Journal articles on the topic 'Mur porteur'

Firms benefit some external effects resulting from the concentration of economic activities in certain regions. These effects called “agglomeration economies” or “agglomeration externalities” are mainly divided into three categories – MAR, Jacobs and Porter externalities –, and regarded as the determinant factors of regional economic development and growth. This study analyzes the impact of agglomeration externalities on employment growth using Turkish data of 43 sectors operating in 81 Turkish cities between years 2001 and 2007. OLS regression analyses are repeated for each sector. As far as the MAR externalities are concerned, their impact on employment growth is found negative in 23 sectors while Jacobs externalities have significant and positive effects only on 4 sectors, most of which are from service sectors. As for Porter externalities, they prove to have positive effect on the regional employment growth for 16 sectors. Moreover, urbanization externalities are found to affect the regional growth positively in 4 sectors and negatively in 1 sector. While the impact of the initial level of regional labor supply is found positive, the initial level of regional employment level has negative effect on employment growth. Finally, the share of high education level in cities is found to have almost no effect on regional growth.

Une bonne étude de la querelle de l’eau-de-vie devrait porter sur les trois aspects suivants : le comportement de l’Indien face à l’eau-de-vie, le rôle de l’eau-de-vie dans le système économique de la Nouvelle-France et les positions respectives de l’Église et de l’État dans la querelle de l’eau-de-vie. L’auteur s’est limité, pour cette fois, au seul aspect de l’influence de l’eau-de-vie sur la société indienne, se réservant de traiter plus au long de cette querelle dans un ouvrage qui paraîtra prochainement.

Based on the “year–region–industry” three - dimensional unbalanced industrial production panel data of Guangdong Province in China from 2005-2013, the relationship between knowledge spillovers and industrial structure is investigated by hierarchically spatial lagged with spatial autoregressive error (HSARAR) model. The empirical results indicate that the impacts of MAR, Jacobs, and Porter spillover on Guangdong's industry economic growth is positive and statistically significant. The industrial HSARAR model considers the hierarchical structure and spatial effect simultaneously, which has a better description on economic reality than the pooled model and SARAR model.

Les plates-formes rocheuses littorales, dans toute région jadis occupée par les glaciers, portent nécessairement les traces d’une double activité glaciaire et glacielle. En Jamésie et en Hudsonie québécoises, des marques d’abrasion glacielles se superposent souvent aux formes glaciaires, en les recoupant entre autres, pour créer ainsi un véritable casse-tête pour l’observateur non averti, en particulier lorsque les directions de celles-là se multiplient, ce qui est surtout le cas. Ces marques dues à la glace flottante abondent sur les rivages basaltiques de la Grande île et des Manitounouc, en mer d’Hudson, où nous les avons levées; elles sont exceptionnelles par leur dimension, leur abondance et leur direction. Elles retiennent particulièrement l’attention lorsqu’on les rencontre sur d’anciens rivages, maintenant exondés, notamment ceux de la mer de Tyrrell et même du lac glaciaire Barlow-Ojibouai.

More est un raconteur si coté que des recueils de ses bonnes histoires ont paru dans plusieurs langues. Quant à La Fontaine, ce qui le caractérise par rapport à Esope et Phèdre, c’est le soin qu’il prend du récit, parfois dialogué, porteur de la morale. Bien que séparés par une mer, une langue et un siècle et demi de distance, nos deux auteurs ont beaucoup en commun. Leur bestiaire, marqué au coin de leur génie, demeure néanmoins dans la tradition de l’Occident, dominé qu’il est par le triumvirat lion-loup-renard. Ils abordent les mêmes sujets et aboutissent à des conclusions souvent identiques. Ils sont tous deux avocats de métier. Que la note chrétienne et l’inspiration biblique soient moins présentes chez La Fontaine est dû en partie à l’esthétique du Grand Siècle, qui ne mélange pas la Parole de Dieu au discours profane. Mais il a reçu une bonne formation religieuse et même théologique par son noviciat oratorien, comme More auprès des chartreux, et il a comme lui le culte de l’amitié.

Background: The rising global emergence of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) producing β-lactam hydrolysing enzymes in clinical infections constitutes a growing public health threat. This study investigated the occurrence of co-production of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESβL), AmpC β-lactamases, and carbapenemases among GNB isolated from HIVinfected patients in two tertiary healthcare facilities in southwest Nigeria.Methodology: A total of 115 GNB isolates previously recovered from HIV-infected patients at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, and the State Specialist Hospital, Akure, were investigated. The isolates were characterized to species level with the Microbact 24E kit and screened for ESβL production using the double-disc test (DDT) and combination disc methods, AmpC using modified Hodge test (MHT) and AmpC EDTA disc, and carbapenemase production using the MHT and EDTA disc test. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.Results: A total of 15 species of GNB were characterized. The AST profile of the isolates revealed high resistance rates to ampicillin (94.5%), tetracycline (74.5%), sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (66.3%), and lowest resistance to imipenem (10.9%). Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was observed in 93.6% while 98.8% of ESβL, AmpC, and carbapenemase-producing isolates had multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices ≥ 0.2. ESβL production was detected in 53.9%, AmpC in 20.9% and carbapenemase in 25.2% of the isolates. ESβL, AmpC or carbapenemase or co-production of two or all three enzymes was detected in 80 (69.6%) isolates, while only 10.0% produced all three enzymes.Conclusion: The isolation of MDR bacteria and isolates co-producing β-lactam hydrolysing enzymes in immunocompromised individuals portend grave consequences. Routine screening for these enzymes in MDR bacteria will be highly essential to guide the institution of appropriate antibiotic therapy and infection control measures. Keywords: ESβL, AmpC, carbapenemase, HIV, MDR, clinical isolates, MHT, DDST French Title: Coproduction d'ESβL, AmpC et carbapénémase dans des bactéries Gram-négatives multirésistantes de patients infectés par le VIH dans le sud-ouest du Nigéria Contexte: L'émergence mondiale croissante de bactéries à Gram négatif (GNB) produisant des enzymes d'hydrolyse de β-lactame dans les infections cliniques constitue une menace croissante pour la santé publique. Cette étude a examiné l'occurrence de la coproduction de β-lactamases à spectre étendu (ESβL), de β-lactamases AmpC et de carbapénémases parmi les GNB isolés de patients infectés par le VIH dans deux établissements de santé tertiaires du sud-ouest du Nigéria. Méthodologie: Un total de 115 isolats de GNB précédemment récupérés de patients infectés par le VIH au complexe hospitalier universitaire Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife, et au State Specialist Hospital, Akure, ont été étudiés. Les isolats ont été caractérisés au niveau des espèces avec le kit Microbact 24E et criblés pour la production d'ESβL en utilisant le test à double disque (DDT) et les méthodes de disques combinés, AmpC en utilisant le test Hodge modifié (MHT) et le disque AmpC EDTA, et la production de carbapénémase en utilisant le MHT et test de disque EDTA. Le test de sensibilité aux antibiotiques (AST) a été effectué par la méthode de diffusion de disque de Kirby-Bauer Résultats: Un total de 15 espèces de GNB ont été caractérisées. Le profil AST des isolats a révélé des taux derésistance élevés à l'ampicilline (94,5%), à la tétracycline (74,5%), au sulfaméthoxazole-triméthoprime (66,3%) età la plus faible résistance à l'imipénème (10,9%). Une résistance à plusieurs médicaments (MDR) a été observéedans 93,6% tandis que 98,8% des isolats producteurs d'ESβL, AmpC et carbapénémase avaient de multiples indices de résistance aux antibiotiques (MAR) ≥ 0,2. La production d'ESβL a été détectée dans 53,9%, AmpC dans 20,9% et carbapénémase dans 25,2% des isolats. ESβL, AmpC ou carbapénémase ou la coproduction de deux ou des trois enzymes a été détectée dans 80 isolats (69,6%), tandis que seulement 10,0% ont produit les trois enzymes. Conclusion: L'isolement des bactéries MDR et des isolats co-producteurs d'enzymes d'hydrolyse des β-lactamines chez les individus immunodéprimés laisse présager de graves conséquences. Le dépistage systématique de ces enzymes dans les bactéries MDR sera très essentiel pour guider la mise en place d'une antibiothérapie appropriée et de mesures de contrôle des infections. Mots-clés: ESβL, AmpC, carbapénémase, VIH, MDR, isolats cliniques, MHT, DDST

La mer a toujours ete battue par deux grands vents contraires: le vent du large, qui souffle vers la terre, est celui de la liberri; le vent de la terre vers le large est porteur des souverainetes. Le droit de la mer s'est toujours trouve au coeur de leurs affrontements.The history of international law since the Peace of Westphalia is in significant measure an account of the territorial temptation. The bonds of family, clan, tribe, nation, and faith; the need to explore, to trade, and to migrate; the hope for broader cooperation to confront common challenges—all in time came to be subordinated in the international legal order to the insistent quest for supremacy of the territorial state. At least in theory. At least on land.The sea yields a different story. It wasn't always so. And perhaps it isn't necessarily so. But in fact the law of the land and the law of the sea developed in very different ways. If the history of the international law of the land can be characterized by the progressive triumph of the territorial temptation, the history of the international law of the sea can be characterized by the obverse; namely, the progressive triumph of Grotius's thesis of mare liberum and its concomitant prohibition on claims of territorial sovereignty. That triumph reflected not only the transitory nature of human activity at sea, but a rational conclusion that the interests of states in unrestricted access to the rest of the world outweighed their interests in restricting the access of others at sea.

Ecological efficiency (eco-efficiency) reflects the synergetic degree of the development of resource, economic, and environmental systems. This paper measures urban eco-efficiency based on a nonconvex metafrontier data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach using data from 191 cities in China during the years of 2003 to 2013. In particular, the impacts of dynamic agglomeration externalities on urban eco-efficiency are investigated. Our empirical results show that eco-efficiency decreased from 2003 to 2013, and its spatial distribution demonstrates significant regional heterogeneity. Additionally, there exists an inverted U-shape relationship between dynamic externalities, including Marshall-Arrow-Romer (MAR), Jacobs and Porter externalities, and eco-efficiency. We also find that eco-efficiency can be enhanced by strengthening environmental regulations, optimizing industrial structures, and improving technological capacity. These findings are robust to alternative eco-efficiency measures, model specifications, and estimation approaches. Furthermore, we discuss related policy implications of our research results.

La ciudad de Mar del Plata fue fundada en 1874 por Patricio Peralta Ramos en la costa bonaerense sobre el Océano Atlántico a unos 400 km al sur de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. A lo largo de su historia ha pasado de ser un pequeño poblado dedicado a la explotación ganadera a convertirse en las primeras décadas del siglo XX en la ciudad balnearia elegida por la elite porteña para pasar los veranos junto al mar. Los avances sociales a partir de la década del 1940 transformarían a la ciudad en un gran polo turístico de las clases medias trabajadoras conformando la vibrante y cosmopolita ciudad costera de la actualidad.Su paisaje natural representa un valor patrimonial particular en la costa atlántica por los accidentes geográficos de su costa conformada por pequeñas bahías, las salientes rocosas del macizo de Tandilia y la barranca desde su costa alta hacia el mar.Este atípico paisaje de la línea costera ha sido modificado por la mano del hombre a lo largo de más de un siglo fundamentalmente en tres áreas: 1. Las construcciones sobre el mar de escolleras y muelles destinados a preservar sus playas de la erosión marina.2. Las edificaciones que albergan distintos servicios para satisfacer las necesidades de los veraneantes sobre el nivel de la playa y las intervenciones paisajistas sobre la barranca natural. 3. La constitución del borde urbano sobre la costa mediante variados ejemplos arquitectónicos de distintos períodos.Todos estos aspectos constituyen un valor patrimonial fundamental en la conformación de su identidad de ciudad costera.

Abstract Deletions involving chromosome 5 (del(5q)) are the most common genetic abnormalities in Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) and secondary Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Chromosome 5q deletions extending beyond q34 portend a worse overall survival, are associated with high-risk (HR) disease, and exhibit significant downregulation of miR-146a, a gene residing on the extended deleted region on 5q34. Additional evidence linking miR-146a loss to HR del(5q) MDS/AML comes from mouse genetic studies; miR-146a-/- mice develop a myeloid proliferative disease and myeloid tumors, in part by derepression of TNFR associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and persistent NF-kB activation. To determine the contribution of miR-146a deficiency to HR MDS/AML, we first examined hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) from miR-146a-/- mice. miR-146a-/- HSPC are highly proliferative, and exhibit increased cell survival and altered HSC fitness. In addition, genetic and/or pharmacologic inhibition of TRAF6/NF-kB signaling impairs cell cycle progression and preferentially leads to apoptosis of malignant miR-146a-/- HSPC. Although inhibiting the TRAF6/NF-kB axis may represent a therapeutic opportunity in miR-146alow MDS/AML patients, unfortunately, NF-kB inhibitors in clinical trials have been disappointing and ones for TRAF6 do not exist. Chromosome deletions that target tumor suppressor genes also involve multiple neighboring genes, such as with del(5q), and loss of certain neighboring genes may expose cancer-specific vulnerabilities. To overcome the limitations of NF-kB inhibitors and identify novel therapeutic targets, we examined the expression of all genes residing within the long arm on chr 5 (5q11-q35) from del(5q) MDS and control CD34+ cells and built molecular networks using GeneConnector functionality in NetWalker. A single major intrachromosomal NF-kB signaling node formed corresponding to the overexpressed chr 5q genes. Among the compensated/overexpressed genes residing on chr 5q and within the NF-kB node, SQSTM1/p62 (5q35) emerged as an obvious candidate as it is an essential cofactor for NF-kB activation by binding TRAF6. First, we evaluated the contribution of p62 to the malignant miR-146alow HSPC phenotype. Overexpression of p62 enhanced proliferation of miR-146a-/- HSPC by promoting G2/M cell cycle progression. Conversely, knockdown of p62 in miR-146a-/- HSPC led to cell cycle arrest and rescued defective myeloid engraftment in competitive HSC transplantation assays, suggesting p62 is required in miR-146alow leukemic cells. Furthermore, the importance of p62 was confirmed in MDS/AML cell lines and patient samples. RNAi-mediated knockdown of p62 resulted in a G2/M cell cycle arrest, reduced cell survival, and impaired leukemic progenitor function, underscoring the importance of p62 in MDS/AML. In addition, interfering with p62-TRAF6 binding by overexpressing a small peptide corresponding to the p62-TRAF6 binding interface suppressed TRAF6-mediated NF-kB activation, and similarly inhibited cell cycle progression and induced apoptosis of human miR-146alow leukemic cells. Collectively, these findings reveal an intrachromosomal gene network that not only drives HR del(5q) myeloid malignancies, but also exposes them to cancer-specific therapeutic vulnerability by disrupting the binding between p62 and TRAF6. Disclosures: Makishima: AA & MDS international foundation: Research Funding; Scott Hamilton CARES grant: Research Funding. Maciejewski:NIH: Research Funding; Aplastic anemia&MDS International Foundation: Research Funding.

Dans toute mise en valeur de régions sises au-delà de l'écoumène, où les accidents géographiques portent peu de noms, il est de nécessité de compléter la choronymie à peine commencée. Des régionymes bien établis, tels Charlevoix, Gaspésie et Mauricie, ou de création relativement récente, tels Estrie, Minganie et Hudsonie, côtoient d'autres régionymes qui viennent à peine d'être proposés, tels Sagamie (de Saguenay et Piécouagami, ou lac Saint-Jean) et Jamésie. Ce dernier nom s'appliquerait aux basses-terres adjacentes à la baie de James, et pour cause; l'adjectif serait jamésien(ne). En 1967, le régionyme Radissonie a été donné au territoire couvrant la baie de James, ses îles et son pourtour jusqu'à la ligne de partage des eaux; le mot s'applique ainsi à une grande portion du Québec, de l'Ontario et du Manitoba. La Jamésie ne recouvrirait donc que la partie centrale de ce vaste ensemble, tandis que l'équivalent québécois correspondrait surtout aux plaines d'argile jadis mises en place au sein des eaux post-glaciaires de la mer de Tyrrell, comme à la moitié orientale de la baie elle-même. Elle s'étendrait du nord de l'Abitibi à la pointe de Louis-XIV, là où débute la mer d'Hudson; vers l'est ou l'intérieur des terres, elle se terminerait au réservoir Boyd-Sakami récemment créé, ou coïnciderait en gros avec la route qui va de Matagami à LG 2.

3579 Background: BRAFV600E ( BRAF) mutations (mts) portend poor prognosis in mCRC and patients (pts) may die before ascertainment. Since 2014, Vancouver Coastal Health (VCH) has performed reflex hereditary screening of CRCs with BRAF and mismatch repair (MMR) immunohistochemistry (IHC). We evaluated this BRAF mt population-based cohort ( BRAFPOP) to establish the true prognosis of BRAF mts in mCRC. Methods: We reviewed all mCRCs from VCH between 4/2014 and 5/2018 for BRAF by IHC (VE1 antibody). Overall survival (OS) from stage IV diagnosis was compared to mCRCs with next generation sequencing (NGS) determined BRAF mts ( BRAFNGS) from BC Cancer & MD Anderson. BRAFNGS OS did not differ by center (p = 0.77). Results: See table for BRAF cohort baseline characteristic comparison. BRAFPOP pts had worse OS than BRAFNGS pts (HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.6 – 3.9, P < 0.0001). Median OS for all BRAF mt pts was 17.9 mos. Both groups had worse OS than wild type pts (P < 0.0001). 52 (81%) of BRAFPOP pts were referred to oncology, 40 (63%) received chemotherapy, and 12 (19%) had NGS BRAF testing. BRAFPOP pts who had NGS testing with BRAF mts had OS comparable to other BRAFNGS pts (P = 0.89) and better OS than BRAFPOP pts that never had NGS testing (HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.18-0.76, P = 0.030). Pts with BRAF mts and MMR deficiency (dMMR) (n = 40) had worse OS than MMR proficiency (pMMR, n = 202) (1.6, 95% CI 1.0-2.5, P = 0.011). This was driven by BRAFPOP dMMR pts (HR 1.9, 95% CI 0.9-4.0, P = 0.036) as no difference was seen by MMR in BRAFNGS pts (HR 1.3, 95% CI 0.8-2.2, P = 0.30). Conclusions: Current estimates of prognosis for mCRC with BRAF mts likely underestimate its impact due to referral bias for NGS testing. BRAF mts with dMMR are associated with worse prognosis than pMMR. This appears driven by BRAFPOP pts. [Table: see text]

El Festival Internacional de Cine de Viña del Mar reúne cada año las obras más representativas de cine independiente latinoamericano. Es curioso conocer que siendo uno de los más longevos de la región, al cumplir 50 años, tuvo sus inicios en la década de los sesenta como un cineclub liderado por un pediatra y cinéfilo porteño, nacido en 1923. Entre las variadas categorías competitivas que promueve el festival tenemos la Competencia Internacional de Escuelas de Cine, en la que el proyecto de titulación que dirigí, El Rey del Muyuyo, tuvo su estreno internacional. Este cortometraje documental de corte etnográfico, pero a la vez ensayista y de observación fue desarrollado en la modalidad de “Proyecto Integrador”, como parte del proceso de graduación de la carrera de Producción para Medios de Comunicación. Como sujeto participante contamos con Bonifacio Crespín, artesano de este material vegetal quien residía en el cantón General Villamil, Playas. También tuvimos el honor de incluir piezas originales de Selma Mutal, laureada compositora de cine con títulos como La Teta Asustada (2009).

El Festival Internacional de Cine de Viña del Mar reúne cada año las obras más representativas de cine independiente latinoamericano. Es curioso conocer que siendo uno de los más longevos de la región, al cumplir 50 años, tuvo sus inicios en la década de los sesenta como un cineclub liderado por un pediatra y cinéfilo porteño, nacido en 1923. Entre las variadas categorías competitivas que promueve el festival tenemos la Competencia Internacional de Escuelas de Cine, en la que el proyecto de titulación que dirigí, El Rey del Muyuyo, tuvo su estreno internacional. Este cortometraje documental de corte etnográfico, pero a la vez ensayista y de observación fue desarrollado en la modalidad de “Proyecto Integrador”, como parte del proceso de graduación de la carrera de Producción para Medios de Comunicación. Como sujeto participante contamos con Bonifacio Crespín, artesano de este material vegetal quien residía en el cantón General Villamil, Playas. También tuvimos el honor de incluir piezas originales de Selma Mutal, laureada compositora de cine con títulos como La Teta Asustada (2009).

Economic efficiency is the key issue of sustainable development in urban agglomerations. To date, more attention has been paid to the estimates of productivity gains from urban agglomerations. Differing from the previous studies, this paper focuses on the influencing factors and mechanisms of the economic efficiency of urban agglomerations, and check the effects of three different externalities (industrial specialization, industrial diversity and industrial competition) on the economic efficiency of urban agglomerations. The selected samples are multiple urban agglomerations, and the economic efficiency of urban agglomerations includes single factor productivity and total factor productivity. China’s top 10 urban agglomerations are selected as the case study and their differences in economic efficiency are portrayed comparatively. Firstly, a theoretical analysis framework for three different externalities effect mechanisms on the economic efficiency of urban agglomerations is incorporated. Secondly, economic efficiency measurement index system composes of labor productivity, capital productivity, land productivity and total factor productivity, and the impact of various factors on the economic efficiency of urban agglomerations is tested. The results confirm some phenomena (MAR externality, Jacobs externality and Porter externality) discussed or mentioned in the literature and some new findings regarding the urban agglomerations, derive policy implications for improving economic efficiency and enhancing the sustainability of urban agglomerations, and suggest some potentials for improving the limitations of the research.

Dans Depuis toujours, j’entendais la mer d’Andrée Christensen, la thématique de la vie et de la mort ainsi que le rapport que celles-ci entretiennent avec les personnages, sont au cœur du récit. Lorsqu’Andrea reçoit une lettre de Thorvald, son cousin défunt, jointe à un carnet de notes, la narratrice du récit-cadre est tout d’un coup immergée dans un univers qui, bien que fondamentalement funeste, est marqué par une profonde aspiration à la vie. Par ailleurs, c’est à travers la construction d’espaces symboliques qu’est traitée la problématique de la vie et de la mort dans ce roman ou, plus précisément, dans le récit enchâssé sur lequel portera, en large partie, notre analyse. À un espace-clé du récit correspond donc un système et une charge symbolique qui lui est propre. Les deux espaces que nous analyserons, soit l’eau et la morgue, sont d’abord présentés comme s’ils étaient antagonistes, mais c’est à travers une dialectique symbolique menant à leur enchevêtrement que notre personnage Thorvald atteindra la paix intérieure. Notre étude montrera que la philosophie vers laquelle tend l’ensemble du roman, est au mieux appréhendée à la lumière d’une analyse symbolique de l’espace. Nous examinerons la spatialisation de la vie et de la mort dans l’eau, puis dans la morgue, pour ensuite nous pencher sur le processus de réconciliation, menant ultimement à la fusion des deux symboliques.

Abstract Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (PDNECs) are rare tumors that can arise anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract. They often present at advanced stage and portend a poor prognosis when compared to adenocarcinomas of the same stage. A 65-year-old female presented with progressively worsening bilateral proximal muscle weakness of 3 months’ duration. It was associated with fatigue, decreased appetite, and unintentional weight loss (8 lbs). She was also found to have hypercalcemia (serum calcium 12.1 mg/dL), anemia (hemoglobin 9.9 g/L), and abnormal liver panel (Alk phos 336, AST 85, GGTP 737). CT abdomen showed abnormal thickening and mass-like enhancement in the cecum measuring 2.9 × 3.7 cm and an enlarged 22-cm liver with numerous rounded masses, the largest measuring 4.6 × 8.2 cm. Colonoscopy revealed a large ulcerated mass distal to the ileocecal valve and extending to the proximal ascending colon. Histology revealed an ulcerated invasive pleomorphic large cell neoplasm with focal squamous differentiation and a tubular adenoma. Initial positive immunostains were AE1/AE3, CK5, and p63. CK7, CK20, S100, and calretinin were negative. Strong, diffuse expression of synaptophysin confirmed neuroendocrine carcinoma; high Ki-67 (80%) confirmed grade 3. CDX2 and TTF1 were positive but are not lineage specific in PDNECs. A liver biopsy had identical histology with diffuse expression of CD56, another confirmatory neuroendocrine marker. Elevated random urine 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) supported the diagnosis. Mismatch repair (MMR) protein immunostains did not reveal deficient MMR. Colonic NECs are extremely rare, accounting for 0.6% of patients with colorectal carcinoma; of these, only 0.2% are classified as large cell NECs. A panel of immunostains confirms the diagnosis. They most often arise in the cecum or rectum with early liver metastases and median survival of 9 months. Rare cases have responded to checkpoint inhibitors, which may be a therapeutic option.

