Academic literature on the topic 'Murids'
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Journal articles on the topic "Murids"
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Younas, Sana. "Piri-Muridi and Belief System: Role of Socio-Demographic Factors Within Pakistani context." Foundation University Journal of Psychology 4, no. 1 (April 8, 2020): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33897/fujp.v4i1.71.
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The present study explored the role of socio-demographic factors with Piri-Muridi within indigenous context of Pakistan. Participants (N = 291) were taken from Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Azad Kashmir, and Mansehra. Their age ranged from 18-73 years (M = 30.38, SD = 10.74). Piri-Muridi scale (Hassan & Kamal, 2010) was used to assess the mean differences across various demographic factors. Results revealed that women are more inclined towards Piri-Muridi and have more perception of negative change in Piri-Muridi as compared to men. Married individuals scored significantly higher as compared to single individuals on the facets of belief system about Piri-Muridi. Older aged adults scored significantly higher on the domain of Piri-Muridi and belief system about Piri-Muridi. Post hoc analysis revealed that participants having less education have more favorable attitude towards Piri-Muridi as compared to those having high level education. Murids have strong belief in Piri-Muridi as compared to situational believers of Piri-Muridi and non-believers of Piri-Muridi. Non-believers of Piri-Muridi have more negative perception of change in Piri-Muridi as compared to strong believers and Murids. Ahly hades sect showed strong negative perception regarding Piri-Muridi as compared to Ahly sunnat brelvi. Findings are discussed with reference to pertinent literature and suggestions have been given for future researchers.
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Old, J. M., and M. D. Price. "A case of melanoma in a native Australian murid, the spinifex hopping-mouse (Notomys alexis)." Australian Mammalogy 38, no. 1 (2016): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am15010.
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Generally the reporting of diseases and parasites in Australian native murids is rare despite murids making up ~25% of the native mammal fauna of Australia. This paper reports a malignant melanoma in a captive spinifex hopping-mouse (Notomys alexis) and is the first case of melanoma reported in any native Australian murid. With no exposure to ultraviolet radiation the melanoma is proposed to be the result of genetic predisposition and age. As no other reports have been observed in the colony it is likely to be a very rare event in captivity and unlikely to occur in the wild.
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BABOU, CHEIKH ANTA. "CONTESTING SPACE, SHAPING PLACES: MAKING ROOM FOR THE MURIDIYYA IN COLONIAL SENEGAL, 1912–45." Journal of African History 46, no. 3 (November 2005): 405–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853705001295.
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This article offers a cultural approach to Murid migration to eastern Bawol. It argues that Murid settlement of eastern Bawol was part of an effort to transform the land then under French colonial domination into daar al Islam (house of Islam) or daara al Murid (house of the Murids). This endeavor to create Murid sacred space in Bawol was a conscious effort undertaken by sheikhs and disciples under the leadership of Amadu Bamba. The process of building daar al Murid unfolded in three empirically overlapping but analytically distinguishable steps: first, physical occupation of the space; second, its investment with religious meanings; and third, the containment of French cultural influences.
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ASAKAWA, Mitsuhiko. "Parasitic nematodes of Japanese murids." Nematological Research (Japanese Journal of Nematology) 27, no. 1 (1997): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3725/jjn1993.27.1_30.
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ROBINSON, DAVID. "THE MURIDS: SURVEILLANCE AND COLLABORATION." Journal of African History 40, no. 2 (July 1999): 193–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853799007446.
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At the beginning of the twentieth century Muslim societies of northern Senegal and southern Mauritania moved slowly but surely into relations of accommodation with the French colonial regime. The process was led by marabouts, persons who combined various forms of Islamic learning and saintliness. It took the form of Sufi orders, often called ‘brotherhoods’, that became anchored in the emerging economy of the peanut basin in central Senegal. The accommodation permitted the marabouts and brotherhoods to develop considerable autonomy in the religious, economic and social spheres while surrendering the political and administrative domain to the French.Of all these ‘paths to accommodation’ between Muslim societies and French colonial authorities, the one followed by Amadu Bamba Mbacke and the Murid movement is ostensibly the longest, the hardest, the most complete, and the most enduring. For these reasons the Murid movement has been much more fully studied – by Paul Marty of the colonial Muslim Affairs Bureau in the early twentieth century and by social scientists in recent decades.
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Gaffney, Daniel, and Peter Keightley. "Genomic Selective Constraints in Murids." PLoS Genetics preprint, no. 2006 (2005): e204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.0020204.eor.
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DEWI, KARTIKA, and ENDANG PURWANINGSIH. "A checklist of nematode parasites from Indonesian murids." Zootaxa 3608, no. 7 (January 24, 2013): 531–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3608.7.1.
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A checklist of nematode parasites from Indonesian murids with their geographic distribution is presented. This checklist is compiled from three sources: the catalogue of nematode parasites of Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (unpublished specimens in the collection), data from our previous research and articles on nematodes of Indonesian murids. This checklist is presented as a list of nematode parasites with host information, and a host list with information on their nematodes. This paper reports 38 nominal species of nematodes and 13 species identified to the generic level only. The nematodes reported comprise 32 genera and 17 families parasitizing 32 species of Indonesian murids.
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Ross, Eric. "Globalising Touba." Urban Studies 48, no. 14 (February 9, 2011): 2929–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098010391300.
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The Muslim holy city of Touba, self-defined ‘capital’ of the Murid Sufi order in Senegal, is increasingly thriving on its global connectedness. This article situates the phenomenon of Touba’s globalisation within current literature on the global city and world city networks. It assesses four of the processes through which the holy city’s values and structures are diffusing across the global North. First, the universality of Touba in Murid historiography is considered. Secondly, the diffusion of the toponym ‘Touba’, through the naming of expatriate associations and institutions, is analysed. Thirdly, the types and distribution of businesses set up in the US by Murids is assessed. Fourthly, the diffusion of typical Murid images is discussed as they too contribute to Touba’s international renown.
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McLennan, Hanna J., Stefan Lüpold, Pete Smissen, Kevin C. Rowe, and William G. Breed. "Greater sperm complexity in the Australasian old endemic rodents (Tribe: Hydromyini) is associated with increased levels of inter-male sperm competition." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 29, no. 5 (2017): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd15425.
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Spermatozoa exhibit considerable interspecies morphological variation across mammals, especially among murid rodents. In Australasia, most murids in the tribe Hydromyini have a spermatozoon with a highly complex head exhibiting an apical hook, characteristic of most murids, and two projections that extend from its upper concave surface, the ventral processes. In the present study we performed a phylogenetically controlled comparison of sperm morphology across 45 species of hydromyine rodents to test the hypothesis that the length and angle of both the apical hook and ventral processes, as well as the length of the sperm tail, increase with relative testes mass as a proxy for differences in levels of inter-male sperm competition. Although both sperm head protrusions exhibited considerable variation in their length and angle across species, only the angles increased significantly in relation to relative testes mass. Further, the length of the sperm flagellum was positively associated with relative testes mass. These results suggest that, in hydromyine rodents, the angle of the apical hook and ventral processes of the sperm head, as well as the sperm tail length, are likely to be sexually selected traits. The possible functional significance of these findings is briefly discussed.
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Stjernholm, Simon. "The Centre of the Universe: Shaykh Nazim and His Murids in Lefke, Cyprus." Journal of Muslims in Europe 4, no. 1 (May 4, 2015): 38–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22117954-12341294.
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This article presents and analyses the environment around Shaykh Muhammad Nazim Adil al-Haqqani (1922-2014) in Lefke, Cyprus. The Shaykh was leader of a branch of the Naqshbandiyya between 1973 and 2014. His murids have viewed their visits to the Shaykh’s home as spiritual highlights. Some have moved there permanently. Based on ethnographic material collected during four visits to Lefke between 2008 and 2014, as well as material distributed online by Shaykh Nazim’s murids, this article discusses developments affecting the Shaykh and his murids in Lefke. Topics discussed include the Shaykh’s decreasing physical condition, the narratives of individual visitors, and visits by prominent international guests, as well as the Shaykh’s death and its immediate aftermath, including the contested issue of leadership in the tariqa. The article concludes with a reflection on Sufi saintly authority in the contemporary world.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Murids"
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Friberg, Ida Mari. "Macroparasites, immune responses and immunoregulation in wild and laboratory murids." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.575384.
