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Journal articles on the topic 'Muribaculaceae'
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1
Zhao, Ruozhi, Fei Huang, and Garry X. Shen. "Dose-Responses Relationship in Glucose Lowering and Gut Dysbiosis to Saskatoon Berry Powder Supplementation in High Fat-High Sucrose Diet-Induced Insulin Resistant Mice." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (2021): 1553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081553.
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Administration of freeze-dried powder of Saskatoon berry (SB), a popular fruit enriched with antioxidants, reduced glucose level, inflammatory markers and gut microbiota disorder in high fat-high sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced insulin resistant mice. The present study examined the dose-response relationship in metabolic, inflammatory and gut microbiotic variables to SB power (SBp) supplementation in HFHS diet-fed mice. Male C57 BL/6J mice were fed with HFHS diet supplemented with 0, 1%, 2.5% or 5% SBp for 11 weeks. HFHS diet significantly increased the levels of fast plasma glucose (FPG), cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, but decreased fecal Bacteroidetes phylum bacteria and Muribaculaceae family bacteria compared to low fat diet. SBp dose-dependently reduced metabolic and inflammatory variables and gut dysbiosis in mice compared with mice receiving HFHS diet alone. Significant attenuation of HFHS diet-induced biochemical disorders were detected in mice receiving ≥1% SBp. The abundances of Muribaculaceae family bacteria negatively correlated with body weights, FPG, lipids, insulin, HOMA-IR and inflammatory markers in the mice. The results suggest that SBp supplementation dose-dependently attenuated HFHS diet-induced metabolic and inflammatory disorders, which was associated with the amelioration of gut dysbiosis in the mice.
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Miyake, Sou, Yichen Ding, Melissa Soh, Adrian Low, and Henning Seedorf. "Cultivation and description of Duncaniella dubosii sp. nov., Duncaniella freteri sp. nov. and emended description of the species Duncaniella muris." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 70, no. 5 (2020): 3105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.004137.
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Three bacterial strains, C9, H5 and TLL-A3, were isolated from fecal pellets of conventionally raised C57BL/6J mice. Analysis of 16S rRNA genes indicated that the strains belonged to the Muribaculaceae , and shared 91.6–99.9 % sequence identity with the recently described Duncaniella muris DSM 103720T. Genome-sequencing of the isolates was performed to compare average nucleotide identities (ANI) between strains. The ANI analysis revealed that all isolates shared highest ANI with D. muris DSM 103720T, with strain C9 being most similar (ANI: 98.0 %) followed by strains H5 (ANI: 76.4 %) and TLL-A3 (ANI: 74.4 %). Likewise, digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) indicated high similarity of strain C9 (dDDH: 86.6 %) to D. muris DSM 103720T, but strains H5 and TLL-A3 showed lower similarity (dDDH <35 %) to either of the three type species of the Muribaculaceae ( Muribaculum intestinale DSM 28989T , Paramuribaculum intestinale DSM 100749T, D. muris DSM 103720T). MK-10 and MK-11 were abundant in all three isolates, but concentrations varied between species. Based on genotypic, phylogenetic and phenotypic differences, the strains TLL-A3 and H5 are considered to represent novel species of the genus Duncaniella , for which the names Duncaniella freteri sp. nov., and Duncaniella dubosii sp. nov., are proposed. The respective type strains are TLL-A3T (=DSM 108168T=KCTC 15769T), and H5T (=DSM 107170T=KCTC 15734T). Strain C9 reveals limited sequence dissimilarity and minor differences in morphological properties with Duncaniella muris DSM 103720T and is therefore proposed to belong to the same species. The respective strain is C9 (=DSM 107165=KCTC 15733).
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Sibai, Mustafa, Ebru Altuntaş, Berna Yıldırım, Gürkan Öztürk, Süleyman Yıldırım, and Turan Demircan. "Microbiome and Longevity: High Abundance of Longevity-Linked Muribaculaceae in the Gut of the Long-Living Rodent Spalax leucodon." OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology 24, no. 10 (2020): 592–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/omi.2020.0116.
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Li, Hao, Longteng Ma, Zhiqing Li, et al. "Evolution of the Gut Microbiota and Its Fermentation Characteristics of Ningxiang Pigs at the Young Stage." Animals 11, no. 3 (2021): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030638.
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The current study aimed to investigate the evolution of gut microbiota and its influencing factors for NXP in youth. The results showed that Shannon index increased from d 21 to d 28 whereas the ACE index increased from d 21 until d 60. Firmicutes, mainly Lactobacillus dominated on d 21. The Bacteroides and Spirochetes showed highest relative abundance on d 28. Fiber-degrading bacteria, mainly Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Muribaculaceae, and Oscillospiraceae_UCG−002, dominated the microbial communities at d 28 and d 35. The microbial communities at d 60 and d 75 contained more Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Terrisporobacter and Oscillospiraceae_UCG−005 than other ages, which had significantly positive correlations with acetate and total SCFAs concentration. In conclusion, the evolution of gut microbiota was mainly adapted to the change of dietary factors during NXP growth. The response of fiber-degrading bacteria at different stages may help NXP better adapt to plant-derived feeds.
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Volk, Joana K., Elisabeth E. L. Nyström, Sjoerd van der Post, et al. "The Nlrp6 inflammasome is not required for baseline colonic inner mucus layer formation or function." Journal of Experimental Medicine 216, no. 11 (2019): 2602–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20190679.
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The inner mucus layer (IML) is a critical barrier that protects the colonic epithelium from luminal threats and inflammatory bowel disease. Innate immune signaling is thought to regulate IML formation via goblet cell Nlrp6 inflammasome activity that controls secretion of the mucus structural component Muc2. We report that isolated colonic goblet cells express components of several inflammasomes; however, analysis of IML properties in multiple inflammasome-deficient mice, including littermate-controlled Nlrp6−/−, detect a functional IML barrier in all strains. Analysis of mice lacking inflammasome substrate cytokines identifies a defective IML in Il18−/− mice, but this phenotype is ultimately traced to a microbiota-driven, Il18-independent effect. Analysis of phenotypic transfer between IML-deficient and IML-intact mice finds that the Bacteroidales family S24-7 (Muribaculaceae) and genus Adlercrutzia consistently positively covary with IML barrier function. Together, our results demonstrate that baseline IML formation and function is independent of inflammasome activity and highlights the role of the microbiota in determining IML barrier function.
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Li, Weidong, Yongxia Wang, Min Sun, et al. "The Prebiotic-Like Effects of Coprinus comatus Polysaccharides on Gut Microbiota in Normal Mice and Those with Acute Alcoholic Liver Injury: A Comparative Study." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (November 28, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2027570.
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This study aims to investigate the prebiotic-like effects of Coprinus comatus polysaccharides (CCP) on gut microbiota. Mice were divided into four groups: normal group (NG), alcohol group (AG), polysaccharides group (PG), and alcohol + polysaccharides group (APG). The gut microbiota structure of feces was analyzed by determining the V3-V4 region sequence in 16S rDNA. The results showed CCP could increase the diversity of gut microbiota. Compared with NG, PG had a significantly higher relative abundance of Firmicutes and Lactobacillaceae and a lower abundance of Rikenellaceae. These changes in gut microbiota result in positive effects on gut due to a series of prebiotic-like effects of CCP. At the same time, CCP could improve some adverse changes in gut microbiota caused by acute alcohol intake, such as the increased proportion of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Muribaculaceae, and Lachnospiraceae and the decreased proportion of Rikenellaceae. In conclusion, the CCP has certain prebiotic effects not only on normal mice but also on mice with acute alcoholic liver injury.
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Park, Jun Kyu, Dong-Ho Chang, Moon-Soo Rhee, et al. "Heminiphilus faecis gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Muribaculaceae, isolated from mouse faeces and emended description of the genus Muribaculum." Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 114, no. 3 (2021): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10482-021-01521-x.
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Wenderlein, Jasmin, Linda F. Böswald, Sebastian Ulrich, et al. "Processing Matters in Nutrient-Matched Laboratory Diets for Mice—Microbiome." Animals 11, no. 3 (2021): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030862.
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The composition of the microbiome is subject to the host’s diet. In commercial laboratory mouse diets, different physical forms of the same diets are available, containing—according to their labels—identical ingredients and nutrient compositions. However, variations in nutrient composition and starch gelatinization due to production processes and their impact on digestibility have been described. In this study, a total of 48 C57BL/J6 mice were assigned to two equal groups and were fed diets (produced with different processes—extruded vs. pelleted) for eight weeks in two biological replicates. At the end of the experiment, samples were collected from five different gastrointestinal regions, including the stomach, small intestine, cecum, large intestine, and an extracorporeal region (feces), and the microbiome was analyzed with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The replicates in both experiments differed significantly in their relative abundances of Muribaculaceae species. Furthermore, the gastrointestinal content of pellet-fed mice contained larger numbers of Lactobacillus species. These results indicate that starch gelatinization and ingredient composition significantly influence microbial makeup. In conclusion, different feed processing methods may affect fundamental digestive and metabolic processes, impacting animal experiments and biasing microbiome data.