Subject. The article reviews the manufacturing industry in Russian regions, calculates the indicators of regional industrial specialization needed for development of econometric models of spatial panel data. Objectives. The purpose is to create a methodology for analyzing the regional industrial specialization based on econometric tools; to test it, using the case of the manufacturing industry, for determining the type of externalities in the Russian Federation. Methods. To build econometric models, we use methods of least squares and maximum likelihood. We apply localization ratios to assess regional industrial specialization in terms of the volume of employment, revenue and investment in manufacturing, workforce productivity, etc. Results. The findings show the clustering of regions by the level of productivity. The localization of manufacturing industry in regions in terms of localization of employment and localization of productivity is negatively related to productivity in the region. This can be explained by the transition of regional economies to the post-industrial mode, where the service sector becomes more important, and by possible over-industrialization and specialization of certain regions in the context of the need to develop related sectors and to build links between them. The presence of direct negative MAR externalities may indicate a need for further research in positive Porter and Jacobs externalities for Russian regions manufacturing industry. Conclusions. The developed methodology enables to identify and analyze relationships between regional industrial specialization and regional indicators; to specify the type of externalities and determine the existence of indirect and direct effects of industry localization.

Bahía Portete está ubicada en la Alta Guajira, se encuentra exactamente en el costado oriental de la península de la Guajira entre los 12°14'N y 71°52'W. Presenta una superficie aproximada de 80 km2 y una estrecha boca de comunicación con el mar. Cuenta con uno de los puertos carboníferos más grandes del país al cual arriban en promedio cerca de 400 buques de tráfico internacional anualmente. En vista de la importancia que representa este puerto a nivel nacional se realizó el levantamiento de la línea base de la zona, cuyo objetivo principal fue determinar el comportamiento de tres componentes en la bahía (fisicoquímico, biológico y microbiológico). Paralelo a esto, se realizó la toma de muestra del agua de lastre de 25 tanques de buques que arribaron a puerto durante seis campañas de monitoreo, entre marzo y noviembre de 2007 a las cuales se les realizó la evaluación de los mismos parámetros mencionados. Se determinó por ejemplo, que el 12% de los tanques analizados sobrepasa los límites permisibles por la Organización Marítima Internacional (OMI) para E. coli (250 UFC/100mL); para Enterococos, el 8% (100 UFC/mL). Con base en información secundaria recolectada en la zona, sólo se han efectuado análisis de carácter fisicoquímico y biológico. Constituyéndose así en una herramienta preliminar de diagnóstico del componente microbiológico en la zona.

Background: Many patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction have metabolic syndrome and develop exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension (EIPH). Increases in pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction portend a poor prognosis; this phenotype is referred to as combined precapillary and postcapillary pulmonary hypertension (CpcPH). Therapeutic trials for EIPH and CpcPH have been disappointing, suggesting the need for strategies that target upstream mechanisms of disease. This work reports novel rat EIPH models and mechanisms of pulmonary vascular dysfunction centered around the transcriptional repression of the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) enzyme in pulmonary artery (PA) smooth muscle cells. Methods: We used obese ZSF-1 leptin-receptor knockout rats (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction model), obese ZSF-1 rats treated with SU5416 to stimulate resting pulmonary hypertension (obese+sugen, CpcPH model), and lean ZSF-1 rats (controls). Right and left ventricular hemodynamics were evaluated using implanted catheters during treadmill exercise. PA function was evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging and myography. Overexpression of nuclear factor Y α subunit (NFYA), a transcriptional enhancer of sGC β1 subunit (sGCβ1), was performed by PA delivery of adeno-associated virus 6. Treatment groups received the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin in drinking water. PA smooth muscle cells from rats and humans were cultured with palmitic acid, glucose, and insulin to induce metabolic stress. Results: Obese rats showed normal resting right ventricular systolic pressures, which significantly increased during exercise, modeling EIPH. Obese+sugen rats showed anatomic PA remodeling and developed elevated right ventricular systolic pressure at rest, which was exacerbated with exercise, modeling CpcPH. Myography and magnetic resonance imaging during dobutamine challenge revealed PA functional impairment of both obese groups. PAs of obese rats produced reactive oxygen species and decreased sGCβ1 expression. Mechanistically, cultured PA smooth muscle cells from obese rats and humans with diabetes or treated with palmitic acid, glucose, and insulin showed increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, which enhanced miR-193b–dependent RNA degradation of nuclear factor Y α subunit (NFYA), resulting in decreased sGCβ1-cGMP signaling. Forced NYFA expression by adeno-associated virus 6 delivery increased sGCβ1 levels and improved exercise pulmonary hypertension in obese+sugen rats. Treatment of obese+sugen rats with empagliflozin improved metabolic syndrome, reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and miR-193b levels, restored NFYA/sGC activity, and prevented EIPH. Conclusions: In heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and CpcPH models, metabolic syndrome contributes to pulmonary vascular dysfunction and EIPH through enhanced reactive oxygen species and miR-193b expression, which downregulates NFYA-dependent sGCβ1 expression. Adeno-associated virus–mediated NFYA overexpression and SGLT2 inhibition restore NFYA-sGCβ1-cGMP signaling and ameliorate EIPH.

Jain, S., Porter, L. D., Kumar, A., Mir, R. R., Eigenbrode, S. D. and McPhee, K. E. 2014. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of variation related to pea enation mosaic virus resistance in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1333–1344. Identification of genetically diverse lentil germplasm with resistance to pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) through the combined approach of molecular marker analysis and phenotyping could prove useful in breeding programs. A total of 44 lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) accessions, were screened for resistance to PEMV. Two accessions (PI 431663 and PI 432028) were identified with resistance to PEMV in field tests while several accessions were found resistant in greenhouse screenings. Thirty-six polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers which produced 43 loci with 2 to 12 alleles per locus were used for genetic diversity analysis. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values for these markers ranged from 0.22–0.85 with a mean of 0.55 per marker. Using allelic data of 36 SSR primer pairs, dissimilarity ranging from 0.12 to 0.74 was calculated. Cluster analysis performed using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) determined that most of PEMV-resistant accessions were grouped in one cluster along with other accessions from Iran, Chile, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan, Turkey, Afghanistan and Lebanon. All the adapted cultivars originating from North and South America were grouped in another cluster along with some European accessions. The 44 accessions were classified into 4 subpopulations using Structure 2.2 software complimenting the results of UPGMA analysis and indicated the effect of geographical origin on the grouping of accessions. The results of this study can be used to select genetically diverse PEMV-resistant accessions for lentil improvement programs.

RÉSUMÉLe relief du centre de la Gaspésie septentrionale a grandement été modifié au cours des événements glaciaires du Quaternaire, mais l'érosion glaciaire s'est montrée très sélective. Les éléments du paysage les plus touchés sont les vallées et, dans une moindre mesure, les escarpements séparant les plateaux. Les vallées ont été surcreusées dans leur partie aval, parfois même sous le niveau de la mer. De plus, elles ont été calibrées et élargies, ce qui s'est traduit par l'apparition de parois abruptes, d'éperons tronqués et de vallées affluentes suspendues. Par ailleurs, la majorité des vallées principales ont vu leur tête défoncée et remplacée par un col glaciaire. En ce qui concerne les escarpements aux rebords des plateaux, la retouche glaciaire est très localisée, mais considérable puisqu'elle s'est traduite par l'apparition de cirques glaciaires. Les plateaux ne portent des traces de retouche glaciaire qu'aux endroits où la glace a pu être canalisée — à la tête des cirques défoncées et des vallées qui entaillent leurs rebords. On y trouve des champs de roches moutonnées, une topographie de knock-and-lochan et des lacs de surcreusement. Le modelé glaciaire du nord de la Gaspésie renvoit à deux types de glaciation différents: des glaciations de type alpin et des glaciation de type continental. L'âge exact des formes d'érosion glaciaire n'a pu être précisé, faute de dépôts corrélatifs, mais quelques observations suggèrent qu'elles sont le produit d'une longue suite de retouches étalées sur tout le Quaternaire, le dernier stade glaiciaire du Wisconsicien n'étant responsable que de légères retouches.

O relato de experiência consiste em texto que descreve as ações pioneiras do sistema de bibliotecas universitárias do Estado do Piauí (PI), a partir da instalação da primeira universidade pública federal, Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), instituída em 21 de novembro de 1968, com a fusão das faculdades isoladas de Medicina, Odontologia, Filosofia, Direito e Administração e suas respectivas coleções bibliográficas, iniciando as atividades em janeiro de 1973, Campus Universitário Petrônio Portela, Teresina – PI. O relato centra-se na instalação e no desenvolvimento dos primeiros 11 anos de gestão da Biblioteca Central (BC) / UFPI, hoje, Biblioteca Comunitária Jornalista Carlos Castello Branco (BCCCB), que comemora 25 anos de existência. A motivação mor que justifica tal relato é preservar a memória da Instituição e de suas bibliotecas, além de motivar experiências similares. Isto porque, inevitavelmente, a história da BC / UFPI entrelaça-se com a trajetória da instituição à qual está ela atrelada e do próprio Estado, haja vista que conduz ao universo das bibliotecas e de suas instituições federais de ensino superior. De forma similar, mescla-se com a história da equipe dos anos iniciais, pondo em xeque o poder de resiliência da gestora pioneira, autora do relato, à frente da BC entre 1972 e 1981. Em termos estruturais, a priori, explanação sobre o status quo das bibliotecas universitárias para enfatizar o modus operandi da BC, à época, rumo à atuação da BCCCB, que constitui, nos dias atuais, um marco no âmago da sociedade piauiense, como biblioteca comunitária a serviço da população.

Purpose This study investigates the existence of Marshall, Jacob and Porter’s type of externalities in Mexico. We measure the impact of industrial specialization, competition and diversity on employment growth for the period 2004 to 2008. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is based on data from 41 highly dynamic industrial clusters originally obtained by applying Porter’s (1998) methodology. We use a cross-section specification estimated via instrumental variables and two-stage least square estimation (2SLS) to control for endogeneity. Findings On average, we find that industrial specialization exerts a negative impact on employment growth within states and within clusters, indicating that traded industries in Mexico carry very little innovation, operate in early stages of the life cycle, face high costs of employment reassignation or exhibit low adaptability. A negative impact of specialization on employment conforms with Jacobs (1969) type of externalities and confirms what other studies have found in France (Combes, 2000), Korea (Lee et al., 2005) and the USA (Delgado et al., 2014). The authors also find that competition generates more employment. Research limitations/implications Industrial data at the sub-branch level were obtained from the Economic Census (EC) of the National Institute of Geography and Statistics (INEGI). The EC information for 2004 was still not fully compatible with the North America Industry Classification System (NAICS), with 262 of the 309 data at the fourth-digit level aligned to the USA. In addition, industrial information from the EC is recorded every four years, which prevents this study to use panel data techniques and it makes it impossible to use time series methods. Practical implications Policymakers can clearly identify competition forces having a significant impact on employment growth. This can orient policymakers to implement measures to encourage the development of some of these clusters, as well as to identify some of the sources that drive specialization, competition and diversity. Originality/value This paper contributes to the debate on the existence of Marshallian (MAR), Jacobian and Porter externalities. This is the first study using the definition of traded clusters in Mexico, which allows the authors to identify how specialization, competition and diversity forces drive the dynamics of regional employment growth.

AbstractThe Third Dynasty of Ur was a highly bureaucratized, late 3rd millennium B.C.E. empire centering in southern Mesopotamia. Its state superstructure, known almost exclusively from many tens of thousands of looted cuneiform tablets, has long been studied. However, these sources deal only indirectly or not at all with the impacts of imperial rule on the great mass of the subject population. Drawing upon an earlier prosopographic study of animal husbandry for the single province and city of Umma, this article focuses on shepherds, the lowest level of the administration, as a means of penetrating that wall of silence. As interlocutors, needing to face and be credible in both directions, they become the basis for a more inclusive view of the nature of the Ur III state. Largely indifferent to the condition of its subjects and to the complex realities of the economic tasks imposed on them by heavy taxes and arduous corvée labor, the administrative elite emerges as not only repressive, but more narrowly extractive rather than broadly managerial in its intent and operations. The overriding focus in pursuit of which it was highly successful (although for less than a century), appears to have been the flow of resources that would enhance its own hegemony and well-being. La Troisième Dynastie d'Ur était un empire hautement bureaucratisé de la seconde moitié du 3^e millénaire avant l'ère chrétien, centré sur la Mésopotamie du sud. Sa superstructure étatique, connue presque exclusivement grâce à des dizaines de milliers de tablettes cunéiformes pillés, a été longuement étudiée. Toutefois, ces sources ne portent pratiquement sur l'impact qu'avait l'autorité impériale sur la population assujettie. Puisant dans une étude prosopographique antérieure sur l'élevage dans la seule province et ville d'Umma, cet article concerne les bergers, personnages situés au niveau le plus bas de l'administration, dont l'étude doit permettre de percer ce mur de silence. En tant qu'interlocuteurs crédibles tournés à la fois vers le bas comme vers le haut, ils peuvent fournir les bases d'une image plus globale de l'état d'Ur III. Il ressort l'image d'une élite administrative plus ou moins indifférente aux conditions des sujets et aux réalités complexes des taches économiques qui leur sont imposés par des impôts importants et des corvées pénibles ; elle était non seulement répressive mais animée par des intentions et des opérations plus extractives que managerielles. L'essentiel du fonctionnement étatique, poursuivi avec beaucoup de succès (bien que pendant moins d'un siècle), semble avoir été d'assurer un flux de ressources à même d'augmenter sa propre hégémonie et bien-être.

Résumé La basse terrasse à l’extrémité sud-ouest de la péninsule de Portneuf, sur la Haute Côte-Nord du Saint-Laurent, correspond à la terrasse Mitis présente dans quelques autres localités de la rive nord de l’estuaire. Entièrement composée de matériaux meubles détritiques, elle comprend plusieurs unités, la plupart sableuses, d’une épaisseur supérieure à 3 m. Mises en place en milieu littoral et intertidal, ces unités reposent sur un dépôt de sable fin gris, infratidal, lui-même susjacent au substrat limono-argileux déposé dans la Mer de Goldthwait, il y a >9,5 ka. Un dépôt de limon sableux, gris, laminé, contenant des débris de plantes en place correspondant à un faciès de schorre inférieur, coiffe la séquence sableuse. Par endroits, ce dépôt est lui-même recouvert d’une couche de tourbe de 25‑30 cm d’épaisseur. L’unité à la base de la falaise active a été mise en place entre 1990 ± 60 et 2740 ± 70 BP. Les unités sableuses au-dessus datent de 1570 ± 60 à 1880 ± 90 BP, alors que l’unité limoneuse à faciès de schorre inférieur a donné un âge au 14C allant de 1570 ± 50 à 1970 ± 70 BP. L’âge médian de la terrasse Mitis est de 1880 ± 90 BP, alors que si on prend en compte uniquement les dates pour l’unité limoneuse à faciès de schorre inférieur, il est de 1830 ± 60 BP. L’édification de la terrasse Mitis à la pointe de Mille-Vaches est donc contemporaine de la plupart des sites des deux rives de l’estuaire. Le substrat argileux de la vaste batture en face de la terrasse, qui se prolonge sous celle-ci, a été érodé lors d’un bas niveau marin pendant l’Holocène moyen qui fut suivi d’une remontée du niveau de quelques mètres. Un glissement de terrain historique, survenu vraisemblablement lors du séisme de 1663, caractérise la partie supérieure de l’estran en face de la falaise active.

Abstract Background: Availability of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) to evaluate myocardial T2* (hereafter mT2*) in the management of cardiac siderosis is restricted in certain regions of the world. Hence, identifying predictors of mT2* changes would be valuable. Although appropriate chelation therapy is shown to reduce cardiac iron overload, data linking mT2* response to patient characteristics and other clinical measurements is limited. The objective of this analysis was to identify a model of the strongest predictors of mT2*, which did not require magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A multivariate analysis on the 3-year EPIC (ICL670A2409) cardiac data was performed, using serum ferritin (SF) and other clinical characteristics. Methods: EPIC cardiac 3 year sub-study evaluating thalassemia major patients, has been described previously (Pennell et al., 2012). All patients included in this analyses, received deferasirox and had at least one mT2* value during the second of year of the extension. Two response variables were analyzed: mT2* (normalized by log transformation) at end of study (EOS) and relative change (%) in mT2*. Predictor variables were selected based on potential clinical impact on mT2*, assuming limited MRI availability, and included age at baseline (BL), gender, average drug dose, SF at BL, relative change in SF, and log (mT2*) at BL. Pairwise correlations were evaluated to assist in the model development. Multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis using forward selection, backward elimination and stepwise, was performed to identify the best model and those variables significantly contributing to the model to predict relative change in mT2* and EOS mT2*. Results are presented (Table) as adjusted R2 (adj-R2) indicative of predictive ability of the model (higher the better), variables significantly contributing to the model (at a significance level of 0.1 used in the model selection process), and parameter estimates which assess the influence of each of the variables tested, has on the overall model. SAS PROC GLM and GLMSELECT were used for analysis. Results: Of the 71 patients who continued into 3rd year of this study, 64 patients were evaluable for this analysis. Pearson univariate correlation analyses evaluating relative change in mT2* and a number of variables, demonstrated the strongest correlation with relative change in SF (r=-0.5067; P <0.001). Using MLR, 3 models were evaluated and are presented (Table). Model 1 was designed to evaluate relative change in mT2* as the response variable, and included the following predictor variables: age at BL, gender, average drug dose, SF at BL, relative change in SF and resulted in an adj-R2=0.33. Of these variables, average daily dose, SF at BL and relative change in SF were significant predictors. Models 2 and 3 were designed to predict absolute mT2* at EOS. Model 2 incorporated the same predictor variables as Model 1, and resulted in a low adj-R2 (0.177). Of the variables included, significant contributors to the model were SF at BL and relative change in SF. Adding mT2* at BL as shown in Model 3, considerably increased the predictability of the model (adj-R2 =0.768). Across the models, relative change in SF had a strong influence on the predictability as well as BL mT2* when included, as shown by the higher parameter estimates compared to the other variables. Discussion : Previous publications have evaluated the relationship between absolute value of SF and mT2* and have demonstrated a relatively weak correlation (Anderson et al., 2001; Eghbali et al., 2014). The current analyses, further evaluates this relationship but considers relative change in SF as a predictor of mT2* response as well as the potential influence of other clinical characteristics. This analysis is the first to demonstrate a moderate correlation between relative change in SF and relative change in mT2*. Within the MLR Model 1, considering other clinical characteristics, relative change in SF had the most influence on the predictability of relative change in mT2*. Hence, there appears to be a relationship between the trajectory in the change in SF and relative change in mT2* which has not been previously identified, although, the overall model accounted for only 33% of the variability. Further analyses of shorter time points of SF would be helpful in providing more information on utility of SF change as a useful parameter in monitoring mT2* in absence of CMR. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Porter: Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Shire: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy; Cerus: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Alnylam: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Taher:Novartis Pharma: Honoraria, Research Funding. Aydinok:Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. El-Ali:Novartis: Employment. Chakravarty:Novartis: Employment. Cappellini:Novartis Pharma: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Genzyme: Honoraria.

Abstract Internal tandem duplication mutations of the FLT3 tyrosine kinase (FLT3-ITDs) are present in 15-30% of cases of pediatric and adult acute myeloid leukemias (AML), and are known to portend a poor prognosis. Over the past decade small molecule inhibitors targeting FLT3 have entered clinical trials. Although initial responses have been observed, patients typically develop resistance to current FLT3 inhibitors during the first year of therapy via acquisition of or selection for point mutations in the FLT3 kinase domain at amino acid F691 or D835. Although FLT3 is the most commonly targeted protein in AML, other candidates for pharmacologic inhibition have been identified. Ectopic expression of MerTK, a receptor tyrosine kinase, has been identified in 80-100% of primary AML patient samples, and previous data demonstrate anti-leukemic effects in response to shRNA-mediated MerTK inhibition. Here we describe MRX2843, a novel small molecule inhibitor of MerTK and FLT3 with activity against FLT3 point mutations and therapeutic efficacy in mouse xenograft models of AC220-resistant AML. MRX2843 potently inhibits MerTK and FLT3 with enzymatic IC50 values of 1.3 and 0.64nM, respectively. Treatment of two AML cell lines that express a FLT3-ITD mutation (MV4;11 has low MerTK expression; MOLM-14 does not express MerTK), and two AML cell lines that express MerTK but do not have activating mutations in FLT3 (U937, Kasumi-1) with 25-300nM MRX2843 abrogated activation of intracellular signaling pathways downstream of FLT3 and MerTK, including AKT and ERK1/2. In addition, 72 hour treatment with MRX2843 led to induction of apoptosis in AML cell lines compared to vehicle-treated controls, as determined by flow cytometic analysis after staining with YO-PRO-1 iodide and propidium iodide. For example, in MOLM-14 cultures, treatment with MRX2843 resulted induction of apoptosis in 84±2% of cells, compared to 5±2% after vehicle treatment (p<0.001). In soft agar or methylcellulose cultures, treatment of AML cell lines and patient samples with MRX2843 resulted in an 80-90% reduction in colony number. To determine the effects of MRX2843 treatment in vivo, a patient-derived murine xenograft model was established by intravenous injection of primary AML patient blasts that express both MerTK and FLT3-ITD into NOD-SCID-gamma (NSG) mice. Engraftment was monitored by flow cytometric determination of peripheral blast count. When ~10% peripheral blasts were detected, mice were randomized to treatment with 50mg/kg MRX2843 or vehicle (saline) once daily by oral gavage. Treatment with MRX2843 significantly prolonged survival (median survival of 96 days after MRX2843 treatment versus 16 days in control mice, n=4 per group, p<0.01). Two derivatives of the human FLT3-ITD AML cell line MOLM-14, which acquired either the D835Y (activation loop) or F691L (gatekeeper) mutation after selection in escalating doses of the FLT3 inhibitor AC220, were used to test the activity of MRX2843 against clinically relevant FLT3 point mutations. Treatment with MRX2843 resulted in a significant reduction in the number of viable cells after 48 hours of culture in MOLM-14, MOLM-14:D834Y, and MOLM-14:F691L with IC50 values of 17nM, 20nM, and 30nM, respectively. In both mutant cell lines, MRX2843 potently inhibited phosphorylation of FLT3 and abrogated activation of downstream intracellular signaling molecules. Treatment with MRX2843 induced cell death in MOLM-14:D835Y (80±7% versus 10±1%, p<0.001) and in MOLM14:F691L (61±16% versus 12±1%, p<0.001). In contrast, both cell lines were resistant to treatment with AC220 at concentrations 20-fold higher than the inhibitory concentration in the parental line. A murine model of AC220-resistant AML was developed by intravenous injection of MOLM-14:D835Y cells into NSG mice. Daily treatment with saline, 10mg/kg AC220, or 50mg/kg MRX2843 was administered by oral gavage beginning 4 days after transplant. Treatment with MRX2843 significantly prolonged survival when compared to mice treated with saline or AC220 with median survival of 103 days, 33 days, and 48 days, respectively (n=5 per group, p<0.01, Figure 1). In summary, MRX2843 is a novel MerTK and FLT3 inhibitor that retains activity against clinically relevant, resistance-conferring FLT3 point mutations and prolongs survival in murine models of AML. These data support further development of MRX2843 and advancement to early phase clinical trials. Disclosures DeRyckere: University of Colorado - Denver: targeting of the Mer tyrosine kinase as cancer therapy Patents & Royalties; Meryx, Inc: Equity Ownership. Wang:University of North Carolina Chapel Hill: MRX-2843 Patents & Royalties; Meryx, Inc: Equity Ownership. Frye:University of North Carolina Chapel Hill: MRX-2843 Patents & Royalties; Meryx, Inc: Equity Ownership. Earp:University of North Carolina Chapel Hill: MRX-2843 Patents & Royalties; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill: targeting of the Mer tyrosine kinase as cancer therapy Patents & Royalties; Meryx, Inc: Equity Ownership. Graham:University of Colorado - Denver: MRX-2843 Patents & Royalties; University of Colorado - Denver: targeting of the Mer tyrosine kinase as cancer therapy Patents & Royalties; Meryx, Inc: Equity Ownership.

