. This work provides theoretical support for the structural design and array layout of plastic Scintillators, and it has an important significance as a guide for the design of the subsequent muography system.
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Chatzidakis, Stylianos, and Junghyun Bae. "Advances in Cosmic Ray Muon Computed Tomography and Fieldable Spectroscopy." HNPS Advances in Nuclear Physics 28 (October 17, 2022): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.3584.
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A recent example of successful technology transition from high energy physics to practical engineering applications is cosmic ray muon tomography. Cosmic ray muon tomography, is a promising non-destructive technique that has been recently utilized to monitor or image the contents of dense or well shielded objects, typically not feasible with conventional radiography techniques, e.g., x-ray or neutron. Cosmic ray muon tomography has been used with various levels of success in spent nuclear fuel monitoring, volcano imaging, and cargo container imaging. Further, knowledge of cosmic ray muon momentum spectrum has the potential to significantly improve and expand the use of a variety of recently developed muon-based radiographic techniques. However, existing muon tomography systems rely only on muon tracking and have no momentum measurement capabilities which reduces the image resolution and requires longer measurement times. A fieldable cosmic ray muon spectrometer with momentum measurement capabilities for use in muon tomography is currently missing. In this paper, we will discuss and explore recent advances in cosmic ray muon computed tomography and spectroscopy and their applications to engineering including a new concept for measuring muon momentum using multiple gaseous Cherenkov radiators. By varying the pressure of multiple gas Cherenkov radiators, a set of muon momentum threshold levels can be selected that are triggered only when the incoming muon momentum exceeds that level. As a result, depending on the incoming muon momentum, none to all Cherenkov radiators can be triggered. By analyzing the signals from each radiator, we can estimate the actual muon momentum.
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Zhang, Zong-Xian, Timo Enqvist, Marko Holma, and Pasi Kuusiniemi. "Muography and Its Potential Applications to Mining and Rock Engineering." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 53, no. 11 (2020): 4893–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02199-9.
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Abstract Muography is a novel imaging method using natural cosmic-ray radiation for characterising and monitoring variation in average material density in a diverse range of objects that cannot be imaged by conventional imaging techniques. Muography includes muon radiography and muon tomography. Cosmic-ray-induced muons were discovered in the 1930’s, but rapid development of both muographic techniques has only occurred in the last two decades. With this rapid development, muography has been applied or tested in many fields such as volcano imaging, archaeology, underground structure and tunnel detection, rock mass density measurements, cargo scanning, imaging of nuclear waste and reactors, and monitoring of historical buildings and the inside of blast furnaces. Although applications of muography have already touched mining and rock engineering, such applications are still rare and they are just beginning to enter the market. Based on this background, this paper aims to introduce muography into the fields of mining and rock engineering. First, the basic properties of muons are summarized briefly. Second, potential applications of muography to mining and rock engineering are described. These applications include (1) monitoring temporal changes in the average material density of fracturing and deforming rock mass; (2) detecting geological structures and isolated ore bodies or weak zones in mines; (3) detecting a reservoir or boulders during tunnelling or drifting; (4) monitoring caving bodies to search remaining ore; (5) evaluating and classifying rock masses; (6) exploring new mineral deposits in operating underground mines and their surrounding brownfields. Finally, some issues such as maximum depth muons can reach are discussed.
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Bonechi, L., F. Ambrosino, P. Andreetto, et al. "BLEMAB European project: muon imaging technique applied to blast furnaces." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 04 (2022): C04031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/04/c04031.
