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Journal articles on the topic 'Muridae africa southern'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Muteka, Sachariah P., Christian T. Chimimba, and Nigel C. Bennett. "REPRODUCTIVE SEASONALITY IN AETHOMYS NAMAQUENSIS (RODENTIA: MURIDAE) FROM SOUTHERN AFRICA." Journal of Mammalogy 87, no. 1 (February 2006): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/05-mamm-a-088r2.1.

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Chimimba, C. T. "Infraspecific morphometric variation in Aethomys namaquensis (Rodentia: Muridae) from southern Africa." Journal of Zoology 253, no. 2 (February 2001): 191–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952836901000176.

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Russo, Isa-Rita M., Christian T. Chimimba, and Paulette Bloomer. "MITOCHONDRIAL DNA DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN TWO SPECIES OF AETHOMYS (RODENTIA: MURIDAE) FROM SOUTHERN AFRICA." Journal of Mammalogy 87, no. 3 (June 2006): 545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/05-mamm-a-222r3.1.

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Muteka, S. P., C. T. Chimimba, and N. C. Bennett. "Reproductive photoresponsiveness in Aethomys ineptus and A. namaquensis (Rodentia: Muridae) from southern Africa." Journal of Zoology 268, no. 3 (March 2006): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2005.00022.x.

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Chimimba, C. T. "Geographic variation in the Tete veld rat Aethomys ineptus (Rodentia: Muridae) from southern Africa." Journal of Zoology 254, no. 1 (May 2001): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952836901000577.

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Muteka, S. P., C. T. Chimimba, and N. C. Bennett. "Reproductive seasonality in the Tete veld rat (Aethomys ineptus ) (Rodentia: Muridae) from southern Africa." Journal of Zoology 270, no. 2 (June 9, 2006): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00140.x.

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TAYLOR, PETER J., LEONID A. LAVRENCHENKO, MICHAEL D. CARLETON, ERIK VERHEYEN, NIGEL C. BENNETT, CAREL J. OOSTHUIZEN, and SARITA MAREE. "Specific limits and emerging diversity patterns in East African populations of laminate-toothed rats, genus Otomys (Muridae: Murinae: Otomyini): Revision of the Otomys typus complex." Zootaxa 3024, no. 1 (September 13, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3024.1.1.

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We combined evidence from biogeography, craniodental traits, linear and geometric morphometrics (233 skulls), cytogenetics (karyotypes of 18 individuals) and mitochondrial DNA sequences (44 cytochrome b and 21 12S rRNA sequences) to test species limits within Otomys typus s.l. (Muridae: Murinae: Otomyini), a complex that is patchily distributed across alpine zones of Ethiopia and East Africa. Our results confirm the specific validity of O. dartmouthi, O. jacksoni, O. orestes, and O. uzungwensis, forms recently removed from synonymy under typus s.l.; support elevation of four other alpine forms to species (O. fortior, O. helleri, O. thomasi, and O. zinki); identify three additional new species (O. cheesmani sp. nov., O. simiensis sp. nov., O. yaldeni sp. nov.); and enable redefinition of O. typus s.s. as a species restricted to certain mountains west of the Great Rift Valley in Ethiopia (Simien and Guna Mountains in the north, extending to the highlands of the western rim of the Rift Valley). Phylogenetic interpretation of the cytochrome b data clearly demonstrates that the alpine morphotype once united under O. typus s.l. has originated independently at high elevations on several mountain ranges in eastern and northeastern Africa; although generally adapted to high-elevation vegetation, such alpine species are ecologically segregated from one another. Patterns of morphometric, genetic, and ecological differentiation among populations once misassigned to nominal O. tropicalis and O. typus more parsimoniously reflect regional cladogenesis along elevational gradients, rather than multiple, successive colonization by different ancestral forms from southern Africa as earlier supposed. Although incomplete and preliminary, information gathered for O. tropicalis indicates that it too is a species composite; several lines of research are discussed to redress its polyphyletic content. Our results, together with other recent taxonomic studies of Otomys, appreciably elevate the level of endemism within eastern Africa and underscore the significance of Africa's eastern highlands to the continental diversification of Otomyini.