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du Preez, Ryan, Marie Magnusson, Marwan E. Majzoub, et al. "Brown Seaweed Sargassum siliquosum as an Intervention for Diet-Induced Obesity in Male Wistar Rats." Nutrients 13, no. 6 (2021): 1754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13061754.
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The therapeutic potential of Sargassum siliquosum grown in Australian tropical waters was tested in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of 12 rats and each group was fed a different diet for 16 weeks: corn starch diet (C); high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet (H) containing fructose, sucrose, saturated and trans fats; and C or H diets with 5% S. siliquosum mixed into the food from weeks 9 to 16 (CS and HS). Obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, impaired glucose tolerance, fatty liver and left ventricular fibrosis developed in H rats. In HS rats, S. siliquosum decreased body weight (H, 547 ± 14; HS, 490 ± 16 g), fat mass (H, 248 ± 27; HS, 193 ± 19 g), abdominal fat deposition and liver fat vacuole size but did not reverse cardiovascular and liver effects. H rats showed marked changes in gut microbiota compared to C rats, while S. siliquosum supplementation increased gut microbiota belonging to the family Muribaculaceae. This selective increase in gut microbiota likely complements the prebiotic actions of the alginates. Thus, S. siliquosum may be a useful dietary additive to decrease abdominal and liver fat deposition.
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Martinez-Fernandez, Gonzalo, Jinzhen Jiao, Jagadish Padmanabha, Stuart E. Denman, and Christopher S. McSweeney. "Seasonal and Nutrient Supplement Responses in Rumen Microbiota Structure and Metabolites of Tropical Rangeland Cattle." Microorganisms 8, no. 10 (2020): 1550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8101550.
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This study aimed to characterize the rumen microbiota structure of cattle grazing in tropical rangelands throughout seasons and their responses in rumen ecology and productivity to a N-based supplement during the dry season. Twenty pregnant heifers grazing during the dry season of northern Australia were allocated to either N-supplemented or un-supplemented diets and monitored through the seasons. Rumen fluid, blood, and feces were analyzed before supplementation (mid-dry season), after two months supplementation (late-dry season), and post supplementation (wet season). Supplementation increased average daily weight gain (ADWG), rumen NH3–N, branched fatty acids, butyrate and acetic:propionic ratio, and decreased plasma δ15N. The supplement promoted bacterial populations involved in hemicellulose and pectin degradation and ammonia assimilation: Bacteroidales BS11, Cyanobacteria, and Prevotella spp. During the dry season, fibrolytic populations were promoted: the bacteria Fibrobacter, Cyanobacteria and Kiritimatiellaeota groups; the fungi Cyllamyces; and the protozoa Ostracodinium. The wet season increased the abundances of rumen protozoa and fungi populations, with increases of bacterial families Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Muribaculaceae; the protozoa Entodinium and Eudiplodinium; the fungi Pecoramyces; and the archaea Methanosphera. In conclusion, the rumen microbiota of cattle grazing in a tropical grassland is distinctive from published studies that mainly describe ruminants consuming better quality diets.
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Gong, Wen-Jing, Zi-Fan Niu, Xing-Run Wang, and He-Ping Zhao. "How the Soil Microbial Communities and Activities Respond to Long-Term Heavy Metal Contamination in Electroplating Contaminated Site." Microorganisms 9, no. 2 (2021): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020362.
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The effects of long-term heavy metal contamination on the soil biological processes and soil microbial communities were investigated in a typical electroplating site in Zhangjiakou, China. It was found that the soil of the electroplating plant at Zhangjiakou were heavily polluted by Cr, Cr (VI), Ni, Cu, and Zn, with concentrations ranged from 112.8 to 9727.2, 0 to 1083.3, 15.6 to 58.4, 10.8 to 510.0 and 69.6 to 631.6 mg/kg, respectively. Soil urease and phosphatase activities were significantly inhibited by the heavy metal contamination, while the microbial biomass carbon content and the bacterial community richness were much lower compared to noncontaminated samples, suggesting that the long-term heavy metal contamination had a severe negative effect on soil microorganisms. Differently, soil dehydrogenase was promoted in the presence of Chromate compared to noncontaminated samples. This might be due to the enrichment of Sphingomonadaceae, which have been proven to be able to secrete dehydrogenase. The high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene documented that Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Chloroflexi were the dominant bacterial phyla in the contaminated soil. The Spearman correlation analysis showed the Methylobacillus, Muribaculaceae, and Sphingomonadaceae were able to tolerate high concentrations of Cr, Cr (VI), Cu, and Zn, indicating their potential in soil remediation.
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Low, Adrian, Melissa Soh, Sou Miyake, et al. "Longitudinal Changes in Diet Cause Repeatable and Largely Reversible Shifts in Gut Microbial Communities of Laboratory Mice and Are Observed across Segments of the Entire Intestinal Tract." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (2021): 5981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115981.
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Dietary changes are known to alter the composition of the gut microbiome. However, it is less understood how repeatable and reversible these changes are and how diet switches affect the microbiota in the various segments of the gastrointestinal tract. Here, a treatment group of conventionally raised laboratory mice is subjected to two periods of western diet (WD) interrupted by a period of standard diet (SD) of the same duration. Beta-diversity analyses show that diet-induced microbiota changes are largely reversible (q = 0.1501; PERMANOVA, weighted-UniFrac comparison of the treatment-SD group to the control-SD group) and repeatable (q = 0.032; PERMANOVA, weighted-UniFrac comparison of both WD treatments). Furthermore, we report that diet switches alter the gut microbiota composition along the length of the intestinal tract in a segment-specific manner, leading to gut segment-specific Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratios. We identified prevalent and distinct Amplicon Sequencing Variants (ASVs), particularly in genera of the recently described Muribaculaceae, along the gut as well as ASVs that are differentially abundant between segments of treatment and control groups. Overall, this study provides insights into the reversibility of diet-induced microbiota changes and highlights the importance of expanding sampling efforts beyond the collections of fecal samples to characterize diet-dependent and segment-specific microbiome differences.
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Chiou, Wei-Chung, Bei-Hau Chang, Hsiao-Hsuan Tien, et al. "Synbiotic Intervention with an Adlay-Based Prebiotic and Probiotics Improved Diet-Induced Metabolic Disturbance in Mice by Modulation of the Gut Microbiota." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (2021): 3161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13093161.
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Metabolic syndrome and its associated conditions, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), are a major public health issue in modern societies. Dietary interventions, including microbiota-directed foods which effectively modulate the gut microbiome, may influence the regulation of obesity and associated comorbidities. Although research on probiotics and prebiotics has been conducted extensively in recent years, diets with the use of synbiotics remain relatively unexplored. Here, we investigated the effects of a novel synbiotic intervention, consisting of an adlay seed extrusion cooked (ASEC)-based prebiotic and probiotic (Lactobacillus paracasei and Bacillus coagulans) on metabolic disorders and microbial dysbiosis in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. The ASEC-based synbiotic intervention helped improve HFD-induced body weight gain, hyperlipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and inflammation of the adipose and liver tissues. In addition, data from fecal metagenomics indicated that the ASEC-based synbiotic intervention fostered reconstitution of gut bacterial diversity and composition in HFD-induced obese mice. In particular, the ASEC-based synbiotic intervention increased the relative abundance of families Ruminococcaceae and Muribaculaceae and order Bacteroidales and reduced that of families Lactobacillaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, and Streptococcaceae in HFD-induced obese mice. Collectively, our results suggest that delayed dietary intervention with the novel ASEC-based synbiotic ameliorates HFD-induced obesity, metabolic disorders, and dysbiosis.
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Chen, Jianbing, Chengcheng Zhang, Qile Xia, et al. "Treatment with Subcritical Water-Hydrolyzed Citrus Pectin Ameliorated Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression and Modulated Gut Microbiota Composition in ICR Mice." Molecules 25, no. 6 (2020): 1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061302.
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Subcritical water can effectively hydrolyze pectin into smaller molecules while still maintaining its functional regions. Pectic heteropolysaccharide can mediate immune regulation; however, the possible effects of subcritical water-hydrolyzed citrus pectin (SCP) on the immune response remain unclear. Therefore, the effects of SCP on immunomodulatory functions and intestinal microbial dysbiosis were investigated using a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mouse model. In this research, immunosuppressed ICR mice were administrated with SCP at dosages of 300/600/1200 mg/kg.bw by oral gavage, and body weight, immune organ indexes, cytokines, and gut microbiota were determined. The results showed that subcritical water treatment decreased the molecular mass and increased the content of galacturonic acid in citrus pectin hydrolysates. Meanwhile, the treatment with SCP improved immunoregulatory functional properties and bioactivities over the original citrus pectin. For example, SCP protected immune organs (accelerated recovery of immune organ indexes) and significantly enhanced the expression of immune-related cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α). The results of the 16S rDNA sequencing analysis on an IlluminaMiSeq platform showed that SCP normalized Cy-induced gut dysbiosis. SCP ameliorated Cy-dependent changes in the relative abundance of several taxa, shifting the balance back to normal status (e.g., SCP increased beneficial Muribaculaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Bacteroidaceae, and Prevotellaceae while decreasing pathogenic Brevundimonas and Streptococcus). The results of this study suggest an innovative application of citrus pectin as an immunomodulator.