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This thesis primarily addresses environmental influences, in particular exposure to macroparasite infection, on immunoregulatory expression in wild and laboratory murid rodents. Experimental studies in laboratory mice demonstrated that Heligmosomoides bakeri infection was generally associated with upregulation of systemic toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and TLR-mediated cytokine production at times of peak standing worm burden. TLR function and patterns of expression of TLR and other immunoregulatory genes were also monitored in a time series of wild mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) from a natural population exposed to a range of macroparasites, including Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Differences between wild and laboratory mice in the pattern of coexpression of immunoregulatory and TLR genes and in the transcriptional responses of immunoregulatory genes to TLR-stimulation suggested a stronger regulatory bias in the wild compared to laboratory mice. Perhaps most strikingly, wild mice constitutively express relatively very much more TGF-Bl, TLR2 and TLR4, but not other immunoregulatory genes such as FoxP3, IL-l0 or TNF-a. This indicates that immunoregulatory differences between wild and laboratory mice may be linked to differences in TGF-B1 producing cells, rather than IL-10-producing or FoxP3+ cells. Immunoepidemiological analyses indicated a substantial association of macroparasitic infection (principally due to the louse Polyplax serrata and Heligmosomoides polygyrus) with TLR-mediated cytokine responsiveness in wild mice. Given the primary role of TLRs in anti-bacterial responses, the consistent experimental and epidemiological links between macroparasites and TLRs in this study are interpreted as a possible effect of exposure of the host to bacteria co-localizing in macroparasite infection foci. The identity of genes differentially upregulated in wild vs. laboratory mice might also relate to bacterial exposures (possibly influenced by macroparasite infection, given the associations with TLRs described above?). Thus, TLR2 and TLR4 are key innate anti- bacterial receptors and TGF-B1 is prominently secreted by Th3-type T-regulatory cells which are associated with mucosal tolerance.
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Tyler, Angelia R. "Immigrant Experiences in the United States: The Murids of Senegal in New York." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/249.
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This thesis explores West African Muslims in New York as a case study of the immigrant experience in America through discussion of the main theories of assimilation and modes of incorporation into American society. As foreign-born, black Muslims, the Murids of Senegal rely on cohesive social networks to protect themselves from discrimination. This thesis argues that through a process of “segmented assimilation” and reliance on the ethnic enclave, which provides a critical network of support, immigrants like the Murids of Senegal can better manage the challenges they face in the host environment and achieve upward social and economic mobility in urban America while maintaining their cultural identity.
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Sidlar, Katherine. "The role of sciurids and murids in the dispersal of truffle-forming ectomycorrhizal fungi in the Interior Cedar-Hemlock biogeoclimatic zone." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/40418.
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Ectomycorrhizal fungi form an integral tripartite relationship with trees and rodents whereby the fungi provide nutritional benefits for the trees, the trees provide carbohydrate for the fungi, and the rodents feed on the fruit bodies produced by the fungi and then disperse the fungal spores in their feces. When forests are harvested, new ectomycorrhizae must form. It has been assumed that dispersal beyond the root zone of surviving trees happens by way of animals dispersing the spores in their feces, but the importance of particular animal taxa to fungal spore dispersal into disturbed areas in the Interior Cedar Hemlock Biogeoclimatic zone of British Columbia has not previously been investigated. This study observed the occurrence and prevalence of hypogeous fruit bodies (truffles) of ectomycorrhizal fungi, and fungal spores in the feces of a range of rodent species. Truffles were excavated and sciurids (squirrels, chipmunks) and murids (mice, voles) were trapped on sites in a 7 to 102-year chronosequence, as well as unharvested sites adjacent to 7- and 25-year-old sites. The average truffle species richness in soil did not change significantly over the chronosequence. Rhizopogon species were present at all sites and treatments. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and yellow-pine chipmunks (Tamias amoenus) were the most commonly trapped rodents across all site ages and were also the most likely to move between harvested and unharvested areas. Red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi), red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), and flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) were also studied, but were trapped in much lower numbers and rarely, if ever, were detected moving between harvested and adjacent mature sites. However, all animal taxa studied carried fungal spores in their feces. Spores of Rhizopogon spp. and Hysterangium separabile were the most frequently consumed by all the animals studied. Because deer mice and chipmunks were the most likely to move between mature and harvested sites and they frequently carried fungal spores in their feces, they are likely the most important mammals for dispersal of ectomycorrhizal fungal spores in this area. This study highlights the importance of small mammal conservation when forest management is considered.
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de, la Fuente Hernández Noa. "Generación de modelos murinos de adenocarcinoma pancreático con mayor eficiencia metastásica para el estudio de agentes antitumorales." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673338.
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L’ adenocarcinoma ductal de pàncrees (ACDP) és un tumor agressiu, de biologia tumoral i genètica complexa, amb mal pronòstic per el seu diagnòstic tardà i quimioresistència. El receptor de quimiocines, CXCR4 és un marcador de cèl·lules mare tumorals metastàtiques, associat amb un augment de la invasió, la disseminació tumoral i la quimioresistència en tumors pancreàtics. Aquest receptor seria, per tant, una diana excel·lent per al adreçament d’una teràpia antitumoral i antimetastática. La motivació per a la realització d’aquest projecte de tesi ha estat la necessitat de desenvolupar treballs de recerca per millorar el diagnòstic, el pronòstic i el tractament de l’ACDP. En aquest treball s’han generat models en ratolí amb una major eficiència metastàtica que permeten ampliar l’estudi d’aquesta patologia i que s’han utilitzat, a més, per validar dos tractaments de l’àmbit de la nanomedicina: una membrana constituïda per nanofibres que permet un alliberament local i controlada de fàrmac cap al tumor primari i una nanopartícula per al lliurament dirigida d’un citotòxic cap a les cèl·lules mare tumorals CXCR4+, implicades en el procés de metàstasi. Els objectius específics d’aquest projecte han estat: l’obtenció de mostres de ACDP humà i l’estudi de l’expressió de CXCR4; la creació de models en ratolí de ACDP d’alta eficiència metastàtica a partir de línies cel·lulars de ACDP i mostres tumorals humanes amb alta expressió de CXCR4; l’avaluació, en xenógrafs ortotòpics pancreàtics, de l’eficàcia terapèutica d’una membrana de nanofibres produïda per la polimerització d’àcid poli (làctic-co-glicòlic, PLGA) i carregada en la seva matriu amb el citotòxic SN38 (CEB-01-SN38 ) en tractament únic o en combinació amb quimioteràpia, i finalment, l’estudi de la citotoxicitat i biodistribució in vivo de la nanopartícula T22-O-Gemcitabina (T22-O-GEM), adreçada a l’eliminació selectiva de les cèl·lules mare metastàtiques.Per a això, la metodologia ha inclòs experiments in vitro (cultiu cel·lular i l’obtenció de línies tumorals PANC-1 i MIA PaCa-2 amb expressió de CXCR4 i l’obtenció d’una línia tumoral a partir d’un tumor de ACDP de pacient), i experiments in vivo (la generació de models subcutanis de ADCP i