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Journal articles on the topic 'Muscle rigidity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Matsuki, Yuka. "Muscle Rigidity Associated with Pregabalin." Pain Physician 3;15, no. 3;5 (2012): E350. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2012/15/e350.

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2

Jenkins, J. G. "Masseter muscle rigidity after vecuronium." European Journal of Anaesthesiology 16, no. 2 (1999): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003643-199902000-00011.

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3

Smith, H. L., and G. R. Park. "Muscle rigidity in meningococcal meningitis." Anaesthesia 48, no. 12 (2007): 1103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1993.tb07544.x.

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4

Manners, J. M. "Muscle rigidity in miningococcal meningitis." Anaesthesia 49, no. 6 (1994): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1994.tb03537.x.

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5

Jenkins, J. G. "Masseter muscle rigidity after vecuronium." European Journal of Anaesthesiology 16, no. 2 (1999): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2346.1999.00448.x.

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6

Markelov, Grigory I. "To the symptomatology of trembling paralysis." Neurology Bulletin XVI, no. 2 (2022): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/nb101118.

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The main feature in the clinical picture of trembling paralysis must be recognized as increased rigidity of the muscles, muscle stiffness. This latter imposes on the patient that peculiar imprint, which often makes it possible to recognize this disease by appearance alone. Giving in various cases one or another fluctuation in distribution and intensity, this increased rigidity of the muscles is the most characteristic symptom of Parkinson's disease.

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7

Vankova, Miriana E., Matthew B. Weinger, Dong-Yi Chen, J. Brian Bronson, Valerie Motis, and George F. Koob. "Role Central Mu, Delta-1, and Kappa-1 Opioid Receptors in Opioid-induced Muscle Rigidity in the Rat." Anesthesiology 85, no. 3 (1996): 574–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199609000-00017.

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Background Opioids appear to produce their physiologic effects by binding to at least three types of opioid receptors, the mu (mu), delta (delta), and kappa (kappa) receptors. Muscle rigidity occurs after administration of supra-analgesic doses of potent mu-preferring agonists like alfentanil. The role of different supraspinal opioid receptors in this rigidity has been addressed only recently. To elucidate the contribution of central mu, delta, and kappa receptors to muscle rigidity, the effects of intracerebroventricularly administered opioid receptor-selective agonists and antagonists on alf

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8

Muralinath, E., Sharlet E. Sony, Naidu K. Mohan, et al. "Exploring the Impact of Drugs on Decerebrate Rigidity." Journal of Advances in Drug Discovery and Development 2, no. 2 (2024): 45–47. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11174365.

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<em>Decerebrate rigidity happens because of the damage to the brain stem, disrupting the normal inhibitory pathways that regulate muscle tone .Decerebrate rigidity is a state of disputed signals between the brain and the Spinal cord particularly involving the reticular formation in the brain stem. A very few drugs can target various transmitter systems participated in motor control such as GABA, glutamate , dopamine and serotonin. Levo dopa or dopamine agonists have been investigating d for their potential to improve motor symptoms associated with decerebrate rigidity. NMDA receptor antagonist

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9

Khan, Bashir A., Mazhar U. Khan, Md Umar Majid, and Md Mohib Hussain. "Masseter Muscle Rigidity Following Succinylcholine Administration." Journal of Contemporary Medicine and Dentistry 2, no. 2 (2014): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18049/jcmad/229a14.

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10

&NA;. "Benzodiazepines attenuate alfentanil-induced muscle rigidity." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 972 (1995): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199509720-00028.

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11

Mayumi, Takahisa, Naoki Matsumiya, Satoshi Fujita, and Shuji Dohi. "Diazepam prevents fentanyl-induced muscle rigidity." Journal of Anesthesia 4, no. 1 (1990): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s0054000040082.

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12

Oppold, Julia, Maria-Sophie Breu, Alireza Gharabaghi, et al. "Ultrasound of the Biceps Muscle in Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease with Deep Brain Stimulation: Rigidity Can Be Quantified by Shear Wave Elastography." Diagnostics 13, no. 2 (2023): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13020213.