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Schanz, Oliver, Rieka Chijiiwa, Sevgi Can Cengiz, et al. "Dietary AhR Ligands Regulate AhRR Expression in Intestinal Immune Cells and Intestinal Microbiota Composition." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 9 (2020): 3189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093189.
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A diet rich in vegetables and fruit is generally considered healthy because of a high content of phytochemicals, vitamins, and fiber. The phytochemical indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a derivative of glucobrassicin, is sold as a dietary supplement promising diverse health benefits. I3C metabolites act as ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), an important sensor for environmental polyaromatic chemicals. Here, we investigated how dietary AhR ligand supplementation influences AhR target gene expression and intestinal microbiota composition. For this, we used AhR repressor (AhRR)-reporter mice as a tool to study AhR activation in the intestine following dietary I3C-supplementation in comparison with AhR ligand-deprived diets, including a high fat diet. AhRR expression in intestinal immune cells was mainly driven by dietary AhR ligands and was independent of microbial metabolites. A lack of dietary AhR ligands caused enhanced susceptibility to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and correlated with the expansion of Enterobacteriaceae, whereas Clostridiales, Muribaculaceae, and Rikenellaceae were strongly reduced. I3C supplementation largely reverted this effect. Comparison of I3C-induced changes in microbiota composition using wild-type (WT), AhRR-deficient, and AhR-deficient mice revealed both AhR-dependent and -independent alterations in the microbiome. Overall, our study demonstrates that dietary AhR ligand supplementation has a profound influence on Ahrr expression in intestinal immune cells as well as microbiota composition.
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Zhang, Qiuyu, Lei Cheng, Junjuan Wang, Mengzhen Hao, and Huilian Che. "Antibiotic-Induced Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Damages the Intestinal Barrier, Increasing Food Allergy in Adult Mice." Nutrients 13, no. 10 (2021): 3315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13103315.
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(1) Background: The use of antibiotics affects the composition of gut microbiota. Studies have suggested that the colonization of gut microbiota in early life is related to later food allergies. Still, the relationship between altered intestinal microbiota in adulthood and food allergies is unclear. (2) Methods: We established three mouse models to analyze gut microbiota dysbiosis’ impact on the intestinal barrier and determine whether this effect can increase the susceptibility to and severity of food allergy in later life. (3) Results: The antibiotic-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis significantly reduced Lachnospiraceae, Muribaculaceae, and Ruminococcaceae, and increased Enterococcaceae and Clostridiales. At the same time, the metabolic abundance was changed, including decreased short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan, as well as enhanced purine. This change is related to food allergies. After gut microbiota dysbiosis, we sensitized the mice. The content of specific IgE and IgG1 in mice serum was significantly increased, and the inflammatory response was enhanced. The dysbiosis of gut microbiota caused the sensitized mice to have more severe allergic symptoms, ruptured intestinal villi, and a decrease in tight junction proteins (TJs) when re-exposed to the allergen. (4) Conclusions: Antibiotic-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis increases the susceptibility and severity of food allergies. This event may be due to the increased intestinal permeability caused by decreased intestinal tight junction proteins and the increased inflammatory response.
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Hua, Yinan, Rong Fan, Lei Zhao, et al. "Trans-fatty acids alter the gut microbiota in high-fat-diet-induced obese rats." British Journal of Nutrition 124, no. 12 (2020): 1251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114520001841.
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AbstractThe gut microbiota is directly influenced by dietary components, and it plays critical roles in chronic diseases. Excessive consumption of trans-fatty acids (TFA) is associated with obesity induced by alterations in gut microbiota, but the links between obesity and gut microbiota remain unclear. Therefore, studies examining the impact of TFA on intestinal microflora are essential. In our study, we performed 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing on faecal samples from Sprague–Dawley rats fed a basal diet (control (CON) group), high-fat (HF) diet (diet-induced obesity (DIO) group) or TFA diets (1 % TFA group and 8 % TFA group) for 8 weeks to investigate the effects of TFA/HF diets on obesity and gut microbiota composition. We found that the TFA/HF diets significantly induced obesity and changes in blood and brain physiological parameters of the rats. The relative abundance of the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes was inversely altered in the three test groups compared with the CON group. Proteobacteria increased slightly in the DIO, 1 % TFA and 8 % TFA groups. The genus Bacteroides increased in the DIO and 1 % TFA groups, but Muribaculaceae decreased in all experimental groups compared with the CON group. Moreover, significant differences were observed among clusters of orthologous group functional categories of the four dietary groups. Our observations suggested that the TFA/HF diets induced obesity and dysfunction of gut microbiota. Gut dysbiosis might mediate the obesity effects of TFA/HF diets.
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Nan, Weixiao, Huazhe Si, Qianlong Yang, et al. "Effect of Vitamin A Supplementation on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Parameters, Intestinal Immunity Response and Gut Microbiota in American Mink (Neovison vison)." Animals 11, no. 6 (2021): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061577.
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This experiment investigated the effect of vitamin A supplementation on growth, serum biochemical parameters, jejunum morphology and the microbial community in male growing-furring mink. Thirty healthy male mink were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, with 10 mink per group. Each mink was housed in an individual cage. The mink in the three groups were fed diets supplemented with vitamin A acetate at dosages of 0 (CON), 20,000 (LVitA) and 1,280,000 IU/kg (HVitA) of basal diet. A 7-day pretest period preceded a formal test period of 45 days. The results show that 20,000 IU/kg vitamin A increased the ADG, serum T-AOC and GSH-Px activities, villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio (p < 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of IL-22, Occludin and ZO-1 in the jejunum of mink were significantly higher in the LVitA group than those in the CON and HVitA groups (p < 0.05). Vitamin A supplementation increased the diversity of jejunum bacteria, decreased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes and increased the relative abundance of Akkermansia, uncultured bacterium f Muribaculaceae, Allobaculum, Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group, Rummeliibacillus and Parasutterella. The comparison of potential functions also showed enrichment of glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, transport and catabolism pathways in the vitamin A supplementation groups compared with the CON group. In conclusion, these results indicate that dietary vitamin A supplementation could mediate host growth by improving intestinal development, immunity and the relative abundance of the intestinal microbiota.
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Grigor’eva, Irina N. "Gallstone Disease, Obesity and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio as a Possible Biomarker of Gut Dysbiosis." Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 1 (2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11010013.
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Obesity is a major risk factor for developing gallstone disease (GSD). Previous studies have shown that obesity is associated with an elevated Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in the gut microbiota. These findings suggest that the development of GSD may be related to gut dysbiosis. This review presents and summarizes the recent findings of studies on the gut microbiota in patients with GSD. Most of the studies on the gut microbiota in patients with GSD have shown a significant increase in the phyla Firmicutes (Lactobacillaceae family, genera Clostridium, Ruminococcus, Veillonella, Blautia, Dorea, Anaerostipes, and Oscillospira), Actinobacteria (Bifidobacterium genus), Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes (genera Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Fusobacterium) and a significant decrease in the phyla Bacteroidetes (family Muribaculaceae, and genera Bacteroides, Prevotella, Alistipes, Paludibacter, Barnesiella), Firmicutes (genera Faecalibacterium, Eubacterium, Lachnospira, and Roseburia), Actinobacteria (Bifidobacterium genus), and Proteobacteria (Desulfovibrio genus). The influence of GSD on microbial diversity is not clear. Some studies report that GSD reduces microbial diversity in the bile, whereas others suggest the increase in microbial diversity in the bile of patients with GSD. The phyla Proteobacteria (especially family Enterobacteriaceae) and Firmicutes (Enterococcus genus) are most commonly detected in the bile of patients with GSD. On the other hand, the composition of bile microbiota in patients with GSD shows considerable inter-individual variability. The impact of GSD on the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio is unclear and reports are contradictory. For this reason, it should be stated that the results of reviewed studies do not allow for drawing unequivocal conclusions regarding the relationship between GSD and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in the microbiota.
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Rao, Zebin, Jinlong Li, Baoshi Shi, et al. "Dietary Tryptophan Levels Impact Growth Performance and Intestinal Microbial Ecology in Weaned Piglets via Tryptophan Metabolites and Intestinal Antimicrobial Peptides." Animals 11, no. 3 (2021): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030817.