models ortotòpics metastàtics, la implantació de membranes CEB-01, l’administració de quimioteràpia, el seguiment de l’ creixement tumoral i avaluació de les metàstasis per bioluminescència), i finalment, l’avaluació de la citotoxicitat i biodistribució in vivo de T22-GFP-GEM. Les nostres conclusions són que la implantació de cèl·lules tumorals amb sobreexpressió de CXCR4 augmenta significativament la disseminació tumoral i és útil per a l’avaluació preclínica d’ antitumorals, que la implantació ortotòpica de biòpsies humanes amb alta expressió de CXCR4 és un model més predictiu per a la clínica, que la implantació de la membrana CEB-01 amb SN-38 permet el control de l’ creixement tumoral local i la seva combinació amb quimioteràpia pot controlar la progressió tumoral i disminuir la càrrega tumoral metastàtica, i que la nanopartícula T22-O-GEM presenta adreçament cap a cèl·lules mare tumorals metastàtiques i indueix mort cel·lular. Aquest tractament podria aconseguir un major efecte antitumoral comparat amb el tractament estàndard amb Gemcitabina, disminuint, a més, la toxicitat depenent de dosi.El adenocarcinoma ductal de páncreas (ACDP) es un tumor agresivo, de biología tumoral y genética compleja. Presenta un mal pronóstico por su diagnóstico tardío y quimiorresistencia. El receptor de quimiocinas, CXCR4 es un marcador de células madre tumorales metastásicas. Varios estudios lo han asociado con un aumento de la invasión, la diseminación tumoral y la quimiorresistencia en tumores pancreáticos. Este receptor sería, por tanto, una diana excelente para el direccionamiento de una terapia antitumoral y antimetastásica. La motivación para la realización de este proyecto de tesis ha sido la necesidad de desarrollar trabajos de investigación que permitan encontrar nuevas herramientas para mejorar el diagnóstico, el pronóstico y el tratamiento del ACDP. En este trabajo se han generado modelos en ratón con una mayor eficiencia metastásica que permiten ampliar el estudio de esta patología. Estos modelos se han utilizado, además, para validar dos tratamientos del ámbito de la nanomedicina: una membrana constituída por nanofibras que permite una liberación local y controlada de fármaco en el tumor primario tras la resección quirúrgica, y una nanopartícula para la entrega dirigida de un citotóxico hacia las células madre tumorales CXCR4+, implicadas en el proceso de metástasis, permitiendo, en ambas estrategias, un aumento de la concentración farmacológica del compuesto antitumoral, y disminuyendo la toxicidad sistémica asociada al tratamiento. Los objetivos específicos de este proyecto han sido: la obtención de muestras de ACDP humano y el estudio de la expresión de CXCR4; la creación de modelos en ratón de ACDP de alta eficiencia metastásica a partir de líneas celulares de ACDP y muestras tumorales humanas con alta expresión de CXCR4; la evaluación, en xenógrafos ortotópicos pancreáticos, de la eficacia terapéutica de una membrana de nanofibras producida por la polimerización de ácido poli (láctico-co-glicólico, PLGA) y cargada en su matriz con el citotóxico SN-38 (CEB-01-SN38) en tratamiento único o en combinación con quimioterapia,y finalmente, el estudio de la citotoxicidad y biodistribución in vivo de la nanopartícula T22-O-Gemcitabina (T22-O-GEM), dirigida a la eliminación selectiva de las células madre metastásicas. Para ello, la metodología ha incluido experimentos in vitro (cultivo celular y la obtención de líneas tumorales PANC-1 y MIA PaCa-2 con expresión de CXCR4 y la obtención de una línea tumoral a partir de un tumor de ACDP de paciente), y experimentos in vivo: la generación de modelos subcutáneos de ADCP y modelos ortotópicos metastásicos, la implantación de membranas CEB-01, la administración de quimioterapia, el seguimiento del crecimiento tumoral y evaluación de las metástasis por bioluminiscencia), y finalmente, la evaluación de la citotoxicidad y biodistribución in vivo de T22-GFP-Gemcitabina y el análisis de la expresión de CXCR4 en muestras de pacientes con ACDP. Nuestras conclusiones son que la implantación de células tumorales con sobreexpresión de CXCR4 aumenta significativamente la diseminación tumoral y es útil para la evaluación preclínica de compuestos antitumorales, que la implantación ortotópica de biopsias humanas con alta expresión de CXCR4 es un modelo más predictivo para la clínica, que la implantación de la membrana CEB-01 cargada con el fármaco SN-38 permite el control del crecimiento tumoral local y su combinación con quimioterapia puede controlar la progresión tumoral y disminuir la carga tumoral metastásica, y que la nanopartícula T22-O-GEM presenta direccionamiento hacia células madre tumorales metastásicas e induce muerte celular. Este tratamiento podría conseguir un mayor efecto antitumoral comparado con el tratamiento estándar con Gemcitabina, disminuyendo, además, la toxicidad dependiente de dosis observada en los quimioterápicos utilizados habitualmente, no sólo en ACDP sino en otras neoplasias.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive neoplasia with a complex tumor behaviour and genetics. It has a poor prognosis due to its late diagnosis and chemo- resistance. CXCR4, a marker of metastatic tumor stem cells, has been associated with an increase in invasion, tumor spread and chemoresistance in pancreatic tumors. This receptor could be a good target for the addressing of an anti-tumor and antimetastatic therapy. The motivation to perform this thesis has been the need to develop research work that will allow to find new tools that improve the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of PDAC. In this work, mouse models have been generated with greater metastatic efficiency to expand the study of this pathology. They have also been used to validate two treatments in the field of nanomedicine, which allow a local controlled release of the drug in the primary tumor after surgical resection, and targeted administration of cytotoxic to CXCR4+ tumor stem cells, associated with metastasis, allowing an increase in pharmacological concentration and decreasing systemic toxicity. The specific objectives of this project have been to obtain samples from human PDAC and to study the expression of CXCR4, the development of high-efficiency metastatic mouse models of PDAC from PDAC cell lines and human tumor samples CXCR4+. Those models were used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of a nanofiber membrane produced by poly acid polymerization (lactic-co-glycolic) loaded with cytotoxic SN-38 (CEB-01-SN38) and treated alone or in combination with chemotherapy, and the study of in vivo cytotoxicity and biodistribution of the nanoparticle T22-O-Gemcitabine (T22-O-GEM), aimed at selective elimination of metastatic stem cells. To this end, the methodology has included conducting in vitro experiments: cell culture and obtaining PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 tumor lines with high CXCR4 expression and a tumor line from a patient's PDAC tumor, as well as in vivo experiments developing subcutaneous PDAC models and metastatic orthotopic models, implantation of CEB-01 membranes, administration of chemotherapy, monitoring of tumor growth and determination of metastases by bioluminescence, and finally, the evaluation of cytotoxicity and in vivo biodistribution of T22-GFP—GEM. Our conclusions are that implantation of tumor cells with CXCR4 overexpression significantly increases tumor spread being usefulness for preclinical evaluation of antitumor compounds. The orthotopic implantation of human biopsies with high expression of CXCR4 is a more predictive and translational model for preclinical assays. The implantation of the CEB-01 membrane loaded with the drug SN-38, can control the local tumor growth alone or combined with chemotherapy, decreasing metastatic tumor spread, and finally, the T22-O-GEM nanoparticle could be used to eliminate metastatic cancer stem cells and it might induce greater antitumor effects than the standard treatment with Gemcitabine, reducing the side effects of standard chemotheratic treatments.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Cirurgia i Ciències Morfològiques
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Shears, Rebecca. "Defining the host protective antigens secreted by the murine whipworm, Trichuris muris." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/defining-the-host-protective-antigens-secreted-by-the-murine-whipworm-trichuris-muris(34417c03-44c9-46ff-bae8-9509f4c74e1c).html.