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Abstract The BLEMAB European project (BLast furnace stack density Estimation through on-line Muon ABsorption measurements), evolution of the previous Mu-Blast European project, is designed to investigate in detail the capability of muon radiography techniques applied to the imaging of a blast furnace’s inner zone. In particular, the geometry and size of the so called “cohesive zone”, i.e. the spatial zone where the slowly downward moving material begins to soften and melt, that plays an important role in the performance of the blast furnace itself. Thanks to the high penetration power of the natural cosmic ray muon radiation, muon transmission radiography represents an appropriate non-invasive methodology for imaging large high-density structures such as blast furnaces, whose linear size can be up to a few tens of meters. A state-of-the-art muon tracking system, whose design profits from the long experience of our collaboration in this field, is currently under development and will be installed in 2022 at a blast furnace on the ArcelorMittal site in Bremen (Germany) for many months. Collected data will be exploited to monitor temporal variations of the average density distribution inside the furnace. Muon radiography results will also be compared with measurements obtained through an enhanced multipoint probe and standard blast furnace models.
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Murphy, J. D., N. E. Grant, S. L. Pain, et al. "Carrier lifetimes in high-lifetime silicon wafers and solar cells measured by photoexcited muon spin spectroscopy." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 6 (2022): 065704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0099492.
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Photoexcited muon spin spectroscopy (photo- μSR) is used to study excess charge carrier lifetimes in silicon. Experiments are performed on silicon wafers with very high bulk lifetimes with the surface passivation conditions intentionally modified to control the effective lifetime. When the effective lifetime is low (<500 μs), implanting the muons to different depths enables the reliable measurement of carrier lifetime as a function of distance from a surface. It is also demonstrated that the photo- μSR technique can measure effective carrier lifetimes in completed commercial gallium doped silicon passivated emitter and rear cell devices, with results validated with harmonically modulated photoluminescence imaging. It is discovered, however, that prolonged muon irradiation of samples with very long effective lifetimes (>10 ms) results in detectable degradation of the measured lifetime. Re-passivation of degraded samples with a temporary room temperature superacid-based passivation scheme demonstrates that degradation occurs in the silicon bulk. Deep-level transient spectroscopy measurements reveal the existence of several defect-related traps near the muon-exposed surface in concentrations of order 1010 cm−3 that are not present near the surface not exposed to muons. In contrast to the common perception of the μSR technique, our results demonstrate that muons are not inert probes and that beam-induced recombination activity modifies the bulk lifetime significantly in samples with high effective carrier lifetimes.
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Miyake, Yasuhiro, Yukinori Nagatani, Takayuki Yamazaki, and Patrick Strasser. "2pM_PL2Transmission Muon Microscope by muon microbeam, realizing 3-D Imaging." Microscopy 67, suppl_2 (2018): i3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfy075.
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Tanaka, H. K. M. "Development of stroboscopic muography." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems Discussions 2, no. 2 (2012): 671–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gid-2-671-2012.
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Abstract. Conventional muon radiography has concentrated on non-destructive studies of stationary objects with relatively long exposure times required to achieve sufficient muon statistics. A muon detection system with real time readings and a high spatial resolution detector, enables the investigation of dynamic processes in a stroboscopic mode, where image frames are synchronized with the phases of the dynamic target. Although the natural cosmic-ray muon flux is quite low for imaging a rapid process, repetitive processes can still be studied with high time resolution by integrating a large number of frames synchronized to the process. In this paper we demonstrate the stroboscopic imaging capabilities of cosmic-ray muon radiography with scintillation counters and the muon readout module. The dynamics of a chemical and melting process in an electric furnace with a size of 30 m water equivalent in diameter was investigated as an example, and stroboscopic images were obtained for hourly changes, with acquisition frames of 400 h each. The results of these experiments demonstrate the future potential for muon radiography of repetional process, such as magma flow in a conduit.
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Tanaka, H. K. M. "Development of stroboscopic muography." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 2, no. 1 (2013): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-2-41-2013.
