Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Musa paradisiaca'

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The products of Musa paradisiaca (banana plantain) are used as a sedative for dental pain, healing of tooth extraction surgical wounds, gastric ulcer, hypoglycemic, antidote for snake bites, diarrhea among other indications in communities that have a tradition of using plants as alternative medicine. In Endodontics, it aspires to be an ideal intracanal medicament against resistant strains in refractory endodontic infections. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test the antimicrobial activity of Musa paradisiaca glycolic extract. To perform the experiment, the Musa paradisiaca glycolic extract replaced Polyethylene glycol 400, which is a vehicle that makes up some pastes used as Endodontic intracanal medication. Well agar diffusion test was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity against strains of Enterococcus faecalis usually related to refractory endodontic infections. Different materials were inserted in wells in two experimental steps as characterized in the following groups. Experiment A : Group 1, Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400 - negative control); Group 2, PEG 400 and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2); Group 3, Musa paradisiaca Glycolic Extract (EGB); Group 4, EGB and Ca(OH)2; Group 5, 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX - positive control). Experiment B : Group 1, PEG 400 (negative control); Group 2, PEG 400 and zinc oxide (ZnO); Group 3, PEG 400, Ca(OH)2 and ZnO; Group 4, ZnO and EGB; Group 5, EGB, Ca(OH)2 and ZnO; Group 6, CHX (positive control). After incubation, measurements of inhibition zones were performed after 18 hours with a millimeter ruler. Just EGB and ZnO paste obtained statistically significant antimicrobial activity with similar results to the positive control and was subjected to macrodilution, a finding for minimum inhibitory concentration, but no dilution of the paste was able to prevent the growth of E. faecalis. These data were treated statistically at 95% significance using the Mann-Whitney test and Descriptive Statistics. The composition of EGB was assessed by Mass Spectrometry with Electrospray Ionization and it was found that one of the major components could be maltose. Thin Layer Chromatography (CCD) was carried out in phases of ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and aqueous partition resulting from liquid/liquid held in EGB, after drying under a hood. CCD suggested the presence of flavonoids, terpenes, tannins and steroids in EGB. The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy was performed in order to also propose the composition of EGB and observed a large number of signal peaks in the region concerning the glycosides, as well as peaks corresponding to the structure of terpenes and a few characteristic of steroids. The EGB showed antimicrobial activity when combined with ZnO and can be an alternative to the composition of an intracanal medication. Every new biomaterial based on ethnobotany should be carefully tested to allow its clinical applicability, which justified the relevance of this preliminary study; however physico-chemical and biocompatibility tests are essential to future employment of herbal medicines in Endodontics
Os produtos de Musa paradisiaca (bananeira) são usados como sedativo para dor de dente, cicatrizante de feridas cirúrgicas de exodontia, úlcera gástrica, hipoglicemiante, antídoto para picada de cobras, diarréia entre outras indicações em comunidades que têm por tradição o uso das plantas como medicina alternativa. Na Endodontia, almeja-se uma medicação intracanal ideal contra cepas resistentes em infecções endodônticas refratárias. Por esse motivo, o objetivo desse trabalho foi testar a atividade antimicrobiana do extrato glicólico de Musa paradisiaca sobre Enterococcus faecalis. Para realizar o experimento, o extrato glicólico de Musa paradisiaca substituiu o Polietileno glicol 400, que é um veículo que compõe algumas pastas endodônticas usadas como medicação intracanal. Foi utilizado o teste de difusão em Ágar, pelo método do poço, para a avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana contra a cepa de Enterococcus faecalis normalmente relacionada a infecções refratárias endodônticas. Foram inseridos nos poços diferentes materiais que caracterizam os seguintes grupos em duas etapas experimentais. Experimento A : Grupo 1, Polietileno glicol 400 (PEG 400 - controle negativo); Grupo 2, PEG 400 e Hidróxido de cálcio (Ca(OH)2); Grupo 3, Extrato Glicólico de Musa paradisíaca (EGB); Grupo 4, EGB e Ca(OH)2; Grupo 5, gel de Clorexidina 2% (CHX controle positivo). Experimento B : Grupo 1, PEG 400 (controle negativo); Grupo 2, PEG 400 e Óxido de zinco (ZnO); Grupo 3, PEG 400, Ca(OH)2 e ZnO; Grupo 4, EGB e ZnO; Grupo 5, EGB, Ca(OH)2 e ZnO; Grupo 6, CHX (controle positivo). Após incubação, as medições dos halos de inibição foram realizadas após 18 horas com uma régua milimetrada. Apenas a pasta de EGB e ZnO obteve atividade antimicrobiana estatisticamente significante com resultados similares ao controle positivo e foi submetida à macrodiluição para que fosse verificada a concentração inibitória mínima, mas nenhuma diluição da pasta foi capaz de evitar o crescimento de E. faecalis. Esses dados foram tratados estatisticamente a 95% de significância usando o teste de Mann-Whitney e a Estatística Descritiva. A composição do EGB foi avaliada por Espectrometria de Massas com Ionização por Electrospray e foi verificado que um dos componentes majoritários poderia ser a maltose. A Cromatografia de Camada Delgada (CCD) foi realizada nas fases de acetato de etila, diclorometano e aquosa resultantes da partição líquido/líquido realizada no EGB, depois de seco em capela. A CCD sugeriu a presença de flavonóides, terpenos, taninos e esteróides no EGB. A Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear foi realizada com o propósito de supor a composição do EGB e foi observado grande número de picos de sinais na região referente aos glicosídeos, assim como picos referentes à estrutura molecular de terpenos e um sinal característico de esteróides. O EGB apresentou atividade antimicrobiana quando associado ao ZnO, podendo ser uma propriedade importante para a composição de um novo medicamento intracanal. Todo novo biomaterial baseado na etnobotânica deve ser testado criteriosamente para viabilizar sua aplicabilidade clínica, o que justificou a pertinência deste estudo preliminar, no entanto testes físico-químicos e de biocompatibilidade são imprescindíveis para futuro emprego de fitoterápicos na Endodontia

Por lo que estos contaminantes deben ser removidos o degradados a un nivel aceptable, antes de ser descargados a los cuerpos de agua.
Actualmente uno de los problemas de la contaminación del agua y que con más frecuencia afecta la calidad del agua es la presencia de metales pesados como el Cromo Hexavalente Cr (Vl), los cuales representan una amenaza para el ser humano y al ambiente debido a su persistencia y toxicidad.

SANTIAGO, E. O. A cultura da bananeira (musa sp.) Como fonte alternativa de néctar para a apicultura em períodos de escassez de alimento. 2006. 90 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Zootecnia) - Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2006.