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Soil-transmitted helminths are a major cause of morbidity for humans and their livestock. A combination of better sanitation, anthelminthic drugs and vaccines are predicted to reduce the morbidity of these parasites in humans. The drugs currently used to treat these infections, albendazole and mebendazole, are fairly ineffective against Trichuris trichiura (human whipworm), and there are reports of drug resistance arising within parasite populations in Vietnam and Zanzibar. There are also no commercially available vaccines against human STH species, and very few against their veterinary counterparts. The murine whipworm, T. muris, has been used for over 50 years as a model for T. trichiura. These parasites share homology at the genomic and transcriptomic levels, and the immune responses associated with both acute and chronic infection have been well studied using the T. muris mouse model. T. muris excretory/secretory products have been studied in the context of vaccination for over four decades, however relatively little progress has been made towards identifying the molecular components that stimulate protective immunity following vaccination or during acute infection. Here, a stringent selection protocol was developed using chromatography and mass spectrometry methods combined with a measurement of T cell cytokine production. The work presented in this thesis provides a novel framework for identifying potential immunogenic candidates within adult T.muris excretory/secretory products. Exosome-like vesicles isolated from adult T. muris ES were also explored as a source of host protective material. Vaccination with exosome-like vesicles protected male C57BL/6 mice from a subsequent low dose infection, which would ordinarily progress to chronicity, and a number of potential immunogenic candidates were identified. Over the course of this thesis, several important observations were made relating to characteristics of the immune response induced by vaccination with ES. Firstly, proteinaceous material is likely to be responsible for the host protective properties of ES. Secondly, vaccination with ES products stimulates long-lasting immunity. Thirdly, vaccination with ES collected from both larval and adult stages stimulates protective immunity. The number of potential immunogenic candidates has also been narrowed down from over four hundred to just eleven. Given the homology between T. muris and T. trichiura at both the genomic and transcriptomic levels, this work has the potential to advance vaccine design for T. trichiura and other Trichuris parasites.
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Bastos, Rosidete Pereira. "Infecção murina por isolados de Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis: avaliação da participação de leucotrienos endógenos." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4187.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The knowledge about immunology of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis-murine infection is poorly known, especially concerning innate immune response and the involvement of leukotrienes in the resistance mechanisms. Leukotrienes are lipid mediators of inflammation that activate microbicidal mechanisms in leukocytes. The present study aimed to evaluate the BALB/c and C57Bl/6 murine infection with two L. (V.) braziliensis isolates obtained from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients and the involvement of leukotrienes in the resistance of infection. Thus, IMG3 and RPL5 isolates were identified as L. (V.) braziliensis by using molecular techniques and the in vitro growth of parasites in Grace´s medium (26°C) was evaluated. The time course of lesion after footpad infection was followed in BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice. C57Bl/6 mice genetically deficient in interferon gamma (IFNγ) were infected to evaluate the relevance of this cytokine in resistance. The parasite burden in draining lymph nodes and spleens was detected by limiting dilution assay. BALB/c- and C57Bl/6-infected footpads were processed after 12 weeks of infection and those from IFNγ-defecient mice after 4 weeks for histopathological analyses. Tissue sections were stained by hematoxylin-eosin. Parasite capacity to induce nitric oxide (NO) was analyzed in RAW 264.7 cell cultures treated or not with IFNγ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Nitrites were detected by using Griess reaction. The NO modulation by endogenous leukotrienes was evaluated through treatment of the cultures with a 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitor and a leukotriene B4 (LTB4) antagonist. Macrophage leishmanicidal activity against IMG3 isolate was evaluated in thioglycolateelicited peritoneal macrophages of C57Bl/6 mice. In these cultures, NO was inhibited by aminoguanidine. In vivo leukotriene inhibition was achieved by using a 5-LO inhibitor. In vitro-parasite growth profiles were similar and parasites at the 5th day of culture were used to infection. The lesion course was also similar between isolates in both two mouse stains used, but C57Bl/6 mice presented healing after 12 weeks of infection whereas in BALB/c mice the lesion was persistent. In IFNγ-deficient mice there progressive lesions and visceralization in IMG3- as well as in RPL5-infected mice. Corroborating these data, the parasite burden in draining lymph nodes of BALB/c mice was higher than in C57Bl/6 mice after 12 weeks of infection with IMG3, and parasites (IMG3 and RPL5) were identified in about 50% of the IFNγ-deficient mouse spleens. The histopathological analyses showed an intense dermal infiltrate with vacuolated macrophages heavily parasitized in BALB/c mice (12 weeks) an in IFNγ-deficient mice (4 weeks), but not in C57Bl/6 mice (12 weeks), similarly for IMG3 and RPL5. Both isolates IMG3 an RPL5 induced NO production in RAW 264.7 celll cultures presenting synergism with IFNγ. Endogenous leukotrienes did not affect NO production in these cultures. C57Bl/6 peritoneal macrophages activated with IFNγ/LPS killed IMG3 parasites depending on NO release. In vivo inhibition of leukotriene synthesis did not change the course of infection in C57Bl/6 mice infected with IMG3 isolate. The relevant findings are: BALB/c mouse is susceptible to infection with IMG3 an RPL5 isolates whereas C57Bl/6 is resistant; IFNγ is crucial to the control of the infection; the isolates induce NO and this molecule contributes to macrophage leishmanicidal activity; and also the data suggest that endogenous leukotrienes are not involved in the control of L. (V.) braziliensis in C576Bl/6 mouse.
A imunologia da infecção murina por Leishmaia (Viannia) braziliensis é pouco conhecida, especialmente considerando a imunidade inata e a participação dos leucotrienos nos mecanismos de resistência à infecção. Os leucotrienos são mediadores lipídicos da inflamação que ativam mecanismos microbicidas dos leucócitos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil da infecção de camundongos BALB/c e C57Bl/6 por dois isolados de L. (V.) braziliensis obtidos de pacientes com leishmaniose cutânea e o envolvimento dos leucotrienos endógenos na resistência à infecção. Para isto, os isolados denominados IMG3 e RPL5 foram identificados como L. (V.) braziliensis por meio de técnicas moleculares e foram avaliados quanto ao crescimento in vitro em meio Grace (26°C), e quanto ao curso da evolução da lesão, em camundongos BALB/c e em C57Bl/6. Camundongos C57Bl/6 geneticamente deficientes em interferon gama (IFNγ) foram infectados para avaliar a importância desta citocina no controle da infecção. A carga parasitária foi obtida pelo ensaio da diluição limitante em linfonodos drenantes da lesão e nos baços. As patas dos camundongos BALB/c e C57Bl/6 foram colhidas após 12 semanas de infecção, e dos camundongos deficientes em IFNγ, na 4ª semana, e foram processadas para análises hitopatológicas. A capacidade de indução de óxido nítrico (NO) pelos isolados foi avaliada em culturas de células RAW 264.7 tratadas ou não com IFNγ e lipopolissacarídeo (LPS), sendo os nitritos detectados por reação de Griess. A regulação da produção de NO pelos leucotrienos endógenos foi avaliada por tratamento das culturas de macrófagos com um inibidor de 5-lipoxigenase (5-LO) e um antagonista de receptor de leucotrieno B4 (LTB4). A atividade microbicida dos macrófagos foi avaliada em macrófagos peritoneais (C57Bl/6) infectados com o isolado IMG3, sendo o NO inibido por aminoguanidina. O efeito da inibição de leucotrienos, in vivo, foi avaliado em camundongos C57Bl/6 infectados com o isolado IMG3 e tratados com um inibidor de 5- LO. As curvas de crescimento in vitro foram similares para os dois isolados e os parasitos no 5° dia de cultivo foram usados nos experimentos de infecção. O curso da lesão foi similar entre os dois isolados nos camundongos BALB/c e C57Bl/6, porém enquanto a lesão regrediu nos C57Bl/6, nos camundongos BALB/c, a lesão foi persistente até a 12ª semana de infecção. Em camundongos deficientes em IFNγ houve crescimento progressivo das lesões e visceralização, tanto com o isolado IMG3 quanto com o RPL5. Confirmando estes dados, a carga parasitária nos linfonodos drenantes da lesão nos camundongos BALB/c foi maior do que a encontrada nos C57Bl/6 após 12 semanas de infecção com IMG3 e os parasitos (IMG3 e RPL5) foram encontrados em cerca de 50% dos baços dos camundongos deficientes em IFNγ. As análises histopatológicas mostraram um acentuado infiltrado inflamatório na derme, com macrófagos vacuolizados repletos de parasitos nos camundongos BALB/c (12 semanas), e nos deficientes de IFNγ (4 semanas), mas não nos camundongos C57Bl/6 (12 semanas), similarmente para IMG3 e RPL5. Os isolados IMG3 e RPL5 induziram NO em células RAW 264.7 em sinergismo com IFNγ e os leucotrienos endógenos não alteraram a produção de NO destas células. Macrófagos peritoneais murinos mostraram atividade microbicida de maneira dependente de NO. A inibição in vivo da síntese de leucotrienos não alterou o curso da infecção pelo isolado IMG3 em camundongos C57Bl/6. Coletivamente, os dados mostram que o camundongo BALB/c é suscetível à infecção pelos dois isolados, enquanto o C57Bl/6 é resistente; o IFNγ é essencial para o controle da infecção; os isolados induzem a produção de NO, o qual contribui para a eliminação dos parasitos; e os dados sugerem que os leucotrienos endógenos não estão envolvidos nos mecanismos de resistência dos camundongos C57Bl/6 a L. (V.) braziliensis.