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Abstract. Conventional muon radiography has concentrated on non-destructive studies of stationary objects with relatively long exposure times required to achieve sufficient muon statistics. A muon detection system with real time readings and a high spatial resolution detector, enables the investigation of dynamic processes in a stroboscopic mode, where image frames are synchronized with the phases of the dynamic target. Although the natural cosmic ray muon flux is quite low for imaging a rapid process, repetitive processes can still be studied with high time resolution by integrating a large number of frames synchronized to the process. In this paper we demonstrate the stroboscopic imaging capabilities of cosmic ray muon radiography with scintillation counters and the muon readout module. The dynamics of a chemical and melting process in an electric furnace with a size of 30 m water equivalent in diameter was investigated as an example, and stroboscopic images were obtained for hourly changes, with acquisition frames of 400 h each. The results of these experiments demonstrate the future potential for muon radiography of repetitional process, such as magma flow in a conduit.
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Gamage, R. M. I. D., S. Basnet, E. Cortina Gil, et al. "A portable muon telescope for multidisciplinary applications." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 01 (2022): C01051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/01/c01051.
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Abstract Muon tomography or “muography” is an emerging imaging technique that uses cosmogenic muons as the radiation source. Due to its diverse range of applications and the use of natural radiation, muography is being applied across many fields such as geology, archaeology, civil engineering, nuclear reactor monitoring, nuclear waste characterization, underground surveys, etc. Muons can be detected using various detector technologies, among which, resistive plate chambers (RPC) are a very cost effective choice. RPCs are planar detectors which use ionization in a thin gas gap to detect cosmic muons, already used since years in major particle accelerator experiments. We have developed a muon telescope (or “muoscope”) composed of small scale RPCs. The design goal for our muoscope is to be portable and autonomous, in order to take data in places that are not easily accessible. The whole setup is light and compact, such to be easily packed in a car trunk. Individual RPCs are hosted in gas-tight aluminium cases. There is no need for gas bottles, once the chambers are filled. The muoscope can be controlled from a reasonable distance using wireless connection. In this paper we summarize the guiding principles of our project and present some recent developments and future prospects, including a long-term stability study of the resistivity of the semiconductive coating obtained with serigraphy.
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Liu, Guorui, Xujia Luo, Heng Tian, et al. "High-precision muography in archaeogeophysics: A case study on Xi’an defensive walls." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 1 (2023): 014901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0123337.
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Muography is a rapidly developing and non-destructive tomographic technology that uses cosmic ray muons. Due to the natural presence and deeper penetration of cosmic ray muons, scientists have performed various pioneer studies in fields, such as customs security, the internal imaging of volcanoes, scientific archaeology, and others. With unique advantages, muography has gained increasing attention from archaeologists as a novel and innovative tool to investigate large-scale archaeological sites. This approach may be especially helpful for identifying endangered cultural relics and monuments. In the work, we employ a compact, rugged, and portable muon imaging system, CORMIS (COsmic Ray Muon Imaging System), deployed at up to six measurement locations to perform a case study of three-dimensional muography in Xi’an city, China. Cultural cities, such as Xi’an, have long histories and could benefit from innovative techniques used to investigate, conserve, and protect large historical sites. In this paper, we present in detail a high resolution survey on a rampart of a Xi’an defensive wall in demand of urgent protection. The survey data are carefully processed with advanced statistical methods newly introduced in muography, and the results indicate density anomalies inside the rampart with unprecedented levels of precision. The density anomalies are potential safety hazards and need to be eliminated as soon as possible. The successful implementation of this survey significantly encourages more engagement on the tangible application of high-precision 3D muography in archaeological investigations and protection projects around the world.
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Cârloganu, C., V. Niess, S. Béné, et al. "Towards a muon radiography of the Puy de Dôme." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems Discussions 2, no. 2 (2012): 765–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gid-2-765-2012.