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Tryptophan (Trp) plays an important role in piglet growth. However, the effect of dietary Trp on microbial flora is still poorly understood. A total of 40 28-d weaned piglets were allocated to four groups with 10 barrows per group and one pig per replicate. Piglets were fed a corn and soybean meal-based diet with 0.14%, 0.21%, 0.28%, or 0.35% Trp for four weeks. Five piglets from each diet group were euthanized, and blood and tissue samples were collected. The average daily body weight gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, spleen index, pancreas index, longissimus dorsi muscle index, plasma insulin, 5-hydroxytryptamine, kynurenine, and Trp concentrations of weaned piglets increased in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Compared with the 0.14% Trp diet, the adequate-Trp diets (0.21%, 0.28%, or 0.35%) down-regulated the relative abundances of 12 genera including Turicibacter, Prevotella, Mitsuokella, Anaerovibrio, Megasphaera, Succinivibrio, Sutterella, Desulfovibrio, and Methanobrevibacter (p < 0.05); up-regulated the abundances of Ruminococcaceae, Lactobacillus, and Muribaculaceae in the colon (p < 0.05); and augmented the mRNA level and concentration of porcine β-defensin 2 in the small intestinal mucosa (p < 0.05). Moreover, Trp-adequate diets increased the abundances of Trp hydroxylase, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, porcine β-defensin 2, phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin, and phosphorylated protein kinase B in the small intestinal mucosa (p < 0.05). We noted that a corn and soybean meal-based diet with 0.35% Trp may be a nutritional strategy to improve growth performance, intestinal mucosal barrier integrity, and intestinal microbial ecology in weaned piglets.
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Shang, Lijun, Hongbin Liu, Haitao Yu, et al. "Core Altered Microorganisms in Colitis Mouse Model: A Comprehensive Time-Point and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Analysis." Antibiotics 10, no. 6 (2021): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060643.
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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is characterized by chronic and relapsing inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract. Antibiotics have been used to treat IBD, primarily utilizing metronidazole. Although there does seem to be a treatment effect, the broad-spectrum antibiotics that have been used to date are crude tools and have many adverse effects. Available evidence suggests that the host microbiome is implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD, though the key bacteria remain unknown. If the bacterial population can be modified appropriately, the use of antibiotics will have a better therapeutic effect. In this study, mice were fed dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) solution for 5 days, followed by 5 days of normal drinking water, to investigate the gut microbiota response to colitis and the initial alteration of microbiota in recovery phase. Day 0 was considered the normal control, while day 5 and day 10 were considered the colitis mouse model progressive phase and recovery phase, respectively. Results showed that inflammation could induce proportional changes in the gut microbiota. Furthermore, transplanting the microbiota in progressive phase to antibiotic-induced microbiota-depleted mice could induce inflammation similar to colitis, which proves the importance of initial alteration of the microbiota for IBD recovery and the potential of the microbiota as a target for the treatment of IBD. Meanwhile, we have also identified three possible target microorganisms in the development of colitis, namely genera Muribaculaceae (negative correlation), Turicibacter (positive correlation) and Lachnospiraceae (negative correlation) in inflammation status through comprehensive analysis.
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Miyake, Sou, Yichen Ding, Melissa Soh, Adrian Low, and Henning Seedorf. "Muribaculum gordoncarteri sp. nov., an anaerobic bacterium from the faeces of C57BL/6J mice." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 70, no. 8 (2020): 4725–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.004338.
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An anaerobic bacterial strain, named TLL-A4T, was isolated from fecal pellets of conventionally raised C57BL/6J mice. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that the strain belongs to the phylum Bacteroidetes and, more specifically, to the recently proposed Muribaculaceae (also known as S24-7 clade or Candidatus Homeothermaceae). Strain TLL-A4T’s 16S rRNA gene shared 92.8 % sequence identity with the type strain of the only published species of the genus Muribaculum , Muribaculum intestinale DSM 28989T. Genome-sequencing of TLL-A4T was performed to compare average amino acid identity (AAI) value and percentage of conserved proteins (POCP) between both strains. The AAI analysis revealed that strain TLL-A4T had high identity (69.8 %) with M. intestinale DSM 28989T, while the POCP was 56 %. These values indicate that strain TLL-A4T could be considered a member of the genus Muribaculum but not belonging to the species M. intestinale . Quinone analysis indicated MK10 (63 %) and MK11 (32 %) as major quinones in the membrane, while MK9 was only present as a minor component (5 %). The main cellular fatty acid was anteiso-C15 : 0 (42.8 %); summed feature 11 (17.5 %), C15 : 0 iso (13.4 %), C18 : 1 ω9c (5.6 %), C16.0 3-OH (4.5 %) and C15 : 0 (4.2 %) were detected in minor amounts. Analysis of enzyme activities using the API 32A and API 20A kits indicated major differences between strain TLL-A4T and Muribaculum intestinale DSM 28989T. Based on genotypic, phylogenetic and phenotypic differences, strain TLL-A4T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Muribaculum , for which the name Muribaculum gordoncarteri sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TLL-A4T (=DSM 108194T=KCTC 15770T).
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Nakai, Michael, Rosilene V. Ribeiro, Bruce R. Stevens, et al. "Essential Hypertension Is Associated With Changes in Gut Microbial Metabolic Pathways: A Multisite Analysis of Ambulatory Blood Pressure." Hypertension 78, no. 3 (2021): 804–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17288.
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Recent evidence supports a role for the gut microbiota in hypertension, but whether ambulatory blood pressure is associated with gut microbiota and their metabolites remains unclear. We characterized the function of the gut microbiota, their metabolites and receptors in untreated human hypertensive participants in Australian metropolitan and regional areas. Ambulatory blood pressure, fecal microbiome predicted from 16S rRNA gene sequencing, plasma and fecal metabolites called short-chain fatty acid, and expression of their receptors were analyzed in 70 untreated and otherwise healthy participants from metropolitan and regional communities. Most normotensives were female (66%) compared with hypertensives (35%, P <0.01), but there was no difference in age between the groups (59.2±7.7 versus 60.3±6.6 years old). Based on machine learning multivariate covariance analyses of de-noised amplicon sequence variant prevalence data, we determined that there were no significant differences in predicted gut microbiome α- and β-diversity metrics between normotensives versus essential or masked hypertensives. However, select taxa were specific to these groups, notably Acidaminococcus spp ., Eubacterium fissicatena, and Muribaculaceae were higher, while Ruminococcus and Eubacterium eligens were lower in hypertensives. Importantly, normotensive and essential hypertensive cohorts could be differentiated based on gut microbiome gene pathways and metabolites. Specifically, hypertensive participants exhibited higher plasma acetate and butyrate, but their immune cells expressed reduced levels of short-chain fatty acid-activated GPR43 (G-protein coupled receptor 43). In conclusion, gut microbial diversity did not change in essential hypertension, but we observed a significant shift in microbial gene pathways. Hypertensive subjects had lower levels of GPR43, putatively blunting their response to blood pressure-lowering metabolites.
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Sanglard, Leticia, Stephan Schmitz-Esser, Kent Gray, et al. "219 Relationship between host-genetics and the vaginal microbiome in commercial gilts." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (2019): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.086.
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Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate host-genetic contributions to the vaginal microbiome of commercial gilts vaccinated for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS). Vaginal swab samples (n = 576) from 308 F1 gilts (183±12 days old) were collected on day 4 (D4) and 52 (D52) post-vaccination with a commercial modified live virus PRRS vaccine. Samples were used to profile the vaginal microbiome by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, with sequences clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and taxonomically classified. All animals were genotyped for 45,536 SNPs. Arcsine of the square root-transformed OTUs abundance data were analyzed using a linear mixed animal model with age at vaccination as a covariate and animal (random) for estimation of genetic parameters. The same model was used for GWAS for the 100 most abundant OTUs but with addition of genotype of SNPs as a covariate, one at a time. For D4, heritability estimates ranged from &lt; 0.001±0.01(13 OTUs) to 0.60±0.13 (Fusobacterium), with OTUs corresponding to the genera Fusobacterium, Pasteurellaceae, Clostridiales, Prevotellaceae, and Lactobacillus having high estimates (0.41±0.13 to 0.60±0.13). For D52, heritability estimates ranged from &lt; 0.001±0.01 (10 OTUs) to 0.63±0.12 (Terrisporobacter), with OTUs corresponding to Clostridium, Terrisporobacter, Romboutsia, Turicibacter, Phascolarctobacterium, Muribaculaceae, and Ruminococcaceae having high estimates (0.42±0.14 to 0.63±0.12). Forty-six QTLs were significantly (P &lt; 0.00001) associated with OTU across days. Among these, one main QTL on chromosome 12 (20–23Mb), a gene-rich region with previously identified QTL for immune-related traits, was identified for 5 and 6 OTUs on D4 and D52, respectively. These OTUs were mainly of the phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes on D4 and D52, respectively. In conclusion, there is evidence of substantial host genetic variation for vaginal microbiome in commercial PRRS-vaccinated gilts, including the identification of many QTLs. Additional research is needed to investigate the genetic relationship between vaginal microbiome, health, and production in pigs.
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Elmassry, Moamen, Rui Wang, Abdul Hamood, Volker Neugebauer, and Chwan-Li Shen. "Two Isomers of Ginger Root Extracts Modify Composition and Function of Gut Microbiota in Rats Treated with Neuropathic Pain." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (2020): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa045_027.