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Rodrigues, Raquel Ferreira. "Estudo dos compostos mesoiônicos tiadiazólicos contra Leishmania sp e inibição da tripanotiona redutase." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2011. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/4275.
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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Cientifica e Tecnológica em Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
A leishmaniose é uma das principais doenças parasitárias com prioridades de pesquisa segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde. Aurgência por drogas mais seletivas e menos tóxicas tenm conduzido a pesquisa por novas terapias químicas. Os compostos mesoiônicos (Mls) da classe 1,3,2 - tiadiazol-2-aminida, apresentam um amplo espectro de atividades biológica, incluindo efeitos antitumoral e leishmanicida. Neste estudo investigamos a atividade in vitro de Ml-HH, Ml-4-NO2, Ml-3OCH3 e Ml-4-OCH3 sobre promastigotas e amastigotas axênicas de L. infantum e amastigotas intracelulares de L. infantum e L. amazonensis. Uma alta atividade leishmanicida foi demonstrada contra L. infantum e constatou-se uma relação de dose-resposta para formas amastigotas intracelulares de L. infantum e L. amazonensis pelo Ml-4-NO2. Em etapa seguinte investigamos in vivo o efeito de Mls nos seguintes modelos camundongo/parasito: CBA/J e L. amazonensis, BALB/c e L. amazonensis e BALB/c e L. infantum. No primeiro modelo, a administração por via subcutânea de Ml-HH e Ml-4-OCH3 levou a uma diminuição da carga parasitária no linfonodo adjacente à lesão e no baço. Nos dois modelos seguintes, altamente sensíveis à infecção, foram estudados Ml-HH, Ml-4-NO2, avaliando além de parâmetros daresposta terapêutica e tóxicos, possíveis efeitos imunomoduladores. Camundongos susceptíveis da linhagem BALB/c foram infectados por via subcutânea na pata com promastigotas de L. amazonensis e viaintraperitonal por L. infantum. Os tratamentos utilizados foram por vias tópica, intralesional para leishmaniose cutâna (LC) e intraperitoneal para leishmaniose visceral (LV). Glucantime, droga anti-Leishmania clássica, foi utilizada como referência. Embora a cura completa não tenha sido observada nos animais com LC, os grupos tratados com Ml-4 - NO2 e Ml-4-OCH3 apresentaram pequenas lesões na pata infectada até 12ª semana após a infecção sem apresentar ulcerações. Ogrupo LV tratado com Ml-4-NO2 apresentou carga parasitária negativa no baçço e no fígado. O tratamento de LV com Glucantime e Ml-4-OCH3 reduziu de forma significativa a carga parasitária. Porém o tratamento com Ml-HH, em todas as vias utilizadas, não apresentou atividade terapêutica para LC ou LV. A avaliação de enzimas hepáticas (AST e ALT) e de creatinina apontam para a ausência de toxidade no tratamento com Mls. Além disso, também foram realizados estudos na tentativa de buscar um alvo de ação destes compostos, investigando-se a tripanotiona redutase, enzima específica no parasito, responsável por desencadear uma cascata dedetoxificação nos parasitos. Estudos de cinética enzimática (enzimas recombinantes de L. infantum e T. cruzi) e modelagem molecular indicaram que Ml-4-NO2 é o único derivado mesoionico, dentre os estudados, capaz de inibir de forma não- competitiva esta enzima. Todos esses resultados demonstraram que Mls podem ser uma nova perspectiva no desenvolvimento de drogas com menor toxidade e capazes de modificar a resposta imunológica no combate a infecção por Leishmania, além de atuar sobre um alvo específico no parasito
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease with the main research priorities according to World Health Organization Aurgência drug more selective and less toxic tenm conducting research for new chemical therapies. The mesoionic compound (mls) of the class 1,3,2 - thiadiazol-2-aminida, have a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antitumor effects and antileishmanial. We investigated the in vitro activity of HH-Ml, Ml-4-NO2,-3OCH3 Ml and Ml-4-OCH3 on promastigotes and axenic amastigotes of L. infantum and intracellular amastigotes of L. infantum and L. amazonensis. A high leishmanicidal activity was demonstrated against L. infantum and it was observed a dose-response for intracellular amastigote L. infantum and L. amazonensis by ML-4-NO 2. In next step we investigate in vivo the effect of MLS in the following models mouse / parasite: CBA / J and L. amazonensis, BALB / c and L. amazonensis and BALB / c and L. infantum. In the first model, the subcutaneous administration of ML-HH and ML-4-OCH 3 led to a reduction of parasite load in lymph node adjacent to the lesion and the spleen. In both models the following, highly susceptible to infection have been studied HH-ML, ML-4-NO 2, besides evaluating parameters daresposta therapeutic and toxic potential immunomodulatory effects. Susceptible mice of BALB / c mice were infected subcutaneously in the foot with a promastigote L. by L. amazonensis and viaintraperitonal infantum. The treatments were used by inland topical, intralesional cutâna for leishmaniasis (CL) and intraperitoneal for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Glucantime, anti-Leishmania classical drug was used as reference. While the complete healing was not observed in animals with LC, the groups treated with ML-4 - NO2 and ML-4-OCH 3 showed small lesions in the infected foot up to 12 weeks after infection without presenting ulcerations. GROUP Ml treated with LV-4-NO2 showed negative bacco parasite load and liver. Treatment of VL with Glucantime and Ml-4-OCH3 significantly reduced parasite burden. However, treatment with ML-HH in all pathways used, had no therapeutic activity for LV or LC. The evaluation of liver enzymes (ALT and AST) and creatinine indicate the absence of toxicity in the treatment mls. In addition, studies were performed in an attempt to seek a target of action of these compounds by investigating whether the trypanothione reductase, an enzyme specific to the parasite responsible for triggering a cascade dedetoxificação in parasites. Kinetic studies enzyme (enzymes of L. infantum and recombinant T. cruzi) and molecular modeling indicated that ML-4-one derivative is NO2 mesoionico, of those studied, capable of inhibiting a non-competitive this enzyme. All these results showed that MLs may be a new perspective in the development of drugs with lower toxicity and can modify the immune response to fight infection by Leishmania, and act on a specific target in the parasite
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Charret, Karen dos Santos. "Efeitos dos componentes acilhidrazonas pirazólicas sobre as formas evolutivas da Leishmania amazonensis e na infecção experimental em camundongos isogênicos CBA." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2011. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/5831.