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The study was carried out in farm Frutacor, district of Lagoinha, in the county of Quixeré, state of Ceará, Brazil, from September 2004 to January 2005. The aim of this research was to evaluate irrigated banana (Musa paradisiaca.) plantation as a substitute source of food to honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies during the dearth period in caatinga (typical scrub vegetation of NE Brazil). Three apiaries of 10, 20 and 30 hives were installed within a banana plantation and colonies were inspected every 14 days over a period of 140 days. Data on brood area, honey and pollen stores in the nest and honey stores in supers were collected and analyzed by ANOVA. Means obtained to each apiary at each date were compared a posteriori by Tukey tests (5%). Results showed no significant differences (P>0.05) among apiaries to brood area, and that brood area was reduced to half of its initial size by the end of the experiment, probably due to pollen shortage within the banana plantation. There was also no significant differences (P>0.05) among honey store areas in nest and supers among apiaries. It was concluded that banana plantations can be used to keep Apis mellifera colonies during caatinga’s dearth period, that apiaries can bear up to 30 hives and that there is potential to honey production in these areas, provided that colonies be kept under adequate nutritional conditions.
O experimento foi conduzido na fazenda Frutacor no distrito de Lagoinha, município de Quixeré - CE, no período de setembro de 2004 a janeiro de 2005. Objetivou-se avaliar o cultivo irrigado de banana (Musa paradisiaca.), como fonte substituta de alimento para as colônias de abelhas (Apis mellifera) em período de escassez de florada na caatinga. Foram utilizados três apiários com 10, 20 e 30 colônias instalados dentro da cultura de banana e acompanhadas a cada 14 dias durante um período de 140 dias. Avaliaram-se o desenvolvimento da área de cria no ninho, a área de reserva de alimento no ninho e a área de mel armazenado na melgueira. Os dados coletados foram analisados por Análise de Variância e as médias foram comparadas a posteriori pelo teste de Tukey (5%) comparando os apiários entre si a cada data de coleta. Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferenças significativas (P>0,05) na área de cria entre os apiários, e que esta diminuiu pela metade ao longo dos cinco meses de experimento, provavelmente devido à carência de pólen no bananal. As áreas ocupadas com alimento no ninho e com mel armazenado na melgueira também não apresentaram diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre os apiários a cada data de coleta. Conclui-se que áreas cultivadas com bananeiras podem ser utilizadas para manter colônias de Apis mellifera no período de escassez de alimento na caatinga, que os apiários podem comportar até 30 colônias e que há potencial para produção de mel nessas áreas desde que as colônias sejam mantidas sob condições nutricionais adequadas.

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A conservação de alimentos consiste em métodos que visam prolongar a vida útil dos mesmos, diversas alternativas são empregadas no âmbito de se minimizar desperdícios, na área das frutas e hortaliças são evidenciados em toda cadeia produtiva grandes perdas. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da aplicação combinada de revestimento a base de fécula de mandioca com adição de diferentes concentrações de óleo Essencial do cravo-da-índia (Eugenia Caryophyllata) e citronela (Cymbopogon nardus) na conservação pós-colheita de Banana Musa Paradisíaca L. (Banana Prata) armazenada em diferentes temperaturas, ambiente (≈35°C) e refrigerada (16°C). Foram elaborados os tratamentos: amostras controle (T0), fécula de mandioca a 3,0% (T1), fécula de mandioca (3,0%), associados a Óleos Essenciais (OEs) do cravo-da-índia e citronela nas concentrações 0,5%, 1,0%, 1,5% cada (T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7) respectivamente, totalizando oito ensaios armazenados em diferentes temperaturas. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas no inicio e fim dos tratamentos, monitoramento da qualidade pós-colheita e avaliações microbiológicas realizadas em três etapas para ambas as temperaturas de armazenamento no intervalo doze dias. As bananas avaliadas obtiveram média de 130 (mm) de circunferência e 17,20 (cm) de comprimento. Os valores para cinzas oscilaram de 0,85% a 0,89%; lipídios 0,11% a 0,32%; proteínas 0,80% a 1,59% não havendo diferença estatística em nenhum destes parâmetros. Houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos nas diferentes etapas de monitoramento de perda de massa, com aumento gradativo em ambos os armazenamentos, a interação temperatura, tempo e revestimento (fécula de mandioca 3%) se mostrou mais eficiente que os demais tratamentos enquanto que tratamento armazenado a temperatura de refrigeração com maior percentual de OEs de citronela ocasionou as maiores perdas. De modo geral, os valores para umidade variaram de 95,57% a 96,68% sendo que os fatores temperatura e concentrações de óleos essenciais não resultaram em grandes variações nos teores obtidos ao longo do monitoramento. Os valores descritos para acidez total tilulavel variaram de 0,08% a 0,84% entre todas as etapas ao longo do período de armazenamento, contudo, apenas três valores referentes a amostras armazenadas a ≈35°C encontram-se acima da faixa padrão de ATT estabelecida para banana que corresponde a 0,22% a 0,65%. A Temperatura de 16°C alterou o metabolismo de amadurecimento das amostras, ocasionou retardo no processo de degradação do amido em açúcares totais, o revestimento do T1 (3% fécula de mandioca) resultou no menor índice, 1,75 (g/100g), ao final da terceira etapa, assim como tratamentos que foram empregados baixas concentrações de OEs, T2 (0,5% OEs cravo-da-índia) 2,95(g/100g) e T5 (05% OEs citronela) 3,71 (g/100g). O fator temperatura de refrigeração influenciou positivamente em teores de açúcares redutores mais baixos, as concentrações de 0,5% e 1,0% de OEs do cravo-da-índia ao final dos 12 dias de armazenamento a 16°C resultou nos menores índices (T2 0,21 g/100g e T3 0,29 g/100g), contudo nenhuma amostra avaliada ao final do experimento atingiu o nível máximo de hidrolise dos açúcares. Não houve crescimento microbiológico para o parâmetro coliformes 30°C, desta forma não houve necessidade da realização de análise de Coliformes a 45°C. Quanto à avaliação de bolores e leveduras, apenas os tratamentos T0 da segunda etapa e T0, T1 na última etapa exibiram um leve crescimento, no entanto não existe legislação que estabelece padrões para este contaminante. Todos os resultados foram negativos na avaliação do parâmetro Salmonella.