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Rigidity in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is assessed by clinical scales, mostly the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale of the Movement Disorders Society (MDS-UPDRS). While the MDS-UPDRS-III ranges on an integer from 0 to 4, we investigated whether muscle ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) offers a refined assessment. Ten PD patients (five treated with deep brain stimulation (DBS) and levodopa, five with levodopa only) and ten healthy controls were included. Over a period of 80 min, both the SWE value and the item 22b-c of the MDS-UPDRS-III were measured at 5 min intervals. The measurem

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13

Balzan, Martin V. "Paradoxical Autonomic Response to Procyclidine in the Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 22, no. 3 (1995): 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100039937.

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AbstractBackgroundNeuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) is an adverse reaction to dopamine receptor antagonists, characterised by hyperpyrexia, extrapyramidal rigidity and impaired autonomic function. It might result from central dopamine receptor blockade that causes severe muscle contraction.MethodCase Study.ResultsHigh dose intravenous therapy with the anticholinergic drug, procyclidine hydrochloride, temporarily diminished the muscle rigidity and reversed most of the autonomic features in a patient with NMS occurring after a single intramuscular dose of the dopamine antagonist metoclopramid

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14

Anusha, Mekala, Rithvik Ramesh, Sundar Shanmugam, et al. "Camptocormia in a young man with anti-GAD-seropositive stiff-person syndrome." BMJ Case Reports 17, no. 8 (2024): e262122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2024-262122.

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Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) usually manifests as an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterised by pronounced and advancing rigidity, primarily affecting the trunk and proximal muscles. There are various clinical subtypes like classic SPS (truncal stiffness, generalised rigidity and muscle spasms), partial SPS (stiff-limb syndrome) and uncommon forms including progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus. Camptocormia, defined as forward flexion of the spine in the upright position that disappears in the supine position, without fixed deformity, has been described only in two

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15

Weinger, Matthew B., Elizabeth J. Cline, N. Ty Smith, and George F. Koob. "Ketanserin Pretreatment Reverses Alfentanil-induced Muscle Rigidity." Anesthesiology 67, no. 3 (1987): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198709000-00012.

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16

Kaplan, Richard, Matthew Becker, and Lynn Broadman. "Isolated Masseter Muscle Spasm Versus Generalized Rigidity?" Anesthesia & Analgesia 75, no. 1 (1992): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199207000-00035.

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17

Patel, Leena R., Deepak Bose, and Judith A. Littleford. "Isolated Masseter Muscle Spasm Versus Generalized Rigidity?" Anesthesia & Analgesia 75, no. 1 (1992): 146???147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199207000-00036.

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18

Storella, R. J., and M. M. Keykhah. "A871 ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTCHS MEDIATE MASSETER MUSCLE RIGIDITY." Anesthesiology 73, no. 3A (1990): NA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199009001-00869.

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19

Chen, D. Y., and M. B. Weinger. "FOCAL BRAINSTEM ELECTRICAL STIMULATION INCREASES MUSCLE RIGIDITY." Anesthesiology 81, SUPPLEMENT (1994): A835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199409001-00834.

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20

McKenna, S. J. "Masseter muscle rigidity and malignant hyperthermia susceptibility." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 44, no. 10 (1986): 839–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-2391(86)90179-5.

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21

Vacaras, Vitalie, Enia Eleonora Cucu, Roxana Radu, and Dafin Fior Muresanu. "Paraneoplastic Stiff Person Syndrome in Early-Stage Breast Cancer with Positive Anti-Amphiphysin Antibodies." Case Reports in Neurology 12, no. 3 (2020): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000508942.

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Stiff person syndrome (SPS) is a rare neurologic disorder, characterized by muscle rigidity and spasms. Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) antibodies are associated with the classic form of SPS, while antibodies against amphiphysin are associated with the paraneoplastic form of the disease. We present the case of a patient with paraneoplastic SPS, presenting with muscle cramps of lower extremities that progressed to severe muscle rigidity and spasms, associated with a right breast tumor and positive anti-amphiphysin antibodies. Paraneoplastic SPS is a rare neurological disorder, chall

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22

Gallant, Esther M., and William E. Rempel. "Porcine malignant hyperthermia: False negatives in the halothane test." American Journal of Veterinary Research 48, no. 3 (1987): 488–91. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1987.48.03.488.