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Abstract. High energy (above 100 GeV) atmospheric muons are a natural probe for geophysical studies. They can travel through kilometres of rock allowing for a radiography of the density distribution within large structures, like mountains or volcanoes. A collaboration between volcanologists, astroparticle and particle physicists, TOMUVOL, was formed in 2009 to study tomographic muon imaging of volcanoes with high resolution, large scale tracking detectors. We report on two campaigns of measurements at the flank of the Puy de Dôme using Glass Resistive Plate Chambers (GRPCs) developed for Particle Physics, within the CALICE collaboration.
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Cârloganu, C., V. Niess, S. Béné, et al. "Towards a muon radiography of the Puy de Dôme." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 2, no. 1 (2013): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-2-55-2013.
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Abstract. High-energy (above a few hundred GeV) atmospheric muons are a natural probe for geophysical studies. They can travel through kilometres of rock allowing for a radiography of the density distribution within large structures, like mountains or volcanoes. A collaboration between volcanologists, astroparticle and particle physicists, Tomuvol was formed in 2009 to study tomographic muon imaging of volcanoes with high-resolution, large-scale tracking detectors. We report on two campaigns of measurements at the flank of the Puy de Dôme using glass resistive plate chambers (GRPCs) developed for particle physics, within the CALICE collaboration.
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Cosburn, Katherine, Mousumi Roy, Elena Guardincerri, and Charlotte Rowe. "Joint inversion of gravity with cosmic ray muon data at a well-characterized site for shallow subsurface density prediction." Geophysical Journal International 217, no. 3 (2019): 1988–2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz127.
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SUMMARYEstimating subsurface density is important for imaging various geologic structures such as volcanic edifices, reservoirs and aquifers. Muon tomography has recently been used to complement traditional gravity measurements as a powerful method for probing shallow subsurface density structure beneath volcanoes. Gravity and muon data have markedly different spatial sensitivities and, as a result, the combination is useful for imaging structures on spatial scales that are larger than the area encompassed by crossing muon trajectories. Here we explore and test a joint inversion of gravity and muon data in a study area where there is an independently characterized target anomaly: a regionally extensive, high-density layer beneath Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA. We resolve the nearly flat-lying structure using a unique experimental set-up wherein surface and subsurface gravity and muon measurements are obtained above and below the target volume. Our results show that with minimal geologic (prior) constraints, the joint inversion correctly recovers salient features of the expected density structure. The results of our study illustrate the potential of combining surface and subsurface (e.g. borehole) gravity and muon measurements to invert for shallow geologic structures.
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Braunroth, Thomas, Nadine Berner, Florian Rowold, Marc Péridis, and Maik Stuke. "Muon radiography to visualise individual fuel rods in sealed casks." EPJ Nuclear Sciences & Technologies 7 (2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjn/2021010.
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Cosmic-ray muons can be used for the non-destructive imaging of spent nuclear fuel in sealed dry storage casks. The scattering data of the muons after traversing provides information on the thereby penetrated materials. Based on these properties, we investigate and discuss the theoretical feasibility of detecting single missing fuel rods in a sealed cask for the first time. We perform simulations of a vertically standing generic cask model loaded with fuel assemblies from a pressurized water reactor and muon detectors placed above and below the cask. By analysing the scattering angles and applying a significance ratio based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test statistic we conclude that missing rods can be reliably identified in a reasonable measuring time period depending on their position in the assembly and cask, and on the angular acceptance criterion of the primary, incoming muons.
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Wang, Zhimin, Min Li, Diru Wu, et al. "Imaging of muon track in CsI(Tl) crystal with single photon sensitive camera." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 09 (2023): P09015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/09/p09015.
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Abstract This work presents a novel approach to visual photon imaging using a single-photon-sensitive camera and PMTs. The aim of this study is to measure and identify muon tracks from 2D images captured by CsI(Tl) crystal scintillator detectors. The proposed approach allows for direct observation of muon tracks with a reasonable signal-to-noise ratio, eliminating the need for additional amplification or external light sources. With further enhancements to the analysis and setup, this algorithm offers an innovative method for particle measurement in low-photon environments and enables precise direction measurement of scintillation detectors. The setup of the crystal and camera testing system, along with the identification algorithm for muon tracks, will be discussed in detail. This will encompass system calibration, the identification model, signal-to-noise ratio analysis, muon track confirmation, and expectations for future improvements and applications.