The conservation of food consists of methods that aim to prolong the useful life of the same, several alternatives are used in the scope of minimizing waste, in the area of fruits and vegetables are evidenced throughout the productive chain great losses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the combined application of manioc starch-based coating with the addition of different oil concentrations of clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) and citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) in the post-harvest conservation of Banana Musa Paradisíaca L. (Banana Silver) stored at different temperatures, ambient (≈35 °C) and refrigerated (16 °C). The treatments were: control (T0), manioc starch at 3,0% (T1), manioc starch (3,0%), associated with Essential Oils (OEs) of clove and citronella at concentrations 0,5%, 1,0%, 1,5% each (T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7) respectively, totaling eight assays stored at different temperatures. Physical and chemical analyzes were performed at the beginning and end of treatments, post-harvest quality monitoring and microbiological evaluations performed in three stages for both storage temperatures in the twelve-day interval. The evaluated bananas obtained average of 130 (mm) of circumference and 17,20 (cm) of length. The ash values ranged from 0,85% to 0,89%; Lipids 0,11% to 0,32%; 0,80% to 1,59%, with no statistical difference in any of these parameters. There was a statistical difference between treatments in the different stages of mass loss monitoring, with a gradual increase in both storage, temperature, time and coating interaction (3% manioc starch) was more efficient than the other treatments, whereas stored treatment the cooling temperature with a higher percentage of OEs of citronella caused the greatest losses. In general, the values for humidity ranged from 95,57% to 96,68%, and the temperature factors and concentrations of essential oils did not result in large variations in the levels obtained during the monitoring. The values reported for tiltable total acidity ranged from 0.08% to 0.84% across all steps over the storage period, however, only three values for samples stored at ≈35 ° C are above the standard range Of ATT established for banana corresponding to 0,22% to 0,65%. The temperature of 16 °C altered the ripening metabolism of the samples, caused delay in the starch degradation process in total sugars, the coating of T1 (3% cassava starch) resulted in the lowest index, 1,75 (g/100g) , At the end of the third stage, as well as treatments that were employed low concentrations of OEs, T2 (0,5% OEs cloves) 2,95 (g/100g) and T5 (05% OEs citronella) 3,71 (g/100g). The coolant temperature factor positively influenced lower reducing sugar contents, 0.5% and 1,0% OE concentrations of clove at the end of the 12 days storage at 16 °C resulted in the lowest rates (T2 0,21 g /100 g and T3 0,29 g/100 g), yet no sample evaluated at the end of the experiment reached the maximum level of sugar hydrolysis. There was no microbiological growth for the coliform parameter 30 °C, so there was no need to perform Coliform analysis at 45 °C. Regarding the evaluation of molds and yeasts, only the treatments T0 of the second stage and T0, T1 in the last stage showed a slight growth, however there is no legislation that establishes standards for this contaminant. All the results were negative in the evaluation of the Salmonella parameter.

El presente estudio tiene por finalidad estudiar la influencia del plátano maduro Musa paradisiaca L cv. Hartón y sus condiciones de proceso sobre la fermentación primaria en la producción de cerveza artesanal. Para lo cual se describió químicamente el plátano y se acondiciono posteriormente. Una vez que se obtuvo el extracto de plátano, se estudio los efectos del uso de proporciones apropiadas de adjunto, así como la densidad celular y la gravedad original en la fermentación de la cerveza, para ello se realizó un diseño experimental de 23 con cuatro puntos centrales, en el cual se evaluó la producción volumétrica, productividad volumétrica y rendimiento de etanol. El estudio fue llevado a cabo con una cepa lager comercial Saccharomyces Pastorianus Diamond Lallemand, siendo el pH (5.4) y temperatura (15°C) condiciones constantes en la fermentación. Adicionalmente se realizaron pruebas en un biorreactor airlift con la finalidad de estudiar el efecto del flujo de aire (0.04vvm) sobre la fermentación de la cerveza. Finalmente, las cervezas producidas se evaluaron sensorialmente utilizando pruebas afectivas y descriptivas. Los resultados mostraron que el proceso de maduración manifiesta un grado óptimo hacia el día 10 donde se logra un contenido de SST de 25.2 °Brix, un pH de 4.3 y una baja presencia de almidón. El acondicionamiento del plátano resulto con un contenido de azúcares reductores de 25.17 %, gravedad original: 1.161 (36.24°Platos) y un contenido de nitrógeno amino libre de 170 ppm. Los resultados obtenidos de los ensayos en matraces indican que el aumento en la gravedad especifica del mosto y la proporción de adjunto causan un aumento sustancial en la producción de etanol y el rendimiento de etanol. Así mismo, se encontró que las altas tasas de inoculación permiten aumentar la productividad volumétrica de etanol además que en bajas tasas de inoculación es recomendable emplear menores proporciones de adjunto. La optimización de parámetros mostró que una mayor producción, productividad volumétrica y rendimiento de etanol se da a las condiciones de 10% de adjunto, 20°Platos (1,180) y 108 celulas/mL. Las fermentaciones realizadas en el biorreactor airlift mejoraron la velocidad de fermentación, sin embargo, reduce el rendimiento y la productividad volumétrica de etanol respecto a la fermentación realizadas en matraces. En la evaluación sensorial las cervezas elaboradas mostraron preferencia afectiva tanto en aroma como en sabor, lo que indica que la utilización del plátano Hartón mejora las características sensoriales del producto final. Desde un punto de vista tecnológico se recomienda realizar estudios complementarios de escalamiento con la finalidad de validar la utilización de plátano.

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Plants are a source of many biologically active products and nowadays they are of great interest to the pharmaceutical industry. In the present study, the mutagenic potential of the fruit peels extract from Musa paradisiaca was assessed using the single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay) and micronucleus assays. Animals were treated orally with three different concentrations of the extract (1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/kg of body weight). Peripheral blood cells of Swiss mice were collected 24 h after the treatment for the comet assay and 48 and 72 h for the micronucleus test. The results showed that the extract of M. paradisiaca induced statistically significant increases in the average numbers of DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes for the two higher doses and a significant increase in the mean of the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes at three tested doses. The polychromatic/normochromatic erythrocytes ratio (PCE/NCE) scored in the tested groups was not statistically different from the negative control, showing that the extract presented no cytotoxic effects. The data obtained indicate that fruit peels extract from M. paradisiaca showed mutagenic effect in the peripheral blood cells of Swiss albino mice.