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SUMMARY Purebred Pietrain pigs presumed (on the basis of pedigree) to be homozygous for malignant hyperthermia (mh) susceptibility were subjected to a 3% halothane challenge test. A few (6%) pigs that should have been mh susceptible on the basis of parental genotype did not develop muscle rigidity in response to repeated halothane tests. Three of these animals were brought into the laboratory, and muscle biopsy specimens were obtained for in vitro analysis. Bundles of intact muscle cells dissected from biopsy specimens were electrically stimulated, and mechanical responses were monitored durin

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23

Endo, Takuyuki, Toshimitsu Hamasaki, Ryuhei Okuno, et al. "Parkinsonian Rigidity Shows Variable Properties Depending on the Elbow Joint Angle." Parkinson's Disease 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/258374.

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Parkinsonian rigidity has been thought to be constant through a full range of joint angle. The aim of this study was to perform a detailed investigation of joint angle dependency of rigidity. We first measured muscle tone at the elbow joint in 20 healthy subjects and demonstrated that an angle of approximately 60° of flexion marks the division of two different angle-torque characteristics. Then, we measured muscle tone at the elbow joint in 24 Parkinson’s Disease (PD) patients and calculated elastic coefficients in flexion and extension in the ranges of 10°–60° (distal) and 60°–110° (proximal)

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24

Wong, Michael M. C. "Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: Two Cases without Muscle Rigidity." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 30, no. 3 (1996): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679609065008.

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Objective: Two patients with neuroleptic malignant syndrome without muscle rigidity are described. Clinical picture: Both patients developed fever and altered consciousness while taking neuroleptic but did not develop muscle rigidity; the symptoms subsided when the neuroleptic was stopped but recurred when it was given again. Treatment: The neuroleptic was stopped; one patient received supportive treatment and the other received bromocriptine. Outcome: One patient died while the other survived. Conclusion: The pathophysiology is proposed as a combination of involvement of the central thermoreg

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25

Ferreira-Sánchez, María del Rosario, Marcos Moreno-Verdú, and Roberto Cano-de-la-Cuerda. "Quantitative Measurement of Rigidity in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review." Sensors 20, no. 3 (2020): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030880.

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Rigidity is one of the cardinal symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Present in up 89% of cases, it is typically assessed with clinical scales. However, these instruments show limitations due to their subjectivity and poor intra- and inter-rater reliability. To compile all of the objective quantitative methods used to assess rigidity in PD and to study their validity and reliability, a systematic review was conducted using the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases. Studies from January 1975 to June 2019 were included, all of which were written in English. The Strengthening the Reportin

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26

Ganguly, Jacky, Dinkar Kulshreshtha, Mohammed Almotiri, and Mandar Jog. "Muscle Tone Physiology and Abnormalities." Toxins 13, no. 4 (2021): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13040282.

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The simple definition of tone as the resistance to passive stretch is physiologically a complex interlaced network encompassing neural circuits in the brain, spinal cord, and muscle spindle. Disorders of muscle tone can arise from dysfunction in these pathways and manifest as hypertonia or hypotonia. The loss of supraspinal control mechanisms gives rise to hypertonia, resulting in spasticity or rigidity. On the other hand, dystonia and paratonia also manifest as abnormalities of muscle tone, but arise more due to the network dysfunction between the basal ganglia and the thalamo-cerebello-corti

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27

Spitz, Mariana, Henrique Ballalai Ferraz, Orlando G. P. Barsottini, and Alberto Alain Gabbai. "Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity: a paraneoplastic presentation of oat cell carcinoma of the lung. Case report." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 62, no. 2b (2004): 547–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2004000300033.