O Regulamento das Escolas Normais Primárias foi publicado no Diário Oficial no dia 10 de março de 1924, em substituição às determinações contidas no Código de Ensino de 1917. A organização do curso de formação de professores no Paraná, por meio do seu regulamento, retratou a concepção racionalizadora do governo do Estado que estava presente na reforma ocorrida no ensino paranaense, tanto para o curso primário quanto para o curso normal. A racionalização da educação manifestou-se nos discursos pedagógicos a partir dos anos 20 do século XX, sendo que o termo tornou-se referência para diversos projetos que propunham novas formas de reorganizar a sociedade brasileira.Conforme o novo regulamento, as escolas normais tinham como objetivo formar professores para o ensino primário, por meio do curso com duração de três anos. Ainda, anexo à escola, funcionaria o curso intermediário, com duração de dois anos, que daria acesso à matrícula na Escola Normal. Para os alunos que não freqüentaram o curso intermediário, poderiam pleitear a matrícula na Escola normal por meio de um exame escrito e oral.O regulamento ainda determinava o início do período letivo e a duração das aulas e a forma de ingresso no curso, além da composição do seu quadro administrativo, que deveria ser composto de um diretor, um bibliotecário, um inspetor de alunos, um porteiro, um contínuo e cinco zeladoras. Conforme o artigo 151 do Regulamento das Escolas Normais Primárias, o cargo de diretor seria ocupado pelo melhor professor normalista, havendo probabilidade de a escolha recair sobre um dos docentes do estabelecimento. Vale dizer ainda que, mais que a competência profissional exigida para o cargo, os interesses do diretor deveriam estar em consonância com os interesses dos governantes. O artigo 152 do Regulamento, em suas alíneas iniciais, enfatizava o compromisso assumido perante o governo estadual:a) dirigir o estabelecimento, fazer cumprir o seu regulamento e todas as ordens recebidas do Governo por seus delegados;b) cumprir e fazer cumprir as ordens da Inspetoria Geral do Ensino;O diretor, segundo o Regulamento, deveria empossar todos os professores e funcionários, bem como acompanhar o ponto diário, abonando ou justificando as faltas. A responsabilidade pela fiscalização do funcionamento regular das aulas e pela execução fiel do programa oficial também ficavam a seu cargo. A partir do momento em que ele percebesse que os trabalhos ou as aulas não seguiam o critério educativo determinado pela ordem vigente, tinha autonomia para chamar a atenção dos professores. A organização do horário das aulas ficava sob sua responsabilidade, bem como a fiscalização da disciplina do estabelecimento.A legislação ainda previa concurso para preenchimento de vaga para o cargo de professor catedrático, atendendo os seguintes critérios: ter idade acima de 21 anos, ser brasileiro, ter boa conduta e não ter nenhuma doença contagiosa ou deficiência física que não permitisse o exercício do magistério.O Regulamento das Escolas Normais buscou organizar a formação de professores no Paraná, bem como regulamentar a estrutura e o funcionamento das instituições que ora se difundiam no estado, tendo como princípios os ideais republicanos.Fonte: PARANÁ. Decreto no 135 de 12 de fevereiro de 1924. Aprova o Regulamento das Escolas Normais Primárias. Diário Oficial do Estado do Paraná, 10 mar. 1924. Biblioteca Pública do Paraná - seção de documentos paranaenses.

Abstract Gemtuzumab Ozogamycin (GO, Mylotarg), a humanized CD33-Chalechiamycin conjugate has been incorporated as an integral part of therapy of relapsed and de novo AML. Early data generated in relapsed AML using single agent GO demonstrated higher degree of response to GO in patients with high CD33 expression that correlated with lower multi drug resistance (MDR). There is little data on the efficacy of GO in those with low CD33 expression in de novo setting using GO in combination with conventional chemotherapy. Current therapies that utilize GO include patients with low or no CD33 expression. Children’s Oncology Group (COG) AML pilot protocol COG AAML03P1 studied the feasibility of combining GO with MRC based chemotherapy in selected courses in patients with de novo AML regardless of CD33 expression level. We hypothesized that patients with low or no CD33 expression may have a different outcome (more inferior) from those with higher CD33 expression in this GO-based therapy. We prospectively evaluated the CD33 expression level of diagnostic blast cells and correlated the CD33 expression level with disease characteristics and clinical outcome. Of the 341 patients treated in COG AAML03P1, 240 diagnostic specimens were available for evaluation. CD33 expression level of the diagnostic leukemic blasts was determined by measuring the CD33 Mean Fluorescence Intensity (MFI). MFI of the blast population varied over 2 log fold from a baseline of 6.33 to 1551 with a median of 117.7. Study population was divided into quartiles based on CD33 expression: 1st Q: (MFI 6.33 – 57.054), 2nd Q: (MFI 57.1 – 117.7), 3rd Q: (MFI 117.7 – 209.3) and 4th Q (MFI 209.3 and higher). Remission induction rate (CR) at the end of induction and the clinical outcome was compared between the four groups. Patients with the lowest CD33 expression had a similar CR rate as those with higher CD33 expression (86% vs. 85%, = 0.980). In patients with the lowest CD33 expression (1st quartile), relapse risk and disease-free survival was not different than those in 2nd quartile (p=0.5 and 0.1, respectively), suggesting that paucity of CD33 expression does not portend poor outcome. Surprisingly, patients with the highest CD33 expression (4th quartile) had a worse outcome with disease-free survival of 45%, compared to that of 62% in those with lower CD33 expression (hazard ratio=1.69; p=0.02). Disease characteristics and molecular and cytogenetic make up of the patients were evaluated within the four groups. CD33 expression level was not associated with age, gender, diagnostic WBC or blast percentage. However, there was an inverse association between CD33 expression and the prevalence of CBF AML where in those with the lowest CD33 expression (1st quartile), 45% had CBF AML (inv(16) or t(8;21)). There was a step-wise decrease in the prevalence of CBF AML of 28%, 20% and 13% in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th quartiles, respectively. There was also an increased prevalence of FLT3/ITD with increasing CD33 expression with a prevalence of 3%, 12%, 15% and 18% in quartiles 1–4, respectively. Conversely, median CD33 MFI in favorable risk patients (CBF AML, NPMc or CEBPA) was 75 compared to those with FLT3/ITD or high risk cytogenetics who had a CD33 MFI of 170. This study demonstrates significant heterogeneity of CD33 expression and inverse association of CD33 expression level with clinical outcome, where those with low CD33 expression have a favorable outcome. This association with clinical outcome is directly linked to the underlying molecular/cytogenetic make up of the disease.

Abstract Measles is a worldwide viral disease that can cause fatal complications in immunocompromised hosts such as hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. The live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is generally contraindicated post-HCT due to the risk for vaccine-associated measles. This, combined with decreasing vaccination rates due to vaccine hesitancy and the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, raises significant concerns for a measles resurgence that could portend devastating consequences for immunocompromised hosts. Multiple guidelines have included criteria to determine which HCT recipients can safely receive the MMR vaccine. Here, we report a case of vaccine-associated measles in a HCT recipient who met guideline-recommended criteria for MMR vaccination. The objective of this article is to query these criteria, highlight the importance of MMR vaccination, and comprehensively review the literature.

W artykule zwrócono uwagę na znaczący rozwój koncepcji Creating Shared Value (CSV) zarówno w literaturze przedmiotu, jak i aplikacji w największych światowych korporacjach. Główną intencją jest krytyczna analiza twórczości M.E. Portera i M.R. Kramera. Wprawdzie promowana koncepcja nie została do tej pory zaakceptowana przez przedsiębiorstwa w takim stopniu jak koncepcja CSR, to rezultaty przeprowadzonej analizy literatury wskazują, że zainteresowanie problematyką jest coraz większe.

The conglomeration of microbial life on a self-produced extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) matrix for mutual co-existence and protection against external aggression and adverse environmental conditions best describe biofilms. This community of microorganisms confers a number of survival and nutritional benefits to members while at the same time portend great ecological and health concern. Biofilms can form on virtually any surface; terrestrial, aquatic, plants, animals and on medical devices and implants. The ability of biofilms to disperse from the parental stalk ensures continuous survival and spread within their ecological niche. Biofilm organisms therefore possess unique survival mechanisms over their plancktonic form and have contributed to our understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenicity of infectious microorganisms. This review highlights trends in the understanding of biofilms and emphasized their health significance.

Depuis la révolution de l’immunothérapie utilisant les inhibiteurs de points de contrôle immunitaire dans la prise en charge de nombreux cancers, les oncologues font face à de nouveaux types de toxicités dites immuno-induites. La compréhension de leurs mécanismes et la mise en place de recommandations claires sont les clés de leur prise en charge. La gravité potentielle de ces toxicités et la très nette amélioration du pronostic apportée par ces traitements pour les patients porteurs de cancers métastatiques rend le rôle du réanimateur primordial. Le but de cette mise au point est d’effectuer une synthèse des toxicités immuno-induites pouvant conduire les patients en cours de traitement par inhibiteur de points de contrôle immunitaireen réanimation et ainsi de proposer des recommandations dans leur prise en charge afin d’aider le réanimateur dans sa démarche diagnostique et thérapeutique. L’imbrication de toxicités immuno-induites pouvant toucher plusieurs organes de façon concomitante, impose une prise en charge pluridisciplinaire regroupant oncologue, spécialiste d’organes et réanimateur. La mise en place de réunion de concertation pluridisciplinaire dédiée à ce type de toxicités permet ce regroupement, de même que le développement d’une expertise commune au sein d’un centre, la création de protocoles de soins et de recherche dédiés à la compréhension et la prise en charge de ces toxicités, et ce afin d’optimiser la gestion de ces patients.

Le sepsis est un problème de santé publique majeur, associé à une morbi-mortalité conséquente. La forme la plus sévère du sepsis, le choc septique, a une physiopathologie complexe, associant entre autres anomalies une insuffisance corticotrope et une réponse inflammatoire exagérée. Les corticoïdes, médicaments aux effets pléiotropes, corrigent cette insuffisance corticotrope et exhibent un effet anti-inflammatoire. Les corticoïdes sont à l’heure actuelle un des rares médicaments possiblement capables de réduire la mortalité dans le choc septique. S’ajoute à cet effet bénéfique sur la mortalité un effet hémodynamique favorable. L’administration de corticoïdes à faibles doses et sur une courte période est associée à remarquablement peu d’effets secondaires. Un traitement par hydrocortisone 200mg/j peut être administré chez les patients en choc septique. Nous suggérons l’administration de ce traitement en bolus intraveineux intermittent pendant sept jours sans sevrage progressif à la fin de cette période. Un minéralocorticoïde, la fludrocortisone, peut être associée au traitement par hydrocortisone dans les états de choc réfractaire. La recherche de biomarqueurs permettant d’identifier précisément une population répondant aux corticoïdes dans le choc septique est une thématique porteuse.

According to the ABC television program Four Corners, “Parliament House in Canberra is a hotbed of political intrigue and high tension … . It’s known as the ‘Canberra Bubble’ and it operates in an atmosphere that seems far removed from how modern Australian workplaces are expected to function.” The term “Canberra Bubble” morphed to its current definition from 2001, although it existed in other forms before this. Its use has increased since 2015, with Prime Minister Scott Morrison regularly referring to it when attempting to deflect from turmoil within, or focus on, his Coalition government (Gwynn). “Canberra Bubble” was selected as the 2018 “Word of the Year” by the Australian National Dictionary Centre, defined as “referring to the idea that federal politicians, bureaucracy, and political journalists are obsessed with the goings-on in Canberra (rather than the everyday concerns of Australians)” (Gwynn). In November 2020, Four Corners aired an investigation into the behaviour of top government ministers, including Attorney-General Christian Porter, Minister Alan Tudge, and former Deputy Prime Minister and leader of the National Party Barnaby Joyce; entitled “Inside the Canberra Bubble”. The program’s reporter, Louise Milligan, observed: there’s a strong but unofficial tradition in federal politics of what happens in Canberra, stays in Canberra. Politicians, political staff and media operate in what’s known as ‘The Canberra Bubble’. Along with the political gamesmanship, there’s a heady, permissive culture and that culture can be toxic for women. The program acknowledged that parliamentary culture included the belief that politicians’ private lives were not open to public scrutiny. However, this leaves many women working in Parliament House feeling that such silence allows inappropriate behaviour and sexism to “thrive” in the “culture of silence” (Four Corners). Former Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull, who was interviewed for the Four Corners program, acknowledged: “there is always a power imbalance between the boss and somebody who works for them, the younger and more junior they are, the more extreme that power imbalance is. And of course, Ministers essentially have the power to hire and fire their staff, so they’ve got enormous power.” He equates this to past culture in large corporations; a culture that has seen changes in business, but not in the federal parliament. It is the latter place that is a toxic bubble for women. A Woman Problem in the Bubble Louise Milligan reported: “the Liberal Party has been grappling with what’s been described as a ‘women problem’ for several years, with accusations of endemic sexism.” The underrepresentation of women in the current government sees them holding only seven of the 30 current ministerial positions. The Liberal Party has fewer women in the House of Representatives now than it did 20 years ago, while the Labor Party has doubled the number of women in its ranks. When asked his view on the “woman problem”, Malcolm Turnbull replied: “well I think women have got a problem with the Liberal Party. It’s probably a better way of putting it … . The party does not have enough women MPs and Senators … . It is seen as being very blokey.” Current Prime Minister Scott Morrison said in March 2019: “we want to see women rise. But we don’t want to see women rise, only on the basis of others doing worse” (Four Corners); with “others” seen as a reference to men. The Liberal Party’s “woman problem” has been widely discussed in recent years, both in relation to the low numbers of women in its parliamentary representation and in its behaviour towards women. These claims were evident in an article highlighting allegations of bullying by Member of Parliament (MP) Julia Banks, which led to her resignation from the Liberal Party in 2018. Banks’s move to the crossbench as an Independent was followed by the departure from politics of senior Liberal MP and former Deputy Leader Julie Bishop and three other female Liberal MPs prior to the 2019 federal election. For resigning Liberal MP Linda Reynolds, the tumultuous change of leadership in the Liberal Party on 24 August 2018, when Scott Morrison replaced Malcolm Turnbull as Prime Minister, left her to say: “I do not recognise my party at the moment. I do not recognise the values. I do not recognise the bullying and intimidation that has gone on.” Bishop observed on 5 September: “it’s evident that there is an acceptance of a level of behaviour in Canberra that would not be tolerated in any other workplace.” And in her resignation speech on 27 November, Banks stated: “Often, when good women call out or are subjected to bad behaviour, the reprisals, backlash and commentary portrays them as the bad ones – the liar, the troublemaker, the emotionally unstable or weak, or someone who should be silenced” (Four Corners). Rachel Miller is a former senior Liberal staffer who worked for nine years in Parliament House. She admitted to having a consensual relationship with MP Alan Tudge. Both were married at the time. Her reason for “blowing the whistle” was not about the relationship itself, rather the culture built on an imbalance of power that she experienced and witnessed, particularly when endeavouring to end the relationship with Tudge. This saw her moving from Tudge’s office to that of Michaelia Cash, eventually being demoted and finally resigning. Miller refused to accept the Canberra bubble “culture of just putting your head down and not getting involved”. The Four Corners story also highlighted the historical behaviour of Attorney-General Christian Porter and his attitude towards women over several decades. Milligan reported: in the course of this investigation, Four Corners has spoken to dozens of former and currently serving staffers, politicians, and members of the legal profession. Many have worked within, or voted for, the Liberal Party. And many have volunteered examples of what they believe is inappropriate conduct by Christian Porter – including being drunk in public and making unwanted advances to women. Lawyer Josh Bornstein told Four Corners that the role of Attorney-General “occupies a unique role … as the first law officer of the country”, having a position in both the legal system and in politics. It is his view that this comes with a requirement for the Attorney-General “to be impeccable in terms of personal and political behaviour”. Milligan asserts that Porter’s role as “the nation’s chief law officer, includes implementing rules to protect women”. A historical review of Porter’s behaviour and attitude towards women was provided to Four Corners by barrister Kathleen Foley and debating colleague from 1987, Jo Dyer. Dyer described Porter as “very charming … very confident … Christian was quite slick … he had an air of entitlement … that I think was born of the privilege from which he came”. Foley has known Porter since she was sixteen, including at university and later when both were at the State Solicitors’ Office in Western Australia, and her impression was that Porter possessed a “dominant personality”. She said that many expected him to become a “powerful person one day” partly due to his father being “a Liberal Party powerbroker”, and that Porter had aspirations to become Prime Minister. She observed: “I’ve known him to be someone who was in my opinion, and based on what I saw, deeply sexist and actually misogynist in his treatment of women, in the way that he spoke about women.” Foley added: “for a long time, Christian has benefited from the silence around his conduct and his behaviour, and the silence has meant that his behaviour has been tolerated … . I’m here because I don’t think that his behaviour should be tolerated, and it is not acceptable.” Miller told the Four Corners program that she and others, including journalists, had observed Porter being “very intimate” with a young woman. Milligan noted that Porter “had a wife and toddler at home in Perth”, while Miller found the incident “quite confronting … in such a public space … . I was quite surprised by the behaviour and … it was definitely a step too far”. The incident was confirmed to Four Corners by “five other people, including Coalition staffers”. However, in 2017 the “Public Bar incident remained inside the Canberra bubble – it never leaked”, reports Milligan. In response to the exposure of Nationals MP Barnaby Joyce’s relationship with a member of his staff, Malcolm Turnbull changed the Code of Ministerial Standards (February 2018) for members of the Coalition Government (Liberal and National Parties). Labelled by many media as the “bonk ban”, the new code banned sexual relationships between ministers and their staff. Turnbull stopped short of asking Joyce to resign (Yaxley), however, Joyce stepped down as Leader of the National Party and Deputy Prime Minister shortly after the code was amended. Turnbull has conceded that the Joyce affair was the catalyst for implementing changes to ministerial standards (Four Corners). He was also aware of other incidents, including the behaviour of Christian Porter and claims he spoke with Porter in 2017, when concerns were raised about Porter’s behaviour. In what Turnbull acknowledges to be a stressful working environment, the ‘Canberra bubble’ is exacerbated by long hours, alcohol, and being away from family; this leads some members to a loss of standards in behaviour, particularly in relation to how women are viewed. This seems to blame the ‘bubble’ rather than acknowledge poor behaviour. Despite the allegations of improper behaviour against Porter, in 2017 Turnbull appointed Porter Attorney-General. Describing the atmosphere in the Canberra bubble, Miller concedes that not “all men are predators and [not] all women are victims”. She adds that a “work hard, play hard … gung ho mentality” in a “highly sexualised environment” sees senior men not being called out for behaviour, creating the perception that they are “almost beyond reproach [and it’s] something they can get away with”. Turnbull observes: “the attitudes to women and the lack of respect … of women in many quarters … reminds me of the corporate scene … 40 years ago. It’s just not modern Australia” (Four Corners). In a disclaimer about the program, Milligan stated: Four Corners does not suggest only Liberal politicians cross this line. But the Liberal Party is in government. And the Liberal politicians in question are Ministers of the Crown. All ministers must now abide by Ministerial Standards set down by Prime Minister Scott Morrison in 2018. They say: ‘Serving the Australian people as Ministers ... is an honour and comes with expectations to act at all times to the highest possible standards of probity.’ They also prohibit Ministers from having sexual relations with staff. Both Tudge and Porter were sent requests by Four Corners for interviews and answers to detailed questions prior to the program going to air. Tudge did not respond and Porter provided a brief statement in regards to his meeting with Malcolm Turnbull, denying that he had been questioned about allegations of his conduct as reported by Four Corners and that other matters had been discussed. Reactions to the Four Corners Program Responses to the program via mainstream media and on social media were intense, ranging from outrage at the behaviour of ministers on the program, to outrage that the program had aired the private lives of government ministers, with questions as to whether this was in the public interest. Porter himself disputed allegations of his behaviour aired in the program, labelling the claims as “totally false” and said he was considering legal options for “defamation” (Maiden). However, in a subsequent radio interview, Porter said “he did not want a legal battle to distract from his role” as a government minister (Moore). Commenting on the meeting he had with Turnbull in 2017, Porter asserted that Turnbull had not spoken to him about the alleged behaviour and that Turnbull “often summoned ministers in frustration about the amount of detail leaking from his Cabinet.” Porter also questioned the comments made by Dyer and Foley, saying he had not had contact with them “for decades” (Maiden). Yet, in a statement provided to the West Australian after the program aired, Porter admitted that Turnbull had raised the rumours of an incident and Porter had assured him they were unfounded. In a statement he again denied the allegations made in the Four Corners program, but admitted that he had “failed to be a good husband” (Moore). In a brief media release following the program, Tudge stated: “I regret my actions immensely and the hurt it caused my family. I also regret the hurt that Ms. Miller has experienced” (Grattan). Following the Four Corners story, Scott Morrison and Anne Ruston, the Minister for Families and Social Services, held a media conference to respond to the allegations raised by the program. Ruston was asked about her views of the treatment of women within the Liberal Party. However, she was cut off by Morrison who aired his grievance about the use of the term “bonk ban” by journalists, when referring to the ban on ministers having sexual relations with their staff. This interruption of a female minister responding to a question directed at her about allegations of misogyny drew world-wide attention. Ruston went on to reply that she felt “wholly supported” as a member of the party and in her Cabinet position. The video of the incident resulted in a backlash on social media. Ruston was asked about being cut off by the Prime Minister at subsequent media interviews and said she believed it to be “an entirely appropriate intervention” and reiterated her own experiences of being fully supported by other members of the Liberal Party (Maasdorp). Attempts to Silence the ABC A series of actions by government staff and ministers prior to, and following, the Four Corners program airing confirmed the assumption suggested by Milligan that “what happens in Canberra, stays in Canberra”. In the days leading to the airing of the Four Corners program, members of the federal government contacted ABC Chair Ita Buttrose, ABC Managing Director David Anderson, and other senior staff, criticising the program’s content before its release and questioning whether it was in the public interest. The Executive Producer for the program, Sally Neighbour, tweeted about the attempts to have the program cancelled on the day it was to air, and praised ABC management for not acceding to the demands. Anderson raised his concerns about the emails and calls to ABC senior staff while appearing at Senate estimates and said he found it “extraordinary” (Murphy & Davies). Buttrose also voiced her concerns and presented a lecture reinforcing the importance of “the ABC, democracy and the importance of press freedom”. As the public broadcaster, the ABC has a charter under the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act (1983) (ABC Act), which includes its right to media independence. The attempt by the federal government to influence programming at the ABC was seen as countering this independence. Following the airing of the Four Corners program, the Morrison Government, via Communications Minister Paul Fletcher, again contacted Ita Buttrose by letter, asking how reporting allegations of inappropriate behaviour by ministers was “in the public interest”. Fletcher made the letter public via his Twitter account on the same day. The letter “posed 15 questions to the ABC board requesting an explanation within 14 days as to how the episode complied with the ABC’s code of practice and its statutory obligations to provide accurate and impartial journalism”. Fletcher also admitted that a senior member of his staff had contacted a member of the ABC board prior to the show airing but denied this was “an attempt to lobby the board”. Reportedly the ABC was “considering a response to what it believes is a further attack on its independence” (Visentin & Samios). A Case of Double Standards Liberal Senator Concetta Fierravanti-Wells told Milligan (Four Corners) that she believes “values and beliefs are very important” when standing for political office, with a responsibility to electors to “abide by those values and beliefs because ultimately we will be judged by them”. It is her view that “there is an expectation that in service of the Australian public, [politicians] abide by the highest possible conduct and integrity”. Porter has portrayed himself as being a family man, and an advocate for people affected by sexual harassment and concerned about domestic violence. Four Corners included two videos of Porter, the first from June 2020, where he stated: “no-one should have to suffer sexual harassment at work or in any other part of their lives … . The Commonwealth Government takes it very seriously”. In the second recording, from 2015, Porter spoke on the topic of domestic violence, where he advocated ensuring “that young boys understand what a respectful relationship is … what is acceptable and … go on to be good fathers and good husbands”. Tudge and Joyce hold a conservative view of traditional marriage as being between a man and a woman. They made this very evident during the plebiscite on legalising same-sex marriage in 2017. One of Tudge’s statements during the public debate was shown on the Four Corners program, where he said that he had “reservations about changing the Marriage Act to include same-sex couples” as he viewed “marriage as an institution … primarily about creating a bond for the creation, love and care of children. And … if the definition is changed … then the institution itself would potentially be weakened”. Miller responded by confirming that this was the public image Tudge portrayed, however, she was upset, surprised and believed it to be hypocrisy “to hear him … speak in parliament … and express a view that for children to have the right upbringing they need to have a mother and father and a traditional kind of family environment” (Four Corners). Following the outcome to the plebiscite in favour of marriage equality (Evershed), both Tudge and Porter voted to pass the legislation, in line with their electorates, while Joyce abstained from voting on the legislation (against the wishes of his electorate), along with nine other MPs including Scott Morrison (Henderson). Turnbull told Milligan: there’s no question that some of the most trenchant opponents of same-sex marriage, all in the name of traditional marriage, were at the same time enthusiastic practitioners of traditional adultery. As I said many times, this issue of the controversy over same-sex marriage was dripping with hypocrisy and the pools were deepest at the feet of the sanctimonious. The Bubble Threatens to Burst On 25 January 2021, the advocate for survivors of sexual assault, Grace Tame, was announced as Australian of the Year. This began a series of events that has the Canberra bubble showing signs of potentially rupturing, or perhaps even imploding, as further allegations of sexual assault emerge. Inspired by the speech of Grace Tame at the awards ceremony and the fact that the Prime Minister was standing beside her, on 15 February 2021, former Liberal staffer Brittany Higgins disclosed to journalist Samantha Maiden the allegation that she had been raped by a senior staffer in March 2019. Higgins also appeared in a television interview with Lisa Wilkinson that evening. The assault allegedly occurred after hours in the office of her boss, then Minister for Defence Industry and current Minister for Defence, Senator Linda Reynolds. Higgins said she reported what had occurred to the Minister and other staff, but felt she was being made to choose between her job and taking the matter to police. The 2019 federal election was called a few weeks later. Although Higgins wanted to continue in her “dream job” at Parliament House, she resigned prior to her disclosure in February 2021. Reynolds and Morrison were questioned extensively on the matter, in parliament and by the media, as to what they knew and when they were informed. Public outrage at the allegations was heightened by conflicting stories of these timelines and of who else knew. Although Reynolds had declared to the Senate that her office had provided full support to Higgins, it was revealed that her original response to the allegations to those in her office on the day of the media publication was to call Higgins a “lying cow”. After another public and media outcry, Reynolds apologised to Higgins (Hitch). Initially avoiding addressing the Higgins allegation directly, Morrison finally stated his empathy for Higgins in a doorstop media interview, reflecting advice he had received from his wife: Jenny and I spoke last night, and she said to me, "You have to think about this as a father first. What would you want to happen if it were our girls?" Jenny has a way of clarifying things, always has. On 3 March 2021, Grace Tame presented a powerful speech to the National Press Club. She was asked her view on the Prime Minister referring to his role as a father in the case of Brittany Higgins. Morrison’s statement had already enraged the public and certain members of the media, including many female journalists. Tame considered her response, then replied: “It shouldn’t take having children to have a conscience. [pause] And actually, on top of that, having children doesn’t guarantee a conscience.” The statement was met by applause from the gallery and received public acclaim. A further allegation of rape was made public on 27 February 2021, when friends of a deceased woman sent the Prime Minister a full statement from the woman that a current unnamed Cabinet Minister had raped her in 1988, when she was 16 years old (Yu). Morrison was asked whether he had spoken with the Minister, and stated that the Minister had denied the allegations and he saw no need to take further action, and would leave it to the police. New South Wales police subsequently announced that in light of the woman’s death last year, they could not proceed with an investigation and the matter was closed. The name of the woman has not been officially disclosed, however, on the afternoon of 3 March 2021 Attorney-General Christian Porter held a press conference naming himself as the Minister in question and vehemently denied the allegations. In light of the latest allegations, coverage by some journalists has shown the propensity to be complicit in protecting the Canberra bubble, while others (mainly women) endeavour to provide investigative journalistic coverage. The Outcome to Date Focus on the behaviour highlighted by “Inside the Canberra Bubble” in November 2020 waned quickly, with journalist Sean Kelly observing: since ABC’s Four Corners broadcast an episode exploring entrenched sexism in Parliament House, and more specifically within the Liberal Party, male politicians have said very, very, very little about it … . The episode in question was broadcast three weeks ago. It’s old news. But in this case that’s the point: every time the issue of sexism in Canberra is raised, it’s quickly rushed past, then forgotten (by men). Nothing happens. As noted earlier, Rachel Miller resigned from her position at Parliament House following the affair with Tudge. Barrister Kathleen Foley had held a position on the Victorian Bar Council, however three days after the Four Corners program went to air, Foley was voted off the council. According to Matilda Boseley from The Guardian, the change of council members was seen more broadly as an effort to remove progressives. Foley has also been vocal about gender issues within the legal profession. With the implementation of the new council, five members held their positions and 16 were replaced, seeing a change from 62 per cent female representation to 32 per cent (Boseley). No action was taken by the Prime Minister in light of the revelations by Four Corners: Christian Porter maintained his position as Attorney-General, Minister for Industrial Relations, and Leader of the House; and Alan Tudge continued as a member of the Federal Cabinet, currently as Minister for Education and Youth. Despite ongoing calls for an independent enquiry into the most recent allegations, and for Porter to stand aside, he continues as Attorney-General, although he has taken sick leave to address mental health impacts of the allegations (ABC News). Reynolds continues to hold the position of Defence Minister following the Higgins allegations, and has also taken sick leave on the advice of her specialist, now extended to after the March 2021 sitting of parliament (Doran). While Scott Morrison stands in support of Porter amid the allegations against him, he has called for an enquiry into the workplace culture of Parliament House. This appears to be in response to claims that a fourth woman was assaulted, allegedly by Higgins’s perpetrator. The enquiry, to be led by Kate Jenkins, Australia’s Sex Discrimination Commissioner, is focussed on “how to change the culture, how to change the practices, and how to ensure that, in future, we do have the best possible environment for prevention and response” (Murphy). By focussing the narrative of the enquiry on the “culture” of Parliament House, it diverts attention from the allegations of rape by Higgins and against Porter. While the enquiry is broadly welcomed, any outcomes will require more than changes to the workplace: they will require a much broader social change in attitudes towards women. The rage of women, in light of the current gendered political culture, has evolved into a call to action. An initial protest march, planned for outside Parliament House on 15 March 2021, has expanded to rallies in all capital cities and many other towns and cities in Australia. Entitled Women’s March 4 Justice, thousands of people, both women and men, have indicated their intention to participate. It is acknowledged that many residents of Canberra have objected to their entire city being encompassed in the term “Canberra Bubble”. However, the term’s relevance to this current state of affairs reflects the culture of those working in and for the Australian parliament, rather than residents of the city. It also describes the way that those who work in all things related to the federal government carry an apparent assumption that the bubble offers them immunity from the usual behaviour and accountability required of those outside the bubble. It this “bubble” that needs to burst. With a Prime Minister seemingly unable to recognise the hypocrisy of Ministers allegedly acting in ways contrary to “good character”, and for Porter, with ongoing allegations of improper behaviour, as expected for the country’s highest law officer, and in his mishandling of Higgins claims as called out by Tame, the bursting of the “Canberra bubble” may cost him government. References ABC News. “Christian Porter Denies Historical Rape Allegation.” Transcript. 4 Mar. 2021. 4 Mar. 2021 <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-03-03/christian-porter-press-conference-transcript/13212054>. Boseley, Matilda. “Barrister on Four Corners' Christian Porter Episode Loses Victorian Bar Council Seat.” The Guardian 11 Nov. 2020. 10 Dec. 2020 <https://www.theguardian.com/law/2020/nov/12/barrister-on-four-corners-christian-porter-episode-loses-victorian-bar-council-seat>. Buttrose, Ita. “The ABC, Democracy and the Importance of Press Freedom.” Lecture. Ramsay Centre for Western Civilisation. 12 Nov. 2020. 10 Dec. 2020 <http://about.abc.net.au/speeches/the-abc-democracy-and-the-importance-of-press-freedom/>. Doran, Matthew. “Linda Reynolds Extends Her Leave.” ABC News 7 Mar. 2021. 7 Mar. 2021 <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-03-07/linda-reynolds-extends-her-leave-following-rape-allegation/13224824>. Evershed, Nick. “Full Results of Australia's Vote for Same-Sex Marriage.” The Guardian 15 Nov. 2017. 10 Dec. 2020. <https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/datablog/ng-interactive/2017/nov/15/same-sex-marriage-survey-how-australia-voted-electorate-by-electorate>. Four Corners. “Inside the Canberra Bubble.” ABC Television 9 Nov. 2020. 20 Nov. 2020 <https://www.abc.net.au/4corners/inside-the-canberra-bubble/12864676>. Grattan, Michelle. “Porter Rejects Allegations of Inappropriate Sexual Behaviour and Threatens Legal Action.” The Conversation 10 Nov. 2020. 10 Dec. 2020 <https://theconversation.com/porter-rejects-allegations-149774>. Gwynn, Mark. “Australian National Dictionary Centre’s Word of the Year 2018.” Ozwords 13 Dec. 2018. 10 Dec 2020 <http://ozwords.org/?p=8643#more-8643>. Henderson, Anna. “Same-Sex Marriage: This Is Everyone Who Didn't Vote to Support the Bill.” ABC News 8 Dec. 2017. 10 Dec. 2020 <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-08/same-sex-marriage-who-didnt-vote/9240584>. Heurich, Angelika. “Women in Australian Politics: Maintaining the Rage against the Political Machine”. M/C Journal 22.1 (2019). https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1498. Hitch, Georgia. “Defence Minister Linda Reynolds Apologises to Brittany Higgins.” ABC News 5 Mar. 2021. 5 Mar. 2021 <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-03-05/linda-reynolds-apologises-to-brittany-higgins-lying-cow/13219796>. Kelly, Sean. “Morrison Should Heed His Own Advice – and Fix His Culture Problem.” Sydney Morning Herald 29 Nov. 2020. 10 Dec. 2020 <https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/morrison-should-heed-his-own-advice-and-fix-his-culture-problem-20201129-p56iwn.html>. Maasdorp, James. “Scott Morrison Cops Backlash after Interrupting Anne Ruston.” ABC News 11 Nov. 2020. 10 Dec. 2020 <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-11/scott-morrison-anne-ruston-liberal-party-government/12873158>. Maiden, Samantha. “Christian Porter Hits Back at ‘Totally False’ Claims Aired on Four Corners.” The Australian 10 Nov. 2020. 10 Dec. 2020 <https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/current-affairs/christian-porter-hits-back-at-totally-false-claims-aired-on-four-corners/news-story/0bc84b6268268f56d99714fdf8fa9ba2>. ———. “Young Staffer Brittany Higgins Says She Was Raped at Parliament House.” News.com.au 15 Sep. 2021. 15 Sep. 2021 <https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/parliament-house-rocked-by-brittany-higgins-alleged-rape/news-story/>. Moore, Charlie. “Embattled Minister Christian Porter Admits He Failed to Be 'a Good Husband’.” Daily Mail 11 Nov. 2020. 10 Dec. 2020 <https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8936197/>. Morrison, Scott. “Doorstop Interview – Parliament House.” Transcript. Prime Minister of Australia. 16 Feb. 2021. 1 Mar. 2021 <https://www.pm.gov.au/media/doorstop-interview-australian-parliament-house-act-160221>. Murphy, Katharine. “Sex Discrimination Commissioner Kate Jenkins to Lead Review into Parliament’s Workplace Culture.” The Guardian 5 Mar. 2021. 7 Mar. 2021 <https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/mar/05/sex-discrimination-commissioner-kate-jenkins-to-lead-review-into-parliaments-workplace-culture>. Murphy, Katharine, and Anne Davies. “Criticism of Four Corners 'Bonk Ban' Investigation before It Airs 'Extraordinary', ABC Boss Says.” The Guardian 9 Nov. 2020. 10 Dec. 2020 <https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/nov/09/abc-under-extreme-political-pressure-over-bonk-ban-investigation-four-corners-boss-says>. Neighbour, Sally. “The Political Pressure.” Twitter 9 Nov. 2020. 9 Nov. 2020 <https://twitter.com/neighbour_s/status/1325545916107927552>. Tame, Grace. Address. National Press Club. 3 Mar. 2021. 3 Mar. 2021 <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJmwOTfjn9U>. Visentin, Lisa, and Zoe Samios. “Morrison Government Asks ABC to Please Explain Controversial Four Corners Episode.” Sydney Morning Herald 1 Dec. 2020. 10 Dec. 2020 <https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/morrison-government-asks-abc-to-please-explain-controversial-four-corners-episode-20201201-p56jg2.html>. Wilkinson, Lisa. “Interview with Brittany Higgins.” The Project. Channel 10. 15 Sep. 2021. 16 Sep. 2021 <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyjkjeoO2o4>. Yaxley, Louise. “Malcolm Turnbull Bans Ministers from Sex with Staffers.” ABC News 15 Feb. 2018. 10 Dec. 2020 <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-02-15/turnbull-slams-joyce-affair-changes-to-ministerial-standards/9451792>. Yu, Andi. “Rape Allegation against Cabinet Minister.” The Canberra Times 27 Feb. 2021. 1 Mar. 2021 <https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7145324/rape-allegation-against-cabinet-minister/>.