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Das, Subhendu, Sridhar Tripathy, Priyanka Jagga, Purba Bhattacharya, Nayana Majumdar, and Supratik Mukhopadhyay. "Muography for Inspection of Civil Structures." Instruments 6, no. 4 (2022): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments6040077.
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Aging infrastructure is a threatening issue throughout the world. Long exposure to oxygen and moisture causes premature corrosion of reinforced concrete structures leading to the collapse of the structures. As a consequence, real-time monitoring of civil structures for rust becomes critical in avoiding mishaps. Muon scattering tomography is a non-destructive, non-invasive technique which has shown impressive results in 3D imaging of civil structures. This paper explores the application of advanced machine learning techniques in identifying a rusted reinforced concrete rebar using muon scattering tomography. To achieve this, we have simulated the performance of an imaging prototype setup, designed to carry out muon scattering tomography, to precisely measure the rust percentage in a rusted rebar. We have produced a 2D image based on the projected 3D scattering vertices of the muons and used the scattering vertex density and average deviation angle per pixel as the distinguishing parameter for the analysis. A filtering algorithm, namely the Pattern Recognition Method, has been employed to eliminate background noise. Since this problem boils down to whether or not the material being analyzed is rust, i.e., a classification problem, we have adopted the well-known machine learning algorithm Support Vector Machine to identify rust in the rusted reinforced cement concrete structure. It was observed that the trained model could easily identify 30% of rust in the structure with a nominal exposure of 30 days within a small error range of 7.3%.
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Gómez, H., D. Gibert, C. Goy, et al. "Forward scattering effects on muon imaging." Journal of Instrumentation 12, no. 12 (2017): P12018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/12/p12018.
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Lesparre, N., D. Gibert, J. Marteau, Y. Déclais, D. Carbone, and E. Galichet. "Geophysical muon imaging: feasibility and limits." Geophysical Journal International 183, no. 3 (2010): 1348–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2010.04790.x.
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Catalano, O., M. Del Santo, T. Mineo, G. Cusumano, M. C. Maccarone, and G. Pareschi. "Volcanoes muon imaging using Cherenkov telescopes." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 807 (January 2016): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.10.065.
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Procureur, S. "Muon imaging: Principles, technologies and applications." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 878 (January 2018): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2017.08.004.
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Senger, Anna. "Simultaneous muon and reference hadron measurements in the compressed baryonic matter experiment at FAIR." International Journal of Modern Physics E 29, no. 02 (2020): 2030003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301320300039.
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The mission of the Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at the future Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) in Darmstadt is to explore the QCD phase diagram at high net baryon densities likely to exist in the core of neutron stars. The CBM detector system is designed to perform multi-differential measurements of hadrons and leptons in central gold-gold collisions at beam energies between 2 and 11 A GeV with unprecedented precision and statistics. In order to reduce the systematic errors of the lepton measurements, which generally suffer from a large combinatorial background, both electrons and muons will be measured with the same acceptance. Up to now, no di-muon measurements have been performed in heavy-ion collisions at beam energies below 158 A GeV. The main device for electron identification, a Ring Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detector, can be replaced by a setup comprising hadron absorbers and tracking detectors for muon measurements. In order to obtain a complete picture of the reaction, it is important to measure simultaneously leptons and hadrons. This requirement is fulfilled for the RICH, which has a low material budget, and only little affects the trajectories of hadrons on their way to the Time-of-Flight (TOF) detector. In contrast, the simultaneous measurement of muons and hadrons within the same experimental acceptance poses a substantial challenge. This article reviews the simulated performance of the CBM experiment for muon identification, together with the possibility of simultaneous hadron measurements.