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GRANJON, LAURENT, PAOLO COLANGELO, CAROLINE TATARD, MARC COLYN, GAUTHIER DOBIGNY, and VIOLAINE NICOLAS. "Intrageneric relationships within Gerbilliscus (Rodentia, Muridae, Gerbillinae), with characterization of an additional West African species." Zootaxa 3325, no. 1 (May 25, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3325.1.1.

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The systematics of the African rodent genus Gerbilliscus is still a matter of debate. At the genus level it has been said toinclude the related genus Gerbillurus, and at the species level some species still need to be definitely recognized as dis-tinct. To tackle these questions, we gathered and analyzed mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and nuclear (BRCA1) gene se-quences in a number of specimens representing ten species of Gerbilliscus and three species of Gerbillurus. Phylogeneticreconstructions confirm that Gerbillurus should be considered a synonym of Gerbilliscus. They also clearly show that spe-cies diversity in this group is spatially organized, with geographically well-defined species groups covering major areasof sub-Saharan Africa, namely Southern, Eastern and Western Africa. In the latter area, a well-supported genetic lineageappears to correspond to a hitherto overlooked species, also characterized by a distinctive karyotype. This species is char-acterized by an overall large size, a relatively long tail, a distinct karyotype, and represents a well-differentiated geneticcluster. It ranges from Benin to Guinea in Sudano-Guinean forest-savanna mosaic habitats, where it can be sympatric withthe congeneric species G. kempi and G. guineae. Detailed body and skull morphological and biometrical analyses per-formed on samples of the West African species, including type specimens described in this region, suggest that this speciesmay correspond to G. kempi. If confirmed, this would imply that what is currently named G. kempi would deserve another species name, the most likely of which would be G. giffardi.

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Linzey, A. V., M. H. Kesner, C. T. Chimimba, and C. Newbery. "Distribution of veld rat sibling species Aethomys chrysophilus and Aethomys ineptus (Rodentia: Muridae) in southern Africa." African Zoology 38, no. 1 (April 2003): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2003.11657205.

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Green, Christopher A., Hillary Keogh, D. H. Gordon, M. Pinto, and E. K. Hartwig. "The distribution, identification, and naming of the Mastomys natalensis species complex in southern Africa (Rodentia: Muridae)." Journal of Zoology 192, no. 1 (August 20, 2009): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb04215.x.

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DU TOIT, NINA, SONJA MATTHEE, and CONRAD A. MATTHEE. "The sympatric occurrence of two genetically divergent lineages of sucking louse, Polyplax arvicanthis (Phthiraptera: Anoplura), on the four-striped mouse genus, Rhabdomys (Rodentia: Muridae)." Parasitology 140, no. 5 (January 24, 2013): 604–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118201200217x.

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SUMMARYWithin southern Africa, the widely distributed four-striped mouse genus (Rhabdomys) is parasitized by, amongst others, the specific ectoparasitic sucking louse, Polyplax arvicanthis. Given the presence of significant geographically structured genetic divergence in Rhabdomys, and the propensity of parasites to harbour cryptic diversity, the molecular systematics of P. arvicanthis was investigated. Representatives of P. arvicanthis were sampled from Rhabdomys at 16 localities throughout southern Africa. Parsimony and Bayesian gene trees were constructed for the mitochondrial COI, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA and nuclear CAD genes. Our findings support the existence of 2 genetic groups within P. arvicanthis separated by at least 25% COI sequence divergence, which is comparable to that observed among recognized Polyplax species. We therefore propose that these 2 genetic lineages probably represent distinct species and that the apparent absence of clear morphological differences may point to cryptic speciation. The 2 taxa have sympatric distributions throughout most of the sampled host range and also occasionally occur sympatrically on the same host individual. The co-occurrence of these genetically distinct lineages probably resulted from parasite duplication via host-associated allopatric divergence and subsequent reciprocal range expansions of the 2 parasite taxa throughout southern Africa.

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Chimimba, C. T., and N. J. Dippenaar. "Non-Geographic Variation inAethomys Chrysophilus(De Winton, 1897) andA. Namaquensis(A. Smith, 1834) (Rodentia: Muridae) from Southern Africa." South African Journal of Zoology 29, no. 2 (January 1994): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02541858.1994.11448335.

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13

Taylor, Peter John, Teresa Kearney, Desire Lee Dalton, Gamuchirai Chakona, Christopher M. R. Kelly, and Nigel P. Barker. "Biomes, geology and past climate drive speciation of laminate-toothed rats on South African mountains (Murinae: Otomys)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189, no. 3 (November 25, 2019): 1046–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz134.