El mejor ejemplo que puedo tener en este momento para comprender el presente ensayo es lo que sientes cada vez que sales de ver una película; citaré algunas de ellas: Forrest Gump, La Lista de Schindler, El Niño Con El Pijama De Rayas, La Vida Es Bella, Titanic, Medianoche en París, Doce Años De Esclavitud, Un Cuento Chino, Rojo Como El cielo, American Pie, Los Niños de China, La Caza, Actividad Paranormal, La trilogía de Millenium, Mar Adentro y El Rey León, entre otras. Aparte de su calidad o no, seguramente al escuchar esta breve lista, las recuerdan con las siguientes emociones: Miedo, Tristeza, Cólera (Ira), Felicidad, etc. Y probamente comenzarán en éste momento hablar entre sus compañeros sobre dichos films. Lo mismo pasa al escuchar un discurso político, figuras públicas o del Jet Set, diciendo cosas profundas, descabelladas o de pobre contenido, despertando nuevamente una emoción. Como ejemplo tenemos: las respuestas de algunas reinas de belleza, un discurso político de Luther Martin King, Nelson Mandela, Gaitán, Galán, El Procurador Ordoñez, El Presidente Santos, otros políticos como Uribe, Petro, Mockus, Robledo, Fajardo, Peñaloza, o grupos armados legales como las fuerzas militares, o ilegales como las FARC, ELN o las AUC, entre otros. Nuevamente se despertó entre Ustedes una emoción. De esta manera puedo dar muchos ejemplos en su vida diaria, una muestra es la vida pareja, con sus familiares, una canción, sus docentes, sus compañeros de trabajo, el señor conductor de servicio público, el portero, la secretaria, etc. Es decir, siempre estamos dispuestos a despertar una emoción en nuestro estado de vigilia con más alta intensidad, y en estado de sueño con más baja energía.