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Abstract Objectives Emerging evidence has suggested that gut microbiota plays a key role during the development of chronic pain, such as neuropathic pain (NP). This study was to evaluate the effects of two ginger root extract isomers (gingerols and shogaols) on the composition and function of gut microbiota in animals with NP. Methods Sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups: sham group, spinal nerve ligation (SNL) group as the pain control group, SNL + gingerols-enriched ginger (GEG) extract group, and SNL + shogaols-enriched ginger (SEG) extract group. Animals in GEG and SEG groups were fed their respective diets on the day of SNL surgery for 30 days. At day 30, fecal samples were collected for microbiota composition and functional analyses. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was conducted from fecal samples and microbiome data analysis was performed with QIIME2 and PICRUSt2. Data were analyzed using non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test to compare GEG and SEG with SNL group. Results Based on the results of alpha-diversity analyses, neither GEG nor SEG treatment affected the evenness of microbiome. Gingerols or shogaols supplementation into the diet reduced the richness of the gut microbiome, compared to the SNL group. Relative to the SNL group, GEG group had an increase in the relative abundance of the genus Faecalitalea, while SEG group had an increase in the relative abundance of the genus Aerococcus and species Bacteroides massiliensis. In comparison to SNL group, both GEG and SEG groups showed a decrease in the relative abundance of the family Muribaculaceae and the genus Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group. Functional profiling results revealed that relative to the SNL group, both GEG and SEG supplementation increased the proportion of biosynthetic pathways related to energy metabolism (i.e., pentose phosphate pathway and sugar degradation) and peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Furthermore, GEG and SEG differentially modified amino acid-related metabolic pathways, i.e., tyrosine degradation, tryptophan biosynthesis, arginine, and ornithine biosynthesis. Conclusions GEG and SEG exhibited differential effects on the microbiome composition and function, suggesting a prebiotic potential for dietary ginger root intake in the management of NP. Funding Sources Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center.
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Gomes Mariana, Juste Contin, Juliana Soares da Silva, Andressa Assis, Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia, Hilário Cuquetto Mantovani, and Hércia Stampini Duarte Martino. "Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Flour Can Improve the Gut Microbiota Composition and Function in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (2021): 1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab054_014.
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Abstract Objectives To evaluate the effects of whole flour and protein hydrolysate from common bean on gut health in mice fed a High-Fat Diet. Methods BALB/c adults mice (n = 48) where divided in 4 groups (n = 12 each): normal control (NC standard diet AIN-93M); High-Fat Diet (HFD) only; HFD plus bean flour (HFBF) and HFD plus bean protein hydrolysate (HFPH; 700 mg/kg of body/day). After 9 weeks, the animals were euthanized. Cecum weight was measured and cecum content was collected. Cecum content was used to analyze moisture by gravimetric method, lipids by extraction in Soxhlet apparatus, short chain fatty acids (SCFA) by HPLC and DNA extraction and sequencing of the gut microbiota. Total genomic DNA was extracted from fecal samples and loaded using the Illumina MiSeq platform at Argonne National Laboratory. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and post-hoc of Newman-Kews. Nonparametric and independent samples were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis with a Dunn's multiple comparison test (P &lt; 0.05). Results HFBF increased cecum weight (+69%), moisture (+104.6%) and lipids (+11.5%) in the feces compared to HFD group (P &lt; 0.05), and the Beta diversity was different from HFD. Acetic acid concentration decreased (−37.7%) in cecal content of HFBF group compared to HFD group (P &lt; 0.05), and propionic and butyric acids cecal concentration did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) among experimental groups. The abundance of Bacteroidetes increased and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio decreased in the HFBF compared to control groups. The operational taxonomic units (OTUs) enriched by HFBF were mainly assigned to Muribaculaceae family, which show high potential to improve gut health. The functional analysis of the microbiota shown beneficial changes in the host's genetic capacity, especially in the metabolic pathways involved with glucose metabolism. KEGG metabolic pathways involved with starch and sucrose metabolism, as well as the galactose metabolism were enriched in the HFBF group compared to the HFD group (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions The intake of common bean flour modulates the microbiota composition and abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria, and attenuates the effects of HFD, showing potential to improve gut microbiota composition and function of mice. Funding Sources CNPq, CAPES, Fapemig and Fulbright (Brazil).
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Tavakoli Medical scientist, P., U. Vollmer-Conna, D. Hadzi-Pavlovic, M. C. Grimm, and X. Vázquez-Campos. "P479 Biological therapies and bio-microbial dynamics in inflammatory bowel diseases." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 15, Supplement_1 (2021): S468—S470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab076.602.
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Abstract Background Therapeutic aims in IBDs are to induce remission through rapidly effective treatment. Conventional therapeutic methods including immunosuppression have been available for more than half a century with biological therapies the treatment of choice in patients who fail immunosuppressive drugs. There has been little attempt to longitudinally examine the differences in biopsychological factors and their associations with treatment modalities in IBD patients. Methods 50 IBD participants (24 UC, 26 CD) in clinical remission were followed for 12 months. Complete longitudinal datasets and monthly stool and blood samples for inflammatory biomarkers were collected for analysis of association. Microbiome analysis was performed using V4 16SrRNA for identification of microbial phylogenetic relationships. Patients were grouped on whether or not they were in remission and on biological agents. Results At the baseline there were similar ecological indices between the two treatment options in both disease classes; (Shannon, p = 0.380; Pielou’s, p = 0.246; Chao1, p = 0.934). At family level, the CD group showed significant differences (Wilcoxon, p ≤ 0.05) between the treatment received (biologics vs non-biologic) in the abundance of Barnesiellaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, unclassified Clostridia, and Clostridiaceae (Figure 1A). Results showed similar ecological index values in samples from the two treatment options. Samples in UC groups on biological and non-biologic treatment modes were found to have significantly different microbial communities based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity (PERMANOVA, p = 0.0031). Microbial family composition in UC group and on two treatment modalities showed a total of 12 families that were significantly different (Wilcoxon, p ≤ 0.05): Acidaminococcaceae, unclassified Bacteroidales, Barnesiellaceae, Christensenellaceae, Clostridiales vadinBB60 group, Coriobacteriaceae, Defluvitaleaceae, Eggerthelaceaem Fusobacteriaceae, Muribaculaceae, Prevotellaceae, and Streptococcaceae (Figure1B). Results identified significant differences in microbial diversity (Shannon index, p = 0.041), and evenness (Pielou’s evenness, p = 0.045) between the two treatment modes. No differences were identified in richness (Chao1) in UC participants. Conclusion Conclusion: Baseline biological indices were mostly similarly distributed between the two treatment options in remissive IBD patients, however biological therapy significantly influenced longitudinal trends of some microbiome dynamics, especially in UC. This suggests an underlying interrelationship between mode of treatment and biopsychological trajectories which might overshadow response to the treatment, requiring further assessment.
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Miyake, Sou, Yichen Ding, Melissa Soh, and Henning Seedorf. "Complete Genome Sequence of Duncaniella muris Strain B8, Isolated from the Feces of C57/BL6 Mice." Microbiology Resource Announcements 8, no. 30 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mra.00566-19.
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Here, the complete genome sequence of Duncaniella muris strain B8 is presented. The anaerobic strain was isolated from the feces of C57/BL6 mice and is closely related to D. muris strain DSM 103720, which is the type strain of the recently proposed genus Duncaniella of the Muribaculaceae.
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Liu, Xueer, Teng Teng, Xuemei Li, et al. "Impact of Inosine on Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Depressive and Anxiety-Like Behaviors With the Alteration of Gut Microbiota." Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 11 (September 14, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.697640.
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Current antidepressants do not confer a clear advantage in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD). Accumulating evidence highlights the potential antidepressant-like effects of inosine on adult MDD, and gut microbiomes are significantly associated with MDD via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. However, few studies have investigated possible associations between inosine and gut microbiota in adolescents with MDD. The current study investigated the potential antidepressant effects of inosine in adolescent male C57BL/6 mice. After 4 weeks of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) stimulation, the mice were assessed by body weight, the sucrose preference test (SPT), open field test, and the elevated plus maze (EPM). The microbiota compositions of feces were determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Inosine significantly improved CUMS-induced depressive and anxiety-like behaviors in adolescent mice including SPT and EPM results. Fecal microbial composition differed in the CON+saline, CUMS+saline, and CUMS+inosine groups, which were characterized by 126 discriminative amplicon sequence variants belonging to Bacteroidetes and Firmicute at the phylum level and Muribaculaceae and Lachnospiraceae at the family level. Muribaculaceae was positively associated with depressive and anxiety-like behaviors. KEGG functional analysis suggested that inosine might affect gut microbiota through carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism pathways. The results of the study indicated that inosine improved depressive and anxiety-like behaviors in adolescent mice, in conjunction with the alteration of fecal microbial composition. Our findings may provide a novel perspective on the antidepressant effects of inosine in children and adolescents.
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Lagkouvardos, Ilias, Till R. Lesker, Thomas C. A. Hitch, et al. "Sequence and cultivation study of Muribaculaceae reveals novel species, host preference, and functional potential of this yet undescribed family." Microbiome 7, no. 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0637-2.