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Abstract Mitochondrial DNA sequences (1137 bp) of the cytochrome b gene and craniodental and craniometric data were used to investigate the evolutionary relationships of six putative rodent taxa of Otomys (family Muridae: subfamily Murinae: tribe Otomyini) co-occurring in the Western Cape and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa. Phylogenetic analysis of 20 new sequences together with craniodental and craniometric characters of 94 adult skulls reveal the existence of a unique lineage of Otomys cf. karoensis (named herein Otomys willani sp. nov.) from the Sneeuberg Centre of Floristic Endemism in the southern Drakensberg Mountain Range. Craniometric analysis distinguished O. karoensis from O. willani and identified a further four localities in the range of the latter species. We document southern range extensions of both Sloggett’s ice rat, Otomys sloggetti, and the vlei rat Otomys auratus to the Sneeuberg Mountain Range, in addition to appreciable genetic divergence between Sneeuberg and southern and central Drakensberg populations of O. sloggetti. Our results demonstrate parallel patterns of cryptic speciation in two co-occurring species complexes (Otomys irroratus s.l. and O. karoensis s.l.) associated closely with the boundaries of biomes (fynbos vs. grassland biomes) and geological formations (Cape Fold Belt vs. Great Escarpment).

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du Toit, Nina, Bettine Jansen van Vuuren, Sonja Matthee, and Conrad A. Matthee. "Biome specificity of distinct genetic lineages within the four-striped mouse Rhabdomys pumilio (Rodentia: Muridae) from southern Africa with implications for taxonomy." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 65, no. 1 (October 2012): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.036.

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15

Matthee, Sonja, and Edward A. Ueckermann. "Ectoparasites of rodents in Southern Africa: a new species of Androlaelaps Berlese, 1903 (Acari: Parasitiformes: Laelapidae) from Rhabdomys pumilio (Sparrman) (Rodentia: Muridae)." Systematic Parasitology 70, no. 3 (June 6, 2008): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11230-008-9130-1.

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Matthee, Sonja, and Edward A. Ueckermann. "Ectoparasites of rodents in Southern Africa: two new species of Laelaps Koch, 1836 (Acari: Laelapidae) ectoparasitic on Rhabdomys pumilio (Sparrman) (Rodentia: Muridae)." Systematic Parasitology 73, no. 1 (April 1, 2009): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11230-009-9181-y.

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17

Russo, Isa-Rita M., Christian T. Chimimba, and Paulette Bloomer. "Bioregion heterogeneity correlates with extensive mitochondrial DNA diversity in the Namaqua rock mouse, Micaelamys namaquensis (Rodentia: Muridae) from southern Africa - evidence for a species complex." BMC Evolutionary Biology 10, no. 1 (2010): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-307.

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18

Abdel-Rahman, Eitimad H., Peter J. Taylor, Giancarlo Contrafatto, Jennifer M. Lamb, Paulette Bloomer, and Christian T. Chimimba. "Geometric craniometric analysis of sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic variation: A case study based on two geographically disparate species, Aethomys ineptus from southern Africa and Arvicanthis niloticus from Sudan (Rodentia: Muridae)." Mammalian Biology 74, no. 5 (September 2009): 361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2008.06.002.

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19

AMR, ZUHAIR S., MOHAMMAD A. ABU BAKER, MAZIN QUMSIYEH, and EHAB EID. "Systematics, distribution and ecological analysis of rodents in Jordan." Zootaxa 4397, no. 1 (March 18, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4397.1.1.