As plantas em geral são fontes de muitos produtos com atividades biológicas, e atualmente são de grande interesse para a indústria farmacêutica. Musa paradisíaca é uma dessas plantas, cuja casca vem sendo utilizada para tratamento de fissuras na pele, devido ao seu poder cicatrizante, e, devido aos seus altos valores energéticos e nutritivos, também tem servido de alimentação alternativa através da farinha. Visto que nunca foi investigado o efeito da casca desta planta sobre o genoma de mamíferos, foi objetivo deste trabalho analisar o potencial mutagênico do extrato de cascas de Musa paradisíaca sobre células sangüíneas de camundongos Swiss in vivo. Para esta avaliação, foram utilizados o ensaio cometa e o teste do micronúcleo. Os animais foram separados em cinco grupos de seis animais cada, onde em três deles foram testadas, por via oral, três diferentes concentrações do extrato (1000, 1500 e 2000 mg/kg de peso corpóreo). As células do sangue periférico foram coletadas 24 horas após o tratamento para a realização do ensaio cometa e 48 e 72h para o teste do micronúcleo. Os resultados obtidos com o ensaio cometa mostraram que o extrato de Musa paradisíaca induziu aumento estatisticamente significativo na quantidade de danos no DNA dos leucócitos de sangue periférico nas duas maiores concentrações do extrato, e, pelo teste do micronúcleo, um aumento também significativo na média de eritrócitos policromáticos micronucleados nas três doses testadas. A relação de eritrócitos policromáticos e normocromáticos (PCE/NCE) em 1000 células por animal não mostrou diferença significativa em relação ao grupo controle negativo, indicando que o extrato não apresenta citotoxicidade. Com base nas condições do ensaio desenvolvido, os dados obtidos revelaram que o extrato de cascas de Musa paradisíaca apresentou efeito mutagênico em células de sangue periférico de camundongos Swiss albinos.

Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo diseñar y validar una receta nutricional de snack realizado con harina de cáscara de plátano verde (Musa paradisiaca), como también determinar su composición nutricional y calidad microbiológica de la harina. La cáscara de plátano, un residuo de la industria alimentaria ha sido reportada como nutritiva, material de bajo costo que tiene disponibilidad de uso durante todo el año. Una vez transformada en harina, puede ser utilizada como ingrediente funcional debido a su alto contenido de fibra y buenas propiedades funcionales. En general, los estudiantes universitarios tienen un bajo consumo de fibra, debido a patrones alimentarios alterados. Metodología: la harina de cáscara de plátano verde fue obtenida en un estado pre climatérico, se deshidrató mediante un secador de lecho fluidizado, después, se aplicaron análisis para obtener resultados microbiológicos, proximales y de fibra dietaria. La receta nutricional fue diseñada, ajustada y validada con la población objetivo siguiendo la metodología del Centro Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición del Perú (CENAN), concluyendo con el análisis nutricional del producto final. Resultados: el contenido de fibra dietaria, carbohidratos totales, proteína, grasa total y grasa total de la harina de cáscara de plátano verde (GBPL) fue: 38.7 g, 76.3 g, 5.9 g y 361.2 kcal por 100 gramos de harina. El snack fue formulado para aportar al menos 5 g de fibra dietaria por porción, teniendo buena aceptación del grupo objetivo basado en las características organolépticas. Conclusión: la harina de cáscara de plátano verde mostró gran potencial como una fuente de fibra dietaria y como ingrediente funcional; por ello, puede ser incluida en recetas nutricionales..
Objective: This study aims at designing and validating a nutritional recipe for a snack made of green banana (Musa paradisiaca) peel flour and assess the nutritional composition and microbiological quality of the flour. Banana peel, a food industry by-product, is a nutritious, low-cost material available all year round. Banana peel flour could be used as a functional ingredient due to its high fiber content and good functional properties. In general, university students have a very low dietary fiber intake due to altered dietary patterns; thus, we focused our study on this population. Methodology: The green banana peel flour was obtained from the peels of pre-climacteric bananas by fluidized- bed drying, after which, microbiological, proximate, and dietary fiber analyses were applied. The nutritional recipe for the snack was designed, validated and adjusted with the target population following the methodology of Centro Nacional de Alimentación de Perú, concluding with the nutritional and microbiological assessment of the end-product. Results: The dietary fiber, total carbohydrate, protein, total fat and energy contents of the GBPF were: 38.7 g, 76.3 g, 5.9 g, 3.6 g, and 361.2 kcal, per 100 g of flour. The snack was designed to contain at least 5g of dietary fiber per serving size, yet it had 7.74 g of dietary fiber per serving size, having a good acceptance among the panelists based on its sensory characteristics. Conclusion: the green banana peel flour showed great potential as a source of dietary fiber and as a functional ingredient and can be included in nutritional recipes.
Tesis

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Analiza la influencia que tienen los tipos de degradación previa aplicados a la cáscara de Musa paradisiaca L. (banano) madura, en la producción de jarabe glucosado mediante hidrólisis enzimática, en función del tiempo, y de los parámetros físico químicos del proceso, orientado a la disminución de las emisiones de CO2 por estos residuos lignocelulósicos con un criterio de sostenibilidad ambiental.
Tesis

El cultiu de la banana (Musa x paradisíaca L.) és un dels conreus agrícoles més importants en molts països tropicals i és el quart producte amb major volum d'exportació al món, només superat per l'arrós, el blat i el blat de moro (FAO, 2004). A Panamà, a pesar de l'aplicació de tècniques i insums d'alt cost, s'ha registrat una considerable reducció en la productivitat, Causa el canvi i deteriorament accelerat de les propietats físico-químiques i biològiques del sòl. Aquest treball es va realitzar amb l'objectiu de determinar índexs físico-químics i biològics de qualitat del sòl que permetessin interpretar les causes de la disminució de la productivitat de les plantacions de banana en els sòls dels districtes de Barú i Alanje. La investigació es va realitzar a l'àrea bananera del Pacífic de Panamà, en 5 finques independents del districte d'Alanje i 6 finques pertanyents a la Cooperativa COOSEMUPAR a Barú. Els sòls són d'origen sedimentari, reben influència de les zones volcàniques properes a la regió. Pertanyen als ordres Inceptisol (Andic Dystrudepts, Udic Haplustepts i Distric Haplustepts) i Entisol (Andic Udifluvents), amb una mitjana anual de pluges de 2200 mm, temperatura mitjana de 27 º C. Dins de cada finca es van escollir àrees de contrastant productivitat (alt i baixa). Per a la descripció dels indicadors es van obrir 8 sondatges (4 per cada àrea) de 60 X 60 X 60 cm a la banda de fertilització de plantes de banana recent florides. Al voltant de la minicalicata es van registrar les dades biomètriques de vigor: circumferència de la mare, alçada del fill, nombre de mans de banana de 20 plantes properes d'una collita. A més, en cada lloc es va mesurar la infiltració bàsica, el pes total d'arrels i es van prendre mostres per determinar les propietats físico-químiques i biològiques del sòl. La finca de San Antonio va ser la que va presentar un major contrast entre àrees d'alt i baixa productivitat, mentre que les finques de Margarita, Mango i Jagua els menors. Es va obtenir correlació positiva entre la circumferència de la mare i el nombre de mans que va ser de 0,88 i correlacions positives importants entre la circumferència de la mare i el pes total d'arrels i contingut de Ca, Mg i P a sòl. En totes les finques es va poder observar elevats nivells de Ca, Mg i K, pel que fa a la saturació d'alumini és encara aquests sòls és mantenir a nivells baixos. De mitjana, el percentatge de saturació de Ca sobrepassava el 65% En aquests sòls, en canvi, el de K no ser de 5%. Això demostra que hi ha hagut un emblanquinat continu en les finques, raó per la quina existeix una alta acumulació de Ca al perfil. Els nivells de K en finques, algunes excedien les necessitats del cultiu. Van ser obtingudes baixes concentracions de matèria orgànica, relacionat amb la baixa i escassa activitat biològica i biomassa microbiana. A la majoria de les finques la infiltració era lenta, però, en algunes àrees de les finques San Antonio, Los Angeles, Javillo, Balsas i Margarita, es va trobar millor velocitat d'infiltració, entre 60 i 120 mm/h. Després de realitzar l'anàlisi de components principals al total dels indicadors determinats el conjunt mínim de dades (MDS), va quedar integrat pels següents indicadors: percentatge de sorra, el pH, Ca, K, matèria orgànica, respiració microbiològica, índex de mineralització i pes total d'arrels, que van ser els que millor van ajudar a diferenciar entre àrees d'alta i baixa productivitat. En la majoria de les finques es va observar que les propietats físiques com a capacitat d'aireig del sòl, velocitat d'infiltració i la resistència a la penetració tenien una gran influència sobre la qualitat i la productivitat de la banana en aquests sòls. Cap d'aquestes propietats físiques va obtenir elevada puntuació al realitzar el càlcul matemàtic dels índexs. Es comprova així, que moltes vegades aquests mètodes estadístics de calcular índexs de qualitat, emmascaren o subestimen la influència que poguessin tenir altres indicadors que no obtenen elevada puntuació matemàtica mitjançant el mètode estadístic utilitzat.