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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz.Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de janeiro, RJ, Brasil
Atualmente, não há vacina eficaz e o controle das leishmanioses depende principalmente da quimioterapia. Recentemente, novos compostos sintéticos os derivados carbohidrazidas pirazolocas apresentaram atividade em Leishmania amazonensis in vitro e quando testadas em modelo experimental murino de infecção de L. amazonensis mostraram eum efeito um efeito terapêutico significativo. Um estudo com compostos intermediários da síntesedas carbohidrazidas poderia ser interessante, pois estes possuem uma potencial atividade leishmanicida e ajudaria a cmpreender os mecanismos de ação dos compostos finais. Por outro lado, é necessário conhcer o comportamento do sistema imune frente a estes compostos na infecção por leishmaniose.Os compostos precursores naão foram ativos em formas promastigotas de L. amazonensis. No entanto, todos os compostos apresentaram atividade sobre formas de amastigotas e sem citotoxicidade em célula de mamíferos. Aqui, foi sugerida a contribuição farmacofórica do anel N-heteroaromático para a atividade leishmanicida e do grupamento hidrazina para o composto intermediário. Além disso, foi mostrado que todos os componentes podem induzir um aumento da produção de óxido nitrico em macrófagos estimulados ou não. Em camundongos CBA infectados com L amazonensis e tratados por via oral com os derivados carbohidrazidas, o estudo histopatológico rervelou que mudanças na derme foram correlacionadas com o tamanho macroscópico da lesão. Camundongos CBA infectados e tratados tinham lesões cutâneas menores, e as estruturas da epiderme e derme tinham níveis mais baixos de infiltrtado inflamatório, comparadas com as de camundongos controles infectados e não tratados. Também foi observado um infiltrado inflamatório misto contendo linfócitos e neutrófilos. Além disso, expressão de IL-4 RNAm foi menor no grupo tratado.. Um aumento dos níveis de anticorpos das subclasses específicas anti-Leishmania IgG2a e IgG3 foi observado nos grupos tratados com as pirozol carbohidrazidas exercem efeitos terapêuticos significativos, podendo agir diretamente sobre o parasito e/ou sobre as células dos sistemas imune do hospedeiro..
Currently, there is no effective vaccine and control of leishmanioses depends mainly on the chemotherapy. Recently, new synthetic carbohidrazidas derivatives pirazolocas compounds showed activity on Leishmania amazonensis when tested in vitro and in experimental murine model of infection of l. amazonensis showed a significant therapeutic effect effect. A study of intermediate compounds síntesedas carbohidrazidas could be interesting, as these have a potential activity leishmanicida and help cmpreender the mechanisms of action of compounds. On the other hand, it is necessary to know the behavior of the immune system against these compounds in leishmaniasis infection.The precursor compounds are active in ways does promastigotas of l. amazonensis. However, all compounds showed activity on amastigote forms and without cytotoxicity in mammalian cell. Here, it was suggested the contribution farmacofórica of the ring N-heteroaromatic compound for leishmanicida and activity of hydrazine to the intermediate grouping. In addition, it was shown that all components can induce an increase in nitric oxide production in macrophages stimulated or not. In CBA mice infected with l. amazonensis and treated orally with carbohidrazidas derivatives, the histopathologic study rervelou that changes in the DermIS were correlated with the macroscopic size of the lesion. CBA mice infected and treated tin
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Ducroz, Jean-François. "Contribution des approches cytogénétique et moléculaire a l'étude systématique et évolutive des genres de rongeurs de la division arvicanthis (rodentia, muridae)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MNHN0030.
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La sous-famille des murinae, la plus nombreuse des mammifères avec 122 genres et 529 espèces décrites, pose de nombreux problèmes sur le plan systématique, notamment l'absence de tout cadre taxonomique intermédiaire entre la sous-famille et le genre. Nous nous sommes donc intéresses a un groupe de sept genres (arvicanthis, desmomys, golunda, lemniscomys, mylomys, pelomys et rhabdomys) désigne sous le terme de division arvicanthis et présente comme un regroupement supragenerique possible. L’étude systématique et évolutive de ce groupe a été envisagée par deux approches complémentaires : l'analyse cytogénétique par marquage chromosomique (chromosome banding) et l'analyse moléculaire par séquençage de tout ou partie de trois gènes mitochondriaux : le cytochrome b, l'arnr 12s et l'arnr 16s. L’analyse comparée du marquage chromosomique appliquée pour la première fois à quatre nouvelles espèces de la division (arvicanthis somalicus, lemniscomys macculus, lemniscomys rosalia et rhabdomys pumilio) a mis en évidence des remaniements chromosomiques qui ont notamment été utilises pour l'établissement de la phylogénie chromosomique du genre arvicanthis. L’arbre obtenu à partir des caractères chromosomiques est largement congruent avec les données de l'analyse moléculaire, et permet de mettre en évidence les modalités de l'évolution chromosomique dans ce genre, et le rôle de marqueurs des remaniements chromosomiques entre les différentes lignées. L’analyse moléculaire a permis de mettre en évidence la monophylie de l'ensemble forme par les six genres africains de la division et leur séparation en trois lignées distinctes : arvicanthis/mylomys/pelomys, desmomys/rhabdomys et lemniscomys. La position exacte du genre asiatique golunda n'a pu être précisée, même s'il apparait clairement appartenir à un ensemble plus large comprenant les genres africains de la division et d'autres murinae africains (aethomys, dasymys, grammomys, hybomys), ensemble pour lequel nous proposons de créer la tribu des arvicanthini. Les résultats moléculaires ont été corrélés avec une échelle temporelle en utilisant l’Age de la dichotomie mus/rattus estimée a 12 ma. Cette calibration indique que la radiation des genres de la tribu des arvicanthini se serait produite à la fin du miocène, entre 8,5 et 7 ma.
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Pereira, Natalia Rubio Claret. "Eficácia terapêutica de nanocápsulas de metotrexato em glioblastoma murino: estudos in vivo e in vitro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9141/tde-02062015-134406/.
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O glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) é uma doença grave e sem tratamento eficaz, especialmente pelos agentes terapêuticos disponíveis causarem reações adversas importantes nas doses terapêuticas. O metotrexato (MTX) é um fármaco citotóxico utilizado para tratar diversas neoplasias, no entanto, sua utilização é limitada pela baixa biodisponibilidade e reações adversas. A nanotecnologia tem sido utilizada para aumentar a eficácia dos medicamentos antitumorais, com o intuito de direcioná-los para o sítio de ação e reduzir os efeitos adversos. Nesse sentido, realizamos ensaios com nanocápsulas lipídicas de MTX (LNC MTX) para avaliar os mecanismos de captação em linhagens celulares de glioblastoma e micróglia, além investigar a eficácia terapêutica da LNC MTX em ensaios in vitro e in vivo. Inicialmente, ensaios de microscopia de fluorescência, empregando bloqueadores farmacológicos específicos para transportes de membrana, mostraram que as LNC MTX marcadas com Rodamina B penetram em células tumorais GL261 por endocitose, dependente de caveolinas, e em células de micróglia da linhagem BV2 por fagocitose e macropinocitose. Os tratamentos com LNC MTX ou solução de MTX (em concentrações correspondentes) em células GL261 inibiram a proliferação; aumentaram a fragmentação de DNA, mas, somente as LNC induziram a morte celular por necrose e diminuíram o número de células na fase G1/G0 do ciclo celular. Na linhagem celular BV2, os tratamentos com LNC MTX ou solução de MTX inibiram a proliferação, reduziram a quantidade de células na fase G1/G0 do ciclo celular, aumentaram a fragmentação de DNA e induziram morte celular por apoptose e apoptose tardia. Os ensaios in vivo de microscopia intravital mostraram que a LNC MTX atravessa a barreira Hematoencefálica (BHE) de camundongos fêmea C57Bl/6 após administração intravenosa ou oral, sem danificar a sua estrutura. O tamanho do glioblastoma in vivo foi reduzido em animais tratados com LNC MTX por via oral em relação aos animais tratados com salina. Esta redução não foi detectada em animais tratados com solução de MTX. Em conjunto, os dados obtidos mostram que a LNC MTX penetram em células de glioma e da glia e causam toxicidade, atravessam a BHE in vivo e sugerem que a nanoencapsulação do MTX pode ser uma estratégia importante para o tratamento do glioblastoma.Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a serious disease and no effective treatment is availabe, especially because the drugs cause significant adverse reactions in therapeutic doses. Methotrexate (MTX) is a cytotoxic drug used to treat many neoplasms, however, their use is limited by the low bioavailability and adverse reactions. Nanotechnology has been used to increase the effectiveness of antitumor drugs in order to direct them to the site of action and to reduce adverse effects. Accordingly, we carried out an experimental approach with MTX lipid nanocapsules (MTX LNC) to evaluate the uptake mechanisms in glioblastoma and microglia cell lines, and the therapeutic efficacy of MTX LNC in vitro and in vivo systems. Initially, fluorescence microscopy assays employing specific pharmacological blockers for membrane transport showed that the MTX LNC stained with Rhodamine B penetrated into GL261 tumor cells by caveolae-mediated endocytosis, and in BV2 microglia cells by phagocytosis and macropinocytosis. Treatment with MTX solution or MTX LNC (at corresponding concentrations) on GL261 cells inhibited the proliferation; increased DNA fragmentation, but only the LNC induced cell death by necrosis and decreased the number of cells in the G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle. In BV2 cells, treatment with MTX solution or MTX LNC inhibited proliferation, reduced number of cells in the G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle, increased DNA fragmentation and cell death, induced by apoptosis and late apoptosis. Intravital microscopy study showed that the MTX LNC across the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) of C57BL/6 female mice after intravenous or oral administrations, without damaging its structure. The area of glioblastoma in vivo was reduced in animals oral treated with MTX LNC comparing to saline treated mice. This reduction was not observed in animals treated with MTX solution. Together, the data herein obtained show that MTX LNC penetrate the cell membrane and cause cell toxicity on glioma and neurons lineage, cross the BBB and suggest that the nanoencapsulation of MTX can be an important strategy for the treatment of glioblastoma.