Unconventional energy sources have become increasingly important to the global energy mix. These include coal seam gas, shale gas and shale oil. The unconventional gas industry was pioneered in the United States and embraced following the first oil shock in 1973 (Rogers). As has been the case with many global resources (Hiscock), many of the same companies that worked in the USA carried their experience in this industry to early Australian explorations. Recently the USA has secured significant energy security with the development of unconventional energy deposits such as the Marcellus shale gas and the Bakken shale oil (Dobb; McGraw). But this has not come without environmental impact, including contamination to underground water supply (Osborn, Vengosh, Warner, Jackson) and potential greenhouse gas contributions (Howarth, Santoro, Ingraffea; McKenna). The environmental impact of unconventional gas extraction has raised serious public concern about the introduction and growth of the industry in Australia. In coal rich Australia coal seam gas is currently the major source of unconventional gas. Large gas deposits have been found in prime agricultural land along eastern Australia, such as the Liverpool Plains in New South Wales and the Darling Downs in Queensland. Competing land-uses and a series of environmental incidents from the coal seam gas industry have warranted major protest from a coalition of environmentalists and farmers (Berry; McLeish). Conflict between energy companies wanting development and environmentalists warning precaution is an easy script to cast for frontline media coverage. But historical perspectives are often missing in these contemporary debates. While coal mining and natural gas have often received “boosting” historical coverage (Diamond; Wilkinson), and although historical themes of “development” and “rushes” remain predominant when observing the span of the industry (AGA; Blainey), the history of unconventional gas, particularly the history of its environmental impact, has been little studied. Few people are aware, for example, that the first shale gas exploratory well was completed in late 2010 in the Cooper Basin in Central Australia (Molan) and is considered as a “new” frontier in Australian unconventional gas. Moreover many people are unaware that the first coal seam gas wells were completed in 1976 in Queensland. The first four wells offer an important moment for reflection in light of the industry’s recent move into Central Australia. By locating and analysing the first four coal seam gas wells, this essay identifies the roots of the unconventional gas industry in Australia and explores the early environmental impact of these wells. By analysing exploration reports that have been placed online by the Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines through the lens of environmental history, the dominant developmental narrative of this industry can also be scrutinised. These narratives often place more significance on economic and national benefits while displacing the environmental and social impacts of the industry (Connor, Higginbotham, Freeman, Albrecht; Duus; McEachern; Trigger). This essay therefore seeks to bring an environmental insight into early unconventional gas mining in Australia. As the author, I am concerned that nearly four decades on and it seems that no one has heeded the warning gleaned from these early wells and early exploration reports, as gas exploration in Australia continues under little scrutiny. Arrival The first four unconventional gas wells in Australia appear at the beginning of the industry world-wide (Schraufnagel, McBane, and Kuuskraa; McClanahan). The wells were explored by Houston Oils and Minerals—a company that entered the Australian mining scene by sharing a mining prospect with International Australian Energy Company (Wiltshire). The International Australian Energy Company was owned by Black Giant Oil Company in the US, which in turn was owned by International Royalty and Oil Company also based in the US. The Texan oilman Robert Kanton held a sixteen percent share in the latter. Kanton had an idea that the Mimosa Syncline in the south-eastern Bowen Basin was a gas trap waiting to be exploited. To test the theory he needed capital. Kanton presented the idea to Houston Oil and Minerals which had the financial backing to take the risk. Shotover No. 1 was drilled by Houston Oil and Minerals thirty miles south-east of the coal mining town of Blackwater. By late August 1975 it was drilled to 2,717 metres, discovered to have little gas, spudded, and, after a spend of $610,000, abandoned. The data from the Shotover well showed that the porosity of the rocks in the area was not a trap, and the Mimosa Syncline was therefore downgraded as a possible hydrocarbon location. There was, however, a small amount of gas found in the coal seams (Benbow 16). The well had passed through the huge coal seams of both the Bowen and Surat basins—important basins for the future of both the coal and gas industries. Mining Concepts In 1975, while Houston Oil and Minerals was drilling the Shotover well, US Steel and the US Bureau of Mines used hydraulic fracture, a technique already used in the petroleum industry, to drill vertical surface wells to drain gas from a coal seam (Methane Drainage Taskforce 102). They were able to remove gas from the coal seam before it was mined and sold enough to make a profit. With the well data from the Shotover well in Australia compiled, Houston returned to the US to research the possibility of harvesting methane in Australia. As the company saw it, methane drainage was “a novel exploitation concept” and the methane in the Bowen Basin was an “enormous hydrocarbon resource” (Wiltshire 7). The Shotover well passed through a section of the German Creek Coal measures and this became their next target. In September 1976 the Shotover well was re-opened and plugged at 1499 meters to become Australia’s first exploratory unconventional gas well. By the end of the month the rig was released and gas production tested. At one point an employee on the drilling operation observed a gas flame “the size of a 44 gal drum” (HOMA, “Shotover # 1” 9). But apart from the brief show, no gas flowed. And yet, Houston Oil and Minerals was not deterred, as they had already taken out other leases for further prospecting (Wiltshire 4). Only a week after the Shotover well had failed, Houston moved the methane search south-east to an area five miles north of the Moura township. Houston Oil and Minerals had researched the coal exploration seismic surveys of the area that were conducted in 1969, 1972, and 1973 to choose the location. Over the next two months in late 1976, two new wells—Kinma No.1 and Carra No.1—were drilled within a mile from each other and completed as gas wells. Houston Oil and Minerals also purchased the old oil exploration well Moura No. 1 from the Queensland Government and completed it as a suspended gas well. The company must have mined the Department of Mines archive to find Moura No.1, as the previous exploration report from 1969 noted methane given off from the coal seams (Sell). By December 1976 Houston Oil and Minerals had three gas wells in the vicinity of each other and by early 1977 testing had occurred. The results were disappointing with minimal gas flow at Kinma and Carra, but Moura showed a little more promise. Here, the drillers were able to convert their Fairbanks-Morse engine driving the pump from an engine run on LPG to one run on methane produced from the well (Porter, “Moura # 1”). Drink This? Although there was not much gas to find in the test production phase, there was a lot of water. The exploration reports produced by the company are incomplete (indeed no report was available for the Shotover well), but the information available shows that a large amount of water was extracted before gas started to flow (Porter, “Carra # 1”; Porter, “Moura # 1”; Porter, “Kinma # 1”). As Porter’s reports outline, prior to gas flowing, the water produced at Carra, Kinma and Moura totalled 37,600 litres, 11,900 and 2,900 respectively. It should be noted that the method used to test the amount of water was not continuous and these amounts were not the full amount of water produced; also, upon gas coming to the surface some of the wells continued to produce water. In short, before any gas flowed at the first unconventional gas wells in Australia at least 50,000 litres of water were taken from underground. Results show that the water was not ready to drink (Mathers, “Moura # 1”; Mathers, “Appendix 1”; HOMA, “Miscellaneous Pages” 21-24). The water had total dissolved solids (minerals) well over the average set by the authorities (WHO; Apps Laboratories; NHMRC; QDAFF). The well at Kinma recorded the highest levels, almost two and a half times the unacceptable standard. On average the water from the Moura well was of reasonable standard, possibly because some water was extracted from the well when it was originally sunk in 1969; but the water from Kinma and Carra was very poor quality, not good enough for crops, stock or to be let run into creeks. The biggest issue was the sodium concentration; all wells had very high salt levels. Kinma and Carra were four and two times the maximum standard respectively. In short, there was a substantial amount of poor quality water produced from drilling and testing the three wells. Fracking Australia Hydraulic fracturing is an artificial process that can encourage more gas to flow to the surface (McGraw; Fischetti; Senate). Prior to the testing phase at the Moura field, well data was sent to the Chemical Research and Development Department at Halliburton in Oklahoma, to examine the ability to fracture the coal and shale in the Australian wells. Halliburton was the founding father of hydraulic fracture. In Oklahoma on 17 March 1949, operating under an exclusive license from Standard Oil, this company conducted the first ever hydraulic fracture of an oil well (Montgomery and Smith). To come up with a program of hydraulic fracturing for the Australian field, Halliburton went back to the laboratory. They bonded together small slabs of coal and shale similar to Australian samples, drilled one-inch holes into the sample, then pressurised the holes and completed a “hydro-frac” in miniature. “These samples were difficult to prepare,” they wrote in their report to Houston Oil and Minerals (HOMA, “Miscellaneous Pages” 10). Their program for fracturing was informed by a field of science that had been evolving since the first hydraulic fracture but had rapidly progressed since the first oil shock. Halliburton’s laboratory test had confirmed that the model of Perkins and Kern developed for widths of hydraulic fracture—in an article that defined the field—should also apply to Australian coals (Perkins and Kern). By late January 1977 Halliburton had issued Houston Oil and Minerals with a program of hydraulic fracture to use on the central Queensland wells. On the final page of their report they warned: “There are many unknowns in a vertical fracture design procedure” (HOMA, “Miscellaneous Pages” 17). In July 1977, Moura No. 1 became the first coal seam gas well hydraulically fractured in Australia. The exploration report states: “During July 1977 the well was killed with 1% KCL solution and the tubing and packer were pulled from the well … and pumping commenced” (Porter 2-3). The use of the word “kill” is interesting—potassium chloride (KCl) is the third and final drug administered in the lethal injection of humans on death row in the USA. Potassium chloride was used to minimise the effect on parts of the coal seam that were water-sensitive and was the recommended solution prior to adding other chemicals (Montgomery and Smith 28); but a word such as “kill” also implies that the well and the larger environment were alive before fracking commenced (Giblett; Trigger). Pumping recommenced after the fracturing fluid was unloaded. Initially gas supply was very good. It increased from an average estimate of 7,000 cubic feet per day to 30,000, but this only lasted two days before coal and sand started flowing back up to the surface. In effect, the cleats were propped open but the coal did not close and hold onto them which meant coal particles and sand flowed back up the pipe with diminishing amounts of gas (Walters 12). Although there were some interesting results, the program was considered a failure. In April 1978, Houston Oil and Minerals finally abandoned the methane concept. Following the failure, they reflected on the possibilities for a coal seam gas industry given the gas prices in Queensland: “Methane drainage wells appear to offer no economic potential” (Wooldridge 2). At the wells they let the tubing drop into the hole, put a fifteen foot cement plug at the top of the hole, covered it with a steel plate and by their own description restored the area to its “original state” (Wiltshire 8). Houston Oil and Minerals now turned to “conventional targets” which included coal exploration (Wiltshire 7). A Thousand Memories The first four wells show some of the critical environmental issues that were present from the outset of the industry in Australia. The process of hydraulic fracture was not just a failure, but conducted on a science that had never been tested in Australia, was ponderous at best, and by Halliburton’s own admission had “many unknowns”. There was also the role of large multinationals providing “experience” (Briody; Hiscock) and conducting these tests while having limited knowledge of the Australian landscape. Before any gas came to the surface, a large amount of water was produced that was loaded with a mixture of salt and other heavy minerals. The source of water for both the mud drilling of Carra and Kinma, as well as the hydraulic fracture job on Moura, was extracted from Kianga Creek three miles from the site (HOMA, “Carra # 1” 5; HOMA, “Kinma # 1” 5; Porter, “Moura # 1”). No location was listed for the disposal of the water from the wells, including the hydraulic fracture liquid. Considering the poor quality of water, if the water was disposed on site or let drain into a creek, this would have had significant environmental impact. Nobody has yet answered the question of where all this water went. The environmental issues of water extraction, saline water and hydraulic fracture were present at the first four wells. At the first four wells environmental concern was not a priority. The complexity of inter-company relations, as witnessed at the Shotover well, shows there was little time. The re-use of old wells, such as the Moura well, also shows that economic priorities were more important. Even if environmental information was considered important at the time, no one would have had access to it because, as handwritten notes on some of the reports show, many of the reports were “confidential” (Sell). Even though coal mines commenced filing Environmental Impact Statements in the early 1970s, there is no such documentation for gas exploration conducted by Houston Oil and Minerals. A lack of broader awareness for the surrounding environment, from floral and faunal health to the impact on habitat quality, can be gleaned when reading across all the exploration reports. Nearly four decades on and we now have thousands of wells throughout the world. Yet, the challenges of unconventional gas still persist. The implications of the environmental history of the first four wells in Australia for contemporary unconventional gas exploration and development in this country and beyond are significant. Many environmental issues were present from the beginning of the coal seam gas industry in Australia. Owning up to this history would place policy makers and regulators in a position to strengthen current regulation. The industry continues to face the same challenges today as it did at the start of development—including water extraction, hydraulic fracturing and problems associated with drilling through underground aquifers. Looking more broadly at the unconventional gas industry, shale gas has appeared as the next target for energy resources in Australia. Reflecting on the first exploratory shale gas wells drilled in Central Australia, the chief executive of the company responsible for the shale gas wells noted their deliberate decision to locate their activities in semi-desert country away from “an area of prime agricultural land” and conflict with environmentalists (quoted in Molan). Moreover, the journalist Paul Cleary recently complained about the coal seam gas industry polluting Australia’s food-bowl but concluded that the “next frontier” should be in “remote” Central Australia with shale gas (Cleary 195). It appears that preference is to move the industry to the arid centre of Australia, to the ecologically and culturally unique Lake Eyre Basin region (Robin and Smith). Claims to move the industry away from areas that might have close public scrutiny disregard many groups in the Lake Eyre Basin, such as Aboriginal rights to land, and appear similar to other industrial projects that disregard local inhabitants, such as mega-dams and nuclear testing (Nixon). References AGA (Australian Gas Association). “Coal Seam Methane in Australia: An Overview.” AGA Research Paper 2 (1996). Apps Laboratories. “What Do Your Water Test Results Mean?” Apps Laboratories 7 Sept. 2012. 1 May 2013 ‹http://appslabs.com.au/downloads.htm›. Benbow, Dennis B. “Shotover No. 1: Lithology Report for Houston Oil and Minerals Corporation.” November 1975. Queensland Digital Exploration Reports. Company Report 5457_2. Brisbane: Queensland Department of Resources and Mines 4 June 2012. 1 May 2013 ‹https://qdexguest.deedi.qld.gov.au/portal/site/qdex/search?REPORT_ID=5457&COLLECTION_ID=999›. Berry, Petrina. “Qld Minister Refuses to Drink CSG Water.” news.com.au, 22 Apr. 2013. 1 May 2013 ‹http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/national/qld-minister-refuses-to-drink-csg-water/story-e6frfku9-1226626115742›. Blainey, Geofrey. The Rush That Never Ended: A History of Australian Mining. Carlton: Melbourne University Publishing, 2003. Briody, Dan. The Halliburton Agenda: The Politics of Oil and Money. Singapore: Wiley, 2004. Cleary, Paul. Mine-Field: The Dark Side of Australia’s Resource Rush. Collingwood: Black Inc., 2012. Connor, Linda, Nick Higginbotham, Sonia Freeman, and Glenn Albrecht. “Watercourses and Discourses: Coalmining in the Upper Hunter Valley, New South Wales.” Oceania 78.1 (2008): 76-90. Diamond, Marion. “Coal in Australian History.” Coal and the Commonwealth: The Greatness of an Australian Resource. Eds. Peter Knights and Michael Hood. St Lucia: University of Queensland, 2009. 23-45. 20 Apr. 2013 ‹http://www.peabodyenergy.com/mm/files/News/Publications/Special%20Reports/coal_and_commonwealth%5B1%5D.pdf›. Dobb, Edwin. “The New Oil Landscape.” National Geographic (Mar. 2013): 29-59. Duus, Sonia. “Coal Contestations: Learning from a Long, Broad View.” Rural Society Journal 22.2 (2013): 96-110. Fischetti, Mark. “The Drillers Are Coming.” Scientific American (July 2010): 82-85. Giblett, Rod. “Terrifying Prospects and Resources of Hope: Minescapes, Timescapes and the Aesthetics of the Future.” Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies 23.6 (2009): 781-789. Hiscock, Geoff. Earth Wars: The Battle for Global Resources. Singapore: Wiley, 2012. HOMA (Houston Oil and Minerals of Australia). “Carra # 1: Well Completion Report.” July 1977. Queensland Digital Exploration Reports. Company Report 6054_1. Brisbane: Queensland Department of Resources and Mines. 21 Feb. 2012 ‹https://qdexguest.deedi.qld.gov.au/portal/site/qdex/search?REPORT_ID=6054&COLLECTION_ID=999›. ———. “Kinma # 1: Well Completion Report.” August 1977. Queensland Digital Exploration Reports. Company Report 6190_2. Brisbane: Queensland Department of Resources and Mines. 21 Feb. 2012 ‹https://qdexguest.deedi.qld.gov.au/portal/site/qdex/search?REPORT_ID=6190&COLLECTION_ID=999›. ———. “Miscellaneous Pages. Including Hydro-Frac Report.” August 1977. Queensland Digital Exploration Reports. Company Report 6190_17. Brisbane: Queensland Department of Resources and Mines. 31 May 2012 ‹https://qdexguest.deedi.qld.gov.au/portal/site/qdex/search?REPORT_ID=6190&COLLECTION_ID=999›. ———. “Shotover # 1: Well Completion Report.” March 1977. Queensland Digital Exploration Reports. Company Report 5457_1. 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Jackson. “Methane Contamination of Drinking Water Accompanying Gas-Well Drilling and Hydraulic Fracturing.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108.20 (2011): 8172-8176. Perkins, T.K., and L.R. Kern. “Widths of Hydraulic Fractures.” Journal of Petroleum Technology 13.9 (1961): 937-949. Porter, Seton M. “Carra # 1:Testing Report, Methane Drainage of the Baralaba Coal Measures, A.T.P. 226P, Central Queensland, Australia.” Oct. 1977. Queensland Digital Exploration Reports. Company Report 6054_7. Brisbane: Queensland Department of Resources and Mines. 21 Feb. 2012 ‹https://qdexguest.deedi.qld.gov.au/portal/site/qdex/search?REPORT_ID=6054&COLLECTION_ID=999›. ———. “Kinma # 1: Testing Report, Methane Drainage of the Baralaba Coal Measures, A.T.P. 226P, Central Queensland, Australia.” Oct. 1977. Queensland Digital Exploration Reports. Company Report 6190_16. 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Introdução: O termo ageismo é definido como uma forma de intolerância relacionada com a idade por meio de estereótipos, ou seja, qualquer pessoa poderia ser alvo de discriminação pela idade que tem, sendo os idosos um dos grupos mais vulneráveis. Teoricamente qualquer pessoa pode ser atingida pelo ageísmo ao longo de sua vida, desde que viva o suficiente para envelhecer. Objetivos: O propósito desse trabalho foi apresentar o papel das Universidades no combate ao ageísmo. Métodos: Para a elaboração do presente trabalho as seguintes etapas foram percorridas: estabelecimento da hipótese e objetivos do estudo; estabelecimento de critérios de inclusão e exclusão de artigos (seleção da amostra). Formulou-se a seguinte questão: as Universidades contribuem para a redução do ageísmo? Os artigos foram selecionados utilizando a base de dados The National Library of Medicine, Washington DC (MEDLINE – PubMed) e Google Scholar. As estratégias utilizadas para localizar os artigos tiveram como eixo norteador a pergunta e os critérios de inclusão da revisão, previamente estabelecidos para manter a coerência na busca dos artigos e evitar possíveis vieses. Como descritores foram utilizados os termos “Ageísmo”, “Universidades”; Expectativa de Vida” e “Relação entre Gerações”, acordando com o Decs. Os critérios de inclusão foram artigos publicados em inglês, espanhol e português com os resumos disponíveis, no período compreendido entre 1990-2020. A partir da pesquisa preliminar nas bases de dados, leitura do título e resumo, 20 artigos foram selecionados para leitura na íntegra. Resultados: A Universidade, por meio de seus projetos de extensão universitária voltados aos idosos tem contribuído para redução das atitudes que nutrem papéis sociais estereotipados com base na idade das pessoas. Conclusões: As atividades universitárias voltados ao idoso têm contribuído para redução dos estereótipos mantidos pela sociedade e pelos próprios indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais, contribuindo não só para o bem estar e qualidade de vida desse segmento, como também para que a sociedade se beneficie do contato positivo intergeracional.Descritores: Ageísmo; Resiliência Psicológica; Universidades; Expectativa de Vida; Relação entre Gerações; Qualidade de Vida.ReferênciasOeppen J, Vaupel JW. Limites quebrados à expectativa de vida. Science. 2002; 296:1029-31.IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística). Tábuas Completas de Mortalidade. Disponivel em: https://www.ibge.gov.br /estatisticas/sociais/populacao/9126-tabuas-completas-de-mortalidade.html?=t=resultados.Aboim S. Narrativas do envelhecimento. Ser velho na sociedade contemporânea. Tempo Social. 2014;26(1):207-32.Vaupel JW, Carey JR, Christensen K, Johnson TE, Yashin AI, Holm NV et al. Biodemographic trajectories of longevity. Science. 1998; 280(5365):855-60.Donizzetti AR. Ageism in an Aging Society: The Role of Knowledge, Anxiety about Aging, and Stereotypes in Young People and Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(8):1329.Butler RN. Why Survive? Being Old in America. New York: Harper Rowe; 1975.Iversen TN, Larsen L, Solem PE. A conceptual analysis of ageism. Nord Psychol. 2009;61(3):4-22.Levy BR, Kasl SV, Gill TM. Image of aging scale. Percept Mot Skills. 2004;99(1):208-10.Nelson T. Ageism. In: Nelson T (Ed.), Handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination. New York, NY: Psychology Press; 2009. pp-431-40Abrams D, Eller A, Bryant J. An age apart: The effects of intergenerational contact and stereotype threat on performance and intergroup bias. Psychol Aging. 2006;21(4):691-702.Levy BR, Slade MD, Kunkel SR, Kasl SV. Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2002;83(2):261-70.Swift HJ, Abrams D, Lamont RA, Drury L. The risks of ageism model: how ageism and negative attitudes toward age can be a barrier to active aging. Soc Issues Policy Rev. 2017;11(1):195-231.Wurm S, Diehl M, Kornadt AE, Westerhof GJ, Wahl HW. How do views on aging affect health outcomes in adulthood and late life? Explanations for an established connection. Dev Rev. 2017;46:27-43.Meisner BA. A meta-analysis of positive and negative age stereotype priming effects on behavior among older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2012;67(1):13-7.Gil Barreiro M, Trujillo Grás O. Estereotipos hacia los ancianos. Rev Cubana Med Gen Integr. 1997;13(1): 34-8. Piato RS, Capalbo LC, Alves Rezende MIR, Lehfeld LS, Alves Rezende MCR. O papel da Universidade Aberta à Terceira Idade na educação ambiental. Arch Health Invest.2014;3(5):66-71.Schroyen S, Adam S, Marquet M, et al. Communication of healthcare professionals: Is there ageism? Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2018;27(1):10.1111.Chrisler JC, Barney A, Palatino B. Ageism can be hazardous to women’s health: ageism, sexism, and stereotypes of older women in the healthcare system. J Soc Issues. 2016;72(1):86-104.Arnold L, Shue CK, Jones D. Implementation of geriatric education into the first and second years of a baccalaureate-MD degree program. Acad Med. 2002;77(9):933-34.Thornhill J 4th, Richeson N, Roberts E. Senior mentor program: a geriatrics focused curriculum. Acad Med. 2002;77(9):934-35.Bates T, Cohan M, Bragg DS, Bedinghaus J. The Medical College of Wisconsin Senior Mentor Program: experience of a lifetime. Gerontol Geriatr Educ. 2006;27(2):93-103.Levy SR. Toward Reducing Ageism: PEACE (Positive Education about Aging and Contact Experiences) Model. Gerontologist. 2018;58(2): 226-32.Abrams D, Eller A, Bryant J. An age apart: the effects of intergenerational contact and stereotype threat on performance and intergroup bias. Psychol Aging. 2006;21(4):691-702.Swift HJ, Abrams D, Marques S. Threat or boost? Social comparison affects older people's performance differently depending on task domain. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2013;68(1):23-30.Pruchno R, Heid AR, Genderson MW. Resilience and successful aging: aligning complementary constructs using a life course approach. Psychol Inquiry. 2015;26(2):200–7.Windle G. The contribution of resilience to healthy ageing. Perspect Public Health. 2012;132(4):159-60.Liébana-Presa C, Andina-Díaz E, Reguera-García MM, Fulgueiras-Carril I, Bermejo-Martínez D, Fernández-Martínez E. Social Network Analysis and Resilience in University Students: An Approach from Cohesiveness. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(10):2119.Fernández-Martínez E, Andina-Díaz E, Fernández-Peña R, García-López R, Fulgueiras-Carril I, Liébana-Presa C. Social Networks, Engagement and Resilience in University Students. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(12):1488.Montepare JM, Farah KS. Talk of Ages: Using intergenerational classroom modules to engage older and younger students across the curriculum. Gerontol Geriatr Educ. 2018;39(3):385-94.Montepare JM, Farah KS, Doyle A, Dixon J. Becoming an Age-Friendly University (AFU): Integrating a retirement community on campus. Gerontol Geriatr Educ. 2019;40(2):179-93.Andreoletti C, June A. Coalition building to create an Age-Friendly University (AFU). Gerontol Geriatr Educ. 2019;40(2):142-52.Chesser S, Porter M. Charting a future for Canada's first Age-Friendly University (AFU). Gerontol Geriatr Educ. 2019;40(2):153-65.Clark PG, Leedahl SN. Becoming and being an Age-Friendly University (AFU): Strategic considerations and practical implications. Gerontol Geriatr Educ. 2019;40(2):166-78.Leedahl SN, Brasher MS, Estus E, Breck BM, Dennis CB, Clark SC. Implementing an interdisciplinary intergenerational program using the Cyber Seniors® reverse mentoring model within higher education. Gerontol Geriatr Educ. 2018;1-19.Andreoletti C, Howard JL. Bridging the generation gap: Intergenerational service-learning benefits young and old. Gerontol Geriatr Educ. 2018;39(1):46-60.

Forgée au départ par Antonio Gramsci (Liguori 2016) la notion de « subalterne », définie comme relation de subordination, renvoie au départ de l’année 1988, aux subaltern studies qui proposent sous l’instigation de l’historien Ranajit Guha (1997) d’analyser la place et les groupes subalternes dans l’histoire moderne de l’Inde. Ces études accorderont une place importante à l’analyse des discours pour y appréhender les voix bâillonnées des individus appartenant aux groupes se situant à la base de la pyramide sociale, considérés comme les agents du changement social et politique. Elles développeront une critique de l’historiographie nationaliste et anti-coloniale dans le même temps qu’elles essaieront de restituer la capacité des « sans-voix » marginalisés comme les paysans pauvres, les femmes, les intouchables, et d'autres voix. De nos jours, les subaltern studies sont englobées par les théories postcoloniales qui émergent dans les années 1990 en Asie du Sud. Celles-ci questionnent la perspective du colonisateur sur les colonisés et accusent la pensée occidentale d’imposer, aux élites intellectuelles et aux classes populaires des pays du Sud, une conception éloignée des réalités locales. Cette hégémonie intellectuelle tend donc à limiter l’expression des subalternes et à en réduire la diversité issue d’un grand nombre de communautés locales, ce qui a des conséquences désastreuses sur la communication Nord-Sud. Les subaltern studies, portées à l’origine par des intellectuels d’Asie du Sud (Guha et Spivak 1988), se déploient notamment vers le Nord, nommément dans l’espace anglo-saxon, mais également dans les pays de l’Amérique latine. Dans ce dernier champ, elles ont contribué, entre autres, à mettre en exergue, les effets négatifs de la mondialisation. Les travaux critiques d’Edgardo Lander et d’Aníbal Quijano (2005) se concentrent sur l’analyse de la colonialité du pouvoir et du savoir, ainsi que sur la critique de l’eurocentrisme, compris comme une perspective binaire et dualiste de la connaissance qui est venue à s’imposer mondialement de manière hégémonique au fur et à mesure de l’expansion européenne sur la planète. Au Brésil, à travers le prisme de la critique postcoloniale, Claudia Miranda (2006), se penche, sur les discours des intellectuels afrodescendants, jugés en situation de subalternité, qui se mettront en évidence à l’occasion de la lutte pour la démocratisation et de la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques d’action positive en faveur de l’accès des Noirs à l’enseignement supérieur. La production d’études subalternes dans le monde francophone est, quant à elle, récente et moins abondante. Néanmoins, il faut mentionner l’existence dans ce champ de courants de pensée antérieurs qui participent bien avant les années 1980 à la critique de la situation des colonisés en Afrique et dans les départements d’outre-mer. Citons à ce titre, les critiques effectuées par les chantres de la négritude que sont Léopold Sédar Senghor (1964, 1977), Aimé Césaire (2004[2004]) ou encore Frantz Fanon (2001[1952]) même si celles-ci ne viennent pas à s’appuyer expressément sur la notion de « subalternité ». C’est dans cette large perspective que la « subalternité » découle de deux phénomènes historiques : la décolonisation et la mondialisation. Même s’ils ne sont pas concomitants, leurs effets politiques, économiques et sociaux impliquent différents groupes subalternes au Nord comme au Sud, notamment les réfugiés, les émigrés, les minorités ethniques ou sexuelles opprimées, voire les femmes soumises aux diktats de cultures machistes. Après avoir été adopté et enrichi par des penseurs du Sud, le terme est aujourd’hui devenu un concept adapté aux deux hémisphères. Outre la restriction au droit à la parole — donc au pouvoir d’énonciation —, ce qui rapproche les subalternes du Nord et du Sud, c’est leur bas niveau de revenu, qui les prive d’aisance matérielle; leur qualité de vie, leur bien-être et leurs libertés qui sont donc moindres que ceux des autres groupes nationaux. Ces restrictions les enferment dans la spirale décrite par Amartya Sen (2010) : la limitation de la liberté économique réduit les libertés sociales, ce qui entraîne une nouvelle perte de liberté économique. Ce cercle vicieux affaiblit les subalternes, les opprime et les maintient dans un silence qui réduit leur capacité d’action. La liberté de parole libère une énergie et une puissance singulières pour dénoncer et abolir les servitudes. Participer aux débats et aux décisions collectives suppose l’existence d’une reconnaissance mutuelle fondée sur la liberté d’expression et la perception d’une égale dignité. L’égalité de parole découle précisément de l’expérience de l’égale dignité, comme, par exemple, dans la reconnaissance d’une même qualité d’honneur chez les anciens Spartiates ou d’une même valeur chez les citoyens athéniens, et dans l’usage de la palabre chez les sages et chefs de villages africains. Pour les groups subalternes, la liberté de parole est donc une arme de libération contre les discours qui les ignorent et contre les pratiques et les dispositifs qui les réduisent au silence. Face à l’immédiatisme du journalisme et de l’économie, l’anthropologie a, sur ce thème, l’avantage du temps de la réflexion, de l’enquête approfondie et de la comparaison. L’étude ethnographique, la reconstruction des récits de vie et l’analyse de discours permettent une nouvelle approche des relations politiques, sociales et culturelles Nord-Sud. Habitués à la prise de distance face à leur propre culture, les anthropologues sont particulièrement bien outillés pour porter un regard neuf sur les pratiques de discrimination et d’exclusion et le sentiment d’abandon vécu par les groupes subalternes (difficultés de se faire entendre et voir leurs problèmes pris en charge par les pouvoirs publics) dans les pays du Nord comme du Sud. Rien d’extraordinaire donc à ce que les anthropologues, d’où qu’ils soient, viennent à s’emprunter concepts et arguments et à communiquer davantage.