El banano (Musa x paradisíaca L.) es uno de los cultivos agrícolas más importantes en muchos países tropicales y es el cuarto producto con mayor volumen de exportación en el mundo, sólo superado por el arroz, el trigo y el maíz (FAO, 2004). En Panamá, se ha registrado una reducción considerable en la productividad, debido al cambio y deterioro acelerado de las propiedades físico-químicas y biológicas del suelo. Este trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de determinar índices físico-químicos y biológicos de calidad del suelo que permitieran interpretar las causas de la disminución de la productividad de las plantaciones de banano en los suelos de los distritos de Barú y Alanje. La investigación se realizó en el área bananera del Pacífico de Panamá, en 5 fincas independientes del distrito de Alanje y 6 fincas pertenecientes a la Cooperativa COOSEMUPAR en Barú. Los suelos son de origen sedimentario, reciben influencia de las zonas volcánicas próximas a la región. Pertenecen a los órdenes Inceptisol (Andic Dystrudepts, Udic Haplustepts y Dystric Haplustepts) y Entisol (Andic Udifluvents), con un promedio anual de lluvias de 2200 mm y temperatura media de 27ºC. Dentro de cada finca se escogieron áreas de productividad contrastante (alta y baja). Para la descripción de los indicadores se abrieron 8 calicatas (4 por cada área) de 60 X 60 X 60 cm en la banda de fertilización de plantas de banano recién florecidas. Alrededor de la minicalicata se registraron los datos biométricos de vigor: circunferencia de la madre, altura del hijo, número de manos de banano de 20 plantas cercanas a cosecha. Además, en cada sitio se midió la infiltración básica, el peso total de raíces y se tomaron muestras para determinar las propiedades físico-químicas y biológicas del suelo. La finca San Antonio fue la que presentó un mayor contraste entre áreas de alta y baja productividad, mientras que las fincas Margarita, Mango y Jagua los menores. Se obtuvo correlación positiva entre la circunferencia de la madre y el número de manos que fue de 0,88 y correlaciones positivas importantes entre la circunferencia de la madre y el peso total de raíces y contenido de Ca, Mg y P en el suelo. En todas las fincas se pudo observar elevados niveles de Ca, Mg y K, lo que hace que la saturación de aluminio en estos suelos aun se mantenga en niveles bajos. En promedio, el porcentaje de saturación de Ca sobrepasaba el 65% en estos suelos, en cambio, el de K no fue mayor de 5 %. Esto demuestra que ha habido un encalamiento continuo en las fincas, razón por la cual existe una alta acumulación de Ca en el perfil. Los niveles de K en algunas fincas excedían las necesidades del cultivo. Fueron obtenidas bajas concentraciones de materia orgánica, relacionado con la baja actividad biológica y escasa biomasa microbiana. En la mayoría de las fincas la infiltración era lenta, sin embargo, en algunas áreas de las fincas San Antonio, Los Ángeles, Javillo, Balsas y Margarita, se encontró mejor velocidad de infiltración, entre 60 y 120 mm/h. Después de realizar el análisis de componentes principales al total de los indicadores determinados el conjunto mínimo de datos (MDS) quedó integrado por los siguientes indicadores: porcentaje de arena, pH, Ca, K, materia orgánica, respiración microbiológica, índice de mineralización y peso total de raíces, que fueron los que mejor ayudaron a diferenciar entre áreas de alta y baja productividad. En la mayoría de las fincas se observó que las propiedades físicas como capacidad de aireación del suelo, velocidad de infiltración y la resistencia a la penetración tenían una gran influencia sobre la calidad y la productividad del banano en estos suelos. Ninguna de estas propiedades físicas obtuvo elevada puntuación al realizar el cálculo matemático de los índices. Se comprueba así, que muchas veces estos métodos estadísticos de calcular índices de calidad, enmascaran o subestiman la influencia que pudieran tener otros indicadores que no obtienen elevada puntuación matemática mediante el método estadístico utilizado.