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Pereira, Fátima C., Kenneth Wasmund, Iva Cobankovic, et al. "Rational design of a microbial consortium of mucosal sugar utilizers reduces Clostridiodes difficile colonization." Nature Communications 11, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18928-1.
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Abstract Many intestinal pathogens, including Clostridioides difficile, use mucus-derived sugars as crucial nutrients in the gut. Commensals that compete with pathogens for such nutrients are therefore ecological gatekeepers in healthy guts, and are attractive candidates for therapeutic interventions. Nevertheless, there is a poor understanding of which commensals use mucin-derived sugars in situ as well as their potential to impede pathogen colonization. Here, we identify mouse gut commensals that utilize mucus-derived monosaccharides within complex communities using single-cell stable isotope probing, Raman-activated cell sorting and mini-metagenomics. Sequencing of cell-sorted fractions reveals members of the underexplored family Muribaculaceae as major mucin monosaccharide foragers, followed by members of Lachnospiraceae, Rikenellaceae, and Bacteroidaceae families. Using this information, we assembled a five-member consortium of sialic acid and N-acetylglucosamine utilizers that impedes C. difficile’s access to these mucosal sugars and impairs pathogen colonization in antibiotic-treated mice. Our findings underscore the value of targeted approaches to identify organisms utilizing key nutrients and to rationally design effective probiotic mixtures.
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Borey, Marion, Fany Blanc, Gaëtan Lemonnier, et al. "Links between fecal microbiota and the response to vaccination against influenza A virus in pigs." npj Vaccines 6, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41541-021-00351-2.
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AbstractThis study describes the associations between fecal microbiota and vaccine response variability in pigs, using 98 piglets vaccinated against the influenza A virus at 28 days of age (D28) with a booster at D49. Immune response to the vaccine is measured at D49, D56, D63, and D146 by serum levels of IAV-specific IgG and assays of hemagglutination inhibition (HAI). Analysis of the pre-vaccination microbiota characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal DNA reveals a higher vaccine response in piglets with a richer microbiota, and shows that 23 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) are differentially abundant between high and low IAV-specific IgG producers at D63. A stronger immune response is linked with OTUs assigned to the genus Prevotella and family Muribaculaceae, and a weaker response is linked with OTUs assigned to the genera Helicobacter and Escherichia-Shigella. A set of 81 OTUs accurately predicts IAV-specific IgG and HAI titer levels at all time points, highlighting early and late associations between pre-vaccination fecal microbiota composition and immune response to the vaccine.
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Nieto Callejo, M. L., I. Gallardo, B. Gutierrez, et al. "Oleanolic acid protection against experimental autoimmune myocarditis modulates the microbiota and the intestinal barrier integrity." European Heart Journal 41, Supplement_2 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.3716.
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Abstract Background Autoimmune myocarditis is a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Recent studies have indicated that leaky gut may allow environmental factors to enter the body and trigger the initiation/development of autoimmune disease. Moreover, there is a growing literature supporting that, beside myocardial fibrosis, a leaky intestinal barrier and gut dysbiosis are pathogenic factors linked to heart failure. The natural triterpene oleanolic acid (OA) has been shown to beneficially influence the severity of the experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM), a preclinical model of human myocarditis, via anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory mechanisms. Herein, we investigate gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances and the gut microbiota composition associated with EAM as potential therapeutic target of OA. Methods and results BALB/c mice were α-myosin-inmunized to induce EAM and treated with OA (25 mg/kg/day, i.p). On day 21, heart fibrosis and parameters related to gut damage such as oxidative stress (O2- ions, lipid peroxidation), gut permeability (D-lactate; I-FABP), inflammation and mucins were determined in serum and/or colon. Fecal microbial profiles were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. Firstly, histological analysis of hearts showed presence of fibrosis (Sirius Red stain) in EAM mice, whereas these effects were not detectable in myocardium from healthy or OA-treated EAM mice. In addition, OA preserved the mucin-containing goblet cells along the colon (Alcian Blue/PAS stain). Consistently, serum levels of the epithelial gut damage markers, including D-lactate and iFABP were significantly reduced in OA treated-EAM mice. The beneficial OA effects also included a decrease in the pro-inflammatory mediators sPLA2-IIA and IL-1β and a protection from the oxidative stress response (DHE stain and TBARS) in serum and colonic tissue of EAM-mice. Furthermore, gut microbiota composition showed a lower bacterial diversity and different relative abundance of certain bacterial taxa in EAM-mice compared to control mice. The families of Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae were significantly affected in EAM mice, and only Muribaculaceae recovered levels similar to the healthy-control group, after treatment with OA. Conclusion Our data show that in addition to the heart, the intestinal barrier and gut microbiota are altered in myocarditis, and that OA treatment could ameliorate this profile. Our data contribute to the idea that gut dysbiosis and GI dysfunction influences myocarditis pathogenesis, and provides new findings regarding the beneficial activity of OA in EAM, suggesting that it may be an interesting candidate to be explored for the treatment of human patients. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): MINECO, ISCIII, CIBERCV-ISCIII
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Bowerman, Kate L., Sarah C. L. Knowles, Janette E. Bradley, et al. "Effects of laboratory domestication on the rodent gut microbiome." ISME Communications 1, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43705-021-00053-9.
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AbstractThe domestication of the laboratory mouse has influenced the composition of its native gut microbiome, which is now known to differ from that of its wild ancestor. However, limited exploration of the rodent gut microbiome beyond the model species Mus musculus has made it difficult to interpret microbiome variation in a broader phylogenetic context. Here, we analyse 120 de novo and 469 public metagenomically-sequenced faecal and caecal samples from 16 rodent hosts representing wild, laboratory and captive lifestyles. Distinct gut bacterial communities were observed between rodent host genera, with broadly distributed species originating from the as-yet-uncultured bacterial genera UBA9475 and UBA2821 in the families Oscillospiraceae and Lachnospiraceae, respectively. In laboratory mice, Helicobacteraceae were generally depleted relative to wild mice and specific Muribaculaceae populations were enriched in different laboratory facilities, suggesting facility-specific outgrowths of this historically dominant rodent gut family. Several bacterial families of clinical interest, including Akkermansiaceae, Streptococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae, were inferred to have gained over half of their representative species in mice within the laboratory environment, being undetected in most wild rodents and suggesting an association between laboratory domestication and pathobiont emergence.
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Patrizz, Anthony, Antonio Dono, Soheil Zorofchian, et al. "Glioma and temozolomide induced alterations in gut microbiome." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77919-w.
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AbstractThe gut microbiome is fundamental in neurogenesis processes. Alterations in microbial constituents promote inflammation and immunosuppression. Recently, in immune-oncology, specific microbial taxa have been described to enhance the effects of therapeutic modalities. However, the effects of microbial dysbiosis on glioma are still unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of glioma development and Temozolomide (TMZ) on fecal microbiome in mice and humans. C57BL/6 mice were implanted with GL261/Sham and given TMZ/Saline. Fecal samples were collected longitudinally and analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Fecal samples were collected from healthy controls as well as glioma patients at diagnosis, before and after chemoradiation. Compared to healthy controls, mice and glioma patients demonstrated significant differences in beta diversity, Firmicutes/Bacteroides (F/B) ratio, and increase of Verrucomicrobia phylum and Akkermansia genus. These changes were not observed following TMZ in mice. TMZ treatment in the non-tumor bearing mouse-model diminished the F/B ratio, increase Muribaculaceae family and decrease Ruminococcaceae family. Nevertheless, there were no changes in Verrucomicrobia/Akkermansia. Glioma development leads to gut dysbiosis in a mouse-model, which was not observed in the setting of TMZ. These findings seem translational to humans and warrant further study.
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Duan, Jiajia, Yu Huang, Xunmin Tan, et al. "Characterization of gut microbiome in mice model of depression with divergent response to escitalopram treatment." Translational Psychiatry 11, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01428-1.
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AbstractDepression is a common and heterogeneous mental disorder. Although several antidepressants are available to treat the patients with depression, the factors which could affect and predict the treatment response remain unclear. Here, we characterize the longitudinal changes of microbial composition and function during escitalopram treatment in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice model of depression based on 16 S rRNA sequencing and metabolomics. Consequently, we found that escitalopram (ESC) administration serves to increase the alpha-diversity of the gut microbiome in ESC treatment group. The microbial signatures between responder (R) and non-responder (NR) groups were significantly different. The R group was mainly characterized by increased relative abundances of genus Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, and depleted families Ruminococcaceae and Lactobacillaceae relative to NR group. Moreover, we identified 15 serum metabolites responsible for discriminating R and NR group. Those differential metabolites were mainly involved in phospholipid metabolism. Significantly, the bacterial OTUs belonging to family Lachnospiraceae, Helicobacteraceae, and Muribaculaceae formed strong co-occurring relationships with serum metabolites, indicating alternations of gut microbiome and metabolites as potential mediators in efficiency of ESC treatment. Together, our study demonstrated that the alterations of microbial compositions and metabolic functions might be relevant to the different response to ESC, which shed new light in uncovering the mechanisms of differences in efficacy of antidepressants.