Based on notions of cultural studies on identity and difference, this article discusses and problematizes the notion of multiculturalism, evidencing it as a useful concept to understand meanings built on changes introduced in the university from the introduction of quotas - particularly in social relations and in the formation and practice of the future professional of medicine. As a data collection technique, semi-structured interviews were conducted with students of the UFRJ (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) medical school, an institution that was very resistant to the introduction of this policy. Content analysis was employed for the analysis of the constructions carried out by the students in different periods of the course. The results showed the identification of power relations and conflicts as mediators of the conviviality among the multiple cultures; at the same time, we found the recognition that the coexistence of multiple cultures introduces new agenda, brings the concreteness of other experiences previously absent from this context, which is an invitation to reflect on the role of this institution, the medical course, and its curriculum. In spite of not solving social inequalities, the politics of quotas causes important fissures in the social, cultural and racial homogeneity that, in general, characterizes the elite courses such as medicine. Thus, it is important to reflect on the dynamics of the processes of identity construction present in this space, making possible inquiries about the formation of this professional and the possibility of more democratic relations in the public university.ResumoCom base em noções dos estudos culturais sobre identidade e diferença este artigo discute e problematiza a noção de multiculturalismo, evidenciando-a como conceito útil para entender significados construídos sobre mudanças introduzidas na universidade a partir da introdução das cotas – particularmente nas relações sociais e na formação e atuação do futuro profissional da medicina. Como técnica de coleta de dados fez-se uso de entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas com alunos/as do curso de medicina da UFRJ (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), instituição que foi muito resistente à introdução dessa política. Para a análise das construções realizadas pelos alunos em diferentes períodos do curso recorreu-se à análise de conteúdo. Dentre os resultados evidenciou-se a identificação de relações de poder e conflitos como mediadores do convívio entre as múltiplas culturas; ao mesmo tempo, encontrou o reconhecimento que o convívio de múltiplas culturas introduz novas pautas e a concretude de outras experiências anteriormente ausentes desse contexto e que são um convite para se refletir sobre o papel dessa instituição, do curso de medicina e de seu currículo. A despeito de por si só não solucionar as desigualdades sociais, a política de cotas provoca fissuras importantes na homogeneidade social, cultural e racial que, de forma geral, caracteriza os cursos como o de medicina. Assim, é importante refletir sobre a dinâmica dos processos de construção identitária presentes neste espaço, possibilitando indagações sobre a formação desse profissional e a possibilidade de relações mais democráticas na universidade pública. Keywords: Multiculturalism, Identities, Medical training, Quotas system.Palavras-chave: Multiculturalismo, Identidades, Formação médica, Sistema de cotas.ReferencesBATISTA, Nildo Alves; SILVA, Sylvia Helena Souza da. O professor de medicina: conhecimento, experiência e formação. São Paulo: Edições Loyola, 1998.BOGDAN, Robert; BIKLEN, Sari. Características da investigação qualitativa. In: BOGDAN, Robert; BIKLEN, Sari. Investigação qualitativa em educação. Portugal: Porto, 1994. p. 19-46.BRANDÃO, Carlos da Fonseca. As cotas na universidade pública brasileira: será esse o caminho?. Campinas: Autores Associados, 2005.BRASIL. Resolução nº 3, de 2014. Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais do Curso de Graduação em Medicina. Brasília: MEC, Disponível em: <portal.mec.gov.br/cne/arquivos/pdf/Med.pdf>. Acesso em: 04 abr. 2015.BRASIL. Ricardo Lewandowski (Relator). Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental 186. Brasília. 2012a. Disponível em: http://www.stf.jus.br/arquivo/cms/ noticiaNoticiaStf/anexo/AD PF186RL.pdf. Acesso em: 3 mai. 2017.BRASIL. MEC. A democratização e expansão da educação superior no país 2003 – 2014. Disponível em: <portal.mec.gov.br/índex.php?opition=com _docman &view= download &alias=16762-balanco-social-sesu-2003-2014 &Itemid=30192> Acesso em: 17 abr. 2017.BRASIL. SEPPIR. Secretaria de Políticas de Promoção da Igualdade Racial. www.seppir.gov.br. Acesso em: out. 2015.BRASIL. Presidência da República. Lei n. 12.711. 2012.BRASIL. Presidência da República. Decreto n. 6.096. 2007.BRASIL. MEC. SISU Resultado. Disponível em:<www.brasil.gov.br/educacao/ 2017/01/mec-divulga-resultado-da-1-edicao-do-sisu-2017>. Acesso em: 20 abr 2017.CANCLINI, Néstor Garcia. Consumidores e cidadãos: conflitos multiculturais da globalização. Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ, 1996.CANDAU, Vera Maria. Direitos humanos, educação e interculturalidade: as tensões entre igualdade e diferença. Revista Brasileira de Educação, Rio de Janeiro, v. 13, n. 37, p.45-56, abr. 2008. Disponível em http://www.anped.org. br/site/rbe/rbe. Acesso em: 18 nov. 2016.CECCIM, Ricardo Burg; FERLA, Alcindo Antônio. Educação e Saúde: Ensino e Cidadania como Travessia de Fronteiras. Trabalho Educação Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, v. 6, n. 3, p. 233-257, 2008. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/ scielo.php? script= sci_ arttext&pid=S1981-77462008000300003&lng =pt&n rm=iso. Acesso em: 20 dez. 2016.COSTA, Marisa Vorraber; WORTMANN, Maria Lúcia; BONIN, Iara Tatiana. Contribuições dos estudos culturais às pesquisas sobre currículo – uma revisão. Currículo sem Fronteiras, v. 16, n. 3, p. 509-541, set./dez. 2016. Disponível em http://www.curriculosemfronteiras.org/vol16iss3articles/costa-wortmann-bonin.pdf. Acesso em 02 nov. 2017.DOEBBER, Michele Barcelos. Processos de in/exclusão na universidade: um olhar sobre a pesquisa acadêmica e a questão étnico racial. In: REUNIÃO NACIONAL ANPED, 33., 2010, Caxambu. Anais [...] . Caxambu: Anped, 2010. p. 01 - 15. Disponível em: <http://33reuniao.anped.org.br/33encontro/app/ webroot/files/file/Trabalhos em PDF/GT21-6655--Int.pdf>. Acesso em: 22 jan. 2015.FOUCAULT, Michel. História da sexualidade – a vontade de saber. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 2014.GIROUX, Henry A.. Atos impuros: a prática política dos estudos culturais. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2003.HALL, Stuart. A identidade cultural na pós-modernidade. Rio de Janeiro: DP&A, 2011.HALL, Stuart. Da diáspora: identidades e mediações culturais. Belo Horizonte: UFMG, 2003.LIMA, Marcus Eugênio Oliveira; NEVES, Paulo Sérgio da Costa; SILVA, Paula Bacellar. A implantação de cotas na universidade: paternalismo e ameaça à posição dos grupos dominantes. Revista Brasileira de Educação, Rio de Janeiro, v. 19, n. 56, p. 141-254, mar. 2014. Disponível em: http://www. scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=s1413-2478201400010 0008&script=sci_ abstract &tlng=pt. Acesso em: mai. 2016.MARQUES, Eugenia Portela de Siqueira; BRITO, Ireni Aparecida Moreira. Os candidatos aprovados pelo regime de cotas raciais e os conflitos sobre a identidade negra na banca avaliadora de fenótipo. In: REUNIÃO NACIONAL ANPED, 37., 2015, Florianópolis. Anais [...] . Florianópolis: Anped, 2015. p. 01 - 16. Disponível em: <http://37reuniao.anped.org.br/wp-content/uploads/ 2015/02/Trabalho-GT21-4296.pdf>. Acesso em: 20 jun. 2016.NEVES, Paulo S. C.; FARO, André; SCHMITZ, Heike. As ações afirmativas na Universidade Federal de Sergipe e o reconhecimento social: a face oculta das avaliações. Ensaio: avaliação, política pública em educação, Rio de Janeiro, v. 24, n. 90, p. 127-160, mar. 2016. Disponível em: http://www.scielo. br/scielo.php?pid=S0104-40362016000100127&script=sci_abstract&tlng=pt. Acesso em: maio 2016.PAIXÃO, Marcelo. Memórias de uma luta inesquecível. In: AdUFRJ. Dossiê Afirmativo - A Universidade do Brasil. Ano 15 n. 1. 2016.PEREIRA, Amauri Mendes. Um raio em céu azul: reflexões sobre a política de cotas e a identidade nacional brasileira. Estudos Afro-asiático, Rio de Janeiro, ano 25, n. 3, p. 463-482, 2003. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/ scielo.php?pid=S0101-546X2003 000300004&script=sci_abstract&tlng=pt. Acesso em: abr. 2016.QUINTANILHA, Flavia Renata. A concepção de justiça de John Rawls. Intuitio, Porto Alegre, v. 3, n. 1, p. 33-44, jun. 2010. Disponível em: <revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/ojs/índex.php/intuitio/article/view/6107/5176>. Acesso em: 02 nov. 2017.SILVA, Tomaz Tadeu da. A produção social da identidade e da diferença. In: SILVA, Tomaz Tadeu da. (Org.)Identidade e diferença: a perspectiva dos estudos culturais. Petrópolis, RJ: Vozes, 2000.VALENTIM, Daniela Frida Drelich. A heterogeneidade agora é a marca da universidade. Representações dos professores da faculdade de direito em relação aos alunos cotistas. In: REUNIÃO NACIONAL ANPED, 30., 2007, Caxambu. Anais [...] . Caxambu: Anped, 2007. p. 01 - 15. Disponível em: <http://30reuniao.anped. org.br/ trabalhos/GT21-3022--Int.pdf>. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2015.WALSH, Catherine. Interculturalidade crítica e pedagogia decolonial: in-surgir, re-existir e re-viver. In: CANDAU, Vera Maria. (Org.) Educação intercultural na América Latina: entre concepções, tensões e propostas. Rio de Janeiro: 7 Letras, 2009.

This paper is part of a larger project exploring Australian literary responses to the Great War of 1914-1918. It draws on theories of embodiment, mourning, ritual and the recuperative potential of writing, together with a brief discussion of selected exemplars, to suggest that literary works of the period contain and lay bare a suite of creative, corporeal and social impulses, including resurrection, placation or stilling of ghosts, and formation of an empathic and duty-bound community. In Negotiating with the Dead, Margaret Atwood hypothesises that “all writing of the narrative kind, and perhaps all writing, is motivated, deep down, by a fear of and a fascination with mortality—by a desire to make the risky trip to the Underworld, and to bring something or someone back from the dead” (156). She asks an attendant question: “why should it be writing, over and above any other art or medium,” that functions this way? It is not only that writing acquires the appearance of permanence, by surviving “its own performance,” but also that some arts are transient, like dance, while others, like painting and sculpture and music, do “not survive as voice.” For Atwood, writing is a “score for voice,” and what the voice does mostly is tell stories, whether in prose or poetry: “Something unfurls, something reveals itself” (158). Writing, by this view, conjures, materialises or embodies the absent or dead, or is at least laden with this potential. Of course, as Katherine Sutherland observes, “representation is always the purview of the living, even when the order it constructs contains the dead” (202). She argues that all writing about death “might be regarded as epitaph or memorial; such writing is likely to contain the signs of ritual but also of ambiguity and forgetting” (204). Arguably writing can be regarded as participation in a ritual that “affirms membership of the collectivity, and through symbolic manipulation places the life of an individual within a much broader, sometimes cosmic, interpretive framework” (Seale 29), which may assist healing in relation to loss, even if some non-therapeutic purposes, such as restoration of social and political order, also lie behind both rites and writing. In a critical orthodoxy dating back to the 1920s, it has become accepted wisdom that the Australian literary response to the war was essentially nationalistic, “big-noting” ephemera, and thus of little worth (see Gerster and Caesar, for example). Consequently, as Bruce Clunies Ross points out, most Australian literary output of the period has “dropped into oblivion.” In his view, neglect of writings by First World War combatants is not due to its quality, “for this is not the only, or even the essential, condition” for consideration; rather, it is attributable to a “disjunction between the ideals enshrined in the Anzac legend and the experiences recorded or depicted” (170). The silence, we argue, also encompasses literary responses by non-combatants, many of whom were women, though limited space precludes consideration here of their particular contributions.Although poetry and fiction by those of middling or little literary reputation is not normally subject to critical scrutiny, it is patently not the case that there is no body of literature from the war period worthy of scholarly consideration, or that most works are merely patriotic, jingoistic, sentimental and in service of recruitment, even though these elements are certainly present. Our different proposition is that the “lost literatures” deserve attention for various reasons, including the ways they embody conflicting aims and emotions, as well as overt negotiations with the dead, during a period of unprecedented anguish. This is borne out by our substantial collection of creative writing provoked by the war, much of which was published by newspapers, magazines and journals. As Joy Damousi points out in The Labour of Loss, newspapers were the primary form of communication during the war, and never before or since have they dominated to such a degree; readers formed collective support groups through shared reading and actual or anticipated mourning, and some women commiserated with each other in person and in letters after reading casualty lists and death notices (21). The war produced the largest body count in the history of humanity to that time, including 60,000 Australians: none was returned to Australia for burial. They were placed in makeshift graves close to where they died, where possible marked by wooden crosses. At the end of the war, the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) was charged with the responsibility of exhuming and reinterring bodily remains in immaculately curated cemeteries across Europe, at Gallipoli and in the Middle East, as if the peace demanded it. As many as one third of the customary headstones were inscribed with “known unto God,” the euphemism for bodies that could not be identified. The CWGC received numerous requests from families for the crosses, which might embody their loved one and link his sacrificial death with resurrection and immortality. For allegedly logistical reasons, however, all crosses were destroyed on site. Benedict Anderson suggested the importance to nationalism of the print media, which enables private reading of ephemera to generate a sense of communion with thousands or millions of anonymous people understood to be doing likewise. Furthermore, Judith Herman demonstrates in Trauma and Recovery that sharing traumatic experience with others is a “precondition for the restitution of a sense of a meaningful world” (70). Need of community and restitution extends to the dead. The practices of burying the dead together and of returning the dead to their homeland when they die abroad speak to this need, for “in establishing a society of the dead, the society of the living regularly recreates itself” (Hertz qtd. in Searle 66). For Australians, the society of the dead existed elsewhere, in unfamiliar terrain, accentuating the absence inherent in all death. The society of the dead and missing—and thus of the living and wounded—was created and recreated throughout the war via available means, including literature. Writers of war-related poems and fiction helped create and sustain imagined communities. Dominant use of conventional, sometimes archaic, literary forms, devices, language and imagery indicates desire for broadly accessible and purposeful communication; much writing invokes shared grief, resolve, gratitude, and sympathy. Yet, in many stories and poems, there is also ambivalence in relation to sacrifice and the community of the dead.Speaking in the voice of the other is a fundamental task of the creative writer, and the ultimate other, the dead, gaze upon and speak to or about the living in a number of poems. For example, they might vocalise displeasure and plead for reinforcements, as, for example, in Ella M’Fadyen’s poem “The Wardens,” published in the Sydney Mail in 1918, which includes the lines: “Can’t you hear them calling in the night-time’s lonely spaces […] Can’t you see them passing […] Those that strove full strongly, and have laid their lives away?” The speaker hears and conveys the pleading of those who have given their breath in order to make explicit the reader’s responsibility to both the dead and the Allied cause: “‘Thus and thus we battled, we were faithful in endeavour;/Still it lies unfinished—will ye make the deed in vain?’” M’Fadyen focusses on soldierly sacrifice and “drafts that never came,” whereas a poem entitled “Your Country’s Call,” published in the same paper in 1915 by “An Australian Mother, Shirley, Queensland,” refers to maternal sacrifice and the joys and difficulties of birthing and raising her son only to find the country’s claims on him outweigh her own. She grapples with patriotism and resistance: “he must go/forth./Where? Why? Don’t think. Just smother/up the pain./Give him up quickly, for his country’s gain.” The War Precautions Act of October 1914 made it “illegal to publish any material likely to discourage recruiting or undermine the Allied effort” (Damousi 21), which undoubtedly meant that, to achieve publication, critical, depressing or negative views would need to be repressed or cast as inducement to enlist, though evidently many writers also sought to convince themselves as well as others that the cause was noble and the cost redeemable. “Your Country’s Call” concludes uncertainly, “Give him up proudly./You have done your share./There may be recompense—somewhere.”Sociologist Clive Seal argues that “social and cultural life involves turning away from the inevitability of death, which is contained in the fact of our embodiment, and towards life” (1). He contends that “grief for embodiment” is pervasive and perpetual and “extends beyond the obvious manifestations of loss by the dying and bereaved, to incorporate the rituals of everyday interaction” (200), and he goes so far as to suggest that if we recognise that our bodies “give to us both our lives and our deaths” then we can understand that “social and cultural life can, in the last analysis, be understood as a human construction in the face of death” (210). To deal with the grief that comes with “realisation of embodiment,” Searle finds that we engage in various “resurrective practices designed to transform an orientation towards death into one that points towards life” (8). He includes narrative reconstruction as well as funeral lament and everyday conversation as rituals associated with maintenance of the social bond, which is “the most crucial human motive” (Scheff qtd. in Searle 30). Although Seale does not discuss the acts of writing or of reading specifically, his argument can be extended, we believe, to include both as important resurrective practices that contain desire for self-repair and reorientation as well as for inclusion in and creation of an empathic moral community, though this does not imply that such desires can ever be satisfied. In “Reading,” Virginia Woolf reminds that “somewhere, everywhere, now hidden, now apparent in whatever is written down is the form of a human being” (28-29), but her very reminder assumes that this knowledge of embodiment tends to be forgotten or repressed. Writing, by its aura of permanence and resurrective potential, points towards life and connection, even as it signifies absence and disconnection. Christian Riegel explains that the “literary work of mourning,” whether poetry, fiction or nonfiction, often has both a psychic and social function, “partaking of the processes of mourning while simultaneously being a product for public reception.” Such a text is indicative of ways that societies shape and control responses to death, making it “an inherently socio-historical construct” (xviii). Jacques Derrida’s passionate and uneasy enactment of this labour in The Work of Mourning suggests that writing often responds to the death of a known person or their oeuvre, where each death changes and reduces the world, so that the world as one knew it “sinks into an abyss” (115). Of course, writing also wrestles with anonymous, large-scale loss which is similarly capable of shattering our sense of “ontological security” (Riegel xx). Sandra Gilbert proposes that some traumatic events cause “death’s door” to swing “so publicly and dramatically open that we can’t look away” (xxii). Derrida’s work of mourning entails imaginative revival of those he has lost and is a struggle with representation and fidelity, whereas critical silence in respect of the body of literature of the First World War might imply repeated turning from “grief for embodiment” towards myths of immortality and indebtedness. Commemorating the war dead might be regarded as a resurrective practice that forges and fortifies communities of the living, while addressing the imagined demands of those who die for their nation.Riegel observes that in its multiplicity of motivations and functions, the literary work of mourning is always “an attempt to make present that which is irrefutably lost, and within that paradoxical tension lies a central tenet of all writerly endeavour that deals with the representation of death” (xix). The literary work of mourning must remain incomplete: it is “always a limiting attempt at revival and at representation,” because words inevitably “fail to replace a lost one.” Even so, they can assist in the attempt to “work through and understand” loss (xix). But the reader or mourner is caught in a strange situation, for he or she inevitably scrutinises words not the body, a corpus not a corpse, and while this is a form of evasion it is also the only possibility open to us. Even so, Derrida might say that it is “as if, by reading, by observing the signs on the drawn sheet of paper, [readers are] trying to forget, repress, deny, or conjure away death—and the anxiety before death.” But he also concedes (after Sarah Kofman), that this process might involve “a cunning affirmation of life, its irrepressible movement to survive, to live on” (176), which supports Seale’s contention in relation to resurrective practices generally. Atwood points out that the dead have always made demands on the living, but, because there is a risk in negotiating with the dead, there needs to be good reason or reward for doing so. Our reading of war literature written by noncombatants suggests that in many instances writers seek to appease the unsettled dead whose death was meant to mean something for the future: the living owe the dead a debt that can only be paid by changing the way they live. The living, in other words, must not only remember the fallen, but also heed them by their conduct. It becomes the poet’s task to remind people of this, that is, to turn them from death towards life.Arthur H Adams’s 1918 poem “When the Anzac Dead Came Home,” published in the Bulletin, is based on this premise: the souls of the dead— the “failed” and “fallen”—drift uncertainly over their homeland, observing the world to which they cannot return, with its “cheerful throng,” “fair women swathed in fripperies,” and “sweet girls” that cling “round windows like bees on honeycomb.” One soul recognises a soldier, Steve, from his former battalion, a mate who kept his life but lost his arm and, after hovering for a while, again “wafts far”; his homecoming creates a “strange” stabbing pain, an ache in his pal’s “old scar.” In this uncanny scene, irreconcilable and traumatic knowledge expresses itself somatically. The poet conveys the viewpoint of the dead Anzac rather than the returned one. The living soldier, whose body is a site of partial loss, does not explicitly conjure or mourn his dead friend but, rather, is a living extension of his loss. In fact, the empathic connection construed by the poet is not figured as spectral orchestration or as mindful on the part of man or community; rather, it occurs despite bodily death or everyday living and forgetting; it persists as hysterical pain or embodied knowledge. Freud and Breuer’s influential Studies on Hysteria, published in 1895, raised the issue of mind/body relations, given its theory that the hysteric’s body expresses psychic trauma that she or he may not recollect: repressed “memories of aetiological significance” result in “morbid symptoms” (56). They posited that experience leaves traces which, like disinterred archaeological artefacts, inform on the past (57). However, such a theory depends on what Rousseau and Porter refer to as an “almost mystical collaboration between mind and body” (vii), wherein painful or perverse or unspeakable “reminiscences” are converted into symptoms, or “mnemic symbols,” which is to envisage the body as penetrable text. But how can memory return unbidden and in such effective disguise that the conscious mind does not recognise it as memory? How can the body express pain without one remembering or acknowledging its origin? Do these kinds of questions suggest that the Cartesian mind/body split has continued valency despite the challenge that hysteria itself presents to such a theory? Is it possible, rather, that the body itself remembers—and not just its own replete form, as suggested by those who feel the presence of a limb after its removal—but the suffering body of “the other”? In Adam’s poem, as in M’Fadyen’s, intersubjective knowledge subsists between embodied and disembodied subjects, creating an imagined community of sensation.Adams’s poem envisions mourning as embodied knowledge that allows one man to experience another’s pain—or soul—as both “old” and “strange” in the midst of living. He suggests that the dead gaze at us even as they are present “in us” (Derrida). Derrida reminds that ghosts occupy an ambiguous space, “neither life nor death, but the haunting of the one by the other” (41). Human mutability, the possibility of exchanging places in a kind of Socratic cycle of life and death, is posited by Adams, whose next stanzas depict the souls of the war dead reclaiming Australia and displacing the thankless living: blown to land, they murmur to each other, “’Tis we who are the living: this continent is dead.” A significant imputation is that the dead must be reckoned with, deserve better, and will not rest unless the living pay their moral dues. The disillusioned tone and intent of this 1918 poem contrasts with a poem Adams published in the Bulletin in 1915 entitled “The Trojan War,” which suggests even “Great Agamemnon” would “lift his hand” to honour “plain Private Bill,” the heroic, fallen Anzac who ventured forth to save “Some Mother-Helen sad at home. Some obscure Helen on a farm.” The act of war is envisaged as an act of birthing the nation, anticipating the Anzac legend, but simultaneously as its epitaph: “Upon the ancient Dardanelles New peoples write—in blood—their name.” Such a poem arguably invokes, though in ambiguous form, what Derrida (after Lyotard) refers to as the “beautiful death,” which is an attempt to lift death up, make it meaningful, and thereby foreclose or limit mourning, so that what threatens disorder and despair might instead reassure and restore “the body politic,” providing “explicit models of virtue” (Nass 82-83) that guarantee its defence and survival. Adams’ later poem, in constructing Steve as “a living fellow-ghost” of the dead Anzac, casts stern judgement on the society that fails to notice what has been lost even as it profits by it. Ideological and propagandist language is also denounced: “Big word-warriors still played the Party game;/They nobly planned campaigns of words, and deemed/their speeches deeds,/And fought fierce offensives for strange old creeds.” This complaint recalls Ezra Pound’s lines in Hugh Selwyn Mauberley about the dead who “walked eye-deep in hell/believing in old men’s lies, then unbelieving/came home, home to a lie/home to many deceits,/home to old lies and new infamy;/usury age-old and age-thick/and liars in public places,” and it would seem that this is the kind of disillusion and bitterness that Clunies Ross considers to be “incompatible with the Anzac tradition” (178) and thus ignored. The Anzac tradition, though quieted for a time, possibly due to the 1930s Depression, Second World War, Vietnam War and other disabling events has, since the 1980s, been greatly revived, with Anzac Day commemorations in Australia and at Gallipoli growing exponentially, possibly making maintenance of this sacrificial national mythology, or beautiful death, among Australia’s most capacious and costly creative industries. As we approach the centenary of the war and of Gallipoli, this industry will only increase.Elaine Scarry proposes that the imagination invents mechanisms for “transforming the condition of absence into presence” (163). It does not escape us that in turning towards lost literatures we are ourselves engaging in a form of resurrective practice and that this paper, like other forms of social and cultural practice, might be understood as one more human construction motivated by grief for embodiment.Note: An archive and annotated bibliography of the “Lost Literatures of the First World War,” which comprises over 2,000 items, is expected to be published online in 2015.References Adams, Arthur H. “When the Anzac Dead Came Home.” Bulletin 21 Mar. 1918.---. “The Trojan War.” Bulletin 20 May 1915.An Australian Mother. “Your Country’s Call.” Sydney Mail 19 May 1915.Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. 2nd ed. London: Verso, 1991.Atwood, Margaret. Negotiating with the Dead: A Writer on Writing. New York: Random House, 2002.Caesar, Adrian. “National Myths of Manhood: Anzac and Others.” The Oxford Literary History of Australia. Eds. Bruce Bennett and Jennifer Strauss. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1998. 147-168.Clunies Ross, Bruce. “Silent Heroes.” War: Australia’s Creative Response. Eds. Anna Rutherford and James Wieland. West Yorkshire: Dangaroo Press, 1997. 169-181.Damousi, Joy. The Labour of Loss: Mourning, Memory and Wartime Bereavement in Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.Derrida, Jacques. The Work of Mourning. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.Freud, Sigmund, and Joseph Breuer. Studies on Hysteria. Pelican Freud Library. Vol. 3. Trans. and eds. James Strachey, Alix Strachey, and Angela Richards. London: Penguin, 1988.Gerster, Robin. Big Noting: The Heroic Theme in Australian War Writing. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1992.Gilbert, Sandra M. Death’s Door: Modern Dying and the Ways We Grieve. New York: W.W. Norton, 2006.Herman, Judith. Trauma and Recovery. New York: Basic Books, 1992. M’Fayden, Ella. “The Wardens.” Sydney Mail 17 Apr. 1918.Naas, Michael. “History’s Remains: Of Memory, Mourning, and the Event.” Research in Phenomenology 33 (2003): 76-96.Pound, Ezra. “Hugh Selwyn Mauberly.” iv. 1920. 19 June 2012. ‹http://www.archive.org/stream/hughselwynmauber00pounrich/hughselwynmauber00pounrich_djvu.txt›.Riegal, Christian, ed. Response to Death: The Literary Work of Mourning. Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta Press, 2005. Rousseau, G.S., and Roy Porter. “Introduction: The Destinies of Hysteria.” Hysteria beyond Freud. Ed. Sander L. Gilman, Helen King, Roy Porter, G.S. Rousseau, and Elaine Showalter. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.Scarry, Elaine. The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.Seale, Clive. Constructing Death: The Sociology of Dying and Bereavement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.Sutherland, Katherine. “Land of Their Graves: Maternity, Mourning and Nation in Janet Frame, Sara Suleri, and Arundhati Roy.” Riegel 201-16.Woolf, Virginia. Collected Essays Volume 2. London: Hogarth, 1966. 28-29.