The banana (Musa x paradisiaca L.) is one of the most important agricultural crops in many tropical countries and is the fourth product with the highest export volume in the world, overcome only to rice, wheat and maize (FAO, 2004). In Panama, despite the application of techniques and high-cost inputs, there has been a significant reduction in productivity due to accelerated change and deterioration of physical, chemical and biological soil. There is evidence of the direct relationship between reduced productivity and loss of soil quality for the adverse impact of conventional production system. This work was conducted with the aim to determine physical, chemical and biological indices of soil quality for interpreting the causes of the decline of productivity of the banana plantations in soils of the Alanje and Baru districts. The research was conducted in the Pacific banana area of Panama in 5 independent farms from Divala, Alanje district and 6 farms belonging to the Cooperative COOSEMUPAR in Baru district.. The soils are of sedimentary origin, are influenced by volcanic areas near the region. Belong to the orders Inceptisols (Andic Dystrudepts, Udic Haplustepts and Dystric Haplustepts) and Entisols (Andic Udifluvents) with an average annual rainfall of 2200 mm and average temperature of 27 º C. Within each farm were chosen areas of contrasting productivity (high and low). For a description of the indicators 8 trial pits were opened (4 per area) of 60 X 60 X 60 cm in the fertilizer band of banana plants newly in bloom. Around minipits recorded biometric data of effect: circumference of the mother, child height, number of hands of 20 banana plants near harvest. In each site we measured the basic infiltration, the total weight of roots and sampled to determine the physico-chemical and biological soil properties. The San Antonio was the one with a greater contrast between high and low productivity areas, while farms Margarita, Mango and Jagua minors. Positive correlation was obtained between the circumference of the mother and the number of hands was 0.88 and significant positive correlations between the circumference of the mother and root weight and total content of Ca, Mg and P in the soil. In all the farms we observed high levels of Ca, Mg and K, which makes aluminum saturation in these soils still, remains low. On average, the percentage Ca saturation exceeded 65% in these soils; however, the K was not higher than 5%. This shows that there has been a continuous liming on farms, which is why there is a high accumulation of Ca in the profile. K levels on some farms exceeded crop requirements. Were obtained low concentrations of organic matter, related to the low biological activity and low microbial biomass. In most farms infiltration was slow, however, some areas of the San Antonio, Los Angeles, Javillo, Balsas and Margarita farms, it was better infiltration rates, between 60 and 120 mm/h. After performing the principal component analysis to the total indicators identified the minimum data set (MDS) was composed of the following indicators: percentage of sand, pH, Ca, K, organic matter, microbial respiration, mineralization rate and weight total roots, who were the best help distinguish between areas of high and low productivity. In most of the farms was found that the physical properties such as soil aeration capacity, speed of infiltration and penetration resistance had a great influence on the quality and productivity of banana in these soils. None of these physical properties obtained high score to make the mathematical calculation of the indices. Thus one can confirm that many times these statistical methods of calculating quality indices, mask or underestimate the influence that may have other indicators that do not get high mathematical score by statistical method used.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia
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A insulina é o principal hormônio anabólico responsável pelo controle da captação, utilização e armazenamento dos nutrientes celulares como carboidratos, proteínas e lipídios, sendo essencial para a manutenção da homeostasia da glicose, o crescimento e diferenciação celular. Defeitos na ação e/ou na secreção de insulina podem levar à hiperglicemia, característica da diabetes melito. A diabetes melito é uma patologia complexa e multifatorial de elevada morbidade e mortalidade e, por esse motivo, é considerada uma epidemia, caracterizando um problema de saúde pública mundial. Muitas plantas são conhecidas na medicina popular de diferentes culturas pelas propriedades hipoglicemiantes e tem um uso crescente no tratamento da diabetes. Os compostos fenólicos derivados de plantas, especialmente os flavonóides, apresentam diversas propriedades e tem um potencial terapêutico muito investigado. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar o efeito de extratos e frações de Bacharis articulata (carqueja) e de Musa x paradisiaca (banana), assim como do flavonóide rutina, na homeostasia da glicose em modelos experimentais in vivo e in vitro. As duas espécies foram avaliadas quanto às atividades anti-hiperglicêmica e/ou hipoglicemiante na curva de tolerância à glicose e em modelos de diabetes induzidos experimentalmente, como a secreção de insulina, o conteúdo de glicogênio hepático e muscular, a inibição das enzimas ?-glicosidases e a propriedade anti-glicação, assim como o conteúdo de flavonóides. Além disso, foi estudado o mecanismo de ação da rutina na captação de glicose e de cálcio em músculo sóleo, e também a secreção de insulina in vivo e o mecanismo de ação da rutina na captação de cálcio em ilhotas pancreáticas isoladas. Para tanto, foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos entre 50-55 dias de idade. Para a realização da curva de tolerância à glicose as coletas de sangue, para determinação da glicose e insulina sérica, foram realizadas nos tempos zero, 15, 30, 60, 120 e 180 minutos. Nos ensaios para a determinação do conteúdo de glicogênio os tecidos foram retirados dos animais 3 h após os tratamentos. As atividades das dissacaridases intestinais e a propriedade anti-glicação foram realizadas in vitro. A captação de 14C-glicose e de 45-cálcio (45Ca2+) foi estudada após a incubação do músculo sóleo com a rutina. As ilhotas pancreáticas foram isoladas e incubadas com 45Ca2+ e rutina, na presença ou não de diferentes inibidores e ativadores. Os extratos brutos, as frações n-butanol e residual aquosa de B. articulata e de M. x paradisiaca reduziram significativamente a glicemia de ratos normais hiperglicêmicos e potencializaram a secreção de insulina induzida por glicose. Além disso, observou-se um aumento no conteúdo de glicogênio no músculo sóleo e fígado após os tratamentos, principalmente com as frações n-butanol das duas espécies vegetais. Os extratos e as frações reduziram a atividade da maltase e preveniram a glicação. A rutina estimulou a captação de glicose e cálcio no músculo, estimulando a captação de glicose através da ativação de uma via insulinomimética e uma via independente da sinalização clássica da insulina. Além disso, a rutina estimulou a secreção de insulina in vivo e a captação de cálcio em ilhotas pancreática isoladas, atuando como um potencial agente secretagogo de insulina. Desta forma, apoiado nos resultados obtidos neste trabalho, propõe-se que as espécies vegetais, Baccharis articulata e Musa x paradisiaca, e o flavonóide rutina aqui estudados possam regular a homeostasia da glicose. Os mecanismos envolvem a inibição da enzima que permite a absorção intestinal da glicose, a inibição da glicação, o estímulo da secreção de insulina e o aumento na utilização de glicose pelos tecidos periféricos, evidenciando que estas duas espécies e a rutina podem atuar por múltiplos mecanismos de ação para regular a homeostasia da glicose e colaborar na prevenção das complicações da diabetes.