Books on the topic "Murids"
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Dahri, Harapandi. Keperibadian guru dan murid. Bandar Seri Begawan, Negara Brunei Darussalam: Pusat Penerbitan, Kolej Universiti Perguruan Ugama Seri Begawan, 2014.
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Lumsden, Katherine. Belfasts murals. Dublin: National College of Art and Design, 1998.
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author, Suresh S., and Archæological Survey of India, eds. Kerala murals. New Delhi: The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India, 2015.
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Murado, Antonio. Antonio Murado. Galicia (Spain : Region): Consellería de Cultura e Xuventude, 1990.
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Muris, Johannes de. Johannis de Muris musica (speculativa). Ottawa, Canada: Institute of Mediaeval Music, 1994.
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Hadish, Yetty Kusmiyati. Pelajaran bahasa Sunda murid SLP. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1985.
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Budianta, Eka. Cermin ilalang: Kenangan murid M.S. Kismadi. Jakarta?]: Memoar Indonesia, 2005.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Murids"
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van Dam, Jan. "Stephanodonty in Fossil Murids." In Advances in Morphometrics, 449–61. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9083-2_39.
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Page, Norman. "A Writer’s Life." In Muriel Spark, 1–9. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20716-9_1.
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Page, Norman. "Angels Dining at the Ritz: The Early Novels." In Muriel Spark, 10–53. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20716-9_2.
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Page, Norman. "Interlude." In Muriel Spark, 54–63. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20716-9_3.
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Page, Norman. "Foreign Parts: The Later Novels." In Muriel Spark, 64–110. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20716-9_4.
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Page, Norman. "Back to the Fifties." In Muriel Spark, 111–15. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20716-9_5.
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Page, Norman. "Postscript." In Muriel Spark, 116–22. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20716-9_6.
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Glover, John. "Murid Modernity." In New Perspectives on Islam in Senegal, 71–88. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230618503_4.
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Rousman, Corentin. "Mons, ville ouverte. Un nouveau projet urbanistique pour la cité." In Extra muros, 141–76. Köln: Böhlau Verlag, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7788/9783412515164.141.
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Denys, Catherine. "Le contrôle policier des espaces suburbains à Bruxelles au XVIIIe siècle." In Extra muros, 333–50. Köln: Böhlau Verlag, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7788/9783412515164.333.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Murids"
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Quinet Pifano, Raquel. "Os Retratos Pictóricos de Murilo Mendes na Coleção do Poeta." In Colóquio do Comitê Brasileiro de História da Arte. Comitê Brasileiro de História da Arte, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54575/cbha.40.06.
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O presente artigo reflete sobre a construção da imagem de intelectual moderno do poeta Murilo Mendes. Murilo foi retratado por Guignard em 1930, por Portinari em 1931, por Arpad Szenes entre 1940 e 1947, e por Flávio de Carvalho em 1951. Estas obras faziam parte da coleção de artes visuais do poeta, pertencendo hoje ao Museu de Arte Murilo Mendes/UFJF.
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Sampaio, Marina Carvalho, Andreia Camargo Pinheiro, Vitória Regina Pereira Da Silva, Gisela De Jesus Felice, and Graziella Anselmo Joanitti. "EFEITOS DE NANOEMULSÃO À BASE DE ÓLEO DE COPAÍBA (COPAIFERA OFFICINALIS) EM CÉLULAS DE MACRÓFAGOS IN VITRO." In III Congresso Brasileiro de Ciências Farmacêuticas On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/conbracif/07.
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Introdução: As plantas medicinais são amplamente utilizadas na medicina popular e, em menor escala, na medicina convencional. O óleo-resina da copaíba (Copaifera officinalis) é um óleo composto basicamente por β-cariofileno e α-humuleno. Ele é utilizado, tradicionalmente, para diurese, bronquite, gonorreia, inflamação ocular, além de agir de forma benéfica nas inflamações em geral. Deve-se destacar que o óleo nanoestruturado é pouco estudado e, desta forma, faz-se necessário a investigação dos seus prováveis efeitos biológicos. Objetivos: O objetivo deste trabalho foi de analisar uma nanoemulsão à base de óleo de copaíba (Copaifera officinalis) e seus efeitos na viabilidade de macrófagos J774A-1 in vitro. Material e métodos: As nanoemulsões foram feitas pelo método de alta energia por meio de um sonicador em banho de gelo. A análise dos efeitos da formulação foi nas concentrações de 5, 10 e 15 µg/mL em células murinas de macrófagos J774A-1. A análise foi realizada por meio do ensaio de MTT após 24 horas de tratamento. Os sais de formazan produzidos pelas mitocôndrias foram diluídos com DMSO e sua absorbância foi verificada por um espectrofotômetro no comprimento de onda de 595 nm. Resultados: Na viabilidade celular, foi observado que os tratamentos com a nanoemulsão não reduziram a viabilidade dos macrófagos após 24 horas, bem como os tratamentos com o óleo livre não reduziram a viabilidade das células J774A-1 nas concentrações avaliadas. Conclusão: As nanoemulsões mostraram ser biocompatíveis quando incubadas com células de macrófagos murinos nas concentrações avaliadas in vitro. Mais estudos estão em andamento visando avaliar o potencial antiflamatório desta formulação.
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Moffat, E. H., R. H. Furlong, A. L. Bloom, and J. C. Giddings. "A MURINE MODEL FOR FACTOR VIII ANTIBODY ANTI-IDIOTYPE REAGENTS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644030.
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The regulation of factor VIII antibody (FVIIIAb) production in haemophilic and non-haemophilic patients may be effected by anti-idiotype (Aid) antibodies which specifically react with FVIIIAb. Aid antibodies (reagents) were prepared from rabbits immunised with murine monoclonal FVIIIAb. Immuno fluorescent microscopy and cell culture studies were performed using murine hybridoma cells which secreted the FVIIIAbs.Immuno fluorescence studies examined the ability of the Aid reagents to bind to acetone fixed FVIIIAb secreting hybridoma cells. Positive surface membrane and intra-cytoplasmic staining patterns were seen with the Aid reagent when incubated with the corresponding murine hybridoma cell line. This reaction was blocked subsequent to the addition of the corresponding monoclonal FVIIIAb but was preserved when unrelated monoclonal FVIIIAb was incubated with the hybridoma cells. No fluorescence was observed when Aid reagent was incubated with unrelated FVIIIAb secreting hybridoma cultures.Following the addition of Aid reagent to FVIIIAb secreting hybridoma cultures and incubation for 19 hours, the resultant hybridoma supernatants were examined for FVIIIAb content using an immunoradiometric technique. The Aid reagent failed to inhibit FVIIIAb secretion by hybridoma cells. Thus, although Aid reagents were capable of binding to fixed FVIIIAb secreting cells, they failed to inhibit FVIIIAb secretion from hybridoma cultures. The conjugation of Aid reagent with immunotoxin may however have cytotoxic potential. The murine model provides a method for the study of Aid regulation of FVIIIAb production in haemophilia.