IntroductionFirmly located within the discourse of visible culture as the lofty preserve of art exhibitions and museum artefacts, the noun “curate” has gradually transformed into the verb “to curate”. Williams writes that “curate” has become a fashionable code word among the aesthetically minded to describe a creative activity. Designers no longer simply sell clothes; they “curate” merchandise. Chefs no longer only make food; they also “curate” meals. Chosen for their keen eye for a particular style or a precise shade, it is their knowledge of their craft, their reputation, and their sheer ability to choose among countless objects which make the creative process a creative activity in itself. Writing from within the framework of “curate” as a creative process, this article discusses how the state banquet for Queen Elizabeth II, hosted by Irish President Mary McAleese at Dublin Castle in May 2011, was carefully curated to represent Ireland’s diplomatic, cultural, and culinary identity. The paper will focus in particular on how the menu for the banquet was created and how the banquet’s brief, “Ireland on a Plate”, was fulfilled.History and BackgroundFood has been used by nations for centuries to display wealth, cement alliances, and impress foreign visitors. Since the feasts of the Numidian kings (circa 340 BC), culinary staging and presentation has belonged to “a long, multifaceted and multicultural history of diplomatic practices” (IEHCA 5). According to the works of Baughman, Young, and Albala, food has defined the social, cultural, and political position of a nation’s leaders throughout history.In early 2011, Ross Lewis, Chef Patron of Chapter One Restaurant in Dublin, was asked by the Irish Food Board, Bord Bía, if he would be available to create a menu for a high-profile banquet (Mahon 112). The name of the guest of honour was divulged several weeks later after vetting by the protocol and security divisions of the Department of the Taoiseach (Prime Minister) and the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Lewis was informed that the menu was for the state banquet to be hosted by President Mary McAleese at Dublin Castle in honour of Queen Elizabeth II’s visit to Ireland the following May.Hosting a formal banquet for a visiting head of state is a key feature in the statecraft of international and diplomatic relations. Food is the societal common denominator that links all human beings, regardless of culture (Pliner and Rozin 19). When world leaders publicly share a meal, that meal is laden with symbolism, illuminating each diner’s position “in social networks and social systems” (Sobal, Bove, and Rauschenbach 378). The public nature of the meal signifies status and symbolic kinship and that “guest and host are on par in terms of their personal or official attributes” (Morgan 149). While the field of academic scholarship on diplomatic dining might be young, there is little doubt of the value ascribed to the semiotics of diplomatic gastronomy in modern power structures (Morgan 150; De Vooght and Scholliers 12; Chapple-Sokol 162), for, as Firth explains, symbols are malleable and perfectly suited to exploitation by all parties (427).Political DiplomacyWhen Ireland gained independence in December 1921, it marked the end of eight centuries of British rule. The outbreak of “The Troubles” in 1969 in Northern Ireland upset the gradually improving environment of British–Irish relations, and it would be some time before a state visit became a possibility. Beginning with the peace process in the 1990s, the IRA ceasefire of 1994, and the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, a state visit was firmly set in motion by the visit of Irish President Mary Robinson to Buckingham Palace in 1993, followed by the unofficial visit of the Prince of Wales to Ireland in 1995, and the visit of Irish President Mary McAleese to Buckingham Palace in 1999. An official invitation to Queen Elizabeth from President Mary McAleese in March 2011 was accepted, and the visit was scheduled for mid-May of the same year.The visit was a highly performative occasion, orchestrated and ordained in great detail, displaying all the necessary protocol associated with the state visit of one head of state to another: inspection of the military, a courtesy visit to the nation’s head of state on arrival, the laying of a wreath at the nation’s war memorial, and a state banquet.These aspects of protocol between Britain and Ireland were particularly symbolic. By inspecting the military on arrival, the existence of which is a key indicator of independence, Queen Elizabeth effectively demonstrated her recognition of Ireland’s national sovereignty. On making the customary courtesy call to the head of state, the Queen was received by President McAleese at her official residence Áras an Uachtaráin (The President’s House), which had formerly been the residence of the British monarch’s representative in Ireland (Robbins 66). The state banquet was held in Dublin Castle, once the headquarters of British rule where the Viceroy, the representative of Britain’s Court of St James, had maintained court (McDowell 1).Cultural DiplomacyThe state banquet provided an exceptional showcase of Irish culture and design and generated a level of preparation previously unseen among Dublin Castle staff, who described it as “the most stage managed state event” they had ever witnessed (Mahon 129).The castle was cleaned from top to bottom, and inventories were taken of the furniture and fittings. The Waterford Crystal chandeliers were painstakingly taken down, cleaned, and reassembled; the Killybegs carpets and rugs of Irish lamb’s wool were cleaned and repaired. A special edition Newbridge Silverware pen was commissioned for Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip to sign the newly ordered Irish leather-bound visitors’ book. A new set of state tableware was ordered for the President’s table. Irish manufacturers of household goods necessary for the guest rooms, such as towels and soaps, hand creams and body lotions, candle holders and scent diffusers, were sought. Members of Her Majesty’s staff conducted a “walk-through” several weeks in advance of the visit to ensure that the Queen’s wardrobe would not clash with the surroundings (Mahon 129–32).The promotion of Irish manufacture is a constant thread throughout history. Irish linen, writes Kane, enjoyed a reputation as far afield as the Netherlands and Italy in the 15th century, and archival documents from the Vaucluse attest to the purchase of Irish cloth in Avignon in 1432 (249–50). Support for Irish-made goods was raised in 1720 by Jonathan Swift, and by the 18th century, writes Foster, Dublin had become an important centre for luxury goods (44–51).It has been Irish government policy since the late 1940s to use Irish-manufactured goods for state entertaining, so the material culture of the banquet was distinctly Irish: Arklow Pottery plates, Newbridge Silverware cutlery, Waterford Crystal glassware, and Irish linen tablecloths. In order to decide upon the table setting for the banquet, four tables were laid in the King’s Bedroom in Dublin Castle. The Executive Chef responsible for the banquet menu, and certain key personnel, helped determine which setting would facilitate serving the food within the time schedule allowed (Mahon 128–29). The style of service would be service à la russe, so widespread in restaurants today as to seem unremarkable. Each plate is prepared in the kitchen by the chef and then served to each individual guest at table. In the mid-19th century, this style of service replaced service à la française, in which guests typically entered the dining room after the first course had been laid on the table and selected food from the choice of dishes displayed around them (Kaufman 126).The guest list was compiled by government and embassy officials on both sides and was a roll call of Irish and British life. At the President’s table, 10 guests would be served by a team of 10 staff in Dorchester livery. The remaining tables would each seat 12 guests, served by 12 liveried staff. The staff practiced for several days prior to the banquet to make sure that service would proceed smoothly within the time frame allowed. The team of waiters, each carrying a plate, would emerge from the kitchen in single file. They would then take up positions around the table, each waiter standing to the left of the guest they would serve. On receipt of a discreet signal, each plate would be laid in front of each guest at precisely the same moment, after which the waiters would then about foot and return to the kitchen in single file (Mahon 130).Post-prandial entertainment featured distinctive styles of performance and instruments associated with Irish traditional music. These included reels, hornpipes, and slipjigs, voice and harp, sean-nόs (old style) singing, and performances by established Irish artists on the fiddle, bouzouki, flute, and uilleann pipes (Office of Public Works).Culinary Diplomacy: Ireland on a PlateLewis was given the following brief: the menu had to be Irish, the main course must be beef, and the meal should represent the very best of Irish ingredients. There were no restrictions on menu design. There were no dietary requirements or specific requests from the Queen’s representatives, although Lewis was informed that shellfish is excluded de facto from Irish state banquets as a precautionary measure. The meal was to be four courses long and had to be served to 170 diners within exactly 1 hour and 10 minutes (Mahon 112). A small army of 16 chefs and 4 kitchen porters would prepare the food in the kitchen of Dublin Castle under tight security. The dishes would be served on state tableware by 40 waiters, 6 restaurant managers, a banqueting manager and a sommélier. Lewis would be at the helm of the operation as Executive Chef (Mahon 112–13).Lewis started by drawing up “a patchwork quilt” of the products he most wanted to use and built the menu around it. The choice of suppliers was based on experience but also on a supplier’s ability to deliver perfectly ripe goods in mid-May, a typically black spot in the Irish fruit and vegetable growing calendar as it sits between the end of one season and the beginning of another. Lewis consulted the Queen’s itinerary and the menus to be served so as to avoid repetitions. He had to discard his initial plan to feature lobster in the starter and rhubarb in the dessert—the former for the precautionary reasons mentioned above, and the latter because it featured on the Queen’s lunch menu on the day of the banquet (Mahon 112–13).Once the ingredients had been selected, the menu design focused on creating tastes, flavours and textures. Several draft menus were drawn up and myriad dishes were tasted and discussed in the kitchen of Lewis’s own restaurant. Various wines were paired and tasted with the different courses, the final choice being a Château Lynch-Bages 1998 red and a Château de Fieuzal 2005 white, both from French Bordeaux estates with an Irish connection (Kellaghan 3). Two months and two menu sittings later, the final menu was confirmed and signed off by state and embassy officials (Mahon 112–16).The StarterThe banquet’s starter featured organic Clare Island salmon cured in a sweet brine, laid on top of a salmon cream combining wild smoked salmon from the Burren and Cork’s Glenilen Farm crème fraîche, set over a lemon balm jelly from the Tannery Cookery School Gardens, Waterford. Garnished with horseradish cream, wild watercress, and chive flowers from Wicklow, the dish was finished with rapeseed oil from Kilkenny and a little sea salt from West Cork (Mahon 114). Main CourseA main course of Irish beef featured as the pièce de résistance of the menu. A rib of beef from Wexford’s Slaney Valley was provided by Kettyle Irish Foods in Fermanagh and served with ox cheek and tongue from Rathcoole, County Dublin. From along the eastern coastline came the ingredients for the traditional Irish dish of smoked champ: cabbage from Wicklow combined with potatoes and spring onions grown in Dublin. The new season’s broad beans and carrots were served with wild garlic leaf, which adorned the dish (Mahon 113). Cheese CourseThe cheese course was made up of Knockdrinna, a Tomme style goat’s milk cheese from Kilkenny; Milleens, a Munster style cow’s milk cheese produced in Cork; Cashel Blue, a cow’s milk blue cheese from Tipperary; and Glebe Brethan, a Comté style cheese from raw cow’s milk from Louth. Ditty’s Oatmeal Biscuits from Belfast accompanied the course.DessertLewis chose to feature Irish strawberries in the dessert. Pat Clarke guaranteed delivery of ripe strawberries on the day of the banquet. They married perfectly with cream and yoghurt from Glenilen Farm in Cork. The cream was set with Irish Carrageen moss, overlaid with strawberry jelly and sauce, and garnished with meringues made with Irish apple balsamic vinegar from Lusk in North Dublin, yoghurt mousse, and Irish soda bread tuiles made with wholemeal flour from the Mosse family mill in Kilkenny (Mahon 113).The following day, President McAleese telephoned Lewis, saying of the banquet “Ní hé go raibh sé go maith, ach go raibh sé míle uair níos fearr ná sin” (“It’s not that it was good but that it was a thousand times better”). The President observed that the menu was not only delicious but that it was “amazingly articulate in terms of the story that it told about Ireland and Irish food.” The Queen had particularly enjoyed the stuffed cabbage leaf of tongue, cheek and smoked colcannon (a traditional Irish dish of mashed potatoes with curly kale or green cabbage) and had noted the diverse selection of Irish ingredients from Irish artisans (Mahon 116). Irish CuisineWhen the topic of food is explored in Irish historiography, the focus tends to be on the consequences of the Great Famine (1845–49) which left the country “socially and emotionally scarred for well over a century” (Mac Con Iomaire and Gallagher 161). Some commentators consider the term “Irish cuisine” oxymoronic, according to Mac Con Iomaire and Maher (3). As Goldstein observes, Ireland has suffered twice—once from its food deprivation and second because these deprivations present an obstacle for the exploration of Irish foodways (xii). Writing about Italian, Irish, and Jewish migration to America, Diner states that the Irish did not have a food culture to speak of and that Irish writers “rarely included the details of food in describing daily life” (85). Mac Con Iomaire and Maher note that Diner’s methodology overlooks a centuries-long tradition of hospitality in Ireland such as that described by Simms (68) and shows an unfamiliarity with the wealth of food related sources in the Irish language, as highlighted by Mac Con Iomaire (“Exploring” 1–23).Recent scholarship on Ireland’s culinary past is unearthing a fascinating story of a much more nuanced culinary heritage than has been previously understood. This is clearly demonstrated in the research of Cullen, Cashman, Deleuze, Kellaghan, Kelly, Kennedy, Legg, Mac Con Iomaire, Mahon, O’Sullivan, Richman Kenneally, Sexton, and Stanley, Danaher, and Eogan.In 1996 Ireland was described by McKenna as having the most dynamic cuisine in any European country, a place where in the last decade “a vibrant almost unlikely style of cooking has emerged” (qtd. in Mac Con Iomaire “Jammet’s” 136). By 2014, there were nine restaurants in Dublin which had been awarded Michelin stars or Red Ms (Mac Con Iomaire “Jammet’s” 137). Ross Lewis, Chef Patron of Chapter One Restaurant, who would be chosen to create the menu for the state banquet for Queen Elizabeth II, has maintained a Michelin star since 2008 (Mac Con Iomaire, “Jammet’s” 138). Most recently the current strength of Irish gastronomy is globally apparent in Mark Moriarty’s award as San Pellegrino Young Chef 2015 (McQuillan). As Deleuze succinctly states: “Ireland has gone mad about food” (143).This article is part of a research project into Irish diplomatic dining, and the author is part of a research cluster into Ireland’s culinary heritage within the Dublin Institute of Technology. The aim of the research is to add to the growing body of scholarship on Irish gastronomic history and, ultimately, to contribute to the discourse on the existence of a national cuisine. If, as Zubaida says, “a nation’s cuisine is its court’s cuisine,” then it is time for Ireland to “research the feasts as well as the famines” (Mac Con Iomaire and Cashman 97).ConclusionThe Irish state banquet for Queen Elizabeth II in May 2011 was a highly orchestrated and formalised process. From the menu, material culture, entertainment, and level of consultation in the creative content, it is evident that the banquet was carefully curated to represent Ireland’s diplomatic, cultural, and culinary identity.The effects of the visit appear to have been felt in the years which have followed. Hennessy wrote in the Irish Times newspaper that Queen Elizabeth is privately said to regard her visit to Ireland as the most significant of the trips she has made during her 60-year reign. British Prime Minister David Cameron is noted to mention the visit before every Irish audience he encounters, and British Foreign Secretary William Hague has spoken in particular of the impact the state banquet in Dublin Castle made upon him. Hennessy points out that one of the most significant indicators of the peaceful relationship which exists between the two countries nowadays was the subsequent state visit by Irish President Michael D. Higgins to Britain in 2013. This was the first state visit to the United Kingdom by a President of Ireland and would have been unimaginable 25 years ago. The fact that the President and his wife stayed at Windsor Castle and that the attendant state banquet was held there instead of Buckingham Palace were both deemed to be marks of special favour and directly attributed to the success of Her Majesty’s 2011 visit to Ireland.As the research demonstrates, eating together unites rather than separates, gathers rather than divides, diffuses political tensions, and confirms alliances. It might be said then that the 2011 state banquet hosted by President Mary McAleese in honour of Queen Elizabeth II, curated by Ross Lewis, gives particular meaning to the axiom “to eat together is to eat in peace” (Taliano des Garets 160).AcknowledgementsSupervisors: Dr Máirtín Mac Con Iomaire (Dublin Institute of Technology) and Dr Michael Kennedy (Royal Irish Academy)Fáilte IrelandPhotos of the banquet dishes supplied and permission to reproduce them for this article kindly granted by Ross Lewis, Chef Patron, Chapter One Restaurant ‹http://www.chapteronerestaurant.com/›.Illustration ‘Ireland on a Plate’ © Jesse Campbell BrownRemerciementsThe author would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their feedback and suggestions on an earlier draft of this article.ReferencesAlbala, Ken. The Banquet: Dining in the Great Courts of Late Renaissance Europe. 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Introduction: Doctor Who's “Wilderness Years”1989 saw the cancellation of the BBC's long-running science fiction television series Doctor Who (1965 -). The 1990s were largely bereft of original Doctor Who television content, leading fans to characterise that decade as the “wilderness years” for the franchise (McNaughton 194). From another perspective, though, the 1990s was an unprecedented time of production for Doctor Who media. From 1991 to 1997, Virgin Publishing was licensed by the BBC's merchandising division to publish a series of original Doctor Who novels, which they produced and marketed as a continuation of the television series (Gulyas 46). This series of novels, Doctor Who: The New Adventures (commonly referred to as “the Virgin New Adventures” by fans) proved popular enough to support a monthly release schedule, and from 1994 onwards, a secondary "Missing Adventures" series.Despite their central role in the 1990s, however, many fans have argued that the Doctor Who novels format makes them either less "canonical" than the television series, or completely "apocryphal" (Gulyas 48). This fits with a general trend in transmedia properties, where print-based expansions or spin-offs are generally considered less official or authentic than those that are screen-based (Hills 223). This article argues that the openness of the series to contributions from fan writers – and also some of the techniques and approaches prioritised in fan fiction - resulted in the Virgin range of Doctor Who novels having an unusually significant impact on the development and evolution of the franchise as a whole when compared to the print-based transmedia extensions of other popular series’. The article also argues that the tonal and stylistic influence of the New Adventures novels on the revived Doctor Who television series offers an interesting counter-example to the usually strict hierarchies of content that are implied in Henry Jenkins's influential model of transmedia storytelling. Transmedia StorytellingJenkins uses the term “transmedia storytelling” to describe the ways in which media franchises frequently expand beyond the format they originate with, potentially encompassing television series, films, games, toys, comics and more (Jenkins “Transmedia 202”). In discussing this paradigm, Jenkins notes the ways in which contemporary productions increasingly prioritise “integration and coordination” between the different forms of media (Jenkins Convergence Culture 105). As Jenkins argues, “most discussions of transmedia place a high emphasis on continuity – assuming that transmedia requires a high level of coordination and creative control and that all of the pieces have to cohere into a consistent narrative or world” (Jenkins “Transmedia 202”). Due to this increased emphasis on continuity, the ability to decide which media will be considered as “canonical” within the story-world of the franchise becomes an important one. Where previously questions of canon had been largely confined to fan discussions, debates and interpretive readings of media texts (Jenkins Textual Poachers 102-104), the proprietors of franchises in a transmedia economy have an interest in proactively defining and policing the canon. Designating a particular piece of media as a “canonical” expansion or spinoff of its parent text can be a useful marketing tool, as it creates the expectation that it will provide an important contribution. Correspondingly, declaring that a particular set of media texts is no longer canonical can make the franchise more accessible and allow the authors of new material more creative freedom (Proctor and Freeman 238-9).While Jenkins argues that a reliance on “one single source or ur-text” (“Transmedia 101”) is counter to the spirit of transmedia storytelling, Pillai notes that his emphasis on cohesiveness across diverse media tends to implicitly prioritise the parent text over its various offshoots (103-4). As the parent text establishes continuity and canon, any transmedia supplements are obligated to remain consistent with it, but this is often a one-sided and hierarchical relationship. For example, in the Star Wars transmedia franchise, the film series is considered crucial in establishing the canon; and transmedia supplements are obliged to remain consistent with it in order to be recognised as authentic. The filmmakers, however, are largely free to ignore or contradict the contributions of spin-off books.Hills notes that the components of transmedia franchises are often arranged into “transmedial hierarchies” (223), where screen-based media like films, television series and video games are assigned dominance over print-based productions like comics and novels. This hierarchy means that print-based works typically have a less secure place within the canon of transmedia franchises, despite often contributing a disproportionately large quantity of narratives and concepts (Guynes 143). Using the Star Wars Expanded Universe as an example, he notes a tendency whereby “franchise novels” are generally considered as disposable, and are easily erased or decanonised despite significantly long, carefully interwoven and coordinated periods of storytelling (143-5). Doctor Who as a Transmedia FranchiseWhile questions of canon are frequently debated and discussed among Doctor Who fans, it is less easy to make absolutist distinctions between canonical and apocryphal texts in Doctor Who than it is in other popular transmedia franchises. Unlike comparable transmedia productions, Doctor Who has traditionally lacked a singular authority over questions of canon and consistency in the manner that Jenkins argues for in his implicitly hierarchical conception of transmedia storytelling (Convergence Culture 106). Where franchises like Star Wars, Star Trek or The X-Files have been guided by creator-figures who either exert direct control over their various iterations or oblige them to remain broadly consistent with their original vision, Doctor Who has generally avoided this focus; creative control has passed between various showrunners and production teams, who have been largely free to establish their own style and tone.Furthermore, the franchise has traditionally favoured a largely self-contained and episodic style of storytelling; and different storylines and periods from its long history often contradict one another. For these reasons, Booth suggests that the largely retroactive attempts on the part of fans and critics to read the entire series as the type of transmedia production that Jenkins advocates for (i.e. an internally consistent narrative of connected stories) are counter-productive. He argues that Doctor Who is perhaps best understood not as a continuing series but as a long-running anthology, where largely autonomous stories and serials can be grouped into distinct “periods” of resemblance in terms of style and subject matter (198-206).As Britton argues, when appreciating Doctor Who as franchise, there is no particular need to assign primary importance to the parent media. Since its first season in 1965, the Doctor Who television series has been regularly supplemented by other media in the form of comics, annuals, films, stage-plays, audio-dramas, and novelisations. Britton maintains that as the transmedia works follow the same loosely connected, episodic structure as the television series, they operate as equally valid or equally disposable components within its metanarrative (1-9). Doctor Who writer Paul Cornell argues that given the accommodating nature of the show’s time-travel premise (which can easily accommodate the inconsistencies that Jenkins argues should be avoided in transmedia storytelling), and in the absence of a singular revered creator-figure or authority, absolutist pronouncements on canon from any source are unnecessary and exclusionary, either delegitimising texts that the audience may value, or insisting on familiarity with a particular text in order for an experience of the media to be considered “legitimate”. The Transmedia Legacy of the Virgin New AdventuresAs the Virgin Doctor Who novels are not necessarily diminished by either their lack of a clear canonical status or their placement as a print work within a screen-focused property, they can arguably be understood as constituting their own distinct “period” of Doctor Who in the manner defined by Booth. This claim is supported by the ways in which the New Adventures distinguish themselves from the typically secondary or supplemental transmedia extensions of most other television franchises.In contrast with the one-sided and hierarchical relationship that typically exists between the parent text and its transmedia extensions (Pillai 103-4), the New Adventures range did not attempt to signal their authenticity through stylistic and narrative consistency with their source material. Virgin had already published a long series of novelisations of story serials from the original television series under its children’s imprint, Target, but from their inception the New Adventures were aimed at a more mature audience. The editor of the range, Peter Darvill-Evans, observed that by the 1990s, Doctor Who’s dedicated fan base largely consisted of adults who had grown up with the series in the 1970s and 1980s rather than the children that both the television series and the novelisations had traditionally targeted (Perryman 23). The New Adventures were initially marketed as being “too broad and deep for the small screen” (Gulyas 46), positioning them as an improvement or evolution rather than an attempt to imitate the parent media or to compensate for its absence.By comparison, most other 1990s print-based supplements to popular screen franchises tended to closely mimic the style, tone and storytelling structure of their source material. For example, the Star Wars "Expanded Universe" series of novels (which began in 1991) were subject to strict editorial oversight to ensure they remained consistent with the films and were initially marketed as "film-like events" as a way of emphasising their equivalence to the original media (Proctor and Freeman 226). The Virgin New Adventures were also distinctive due to their open submission policy (which actively encouraged submissions from fan writers who had not previously achieved conventional commercial publication) alongside work from "professional" authors (Perryman 24). This policy began because Darvill-Evans noted the ability, high motivation and deep understanding of Doctor Who possessed by fan writers (Bishop) and it proved essential in establishing the more mature approach that the series was aiming for. After three indifferently received novels from professional authors, the first work from a fan author, Paul Cornell’s Timewyrm: Revelation (1991) became highly popular, due to its more grounded, serious and complex exploration of the character of the Doctor and their human companion. Following the success of Cornell’s novel, the series began to establish its own distinctive tone, emphasising gritty urban settings, character development and interpersonal drama, and the exploration of moral ambiguities and social and political issues that would have not been permissible in the original television series (Gulyas 46-8).Works by previously unpublished fan authors came to dominate the range to such an extent that the New Adventures has been described as “licensing professionally produced fan fiction” (Perryman 23). This trajectory established the New Adventures as an unusual hybrid text, combining the sanction of an official license with the usually unofficial phenomenon of fan custodianship. The cancellation of a television series (as experienced by Doctor Who in 1989) often allows