Insulin is the main anabolic hormone responsible for controlling the uptake, use and storage of cellular nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. It is essential for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis, growth and cellular differentiation. Defects in action and / or secretion of insulin may lead to hyperglycemia, which characterizes diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is a complex and multifactorial disease with high morbidity and mortality, therefore is considered epidemic causing a public health problem worldwide. Many plants are known in folk medicine of different cultures for their hypoglycemic properties showing an increasing use in the treatment of diabetes. The plant-derived phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids, have several properties and their therapeutic potential has been investigated. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of extracts and fractions of Baccharis articulata ("carqueja") and Musa x paradisiaca ("banana"), as well as the flavonoid rutin, in glucose homeostasis using in vivo and in vitro experimental models. Antihyperglycemic and / or hypoglycemic activity in the curve of glucose tolerance and in models of experimentally induced diabetes, insulin secretion, the hepatic glycogen content and muscle, inhibition of the enzymes á-glucosidases and anti-glycation property were investigated, as well as the content of flavonoids. In addition, was also studied the mechanism of action of rutin in glucose and calcium uptake in soleus muscle, and also the in vivo insulin secretion and the mechanism of action of rutin on calcium uptake in rat isolated pancreatic islets. For in vivo experiments, Wistar male rats with 50-55 days of age were used. To glycemia and serum insulin determination blood samples were collected at zero, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min in glucose tolerance curve. Tissues were removed from animals 3 h after oral administration of treatments to determine glycogen contents. The intestinal disaccharidases activities and anti-glycation property were performed in vitro. The glucose and calcium uptake was studied after incubation of the soleus muscle with rutin, in the presence or not of different inhibitors and of 14C-glucose or calcium (45Ca2+). The pancreatic islets were isolated and incubated with 45Ca2+ and rutin in the presence or absence of various inhibitors or activators. The crude extracts and n-butanol and residual aqueous fractions of B. articulata and of M. x paradisiaca showed potential anti-hyperglycemic activity in hyperglycemic normal rats and potentiated glucose-induced insulin secretion. Additionaly, it was observed an increase on glycogen content in muscle and liver after treatments, mainly with the n-butanol fractions of two species. The extracts and fractions reduced the activity of maltase and prevented glycation. Also, rutin stimulated glucose and calcium uptake in soleus muscle, stimulating glucose uptake via activation of an insulin-mimetic and an insulin-independent signaling pathways. Additionally, rutin stimulated insulin secretion in vivo and calcium uptake in isolated pancreatic islets, as a potential insulin secretagogue agent. Thus, these results suggest that Baccharis articulata, M. x paradisiaca and rutin are able to regulate glucose homeostasis. The mechanisms involve the inhibition of the enzyme that allows the intestinal absorption of glucose, the inhibition of glycation, the stimulation of insulin secretion and increase in glucose utilization by peripheral tissues showed that these plant species and rutin may act by multiple mechanisms of action to regulate glucose homeostasis, thereby contributing to the prevention of diabetes-related complications.

L'objectif de cette etude etait de contribuer a une meilleure connaissance de l'operation unitaire de friture a travers de l'application du procede a l'elaboration de tranches fines de plantain (chips de 2 mm d'epaisseur) dans de l'huile de palme, et de tirer de ces etudes des outils et des methodes pratiques pour appuyer les entreprises de transformation de plantain. La demarche de l'etude etait double. Au plan socio-economique, elle a consiste a etablir un diagnostic sur les tendances de consommation : qui consomme, quand, combien, quels sont les criteres de qualite recherches par les consommateurs, quel prix seraient-ils pret a payer pour une augmentation de la qualite, quelles sont les caracteristiques des produits rejetes par les consommateurs,. . . Ce volet est developpe par le biais d'enquetes realisees en milieu urbain, en colombie. Les resultats montrent que les facteurs socio-economiques (classe de niveau de vie) n'apparaissent pas lies a la consommation de patacones industriels. Les consommateurs frequents de patacones industriels sont plus nombreux chez les menages jeunes avec des enfants que chez les personnes plus agees. Au plan scientifique, la diversite des equipements mis en uvre nous ont permis de caracteriser d'une part l'influence de la temperature du bain de friture, le temps de traitement, le rapport massique plantain/huile, et d'autre part, la mise en contact des phases liquide (huile) et solide (tranches de plantain), sur les transferts de matiere et de chaleur. Un autre apport de notre travail a consiste a caracteriser differentes varietes de plantain (densite apparente, teneur en sucres totaux et en sucres reducteurs, teneur en amidon, teneur en eau). Nous avons etudie comme reponses les cinetiques de deshydratation et de gain en matiere grasse, ainsi que la couleur et la structure (formation de croute et de pores) dans les chips. Les resultats montrent qu'il est tres important de maitriser la temperature initiale et la diminution de la temperature du bain (liee a l'evaporation de l'eau) en debut de procede. A l'issue de l'etude experimentale en conditions isothermes, il ressort que le procede de friture est un moyen efficace de sechage de produits. 90% de l'eau initiale est eliminee en 1 minute de traitement, lorsque la temperature passe de 130 a 170°c. Enfin, au plan scientifique, les resultats presentes ont servi comme base de donnees pour des travaux ulterieurs en modelisation. Ainsi une etude preliminaire a ete realisee et montre la possibilite et l'interet d'appliquer une commande optimale a un procede de friture. Le modele de representation dynamique propose permet de predire l'evolution de la teneur en eau et de la teneur en huile avec une precision au moins egale a la repetabilite experimentale
This study was designed to improve our knowledge of the unit operation of frying via the application of the process to the production of 2 mm thick plantain chips in palm oil (from fine slices of plantain), and to identify practical tools and methods that could be used to support plantain processing companies. The study had a twin approach. On a socio-economic level, it consisted of analyzing consumption trends : type of consumer, time when consumed, amount consumed, quality criteria looked for by consumers, price they would be prepared to pay for better quality chips, characteristics of the products rejected by consumers, etc. . . The analysis was based on surveys conducted in an urban environment in Colombia. The results showed that there appeared to be no connection between socio-economic factors (standard of living class) and "industrial patacones" consumption. The number of frequent consumers of "industrial patacones" was greater in young households with children than with the over 35 year-olds. On a scientific level, the wide range of equipment used enabled us to characterize the effect of frying bath temperature, processing time and plantain mass to oil mass ratio, and the effect of bringing the liquid and solid phases (the oil and the plantain slices respectively) into contact with one another, on mass and heat transfer. A further aspect of our work consisted of characterizing a number of different plantain varieties (apparent density, total sugar content, reducing sugar content, starch content, moisture content). We examined the responses of moisture loss and fat uptake kinetics, colour and structure (crust and pore formation) in the chips. The results showed the importance of controlling the initial temperature and the fall in temperature of the frying bath (associated with moisture evaporation) at the start of the process. It was apparent at the close of the experimental study, conducted in isothermal conditions that frying was an effective way of drying products. 90% of the initial moisture content was eliminated within 1 minute of processing when the temperature was increased from 130 to 170°C (thanks in particular to strict control of the frying bath temperature at the start of the process). Finally, on a scientific level, the results presented served as a database for subsequent modelling work. A preliminary study was carried out and demonstrated the possibility and the advantage of applying strict control to frying processes. The dynamic representation model proposed can be used to predict the pattern of change in moisture and oil content with at least experimentally respectable accuracy