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"Assessing last mile delivery strategies � A hybrid solution approach." In 24th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2021.m1.muriel.
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Chihai, Oleg, Dumitru Erhan, Stefan Rusu, Nina Talambuta, Victoria Nistreanu, Alina Larion, Maria Zamornea, and Galina Melnic. "Structura parazitismului la șoarecele scurmător in ecosisteme forestiere." In International symposium ”Functional ecology of animals” dedicated to the 70th anniversary from the birth of academician Ion Toderas. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975315975.35.
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Bank vole (Myodes glareolus) is widely spread silvicolous species, inhabiting in woods, forest clearings, shrub vegetation, at forest edge, near ponds with abundant vegebtation. The parasite fauna is structured of 3 classes, 13 families, 14 genera and 15 species, of which 6.6% belong to class Trematoda, 46.7% to class Cestoda and 46.7% to class Nematoda. The results of the parasitological investigations show a prevalence of Plaghiorchis elegans of 13.8% and an average intensity of 3.8 ex, respectively with Mesocestoides lineatus larvae 14.0%, 1.5 ex, Paranoplocephala omphaloides - 10.3%, 2.7 ex, Rodentolipis straminea - 69.0%, 3.0 ex, Hydatigera taeniaeformis larvae - 10.3%, 1.0 ex, Catenotaenia cricetorum - 10.3%, 2.7 ex, Skrewabinotaenia lobata - 3 ex, Taenia pisiformis - 13.7%, 1.0 ex, Capillaria hepatica - 27.5% and liver infestation is about 50.0% (++), Syphacia stroma - 17.2%, 94 ex, Syphacia obvelata - 24,1%, 84,9 ex, Heligmosomoides polygirus - 10,0%, 5,3 ex, Strongyloides ratti - 6,9%, 23,3 ex, Mastophorus muris - 17,2%, 3 , 6 ex and Trichocephalus muris 17.2%, intensity 3.8 ex. The share of the Trematoda species is 6.6%, in the Cestoda class - 46.7%, and in the Nematoda class - 46.7%. The massive abundance of foxes on large land surfaces, including ecological plasticity with tendency toward synantropization, are the primary factors in the formation, maintenance and spreading of parasitosis outbreaks in natural and anthropic ecosystems. The aim of the research is to study the diversity of parasite fauna in Myodes glareolus from forest ecosystems with specifying the parasite taxonomic structure and determining the degree of infestation.
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Gilliam, Andrew D., and Scott T. Acton. "Murine Spatiotemporal Cardiac Segmentation." In 2007 41st Asilomar conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (ACSSC). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acssc.2007.4487313.
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Petrovic, Aleksandra, Ivana Ivanovic, Vojislava Bursic, Gorica Vukovic, Nikola Puvaca, Dušan Marinkovic, and Bojan Konstantinovic. "STRIPED FIELD MOUSE (APODEMUS AGRARIUS PALLAS, 1771) SEASONAL DYNAMICS AND ITS ROLE AS A VECTOR OF IXODID TICKS." In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.291p.
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Considering the confirmed role of mice as the important reservoirs and vectors of zoonotic diseases, the aim of this study was to determine the Apodemus agrarius seasonal dynamics and its role as a vector of ixodid ticks. Six ixodid tick species were identified on 993 specimens of A. agrarius. The average number of ticks per mouse was 1.181±0.066, and the highest number of collected ticks per one individual was 31. Based on the tick prevalence of infested murid species, the level of potential risk for human and animals could be predicted in certain habitats.
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Barr, Kyla N., Craig J. Goergen, Maj Hedehus, Junya Azuma, Charles A. Taylor, Philip S. Tsao, and Joan M. Greve. "Quantification of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Disease Progression Using Small Animal Magnetic Resonance Imaging." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19009.
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Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease, defined as a pathological dilation of the vessel wall, is responsible for 15,000 deaths per year in the United States. Human AAA are often asymmetric, typically expanding anteriorly as the posterior region is supported by the vertebral column [1]. Other work has shown that healthy thoracic aortic motion is also asymmetric in pigs and humans [2]. Two commonly used murine models induce AAA growth with either the infusion of angiotensin II (angII) [3] or intra-arterial perfusion of porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) into the aortic lumen [4]. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between vessel motion, circumferential cyclic strain, and aneurysm growth in two different murine models of AAA disease using small animal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
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Ntokou, Aglaia, Marten Szibor, Werner Seeger, Rory Morty, and Katrin Ahlbrecht. "Murine lung lipofibroblast lineage tracing." In ERS International Congress 2016 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.pa1815.
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Batista, Michael, Hadi T. Nia, Karen Cox, Christine Ortiz, Alan J. Grodzinsky, Dick Heinegård, and Lin Han. "Effects of Chondroadherin on Cartilage Nanostructure and Biomechanics via Murine Model." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14516.
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While small leucine rich proteins/proteoglycans (SLRPs) are present in very low concentrations in the extracellular matrix (ECM), they have been shown to be critical determinants of the proper ECM assembly and function in connective tissues [1] including bone [2], cornea [3], and cartilage [4]. However, their direct and indirect roles in matrix biomechanics and the potential for osteoarthritis-related dysfunction of cartilage remain unclear. With the advent of new high resolution nanotechnological tools, the direct quantification of cartilage biomechanical properties using murine models can provide important insights into how secondary ECM molecules, such as SLRPs, affect the function and pathology of cartilage [5]. Previous nanoindentation studies of murine cartilage have assessed the effects of maturation and osteoarthritis-like degradation of cartilage on its biomechanical properties [6, 7]. Recently, murine models have received increased attention because of the availability of specific gene-knockout and gene alteration technologies [8]. For example, chondroadherin (CHAD) is a non-collagenous small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) with α-helix and β-sheet secondary structure, spatially localized in the territorial matrix (MW = 38 kDa) [9]. In articular cartilage, CHAD is distributed non-uniformly with depth [10], and binds to type II collagen and the α2β1 integrin and is hypothesized to function in the communication between chondrocytes and their surrounding matrix, as well as in the regulation of collagen fibril assembly [11, 12] (Fig. 1). The objective of the present study is to explore the role of CHAD and its depletion on the structure and nanomechanical properties of both superficial and middle/deep zone cartilage. The current methods thereby enabled depth-dependent analysis of cartilage nanostructure and dynamic energy-dissipative mechanisms.
Reports on the topic "Murids"
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Arnsdorf, Jeffrey. New Perspectives on Johannes de Muris and his Notitia artis musicae. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.7496.
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Freedman, Robert B. Retratos de Mujeres en Bioquímica: Muriel Wheldale. Sociedad Española de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, July 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18567/sebbmdiv_rmb.2012.07.1.
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Lu, Jinhua. The Role of the MHV Receptor and Related Glycoproteins in Murine Hepatitis Virus Infection of Murine Cell Lines. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1011449.
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Lopez-Diego, Rocio S., and Gregory M. Shackleford. Identification of Oncogenes Cooperating in Murine Mammary Tumorigenesis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada396673.
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Lopez-Diego, Rocio S., and Gregory M. Shackleford. Identification of Oncogenes Cooperating in Murine Mammary Tumorigenesis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada409479.
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Luhmann. MURI94 Western Consortium on High Energy Microwave Sources. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada378846.
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Cook, Alonzo D. Realistic Murine Model for Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. Science Repository OÜ, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.rgm.2018.02.006.
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Beamer, Wesley G. Genetic and Dynamic Analyses of Murine Peak Bone Density. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada400443.
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Boxer, Robert B., and Lewis A. Chodosh. Role of Murine BRCA1 Protein Interactions in DNA Repair. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada400472.
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Richfield, Eric K. A Murine Model of Genetic and Environmental Neurotoxicant Action. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada415995.
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