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Distributional and ecological data were given to all rodents of Jordan. The rodent fauna of Jordan consists of 28 species with 20 genera in eight families (Cricetidae, Dipodidae, Gliridae, Hystricidae, Muridae, Myocastoridae, Sciuridae,and Spalacidae), including four introduced species.Keys for families and species were provided, along with diagnosis for each species and cranial illustrations for most species. Habitat preference and zoogeographic affinities of rodents in Jordan wereanalyzed, as well as their status and conservation.Threat categories and causes of threats on the rodents of Jordan were also analyzed. The distribution of rodents in Jordan represents a reflection of their global distribution ranges and habitat preferences. Species associated with the temperate forest of northern Jordan includes Sciurus anomalus and two wood mice, Apodemus mystacinus and A. flavicollis, while non-forested areas are represented by Nannospalax ehrenbergi and Microtus guentheri. Strict sand dwellers include Gerbillus cheesmani and G. gerbillus. Petrophiles associated with sandstone or black lava deserts are exemplified by Acomys russatus, A. r. lewsi, H. indica and S. calurus. Others including: Jaculus jaculus, G. nanus, G. henleyi, Meriones crassus, and M. libycus are all desert-adapted species with wider ranges of distribution where scarce vegetation, wadibeds, and marabs with clay, loess, or gravel surfaces provide foraging grounds and shelter. A single species, Gerbillus dasyurus, exhibits a wide range of distribution over diverse habitat types. The rodent fauna of Jordan consists of assemblages of different zoogeographical affinities. Nine, three, and seven were restricted or had most of its range within the Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian, and Saharo Arabian, respectively. Sciurus anomalus, Apodemus sp., Nannospalax ehrenbergi, and Microtus guentheri reached their most southern range of distribution in the Mediterranean regions of Jordan. The distribution of Gerbillus cheesmani extends from Asian deserts in India westwards into the Arabian Peninsula crossing Jordan as its most western range of distribution. Typical rodents of Saharo-Arabian affinities are represented by desert jerboas, gerbils, and jirds. North African species such as G. andersoni, G. gerbillus reached their most eastern distribution in southern Jordan. Both G. henleyi and G. nanus are widely-distributed species across North Africa reaching as far as India to the east, representing most northern outpost for these two species. Sekeetamys calurus is a nearly endemic to the Eastern Mediterranean region within southern Jordan and Sinai. Relicts are represented by Eliomys melanurus and Acomys russatus lewisi. Several threats affecting the rodent biodiversity in Jordan were identified including habitat loss and degradation, human disturbance and related activity, legislative and public awareness. The global conservation status of the rodents of Jordan according to the IUCN Red List include 22 species as least concern, one as near threatened (Allactaga euphratica), and one as data deficient (Nannospalax ehrenbergi). According to the regional assessment, one species is critically endangered, three species are considered endangered, one vulnerable.

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CHIMIMBA, CHRISTIAN T., NICO J. DIPPENAAR, and TERENCE J. ROBINSON. "Morphometric and morphological delineation of southern African species of Aethomys (Rodentia: Muridae)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 67, no. 4 (August 1999): 501–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01944.x.

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Massele, Amos, Daniel Afriyie, Johanita Burger, Charles Ezenduka, Joseph Fadare, Aubrey Kalungia, Dan Kibuule, et al. "VP25 African Countries Are Working Together To Enhance Medicine Use." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, S1 (2017): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317003154.

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INTRODUCTION:The socioeconomic burden of diseases is increasing in Africa. For instance in 2011, 70 percent of the world's human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) population resided in sub-Sahara Africa. There are also growing rates of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), which necessitates newer more expensive antibiotics adding to costs. There is also a growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), three out of four patients with hypertension currently live in low and middle income countries (LMICs), with prevalence rates up to 30 to 45 percent among adults in Africa. Alongside this, up to 70 percent of total healthcare expenditure is spent on medicines in LMICs; much of this out-of-pocket. Consequently, there is an urgent need to strengthen collaborative research to improve medicine use.METHODS:Summary of groups working together in Africa including the Medicines Utilisation Research in Africa (MURIA) group.RESULTS:African Strategies for Health identifies and advocates best practices, as well as works with others to develop sustainable solutions. Pharmacology for Africa (PharfA) organises and promotes pharmacology on the African continent, including research in clinical pharmacology, alongside the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) sub-division. International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) Africa co-ordinates activities from the different African country chapters. The South African Health Technology Assessment Society (SAHTAS) is a scientific and professional society for all those who produce, use, or encounter Health Technology Assessment (HTA) in Southern Africa, and the World Health Organization (WHO) International and Regional groups are improving antibiotic drug utilization capabilities in Africa. The MURIA group was established in 2015 (1). Ongoing collaborative research includes (i) initiatives to optimize antibiotic use; (ii) methods to enhance adherence to anti-infective prescribing guidance, (iii) approaches to improve adherence to HIV and NCDs; (iv) researching current anti-hypertensive utilization patterns and knowledge; (v) approaches to enhance Drugs and Therapeutic Committees (DTC) activities, and (vi) strengthening medicine utilization capabilities (2,3). These activities have already strengthened research ties across Africa.CONCLUSIONS:A number of groups are already working across Africa to enhance appropriate medicine use, and should continue. Ongoing MURIA activities include antibiotic point-prevalence studies, ongoing research into infectious diseases, NCDs and DTCs including adherence as well as the third workshop and symposium in Namibia in 2017.