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Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PEWR) is a rare neurological disorder, characterised by muscular rigidity, painful spasms, myoclonus, and evidence of brain stem and spinal cord involvement. A 73-year-old white man was admitted with a 10-day history of painful muscle spasms and continuous muscle rigidity on his left lower limb. He had involuntary spasms on his legs and developed encephalopathy with cranial nerves signs and long tract spinal cord symptomatology. Brain CT scan and spinal MRI were normal. The CSF showed lymphocytic pleocytosis and no other abnormalities.

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28

Sidow, Nor Osman, Faruk Odabaş, Abdiladhif Mohamed, Mohamed Sheikh Hassan, and Erkan Tuner. "Drug Induced Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: A Case Report." Somalia Turkiye Medical Journal (STMJ) 1, no. 01 (2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.58322/stmj.v1i01.1.

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Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) causes fever, muscle rigidity, and impaired mental status. Drugs that influence central dopaminergic neurotransmission and almost all neuroleptics, including newer atypical antipsychotics, are also associated with it. While uncommon, NMS remains a critical differential diagnosis for patients with fever and mental status changes due to the requirement for prompt resuscitation to prevent morbidity and mortality. We present a case of a 21-year-old man with schizophrenia who attended the emergency room with generalized muscle rigidity, high-grade fever, and dis

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29

Muthukrishnan, Subbaratnam, Seulgi Mun, Mi Y. Noh, Erika R. Geisbrecht, and Yasuyuki Arakane. "Insect Cuticular Chitin Contributes to Form and Function." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 29 (2020): 3530–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200523175409.

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: Chitin contributes to the rigidity of the insect cuticle and serves as an attachment matrix for other cuticular proteins. Deficiency of chitin results in abnormal embryos, cuticular structural defects and growth arrest. When chitin is not turned over during molting, the developing insect is trapped inside the old cuticle. Partial deacetylation of cuticular chitin is also required for proper laminar organization of the cuticle and vertical pore canals, molting, and locomotion. Thus, chitin and its modifications strongly influence the structure of the exoskeleton as well as the physiological f

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30

Albrecht, Alison, Denise J. Wedel, and Gerald A. Gronert. "Masseter Muscle Rigidity and Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blocking Agents." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 72, no. 4 (1997): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/72.4.329.

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31

Lee, Robin van der, Ilse Ceelie, and Saskia N. de Wildt. "Morphine-Induced Muscle Rigidity in a Term Neonate." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 43, no. 10 (2009): 1724–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1m268.

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32

Silbert, Brendan S., and Charles A. Vacanti. "Amantidine in Prevention of Fentanyl-Induced Muscle Rigidity." Anesthesia & Analgesia 66, no. 12 (1987): 1338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-198712000-00029.

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33

Vacanti, C. A., and F. X. Vacanti. "Sodium Thiopental To Treat Fentanyl Induced Muscle Rigidity." Anesthesia & Analgesia 67, Supplement (1988): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-198802001-00241.

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34

Nejkovic, Natasa, Snezana Protic, Nemanja Zaric, Zoran Krivokapic, and Ljubomir Djurasic. "Case of leptosuccin induced malignant hyperthermia in a patient with GIST of the rectum." Acta chirurgica Iugoslavica 59, no. 2 (2012): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aci1202121n.

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Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a form of myopathy that is usually triggered by volatile anaesthetics such as halothane, sevoflurane and des flurane and depolarising muscle relaxants such as succinylcholine. Pathologic response in MH inc1ude increase in oxygen consumption, increase in endtidal C02, tachycardia, hyperthermia, hyperkalemia and muscle rigidity. Immediate recognition and treatment are crucial to avoid lethal outcome. Molecular genetic studies have confirmed that ryanodine muscle receptors are responsible for MH. We present a case of leptosuccin induced MH with masseter muscle rigid

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35

Phillips, Craig. "Stability in Dance Training." Journal of Dance Medicine & Science 9, no. 1 (2005): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1089313x0500900105.