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Ma, Jian, Yixiao Zhu, Zhisheng Wang, et al. "Glutamine supplementation affected the gut bacterial community and fermentation leading to improved nutrient digestibility in growth-retarded yaks." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 97, no. 7 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiab084.
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ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effects of glutamine supplementation on nutrient digestibility, immunity, digestive enzyme activity, gut bacterial community and fermentation of growth-retarded yaks. A total of 16 growth-retarded yaks were randomly allocated to two groups: negative control (GRY) and glutamine supplementation group (GLN). Another eight growth-normal yaks were used as a positive control (GNY). Compared with GRY group, the crude protein digestibility was higher in GLN and GNY animals and the neutral detergent fiber digestibility was increased in GLN yaks. The concentrations of serum IgA, IgG, IgM and IL-10, as well as butyrate concentration and cellulase activity in the rumen and cecum were higher in GLN yaks compared to those in GRY animals. Supplementation with glutamine enhanced the chymotrypsin activity and increased the relative abundances of unclassified Peptostreptococcaceae and Romboutsia while decreased the relative abundances of unclassified Chitinophagaceae and Bacteroides in the jejunum and ileum of growth-retarded yaks. In the cecum, the relative abundance of unclassified Muribaculaceae was higher in GLN group than that in GRY group. The findings in this study suggest that the improved nutrient digestibility and immunity of growth-retarded yaks with glutamine supplementation may be through its potential impact on the lower gut host and microbial functions.
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Li, Lin, Sen-jie Zhong, Si-yuan Hu, Bin Cheng, Hong Qiu, and Zhi-xi Hu. "Changes of gut microbiome composition and metabolites associated with hypertensive heart failure rats." BMC Microbiology 21, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12866-021-02202-5.
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Abstract Background The potential role of the gut microbiome (GM) in heart failure (HF) had recently been revealed. However, the underlying mechanisms of the GM and fecal metabolome in HF have not been characterized. The Dahl salt-sensitive rat model of hypertensive heart failure (H-HF) was used to study the clinical symptoms and characteristics. To elucidate the pathogenesis of HF, we combined 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomics to analyze gut microbial compositions and fecal metabolomic profiles of rats with H-HF. Results PCoA of beta diversity shown that the gut microbiome composition profiles among the three groups were separated. Gut microbial composition was significantly altered in H-HF rats, the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes(F/B) increased and the abundance of Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Lactobacillaceae decreased. Significantly altered levels of 17 genera and 35 metabolites were identified as the potential biomarker of H-HF. Correlation analysis revealed that specific altered genera were strongly correlated with changed fecal metabolites. The reduction in short-chain fatty acids (SCFA)-producing bacteria and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) might be a notable characteristic for H-HF. Conclusions This is the first study to characterize the fecal microbiome of hypertensive heart failure by integrating 16S rRNA gene sequencing and LC–MS-based metabolomics approaches. Collectively, the results suggesting changes of gut microbiome composition and metabolites are associated with hypertensive heart failure rats.
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Qian, Yujiao, Zhipeng Gao, Chen Wang, et al. "Effects of Different Treatment Methods of Dried Citrus Peel (Chenpi) on Intestinal Microflora and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Healthy Mice." Frontiers in Nutrition 8 (July 26, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.702559.
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Chenpi is a kind of dried citrus peel from Citrus reticulata, and it is often used as traditional Chinese medicine to treat dyspepsia and respiratory tract inflammation. In this study, to determine which way of chenpi treatment plays a better effect on the prevention of obesity in healthy mice, we conducted 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing for intestinal microbiota and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detector (GC/MSD) analysis for short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) of female rats fed with either chenpi decoction or chenpi powder-based diet (n = 10 per group) for 3 weeks. Chenpi powder (CP) group significantly reduced abdominal adipose tissues, subcutaneous adipose tissue, and the serum level of total triacylglycerol (TG). At a deeper level, chenpi powder has a better tendency to increase the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes. It alters the Muribaculaceae and Muribaculum in intestinal microbiota, though it is not significant. The concentrations of acetic acid, valeric acid, and butyric acid increased slightly but not significantly in the CP group. Chenpi decoction just reduced perirenal adipose tissues, but it shows better antioxidant activity. It has little effect on intestinal microbiota. No differences were found for SCFAs in the chenpi decoction (CD) group. The results indicated that chenpi powder has a better effect in preventing obesity in mice. It can provide a basis for the development of functional products related to chenpi powder.
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Xie, Ao, Jiaping Song, Shan Lu, Yinhui Liu, Li Tang, and Shu Wen. "Influence of Diet on the Effect of the Probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei in Rats Suffering From Allergic Asthma." Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (September 27, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.737622.
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Mounting evidence suggests that probiotics can be used to treat allergic asthma by modulating the gut microbiota, and that the effects of probiotics may be influenced by environmental factors such as diet. We conducted a rat model with allergic asthma (AA) modulated by Lactobacillus paracasei, feeding up with high-fat or high-fiber diets based on collecting data from 85 questionnaires. The systemic proinflammatory cytokines were detected by ELISA and the overall structure of fecal microbiota was analyzed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed consumption of a high-fiber diet alleviated the allergic symptoms and airway inflammation, and led to improving the imbalance of T-helper type 1 (Th1)/Th2 cells with increased expression of interferon-γ and decreased expression of interleukin-4. Whereas, the high-fat diet had deteriorating implications and skewed the inflammatory perturbation. Furthermore, abundances of phylum Bacteroidetes, families Muribaculaceae, Tannerellaceae, Prevotellaceae, Enterococcaceae, genera Allobaculum, Parabacteroides, and Enterococcus were enriched in L. paracasei-modulating rats fed with high-fiber diet. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, families Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae, genera Blautia, unidentified_Ruminococcaceae, unidentified_Clostridiales and Oscillibacter were in relatively high abundance in the rats administered high-fat diet. Association between changed microbiota and inflammatory cytokines was also conferred. These data indicated that the efficacy of L. paracasei in allergic asthma was influenced by different dietary patterns. Hence, diet is important for probiotic therapy when managing allergic asthma.
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Guo, Shanshan, Wenye Geng, Shan Chen, et al. "Ginger Alleviates DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis Severity by Improving the Diversity and Function of Gut Microbiota." Frontiers in Pharmacology 12 (February 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.632569.
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The effects of ginger on gastrointestinal disorders such as ulcerative colitis have been widely investigated using experimental models; however, the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic actions are still unknown. In this study, we investigated the correlation between the therapeutic effects of ginger and the regulation of the gut microbiota. We used dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to induce colitis and found that ginger alleviated colitis-associated pathological changes and decreased the mRNA expression levels of interleukin-6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in mice. 16s rRNA sequencing analysis of the feces samples showed that mice with colitis had an intestinal flora imbalance with lower species diversity and richness. At the phylum level, a higher abundance of pathogenic bacteria, Proteobacteria and firmicutes, were observed; at the genus level, most samples in the model group showed an increase in Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group. The overall analysis illustrated an increase in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus_murinus, Lachnospiraceae_bacterium_615, and Ruminiclostridium_sp._KB18. These increased pathogenic bacteria in model mice were decreased when treated with ginger. DSS-treated mice showed a lower abundance of Muribaculaceae, and ginger corrected this disorder. The bacterial community structure of the ginger group analyzed with Alpha and Beta indices was similar to that of the control group. The results also illustrated that altered intestinal microbiomes affected physiological functions and adjusted key metabolic pathways in mice. In conclusion, this research presented that ginger reduced DSS-induced colitis severity and positively regulated the intestinal microbiome. Based on the series of data in this study, we hypothesize that ginger can improve diseases by restoring the diversity and functions of the gut microbiota.
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Perveen, Nighat, Sabir Bin Muzaffar, Ranjit Vijayan, and Mohammad Ali Al-Deeb. "Microbial communities associated with the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii: 16S rRNA gene-based analysis." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74116-7.
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Abstract Hyalomma dromedarii is an important blood-feeding ectoparasite that affects the health of camels. We assessed the profile of bacterial communities associated with H. dromedarii collected from camels in the eastern part of the UAE in 2010 and 2019. A total of 100 partially engorged female ticks were taken from tick samples collected from camels (n = 100; 50/year) and subjected to DNA extraction and sequencing. The 16S rRNA gene was amplified from genomic DNA and sequenced using Illumina MiSeq platform to elucidate the bacterial communities. Principle Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) was conducted to determine patterns of diversity in bacterial communities. In 2010 and 2019, we obtained 899,574 and 781,452 read counts and these formed 371 and 191 operational taxonomic units (OTUs, clustered at 97% similarity), respectively. In both years, twenty-five bacterial families with high relative abundance were detected and the following were the most common: Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Flavobacteriaceae, Francisellaceae, Muribaculaceae, Neisseriaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae. Francisellaceae and Enterobacteriaceae coexist in H. dromedarii and we suggest that they thrive under similar conditions and microbial interactions inside the host. Comparisons of diversity indicated that microbial communities differed in terms of richness and evenness between 2010 and 2019, with higher richness but lower evenness in communities in 2010. Principle coordinates analyses showed clear clusters separating microbial communities in 2010 and 2019. The differences in communities suggested that the repertoire of microbial communities have shifted. In particular, the significant increase in dominance of Francisella and the presence of bacterial families containing pathogenic genera shows that H. dromedarii poses a serious health risk to camels and people who interact with them. Thus, it may be wise to introduce active surveillance of key genera that constitute a health hazard in the livestock industry to protect livestock and people.