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Muteka, Sachariah P., Christian T. Chimimba, Armanda D. Bastos, and Nigel C. Bennett. "The reproductive pattern of the Gerbilliscus cf. leucogaster (Rodentia: Muridae) from Namibia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 1 (January 2019): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0090.

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Very little is known about the reproductive biology of the Gerbilliscus cf. leucogaster (Peters, 1852) despite its wide distribution throughout the southern African subregion. Body mass, reproductive tract morphometrics, and gonadal histology were studied over 12 months in wild caught Gerbilliscus cf. leucogaster from the central part of Namibia to gain insights into the reproductive pattern of this species. The number of Graafian follicles and corpora lutea in 93 females increased at the end of the dry period (September) and throughout the wet months of the year (October–May) relative to that of the dry season (June–August). Pregnant and lactating females were recorded during the wet months of the year, with a peak observed during February. Testicular mass relative to body mass, testicular volume, and seminiferous tubule diameter in 64% of males increased significantly during the rainfall period (October–June). In addition, 8% of males exhibited little spermatogenesis and 28% showed no spermatogenesis or presence of sperm in the epididymis during the dry period (June–August). These findings suggest that the Gerbilliscus cf. leucogaster breeds predominantly during the rainfall period in Namibia when the food resources are more abundant.

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Ntshotsho, Phumza, Rudi J. van Aarde, Sue W. Nicolson, and Tim P. Jackson. "Renal physiology of two southern African Mastomys species (Rodentia: Muridae): a salt-loading experiment to assess concentrating ability." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 139, no. 4 (December 2004): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.09.018.

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Vermeij, Geerat J. "Distribution, history, and taxonomy of the Thais clade (Gastropoda: Muricidae) in the Neogene of tropical America." Journal of Paleontology 75, no. 3 (May 2001): 697–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000039731.

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The earliest known members of the Thais clade of rapanine muricid neogastropods comprise four species from the Cantaure Formation (early Miocene: Burdigalian) of Venezuela; three of these species are new. Neorapana rotundata Gibson-Smith et al., 1997, is most closely related to the Recent Pacific Mexican N. tuberculata (Sowerby, 1835), and represents the only known Atlantic occurrence of the genus. Thais brevicula new species is closest to T. callaoensis (Gray, 1828) from the Recent of northern Peru and the Galápagos. A review of the genus Thais indicates that the typical members of this group occur in the South Atlantic, West Africa, and eastern Pacific, but not in the Recent fauna of the southern Caribbean. Stramonita bifida new species is a large species related to the Recent S. haemastoma floridana (Conrad, 1837), which occurs throughout the Caribbean. A review of American species of Stramonita indicates that the taxon S. biserialis (de Blainville, 1832) from the Recent fauna of the eastern Pacific, and the taxon S. h. haemastoma (Linnaeus, 1767), may each be composed of more than one species despite the teleplanic dispersal of their larvae. Stramonita semiplicata new species is closely related to the Recent S. bicarinata (de Blainville, 1832) from the South Atlantic, and represents a lineage that occurred in the Caribbean region until at least the late Miocene. It may have given rise to the eastern Pacific genus Acanthais. The higher diversity and greater antipredatory specialization of eastern Pacific as compared to western Atlantic members of the Thais clade may have resulted from higher post-Miocene rates of speciation and lower extinction rates in the eastern Pacific.

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Stone, Robert Douglas, and Quentin Luke. "Lijndenia udzungwarum (Melastomataceae–Olisbeoideae): a new, endemic species from the Udzungwa Mountains of southern Tanzania." Phytotaxa 226, no. 2 (September 11, 2015): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.226.2.6.