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Stability training has become a recognized component of dance training in the past decade. Drawing on knowledge applied in sports and spinal rehabilitation, dancers are now able to enhance their performance by applying similar principles in their training. The main issue with stability training is one of being able to recognize the difference between muscle strength training and muscle skill acquisition. Motor control principles underlie stability training as it is the long-term, learned, skill of effective muscle recruitment that is desired rather than short-term strengthening of these muscle

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36

Markus, H. S., M. Cox, and A. M. Tomkins. "Raised resting energy expenditure in Parkinson's disease and its relationship to muscle rigidity." Clinical Science 83, no. 2 (1992): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0830199.

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1. Resting energy expenditure was measured, by indirect calorimetry, in 12 patients with Parkinson's disease and in eight healthy age-matched control subjects. In the patients with Parkinson's disease measurements were made in both the untreated state and after an injection of the dopamine agonist apomorphine (treated state). In each state muscle rigidity was recorded. 2. Resting energy expenditure was higher in patients with Parkinson's disease in both the treated and untreated states than in the control subjects. Of the patients with Parkinson's disease, seven showed no difference in resting

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37

Ali, Maryam Adam, Noora Adam Ali, and Khurram Sarfaraz. "Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: Catch Me If You Can; A Case Report." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 12, no. 3 (2022): 314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20220342.

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Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) is a relatively rare adverse reaction to neuroleptic medications. It is characterized by a constellation of findings that usually occur concurrently. These include vital instability, fever, elevated creatinine kinase, encephalopathy, and muscle rigidity. Having a high index of suspicion can reduce mortality and long-term complications by having a broad differential diagnosis when facing a patient with these symptoms, particularly if they are on antipsychotic medications. Withdrawal of the offending medication and supportive therapy are the most important in

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38

Khan, Fayaz, Mohamed Faisal Chevidikunnan, Raghad Ahmad Almalki, et al. "Stiff-Person Syndrome Outpatient Rehabilitation: Case Report." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 11, no. 04 (2020): 651–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1715081.

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AbstractStiff-person syndrome (SPS) is a rare neurological disorder that causes muscle rigidity and stiffness of the trunk and proximal limb muscles, leading to movement difficulties and impaired function. Due to the rarity of the disease, studies on the benefit of rehabilitation for this disorder are quite limited. A 46-year-old female patient diagnosed with SPS complained of imbalance and movement difficulty. We prescribed therapeutic exercises aimed to reduce the stiffness of the trunk and proximal limbs and improve her function. Baseline measurement of the patient's range of motion, muscle

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39

Et-Taouil, Karima, Michel Safar, and Gérard E. Plante. "Mechanisms and consequences of large artery rigidity." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 81, no. 3 (2003): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y03-022.

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In this review paper, the classical and more recently described mechanisms responsible for the structural and functional characteristics of large artery rigidity are described. Mostly important, these characteristics appear to be nonspecific to the primary disease process involved in arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, congestive heart failure, chronic uremia, and perhaps senescence, including vascular dementia. Nonspecific in terms of aetiology, the vasculopathy encountered in these diseases exhibits common structural and functional abnormalities. The identification of suc

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40

Lacson, A. G., S. S. Seshia, H. B. Sarnat, et al. "Autosomal Recessive, Fatal Infantile Hypertonic Muscular Dystrophy Among Canadian Natives." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 21, no. 3 (1994): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100041172.

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Abstract:We describe eleven mid-western Canadian aboriginal infants with a unique, progressive muscle disorder. All except one had muscle biopsy and/or autopsy. The infants were normal newborns who rapidly developed rigidity of all skeletal muscles, with early, respiratory insufficiency. Death occurred before 18 months of age. Electromyography showed increased insertion activity and profuse fibrillation potentials; motor unit potentials and interference pattern are normal until late in the course. Pathologic features include progressive, granular to powdery Z-band transformation, myofibrillar

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41

Canepa-Raggio, Carlo, and Mohammad Choudhury. "STIFF PERSON SYNDROME (SPS) THE IMPORTANCE OF EXTENSIVE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION." East European Journal of Parkinson`s Disease and Movement Disorders 6, no. 1-2 (2020): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33444/2414-0007.6.1-2.20-23.