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Wang, Hui, Gangduo Wang, Nivedita Banerjee, et al. "Aberrant Gut Microbiome Contributes to Intestinal Oxidative Stress, Barrier Dysfunction, Inflammation and Systemic Autoimmune Responses in MRL/lpr Mice." Frontiers in Immunology 12 (April 12, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.651191.
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Microbiome composition and function have been implicated as contributing factors in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (ADs), including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Furthermore, dysbiosis of gut microbiome is associated with impaired barrier function and mucosal immune dysregulation. However, mechanisms by which gut microbiome contributes to the ADs and whether antioxidant treatment can restore gut homeostasis and ameliorate the disease outcome are not known. This study was, therefore, focused on examining the involvement of gut microbiome and host responses in the pathogenesis of SLE using unique female mouse models (C57BL/6, MRL+/+ and MRL/lpr) of 6 and 18 weeks with varying degrees of disease progression. Fecal microbiome diversity and composition, gut oxidative stress (OS), barrier function and inflammation, as well as systemic autoimmunity were determined. Interestingly, each mouse strain had distinct bacterial community as revealed by β-diversity. A lower Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in 6-week-old MRL/lpr mice was observed, evidenced by decrease in Peptostreptococcaceae under Firmicutes phylum along with enrichment of Rikenellaceae under Bacteroidetes phylum. Additionally, we observed increases in colonic OS [4-hydroxynonenal (HNE)-adducts and HNE-specific immune complexes], permeability changes (lower tight junction protein ZO-2; increased fecal albumin and IgA levels) and inflammatory responses (increased phos-NF-κB, IL-6 and IgG levels) in 18-week-old MRL/lpr mice. These changes were associated with markedly elevated AD markers (antinuclear and anti-smooth muscle antibodies) along with hepatic portal inflammation and severe glomerulonephritis. Notably, antioxidant N-acetylcysteine treatment influenced the microbial composition (decreased Rikenellaceae; increased Akkeransiaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae and Muribaculaceae) and attenuated the systemic autoimmunity in MRL/lpr mice. Our data thus show that gut microbiome dysbiosis is associated with increased colonic OS, barrier dysfunction, inflammatory responses and systemic autoimmunity markers. These findings apart from delineating a role for gut microbiome dysbiosis, also support the contribution of gut OS, permeability changes and inflammatory responses in the pathogenesis of ADs.
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Hutka, Barbara, Bernadette Lázár, András S. Tóth, et al. "The Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Ketorolac Alters the Small Intestinal Microbiota and Bile Acids Without Inducing Intestinal Damage or Delaying Peristalsis in the Rat." Frontiers in Pharmacology 12 (June 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.664177.
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Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) induce significant damage to the small intestine, which is accompanied by changes in intestinal bacteria (dysbiosis) and bile acids. However, it is still a question of debate whether besides mucosal inflammation also other factors, such as direct antibacterial effects or delayed peristalsis, contribute to NSAID-induced dysbiosis. Here we aimed to assess whether ketorolac, an NSAID lacking direct effects on gut bacteria, has any significant impact on intestinal microbiota and bile acids in the absence of mucosal inflammation. We also addressed the possibility that ketorolac-induced bacterial and bile acid alterations are due to a delay in gastrointestinal (GI) transit.Methods: Vehicle or ketorolac (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg) were given to rats by oral gavage once daily for four weeks, and the severity of mucosal inflammation was evaluated macroscopically, histologically, and by measuring the levels of inflammatory proteins and claudin-1 in the distal jejunal tissue. The luminal amount of bile acids was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, whereas the composition of microbiota by sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA. GI transit was assessed by the charcoal meal method.Results: Ketorolac up to 3 mg/kg did not cause any signs of mucosal damage to the small intestine. However, 3 mg/kg of ketorolac induced dysbiosis, which was characterized by a loss of families belonging to Firmicutes (Paenibacillaceae, Clostridiales Family XIII, Christensenellaceae) and bloom of Enterobacteriaceae. Ketorolac also changed the composition of small intestinal bile by decreasing the concentration of conjugated bile acids and by increasing the amount of hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA). The level of conjugated bile acids correlated negatively with the abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Clostridiaceae 1, Muribaculaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Burkholderiaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae. Ketorolac, under the present experimental conditions, did not change the GI transit.Conclusion: This is the first demonstration that low-dose ketorolac disturbed the delicate balance between small intestinal bacteria and bile acids, despite having no significant effect on intestinal mucosal integrity and peristalsis. Other, yet unidentified, factors may contribute to ketorolac-induced dysbiosis and bile dysmetabolism.
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Emami, Nima K., Ali Calik, Mallory B. White, Emily A. Kimminau, and Rami A. Dalloul. "Effect of Probiotics and Multi-Component Feed Additives on Microbiota, Gut Barrier and Immune Responses in Broiler Chickens During Subclinical Necrotic Enteritis." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7 (November 26, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.572142.
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The withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters from poultry feed has increased the risk of necrotic enteritis (NE) outbreaks. This study examined the effects of a probiotic (PROB) or probiotic/prebiotic/essential oil supplement (PPEO) during a subclinical NE challenge. On day (d) of hatch, 960 male broilers were randomized to four groups (8 pens/treatment, 30 birds/pen) including (1) negative control (NC): corn-soybean meal diet; (2) positive control (PC): NC + 20 g Virginiamycin/ton diet; (3) NC + 227 g PROB/ton diet; and (4) NC + 453 g PPEO/ton diet. One d after placement, birds were challenged by a coccidia vaccine to induce NE. Feed intake and body weights were measured on d 8 (NE onset) and end of each feeding period. On d 8, the small intestines of three birds/pen were examined for NE lesions. Jejunum samples and ileal mucosal scrapings from one bird/pen were respectively collected to measure mRNA abundance (d 8 and d 14) and profile the microbiota (d 8 and d 42). Data were analyzed in JMP or QIIME 2 and significance between treatments identified by LSD (P &lt; 0.05). PROB and PPEO had significantly lower mortality (d 0–14) and NE lesion scores compared to NC. Feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in PC, PROB, and PPEO, while average daily gain was higher in PPEO and PC groups compared to NC from d 0–42. On d 8 and d 14, mRNA abundance of claudin-3 was higher in PPEO compared to NC. On d 14, compared to NC, mRNA abundance of sIgA and PGC-1α in PROB and PPEO were lower and higher, respectively. Compared to NC, PPEO increased mTOR abundance on d 14. On d 8, relative abundance of Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Ruminiclostridium9, Prevotellaceae, Prevotellaceae UCG-014, ASF356, and Muribaculaceae was higher in NC compared to PPEO and PROB, while Lactobacillus was lower in NC. Escherichia-Shigella had higher abundance in PC compared to PPEO and PROB. Collectively, these data indicate that during a subclinical naturally occurring NE, supplementation of PROB or PPEO supports performance and reduces intestinal lesions, potentially through modifying tight junction proteins, gut microbiota, immune responses, and cell metabolism.
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Kutsyr, Oksana, Lucía Maestre-Carballa, Mónica Lluesma-Gomez, Manuel Martinez-Garcia, Nicolás Cuenca, and Pedro Lax. "Retinitis pigmentosa is associated with shifts in the gut microbiome." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86052-1.
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AbstractThe gut microbiome is known to influence the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. However, there has been relatively little focus upon the implications of the gut microbiome in retinal diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Here, we investigated changes in gut microbiome composition linked to RP, by assessing both retinal degeneration and gut microbiome in the rd10 mouse model of RP as compared to control C57BL/6J mice. In rd10 mice, retinal responsiveness to flashlight stimuli and visual acuity were deteriorated with respect to observed in age-matched control mice. This functional decline in dystrophic animals was accompanied by photoreceptor loss, morphologic anomalies in photoreceptor cells and retinal reactive gliosis. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing data showed a microbial gut dysbiosis with differences in alpha and beta diversity at the genera, species and amplicon sequence variants (ASV) levels between dystrophic and control mice. Remarkably, four fairly common ASV in healthy gut microbiome belonging to Rikenella spp., Muribaculaceace spp., Prevotellaceae UCG-001 spp., and Bacilli spp. were absent in the gut microbiome of retinal disease mice, while Bacteroides caecimuris was significantly enriched in mice with RP. The results indicate that retinal degenerative changes in RP are linked to relevant gut microbiome changes. The findings suggest that microbiome shifting could be considered as potential biomarker and therapeutic target for retinal degenerative diseases.