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Lijndenia udzungwarum R.D. Stone & Q. Luke, a shrub or small tree of Tanzania’s Udzungwa Mountains, is described and illustrated. The placement of the new species in Lijndenia is indicated by its trinervate, papillose-muricate leaves and persistent bracteoles partially fused to form a cupule immediately subtending each flower. The cordate leaves of L. udzungwarum are unique in the genus. From the East African L. brenanii (A. Fern. & R. Fern.) Jacq.-Fél. and L. procteri (A. Fern. & R. Fern.) Borhidi, the new species is further distinguished by its capitellate inflorescences on long, filiform, axillary peduncles, resembling those of the Sri Lankan L. capitellata (Arn.) K. Bremer. Despite its local endemism, L. udzungwarum has been assessed as ‘Least Concern’ according to IUCN criteria, although this assessment is dependent on the continued safeguarding of the Udzungwa Mountains National Park. An identification key is provided for the three currently recognized Tanzanian species of Lijndenia.

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Donadu, Matthew, Donatella Usai, Antonio Pinna, Tiziana Porcu, Vittorio Mazzarello, Maura Fiamma, Mauro Marchetti, et al. "In vitro activity of hybrid lavender essential oils against multidrug resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 12, no. 01 (January 31, 2018): 009–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.9920.

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Introduction: Lavender is an evergreen shrub native to Northern Africa and other mountainous Mediterranean regions. It grows throughout Southern Europe, the United States, and Australia. Lavender essential oil has been used since ancient times and is known for its anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antiseptic, antifungal and antimicrobial properties. Methodology: in this study, the antimicrobial activity of two Lavender essential oils (Lavanda sumian and Lavanda grosso) against 16 multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa strains from clinical ocular samples taken from migrant patients has been investigated. The in vitro cytotoxic activity on human Wong-Kilbourne derivative (WKD) conjunctiva cells from healthy patients and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity on murine macrophage (J774.1A) were also evaluated. Results: L. sumian showed lower antimicrobial activity when compared to L. grosso. Both lavender oils tested had no cytotoxic effect at very low concentrations, mostly L. grosso. The essential oils extracted from L. sumian and L. grosso significantly reduced NOS in a cell model. Conclusion: Increase in drug resistance and lack of new antibiotics may encourage the development of natural antimicrobial treatments.

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Mikula, Ondřej, Violaine Nicolas, Zbyszek Boratyński, Christiane Denys, Gauthier Dobigny, Elisabeth Fichet-Calvet, Sama Gagaré, et al. "Commensalism outweighs phylogeographical structure in its effect on phenotype of a Sudanian savanna rodent." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 129, no. 4 (January 31, 2020): 931–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz184.

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Abstract The murid rodent Praomys daltoni is widespread in Sudanian savanna and woodlands of West Africa, and previous study of mitochondrial DNA variability suggested that it encompasses the phenotypically (small, grey-bellied) and ecologically (commensal) distinct form, Praomys derooi. Here, we comprehensively examined the genetic and morphological diversity within the complex. Six mitochondrial lineages showed a fine-scale phylogeographical pattern, whereas delimitation based on nuclear loci pooled four of them into a single widespread unit. A newly discovered lineage from southern Mauritania stands apart from the rest of the complex and might represent an unrecognized species. At the same time, the internal position of P. derooi (C2 mitochondrial lineage) was confirmed by the multilocus analysis. The magnitude of genetic distances between major phylogeographical lineages was typical for interspecific divergence in other clades of Praomys, despite the little differences among them in morphology (skull and upper molar row shapes). The most pronounced morphological shift was associated with a transition to commensalism, especially in P. derooi, but also in other lineages. This makes the whole complex a suitable model for the study of phenotypic novelty, the evolution of commensalism and conditions for ecological speciation.

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Matthews, Thalassa, and Turid H. Nel. "The cryptic case of Otomys sloggetti (Sloggett’s vlei rat): Interpreting murid molar morphology in the fossil record." South African Journal of Science 117, no. 1/2 (January 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2021/7137.