its fan community to take custodianship of it in a variety of ways (McNoughton 194). While a series is being broadcast, fans are often constructed as elite but essentially ”powerless” readers, whose interpretations and desires can easily be contradicted or ignored by the series creators (Tulloch and Jenkins 141). With cancellation and a diminishing mass audience, fans become the custodians of the series and its memory. Their interpretations can no longer be overwritten, and they become the principle market for official merchandise and transmedia extensions (McNoughton 194-6).Also, fans can explore and fulfil their desires for the narrative direction and tone of the series, through the “cottage industries” of fan-created merchandise (196) and “gift economies” of fan fiction (Flegal and Roth 258), without being impeded or overruled by official developments in the parent media. This movement towards fan custodianship and production became more visible during the 1990s, as digital technology allowed for rapid communication, connection and exchange (Coppa 53). The Virgin New Adventures range arguably operated as a meeting point between officially sanctioned commercial spin-off media and the fan-centric industries of production that work to prolong the life and memory of a cancelled television series. Indeed, the direct inclusion of fan authors and the techniques and approaches associated with fan fiction likely helped to establish the deeper, more mature interpretation of Doctor Who offered by the New Adventures.As Stein and Busse observe, a recurring feature of fan fiction has been a focus on exploring the inner lives of the characters from its source media, and adding depth and complexity to their relationships (196-8). Furthermore, the successful New Adventures fan authors tended to offer support and encouragement to each other via their informal networks, which affected the development of the series as a transmedia production (Perryman 24). Flegal and Roth note that in contrast to often solitary and individualistic forms of “professional” and “literary” writing, the composition of fan fiction emerges out of collegial, supportive and reciprocal communities (265-8). The meeting point that the Virgin New Adventures provided between professional writing practice and the attitudes and approaches common to the types of fan fiction that were becoming more prominent in the nineties (Coppa 53-5) helped to shape the evolution of Doctor Who as a franchise.Where previous Doctor Who stories (regardless of the media or medium) had been largely isolated from each other, the informal fan networks that connected the New Adventures authors allowed and encouraged them to collaborate more closely, ensuring consistency between the instalments and plotting out multi-volume story-arcs and character development. Where the Star Wars Expanded Universe series of novels ensured consistency through extensive and often intrusive top-down editorial control (Proctor and Freeman 226-7), the New Adventures developed this consistency through horizontal relationships between authors. While Doctor Who has always been a transmedia franchise, the Virgin New Adventures may be the first point where it began to fully engage with the possibilities of the coordinated and consistent transmedia storytelling discussed by Jenkins (Perryman 24-6). It is notable that this largely developed out of the collaborative and reciprocal relationships common to communities of fan-creators rather than through the singular and centralised control that Jenkins advocates.While the Virgin range of Doctor Who novels ended long before the revival of the television series in 2005, its influence on the style, tone and subject matter of the new series has been noted. As Perryman argues, the emphasis on more cohesive story-arcs and character development between episodes has been inherited from the New Adventures (24). The 2005 series also followed the Virgin novels in presenting the Doctor’s companions with detailed backgrounds and having their relationships shift and evolve, rather than remaining static like they did in the original series. The more distinctly urban focus of the new series was also likely shaped by the success of the New Adventures (Haslop 217); its well-publicised emphasis on inclusiveness and diversity was likewise prefigured by the Virgin novels, which were the first Doctor Who media to include non-Anglo and LGBQT companions (McKee "How to tell the difference" 181-2). It is highly unusual for a print-based transmedia extension to have this level of impact. Indeed, one of the most visible and profitable transmedia initiatives that began in the 1990s, the Star Wars Expanded Universe novels (which like the New Adventures was presented as an officially sanctioned continuation of the original media), was unceremoniously decanonised in 2014, and the interpretations of Star Wars characters and themes that it had developed over more than a decade of storytelling were almost entirely disregarded by the new films (Proctor and Freeman 235-7). The comparably large influence that the New Adventures had on the development of its franchise indicates the success of its fan-centric approach in developing a more relationship-driven and character-focused interpretation of its parent media.The influence of the New Adventures is also felt more directly through the continuing careers of its authors. A number of the fan writers who achieved their first commercial publication with the New Adventures (e.g. Paul Cornell, Gareth Roberts, Mark Gatiss) went on to write scripts for the new series. The first showrunner, Russell T. Davies, was the author of the later novels, Damaged Goods (1997), and the second, Steven Moffat, had been an active member of Doctor Who fan communities that discussed and promoted the Virgin books (Bishop). As the former New Adventures author Kate Orman notes, this movement from writing usually secondary franchise novels to working on and having authority over the parent media is almost unheard of (McKee “Interview with Kate Orman” 138), and speaks to the success of the combination of fan authorship and official licensing and support found in the New Adventures. As Hadas notes, the chief difference between the new series of Doctor Who and its classic version is that former and long-term fans of the series are now directly involved in its production, thus complicating Tullouch and Jenkin’s assessment of Doctor Who fans as a “powerless elite” (141). ConclusionThe continuing influence of the nineties New Adventures novels can still be detected in the contemporary series. These novels operate with regard to the themes, preoccupations and styles of storytelling that this range pioneered within the Doctor Who franchise, and which developed directly out of its innovative and unusual strategy of giving official sanction and editorial support to typically obscured and subcultural modes of fan writing. The reductive and exclusionary question of canon can be avoided when considering the above novels. These transmedia productions are important to the evolution and development of the media franchise as a whole. In this respect, the Virgin New Adventures operate as their own distinctive, legitimate and influential "period" within Doctor Who, demonstrating the creative potential of an approach to transmedia storytelling that deemphasises strict hierarchies of content and control and can readily include the contributions of fan producers.ReferencesBishop, David. “Four Writers, One Discussion: Andy Lane, Paul Cornell, Steven Moffat and David Bishop.” Time Space Visualiser 43 (March 1995). 1 Nov. 2018 <http://doctorwho.org.nz/archive/tsv43/onediscussion.html>.Booth, Paul. “Periodising Doctor Who.” Science Fiction Film and Television 7.2 (2014). 195-215.Britton, Piers D. TARDISbound: Navigating the Universes of Doctor Who. London: I.B. Tauris and Company, 2011.Coppa, Francesca. “A Brief History of Media Fandom.” Fan Fiction and Fan Communities in the Age of the Internet. Eds. Karen Hellekson and Kristina Busse. Jefferson NC: McFarland and Company, 2009. 41-59.Cornell, Paul. “Canonicity in Doctor Who”. PaulConell.com. 10 Feb. 2007. 30 Nov. 2018 <https://www.paulcornell.com/2007/02/canonicity-in-doctor-who/>.Doctor Who. British Broadcasting Corporation, 1965 to present.Flegal, Monica, and Jenny Roth. “Writing a New Text: the Role of Cyberculture in Fanfiction Writers’ Transition to ‘Legitimate’ Publishing.” Contemporary Women’s Writing 10.2 (2016): 253-270.Gulyas, Aaron. “Don’t Call It a Comeback.” Doctor Who in Time and Space: Essays on Themes, Characters, History and Fandom, 1963-2012. Ed. Donald E. Palumbo and C.W. Sullivan. Jefferson NC: McFarland and Company, 2013. 44-63.Guynes, Sean. “Publishing the New Jedi Order: Media Industries Collaboration and the Franchise Novel.” Star Wars and the History of Transmedia Storytelling. Eds. Sean Guynes and Dan Hassler-Forest. Amsterdam: Amsterdam UP, 2017. 143-154.Hadas, Leora. “Running the Asylum? Doctor Who’s Ascended Fan-Showrunners.” Deletion. 23 June 2014. 30 Nov. 2018 <http://www.deletionscifi.org/episodes/episode-5/running-asylum-doctor-whos-ascended-fan-showrunners/>.Haslop, Craig. “Bringing Doctor Who Back for the Masses: Regenerating Cult, Commodifying Class.” Science Fiction Film and Television 9.2 (2016): 209-297.Hills, Matt. “From Transmedia Storytelling to Transmedia Experience: Star Wars Celebration as a Crossover/Hierarchical Space.” Star Wars and the History of Transmedia Storytelling. Eds. Sean Guynes and Dan Hassler-Forest. Amsterdam: Amsterdam UP, 2017. 213-224.Jenkins III, Henry. Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture. New York: Routledge. 1992.———. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. 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Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010. 192-208.Perryman, Neil. “Doctor Who and the Convergence of Media: A Case Study in ‘Transmedia Storytelling’.” Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 14.1 (2008): 21-39.Pillai, Nicolas. “’What Am I Looking at, Mulder?’ Licensed Comics and the Freedoms of Transmedia Storytelling.” Science Fiction Film and Television 6.1 (2013): 101-117.Porter, Lynnette. The Doctor Who Franchise: American Influence, Fan Culture, and the Spinoffs. Jefferson NC: McFarland and Company, 2018.Procter, William, and Matthew Freeman. “’The First Step into a Smaller World’: The Transmedia Economy of Star Wars.” Revisiting Imaginary Worlds: A Subcreation Studies Anthology. Ed. Mark J.P. Wolf. New York: Routledge. 2016. 223-245.Stein, Louisa, and Kristina Busse. “Limit Play: Fan Authorship between Source Text, Intertext, and Context.” Popular Communication 7.4 (2009): 192-207.Tullouch, John, and Henry Jenkins III. 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Introduction The counterculture that arose during the 1960s and 1970s left lasting social and political reverberations in developed nations. This was a time of increasing affluence and liberalisation which opened up remarkable political opportunities for social change. Within this context, an array of new social movements were a vital ingredient of the ferment that saw existing norms challenged and the establishment of new rights for many oppressed groups. An expanding arena of concerns included the environmental damage caused by 200 years of industrial capitalism. This article examines one aspect of a current environment movement in Australia, the anti-Coal Seam Gas (CSG) movement, and the part played by participants. In particular, the focus is upon one action that emerged during the recent Bentley Blockade, which was a regional mobilisation against proposed unconventional gas mining (UGM) near Lismore, NSW. Over the course of the blockade, the conventional ritual of waving at passers-by was transformed into a mechanism for garnering broad community support. Arguably, this was a crucial factor in the eventual outcome. In this case, we contend that the wave, rather than a countercultural artefact being appropriated by the mainstream, represents an everyday behaviour that builds social solidarity, which is subverted to become an effective part of the repertoire of the movement. At a more general level, this article examines how counterculture and mainstream interact via the subversion of “ordinary” citizens and the role of certain cultural understandings for that purpose. We will begin by examining the nature of the counterculture and its relationship to social movements before discussing the character of the anti-CSG movement in general and the Bentley Blockade in particular, using the personal experience of one of the writers. We will then be able to explore our thesis in detail and make some concluding remarks. The Counterculture and Social Movements In this article, we follow Cox’s understanding of the counterculture as a kind of meta-movement within which specific social movements are situated. For Cox (105), the counterculture that flourished during the 1960s and 1970s was an overarching movement in which existing social relations—in particular the family—were rejected by a younger generation, who succeeded in effectively fusing previously separate political and cultural spheres of dissent into one. Cox (103-04) points out that the precondition for such a phenomenon is “free space”—conditions under which counter-hegemonic activity can occur—for example, being liberated from the constraints of working to subsist, something which the unprecedented prosperity of the post WWII years allowed. Hence, in the 1960s and 1970s, as the counterculture emerged, a wave of activism arose in the western world which later came to be referred to as new social movements. These included the civil rights movement, women’s liberation, pacifism and the anti-nuclear and environment movements. The new movements rejected established power and organisational structures and tended, some scholars argued, to cross class lines, basing their claims on non-material issues. Della Porta and Diani claim this wave of movements is characterised by: a critical ideology in relation to modernism and progress; decentralized and participatory organizational structures; defense of interpersonal solidarity against the great bureaucracies; and the reclamation of autonomous spaces, rather than material advantages. (9) This depiction clearly announces the countercultural nature of the new social movements. As Carter (91) avers, these movements attempted to bypass the state and instead mobilise civil society, employing a range of innovative tactics and strategies—the repertoire of action—which may involve breaking laws. It should be noted that over time, some of these movements did shift towards accommodation of existing power structures and became more reformist in nature, to the point of forming political parties in the case of the Greens. However, inasmuch as the counterculture represented a merging of distinctively non-mainstream ways of life with the practice of actively challenging social arrangements at a political level (Cox 18–19; Grossberg 15–18;), the tactic of mobilising civil society to join social movements demonstrates in fact a reverse direction: large numbers of people are transfigured in radical ways by their involvement in social movements. One important principle underlying much of the repertoire of action of these new movements was non-violence. Again, this signals countercultural norms of the period. As Sharp (583–86) wrote at the time, non-violence is crucial in that it denies the aggressor their rationale for violent repression. This principle is founded on the liberal notion, whose legacy goes back to Locke, that the legitimacy of the government rests upon the consent of the governed—that is, the people can withdraw their consent (Locke in Ball & Dagger 92). Ghandi also relied upon this idea when formulating his non-violent approach to conflict, satyagraha (Sharp 83–84). Thus an idea that upholds the modern state is adopted by the counterculture in order to undermine it (the state), again demonstrating an instance of counterflow from the mainstream. Non-violence does not mean non-resistance. In fact, it usually involves non-compliance with a government or other authority and when practised in large numbers, can be very effective, as Ghandi and those in the civil rights movement showed. The result will be either that the government enters into negotiation with the protestors, or they can engage in violence to suppress them, which generally alienates the wider population, leading to a loss of support (Finley & Soifer 104–105). Tarrow (88) makes the important point that the less threatening an action, the harder it is to repress. As a result, democratic states have generally modified their response towards the “strategic weapon of nonviolent protest and even moved towards accommodation and recognition of this tactic as legitimate” (Tarrow 172). Nevertheless, the potential for state violence remains, and the freedom to protest is proscribed by various laws. One of the key figures to emerge from the new social movements that formed an integral part of the counterculture was Bill Moyer, who, in conjunction with colleagues produced a seminal text for theorising and organising social movements (Moyer et al.). Many contemporary social movements have been significantly influenced by Moyer’s Movement Action Plan (MAP), which describes not only key theoretical concepts but is also a practical guide to movement building and achieving aims. Moyer’s model was utilised in training the Northern Rivers community in the anti-CSG movement in conjunction with the non-violent direct action (NVDA) model developed by the North-East Forest Alliance (NEFA) that resisted logging in the forests of north-eastern NSW during the late 1980s and 1990s (Ricketts 138–40). Indeed, the Northern Rivers region of NSW—dubbed the Rainbow Region—is celebrated, as a “‘meeting place’ of countercultures and for the articulation of social and environmental ideals that challenge mainstream practice” (Ward and van Vuuren 63). As Bible (6–7) outlines, the Northern Rivers’ place in countercultural history is cemented by the holding of the Aquarius Festival in Nimbin in 1973 and the consequent decision of many attendees to stay on and settle in the region. They formed new kinds of communities based on an alternative ethics that eschewed a consumerist, individualist agenda in favour of modes of existence that emphasised living in harmony with the environment. The Terania Creek campaign of the late 1970s made the region famous for its environmental activism, when the new settlers resisted the logging of Nightcap National Park using nonviolent methods (Bible 5). It was also instrumental in developing an array of ingenious actions that were used in subsequent campaigns such as the Franklin Dam blockade in Tasmania in the early 1980s (Kelly 116). Indeed, many of these earlier activists were key figures in the anti-CSG movement that has developed in the Rainbow Region over the last few years. The Anti-CSG Movement Despite opposition to other forms of UGM, such as tight sands and shale oil extraction techniques, the term anti-CSG is used here, as it still seems to attract wide recognition. Unconventional gas extraction usually involves a process called fracking, which is the injection at high pressure of water, sand and a number of highly toxic chemicals underground to release the gas that is trapped in rock formations. Among the risks attributed to fracking are contamination of aquifers, air pollution from fugitive emissions and exposure to radioactive particles with resultant threats to human and animal health, as well as an increased risk of earthquakes (Ellsworth; Hand 13; Sovacool 254–260). Additionally, the vast amount of water that is extracted in the fracking process is saline and may contain residues of the fracking chemicals, heavy metals and radioactive matter. This produced water must either be stored or treated (Howarth 273–73; Sovacool 255). Further, there is potential for accidents and incidents and there are many reports—particularly in the United States where the practice is well established—of adverse events such as compressors exploding, leaks and spills, and water from taps catching fire (Sovacool 255–257). Despite an abundance of anecdotal evidence, until recently authorities and academics believed there was not enough “rigorous evidence” to make a definitive judgment of harm to animal and human health as a result of fracking (Mitka 2135). For example, in Australia, the Queensland Government was unable to find a clear link between fracking and health complaints in the Tara gasfield (Thompson 56), even though it is known that there are fugitive emissions from these gasfields (Tait et al. 3099-103). It is within this context that grassroots opposition to UGM began in Australia. The largest and most sustained challenge has come from the Northern Rivers of New South Wales, where a company called Metgasco has been attempting to engage in UGM for a number of years. Stiff community opposition has developed over this time, with activists training, co-ordinating and organising using the principles of Moyer’s MAP and NEFA’s NVDA. Numerous community and affinity groups opposing UGM sprang up including the Lock the Gate Alliance (LTG), a grassroots organisation opposing coal and gas mining, which formed in 2010 (Lock the Gate Alliance online). The movement put up sustained resistance to Metgasco’s attempts to establish wells at Glenugie, near Grafton and Doubtful Creek, near Kyogle in 2012 and 2013, despite the use of a substantial police presence at both locations. In the event, neither site was used for production despite exploratory wells being sunk (ABC News; Dobney). Metgasco announced it would be withdrawing its operations following new Federal and State government regulations at the time of the Doubtful Creek blockade. However it returned to the fray with a formal announcement in February 2014 (Metgasco), that it would drill at Bentley, 12 kilometres west of Lismore. It was widely believed this would occur with a view to production on an industrial scale should initial exploration prove fruitful. The Bentley Blockade It was known well before the formal announcement that Metgasco planned to drill at Bentley and community actions such as flash mobs, media releases and planning meetings were part of the build-up to direct action at the site. One of the authors of this article was actively involved in the movement and participated in a variety of these actions. By the end of January 2014 it was decided to hold an ongoing vigil at the site, which was still entirely undeveloped. Participants, including one author, volunteered for four-hour shifts which began at 5 a.m. each day and before long, were lasting into the night. The purpose of a vigil is to bear witness, maintain a presence and express a point of view. It thus accords well with the principle of non-violence. Eventually the site mushroomed into a tent village with three gates being blockaded. The main gate, Gate A, sprouted a variety of poles, tripods and other installations together with colourful tents and shelters, peopled by protesters on a 24-hour basis. The vigils persisted on all three gates for the duration of the blockade. As the number of blockaders swelled, popular support grew, lending weight to the notion that countercultural ideas and practices were spreading throughout the community. In response, Metgasco called on the State Government to provide police to coincide with the arrival of equipment. It was rumoured that 200 police would be drafted to defend the site in late April. When alerts were sent out to the community warning of imminent police action, an estimated crowd of 2000 people attended in the early hours of the morning and the police called off their operation (Feliu). As the weeks wore on, training was stepped up, attendees were educated in non-violent resistance and protestors willing to act as police liaison persons were placed on a rotating roster. In May, the State Government was preparing to send up to 800 police and the Riot Squad to break the blockade (NSW Hansard in Buckingham). Local farmers (now a part of the movement) and activist leaders had gone to Sydney in an effort to find a political solution in order to avoid what threatened to be a clash that would involve police violence. A confluence of events, such as: the sudden resignation of the Premier; revelations via the Independent Commission against Corruption about nefarious dealings and undue influence of the coal industry upon the government; a radio interview with locals by a popular broadcaster in Sydney; and the reputed hesitation of the police themselves in engaging with a group of possibly 7,000 to 10,000 protestors, resulted in the Office for Coal Seam Gas suspending Metgasco’s drilling licence on 15 May (NSW Department of Resources & Energy). The grounds were that the company had not adequately fulfilled its obligations to consult with the community. At the date of writing, the suspension still holds. The Wave The repertoire of contention at the Bentley Blockade was expansive, comprising most of the standard actions and strategies developed in earlier environmental struggles. These included direct blocking tactics in addition to the use of more carnivalesque actions like music and theatre, as well as the use of various media to reach a broader public. Non-violence was at the core of all actions, but we would tentatively suggest that Bentley may have provided a novel addition to the repertoire, stemming originally from the vigil, which brought the first protestors to the site. At the beginning of the vigil, which was initially held near the entrance to the proposed drilling site atop a cutting, occupants of passing vehicles below would demonstrate their support by sounding their horns and/or waving to the vigil-keepers, who at first were few in number. There was a precedent for this behaviour in the campaign leading up to the blockade. Activist groups such as the Knitting Nannas against Gas had encouraged vehicles to show support by sounding their horns. So when the motorists tooted spontaneously at Bentley, we waved back. Occupants of other vehicles would show disapproval by means of rude gestures and/or yelling and we would wave to them as well. After some weeks, as a presence began to be established at the site, it became routine for vigil keepers to smile and wave at all passing vehicles. This often elicited a positive response. After the first mass call-out discussed above, a number of us migrated to another gate, where numbers were much sparser and there was a perceived need for a greater presence. At this point, the participating writer had begun to act as a police liaison person, but the practice of waving routinely was continued. Those protecting this gate usually included protestors ready to block access, the police liaison person, a legal observer, vigil-keepers and a passing parade of visitors. Because this location was directly on the road, it was possible to see the drivers of vehicles and make eye contact more easily. Certain vehicles became familiar, passing at regular times, on the way to work or school, for example. As time passed, most of those protecting the gate also joined the waving ritual to the point where it became like a game to try to prise a signal of acknowledgement from the passing motorists, or even to win over a disapprover. Police vehicles, some of which passed at set intervals, were included in this game. Mostly they waved cheerfully. There were some we never managed to win over, but waving and making direct eye contact with regular motorists over time created a sense of community and an acknowledgement of the work we were doing, as they increasingly responded in kind. Motorists could hardly feel threatened when they encountered smiling, waving protestors. By including the disapprovers, we acted inclusively and our determined good humour seemed to de-escalate demonstrated hostility. Locals who did not want drilling to go ahead but who were nevertheless unwilling to join a direct action were thus able to participate in the resistance in a way that may have felt safe for them. Some of them even stopped and visited the site, voicing their support. Standing on the side of the road and waving to passers-by may seem peripheral to the “real” action, even trivial. But we would argue it is a valuable adjunct to a blockade (which is situated near a road) when one of the strategies of the overall campaign is to win popular backing. Hence waving, whilst not a completely new part of the repertoire, constitutes what Tilly (41–45) would call innovation at the margins, something he asserts is necessary to maintain the effectiveness and vitality of contentious action. In this case, it is arguable that the sheer size of community support probably helped to concentrate the minds of the state government politicians in Sydney, particularly as they contemplated initiating a massive, taxpayer-funded police action against the people for the benefit of a commercial operation. Waving is a symbolic gesture indicating acknowledgement and goodwill. It fits well within a repertoire based on the principle of non-violence. Moreover, it is a conventional social norm and everyday behaviour that is so innocuous that it is difficult to see how it could be suppressed by police or other authorities. Therein lies its subversiveness. For in communicating our common humanity in a spirit of friendliness, we drew attention to the fact that we were without rancour and tacitly invited others to join us and to explore our concerns. In this way, the counterculture drew upon a mainstream custom to develop and extend upon a new form of dissent. This constitutes a reversal of the more usual phenomenon of countercultural artefacts—such as “hippie clothing”—being appropriated or co-opted by the prevailing culture (see Reading). But it also fits with the more general phenomenon that we have argued was occurring; that of enticing ordinary residents into joining together in countercultural activity, via the pathway of a social movement. Conclusion The anti-CSG movement in the Northern Rivers was developed and organised by countercultural participants of previous contentious challenges. It was highly effective in building popular support whilst at the same time forging a loose coalition of various activist groups. We have surveyed one practice—the wave—that evolved out of mainstream culture over the course of the Bentley Blockade and suggested it may come to be seen as part of the repertoire of actions that can be beneficially employed under suitable conditions. 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