碩士
正修科技大學
化妝品與時尚彩妝研究所
107
Banana (Musa paradisiaca), a perennial monocotyledonous herb, is popular as a highly nutritious plant in tropical and subtropical regions. However, banana flower robs its nutrients during the growth of bananas and is therefore removed and discarded as agricultural waste. Banana plants themselves contain biologically active compounds such as vitamins C, E, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, biogenic amines, plant sterols, minerals, and dietary fiber. In this study, the antioxidant components, ability, inhibition of tyrosinase and moisturizing ability of the extracted banana flower extracts were extracted by different solvents, and the antioxidant capacity of the extract obtained by the process of concentration, purification and separation of the ethanol extract of banana flower was investigated. After the test, the results of the extract were compared under the conditions of the test. The experimental results showed that the antioxidant capacity of the extract was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging ability, and the clearance rate was ethanol extract (94.57%) > ethyl acetate extract (69.56 %) > water extract removal power (61.64%); The clearance of banana flower extract after separation and purification was B3 extract (96.54%) > B1 extract (13.83 %) > B2 extract (9.62%). The chelating ability of ferrous ions was determined by ethanol extract (95.25 %) > ethyl acetate extract (78.05 %) > water extract (53.49%); after extraction and purification, the chelation ability of banana flower extract was extracted by B3 (96.61%) > B1 extract (89.76 %) > B2 extract (82.09%). Reducing power was determined by ethanol extract (0.811) > ethyl acetate extract (0.455) > water extract (0.267); reduction and purification of banana flower extract after separation and purification with B3 extract (0.907) > B1 Extract (0.196) > B2 extract (0.138). Antioxidant component of banana flower extract, total phenolic content as ethanol extract (89.6 mg GA/g d.w.) > water extract (16.8 mg GA/g d.w.) > ethyl acetate extract (8.32 mg GA) /g d.w.). The total flavonoid content was determined as ethanol extract (4.9 mg Rutin/g d.w.) > water extract (5.10 mg Rutin/g d.w.) > ethyl acetate extract (3.68 mg Rutin/g d.w.). The polysaccharide content test was carried out by measuring the total sugar content of the standard glucose, the total sugar content of the water extract (59.52 glucose/g d.w.); the determination of the reducing sugar content by the standard glucose, and the reducing sugar content of the water extract was (8.16 glucose/ g d.w.). Inhibition of the tyrosinase assay in vitro, inhibition rate of ethanol extract (79.79 %) > ethyl acetate extract (51.61%) > water extract (43.16%). The water absorption test was carried out with water extract (16.96 %) > ethyl acetate extract (1.44%) > ethanol extract (1.26%). The moisture retention test was carried out with water extract (45.52%) ethyl acetate extract (27.78%) > ethanol extract (26.98 %).

Thesis (M.Sc. (Microbiology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020
In nature, saccharification is done by a variety of microorganisms, secreting a variety of cellulase in addition to other proteins. Co-culturing enables the production of more efficient enzyme preparations that would mimic the natural decomposition of lignocelluloses. During the decay of banana (Musa paradisiaca) pseudostem, a potential feedstock for second-generation biofuels, there may be a number of microorganisms producing cellulolytic enzymes, and other factors, which in combination might decompose the lignocelluloses more efficiently. The aim of the study was to establish a microbial co-culture for the production of highly active cellulase preparations. Banana pseudostems (BPS) and microbial samples from decaying banana pseudostems were collected in the Mopani District Allesbeste Nursery, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Fungi and bacteria were isolated using CMC agar plates. The best cellulase producing fungi and bacteria were tested for cellulase activity in monocultures and in various combinations (fungi-fungi, fungi-bacteria, bacteria-bacteria, fungi-live bacterial cells and fungi-dead bacterial cells) in submerged fermentation, using Avicel™ as a carbon source. Solid-state fermentation was also performed using banana pseudostem as a carbon source. Zymography was done in studying the variety of cellulase in the secretions from co-cultures/ mixed cultures. Identification of the bacterial and fungal isolates from decomposing banana pseudostems was also done using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) or DNA sequencing. A mixed culture of fungi in combination with dead bacterial cells was the best combination to produce higher levels of endoglucosidase and β-glucosidase activities in both submerged fermentation and solid-state fermentation. During SmF, endoglucosidase was (0.229 after 144 h) and β-glucosidase (4.519 after 96 h) activities and SSF, endoglucosidase (12.793 after 48 h) and β-glucosidase (37.45 after 144 h). Endoglucosidase zymography showed that monocultures and co-cultures produced four active bands for endoglucanase, except for the monoculture Trichoderma longibrachiatum 1B that produced a faint or unclear band. The current study demonstrated that three fungal strains namely, T longibrachiatum 1B, Aspergillus fumigatus 5A, and Aspergillus flavus 2A and one bacterial strain Enterobacter asburiae 1 are capable of producing a variety of endoglucanases. It seems that a combination of fungi with dead cells could significantly improve endoglucosidase and v β-glucosidase activities. The use of A. fumigatus in mixed cultures is highly recommended in order to produce high levels of β-glucosidases, no matter the combination used.
Foodbev Seta

碩士
國立高雄大學
生命科學系碩士班
106
Banana (Musa paradisiaca), a perennial plants of the genus Musa, belongs to the family of Musaceae and spreads in tropical or subtropical area such as Asia, India and Malaysia. The flower bud grows at the bottom end of a bunch of banana. In traditional medicine it is used to prevent stroke and treat cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension. Current medical research has confirmed that banana extract also has other effects such as antidiabetic, antidiarrheic, diuretic, anti-cancer and wound healing. In order to find out the bioactive metabolites which can inhibit tumor growth. The low-polarity cycloartenol esters and cycloartane-typ triterpenoids are found as the main metabolites. Therefore, it is attempted to increase the polarity of the compounds by the allylic oxidation to facilitate separation, at the same time comparing with the bioactivity between natural compounds and their oxidative derivatives. Using various chromatographic separation techniques resulted in the isolation of 15 new compounds (115) and 9 known compounds, cyclomusalenone (16), cycloeucalenone (17), (24S) 3-epi-cyclomusalenol (18), cycloeucalenol (19), cycloartenol (20), cyclolaudenol (21), 24-methylenecycloartanol (22), 14α-methyl-9β,19-cyclo-5α-ergost-25-en-3β-ol (23) and 24-methylenepollinastanol (24). The structure of these metabolites were elucidated by the data of NMR, ESIMS, IR and X-ray. The in vitro cytotoxicity against triple negative breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231) of compounds 122 were evaluated. Compounds 18 showed good cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 with IC50 values of 3.15, 5.56, 4.53, 3.81, 7.40, 4.33, 4.27 and 1.64 µM。