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Vlei rats (Family: Muridae; Subfamily: Otomyinae) have a widespread distribution in southern Africa. They are favoured prey of barn and spotted eagle owls, and frequently become associated with archaeological deposits when the owls roost in cave sites. The phylogeny of several Otomyinae species is enigmatic, and Otomys sloggetti (Sloggett’s vlei rat) is no exception. This species has been referred to as the ‘ice rat’ and present distribution ranges are seemingly limited to mountainous areas, at high altitude, in Lesotho Drakensberg and the Karoo. It was thus surprising and unexpected when specimens closely resembling Otomys sloggetti (identification was based on molar morphology) were found in several archaeological sites on the south and west coasts of South Africa, and also in modern owl pellet assemblages – all extralimital to the current reported distribution. However, further examination of and comparison between these specimens, as well as extensive differences observed between comparative Otomys sloggetti specimens from museum collections, highlighted potential problems associated with the common practice of using tooth morphology to identify fossil murid species. We identified six molar morphotypes from the fossil and modern material, all of which bore a morphological resemblance to O. sloggetti. The material discussed in this paper suggests that cryptic, undescribed vlei rat species, or subspecies, have been in the past, and may yet be, co-occurring with modern populations of O. karoensis and O. irroratus. Phylogenetic studies need to be done in conjunction with morphological studies, as, currently, the relationship between the huge variation seen in interspecific morphology with genetics is little understood, different Otomys species are not always distinguishable morphologically, and considerable chromosomal polytypes have been found. Our findings highlight the need for extensive cladistic and genetic research on the Otomyinae.

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CHIMIMBA, C. T. "A taxonomic synthesis of southern African Aethomys (Rodentia: Muridae) with a key to species." Mammalia 62, no. 3 (1998). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mamm.1998.62.3.427.

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Giarla, Thomas C., Terrence C. Demos, Ara Monadjem, Rainer Hutterer, Desiré Dalton, Mnqobi L. Mamba, Emily A. Roff, et al. "Integrative taxonomy and phylogeography of Colomys and Nilopegamys (Rodentia: Murinae), semi-aquatic mice of Africa, with descriptions of two new species." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, October 8, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa108.

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Abstract The semi-aquatic African murine genera Colomys and Nilopegamys are considered monotypic and thought to be closely related to one another. Colomys occurs across forested regions of equatorial Africa, whereas Nilopegamys is known only from the Ethiopian holotype, making it among the rarest mammalian genera in the world – and possibly extinct. Using morphological and genetic data, we reassess the taxonomy of Colomys and Nilopegamys. A multilocus phylogeny with outgroups demonstrates that Nilopegamys is sister to Colomys. In addition, we recognize at least four morphologically diagnosable and genetically distinct species within Colomys: C. eisentrauti (elevated from subspecies and restricted to north-west Cameroon), C. goslingi (with a more restricted range than previously reported) and two new species (one from Liberia and Guinea and one from central and southern Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola). We also review the status of four other taxa currently recognized within Colomys goslingi (bicolor, denti, goslingi and ruandensis) and demonstrate that these names lack phylogenetic and/or morphological support. Finally, we discuss potential biogeographic barriers that may have played a role in the evolution of Colomys and Nilopegamys, emphasizing the importance of rivers in both facilitating and, possibly, limiting dispersal within these genera.

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Botha, Christo J., Sarah J. Clift, Gezina C. H. Ferreira, and Mxolisi G. Masango. "Geigerin-induced cytotoxicity in a murine myoblast cell line (C2C12)." Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 84, no. 1 (October 31, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v84i1.1465.

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Geigeria poisoning in sheep, locally known as ‘vermeersiekte’, is an economically important plant poisoning in southern Africa. The toxic principles contained by the toxic plants are believed to be several sesquiterpene lactones, such as geigerin, vermeeric acid and vermeerin, which cause striated muscle lesions in small stock. Because of ethical issues surrounding the use of live animals in toxicity studies, there is currently a dire need to establish an in vitro model that can be used to replace traditional animal experimentation. The objective of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity of geigerin in a murine myoblast cell line (C2C12) using methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays, annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Mouse myoblasts were exposed to 2.0 mM, 2.5 mM and 5.0 mM geigerin for 24, 48 and 72 h. A concentration-dependent cytotoxic response was observed. Apoptosis was detected by means of annexin V flow cytometry during the first 24 h and apoptotic bodies were also visible on TEM. According to the LDH and PI flow cytometry results, myoblast cell membranes were not injured. We concluded that the murine myoblast cell line (C2C12) is a suitable model for future studies planned to evaluate the cytotoxicity of other and combinations of sesquiterpene lactones, with and without metabolic activation, implicated in ‘vermeersiekte’ and to elucidate the subcellular effects of these myotoxins on cultured myoblasts.

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"Sociolinguistics." Language Teaching 38, no. 4 (October 2005): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444805273147.

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