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Stiff Person Syndrome (SPS) is a rare condition with a prevalence of one to two cases per million and an incidence of one case per year. Characterized by progressive muscle stiffening, rigidity and spasm, mainly involve the axial muscles, resulting in severely impaired ambulation. The pathogenesis is not that clear. Classic SPS presents with extreme and persistent rigidity and stiffness of truncal and proximal limb muscles, significant lumber/cervical lordosis resulting from simultaneous actions of opposing paraspinous muscles are the hallmark. Wide and unsteady gait (Frankenstein’s gait) resu

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42

Ramos-Cabrera, Víctor, and Fanny Elizabeth Ramírez-Calderón. "Rigidez muscular, trastorno de sensorio y antipsicóticos: Reporte de caso." Horizonte Médico (Lima) 19, no. 3 (2019): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24265/horizmed.2019.v19n3.11.

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43

Grazko, M. A., K. B. Polo, and B. Jabbari. "Botulinum toxin A for spasticity, muscle spasms, and rigidity." Neurology 45, no. 4 (1995): 712–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.45.4.712.

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44

MAROHN, MARY L., and ALI H. NAGIA. "Masseter Muscle Rigidity after Rapid-sequence Induction of Anesthesia." Anesthesiology 77, no. 1 (1992): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199207000-00028.

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45

OʼFlynn, R., J. Shutack DO, H. Rosenberg MD, and J. Fletcher PhD. "MASSETER MUSCLE RIGIDITY (MMR) AND MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA SUSCEPTIBILITY (MHS)." Anesthesiology 77, Supplement (1992): A917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199209001-00917.

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46

Medina, Karla A., and James F. Mayhew. "Generalized Muscle Rigidity and Hypercarbia with Halothane and Isoflurane." Anesthesia & Analgesia 86, no. 2 (1998): 297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199802000-00014.

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Medina, Karla A., and James F. Mayhew. "Generalized Muscle Rigidity and Hypercarbia with Halothane and Isoflurane." Anesthesia & Analgesia 86, no. 2 (1998): 297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199802000-00014.

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48

Hadad, Eran, Avi A. Weinbroum, and Ron Ben-Abraham. "Drug-induced hyperthermia and muscle rigidity: a practical approach." European Journal of Emergency Medicine 10, no. 2 (2003): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00063110-200306000-00018.

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49

Marcucci, Lorenzo, and Carlo Reggiani. "Increase of resting muscle stiffness, a less considered component of age-related skeletal muscle impairment." European Journal of Translational Myology 30, no. 2 (2020): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2020.8982.

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Elderly people perform more slowly movements of everyday life as rising from a chair, walking, and climbing stairs. This is in the first place due to the loss of muscle contractile force which is even more pronounced than the loss of muscle mass. In addition, a secondary, but not negligible, component is the rigidity or increased stiffness which requires greater effort to produce the same movement and limits the range of motion of the joints. In this short review, we discuss the possible determinants of the limitations of joint mobility in healthy elderly, starting with the age-dependent alter

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Mileykovskiy, Boris Y., Lyudmila I. Kiyashchenko, and Jerome M. Siegel. "Muscle Tone Facilitation and Inhibition After Orexin-A (Hypocretin-1) Microinjections Into the Medial Medulla." Journal of Neurophysiology 87, no. 5 (2002): 2480–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.87.5.2480.

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Abstract:

Orexins/hypocretins are synthesized in neurons of the perifornical, dorsomedial, lateral, and posterior hypothalamus. A loss of hypocretin neurons has been found in human narcolepsy, which is characterized by sudden loss of muscle tone, called cataplexy, and sleepiness. The normal functional role of these neurons, however, is unclear. The medioventral medullary region, including gigantocellular reticular nucleus, alpha (GiA) and ventral (GiV) parts, participates in the induction of locomotion and muscle tone facilitation in decerebrate animals and receives moderate orexinergic innervation. In

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