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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Muscles. Frogs

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Academic literature on the topic 'Muscles. Frogs'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Muscles. Frogs"

1

Lonergan, K. T., C. A. Sidor, R. S. Darrell, R. P. Mancini, and D. G. Blackburn. "Differential testosterone sensitivity of forelimb muscles of male leopard frogs, Rana pipiens: test of a model system." Amphibia-Reptilia 16, no. 4 (1995): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853895x00433.

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AbstractCertain forelimb muscles of anurans exhibit sexual dimorphism in mass and fiber composition, offering potential for studies of the effects of hormones on muscle characteristics. Androgen-responsiveness of major forelimb muscles of male leopard frogs, Rana pipiens, was evaluated by quantifying the effects of testosterone cypionate administration and castration on lyophilized muscle mass. The coracoradialis, pectoralis epicoracoideus, and pectoralis sternalis muscles were highly-responsive to testosterone treatment, showing a mean dry mass increase of approximately 50% over control values. However, the pectoralis abdominis muscle was unaffected by testosterone administration, and castration had no effect on any of the muscles. Testosterone sensitivity reflects both the degree of sexual dimorphism and the inferred functional roles of the muscles. Because their forelimb muscles vary markedly in androgen-sensitivity, leopard frogs show considerable promise as a model system for clarifying hormonal regulation of muscle characteristics.

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Roberts, Thomas J., Emily M. Abbott, and Emanuel Azizi. "The weak link: do muscle properties determine locomotor performance in frogs?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1570 (May 27, 2011): 1488–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0326.

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Muscles power movement, yet the conceptual link between muscle performance and locomotor performance is poorly developed. Frog jumping provides an ideal system to probe the relationship between muscle capacity and locomotor performance, because a jump is a single discrete event and mechanical power output is a critical determinant of jump distance. We tested the hypothesis that interspecific variation in jump performance could be explained by variability in available muscle power. We used force plate ergometry to measure power produced during jumping in Cuban tree frogs ( Osteopilus septentrionalis ), leopard frogs ( Rana pipiens ) and cane toads ( Bufo marinus ). We also measured peak isotonic power output in isolated plantaris muscles for each species. As expected, jump performance varied widely. Osteopilus septentrionalis developed peak power outputs of 1047.0 ± 119.7 W kg −1 hindlimb muscle mass, about five times that of B. marinus (198.5 ± 54.5 W kg −1 ). Values for R. pipiens were intermediate (543.9 ± 96.2 W kg −1 ). These differences in jump power were not matched by differences in available muscle power, which were 312.7 ± 28.9, 321.8 ± 48.5 and 262.8 ± 23.2 W kg −1 muscle mass for O. septentrionalis , R. pipiens and B. marinus , respectively. The lack of correlation between available muscle power and jump power suggests that non-muscular mechanisms (e.g. elastic energy storage) can obscure the link between muscle mechanical performance and locomotor performance.

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Kargo, William J., and Simon F. Giszter. "Afferent Roles in Hindlimb Wipe-Reflex Trajectories: Free-Limb Kinematics and Motor Patterns." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 1480–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.3.1480.

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The hindlimb wiping reflex of the frog is an example of a targeted trajectory that is organized at the spinal level. In this paper, we examine this reflex in 45 spinal frogs to test the importance of proprioceptive afferents in trajectory formation at the spinal level. We tested hindlimb to hindlimb wiping, in which the wiping or effector limb and the target limb move together. Loss of afferent feedback from the wiping limb was produced by cutting dorsal roots 7–9. This caused altered initial trajectory direction, increased ankle path curvature, knee-joint velocity reversals, and overshooting misses of the target limb. We established that these kinematic and motor-pattern changes were due mainly to the loss of ipsilateral muscular and joint afferents. Loss of cutaneous afferents alone did not alter the initial trajectory up to target limb contact. However, there were cutaneous effects in later motor-pattern phases after the wiping and target limb had made contact: The knee extension or whisk phase of wiping was often lost. Finally, there was a minor and nonspecific excitatory effect of phasic contralateral feedback in the motor-pattern changes after deafferentation. Specific muscle groups were altered as a result of proprioceptive loss. These muscles also showed configuration-based regulation during wiping. Biceps, semitendinosus, and sartorius (all contributing knee flexor torques) all were regulated in amplitude based on the initial position of the limb. These muscles contributed to an initial electromyographic (EMG) burst in the motor pattern. Rectus internus and semimembranosus (contributing hip extensor torques) were regulated in onset but not in the time of peak EMG or in termination of EMG based on initial position. These two muscles contributed to a second EMG burst in the motor pattern. After deafferentation the initial burst was reduced and more synchronous with the second burst, and the second burst often was broadened in duration. Ankle path curvature and its degree of change after loss of proprioception depended on the degree of joint staggering used by the frog (i.e., the relative phasing between knee and hip motion) and on the degree of motor-pattern change. We examined these variations in 31 frogs. Twenty percent (6/31) of frogs showed largely synchronous joint coordination and little effect of deafferentation on joint coordination, end-point path, or the underlying synchronous motor pattern. Eighty percent of frogs (25/31) showed some degree of staggered joint coordination and also strong effects of loss of afferents. Loss of afferents caused two major joint level changes in these frogs: collapse of joint phasing into synchronous joint motion and increased hip velocity. Fifty percent of frogs (16/31) showed joint-coordination changes of type (1) without type (2). This change was associated with reduction, loss, or collapse of phasing of the sartorius, semitendinosus and biceps (iliofibularis) in the initial EMG burst in the motor pattern. The remaining 30% (9/31) of frogs showed both joint-coordination changes 1 and 2. These changes were associated with both the knee flexor EMG changes seen in the other frogs and with additional increased activity of rectus internus and semimembranosus muscles. Our data show that multiple ipsilateral modalities all play some role in regulating muscle activity patterns in the wiping limb. Our data support a strong role of ipsilateral proprioception in the process of trajectory formation and specifically in the control of limb segment interactions during wiping by way of the regulation and coordination of muscle groups based on initial limb configuration.

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4

Saltiel, Philippe, Kuno Wyler-Duda, Andrea D'Avella, Matthew C. Tresch, and Emilio Bizzi. "Muscle Synergies Encoded Within the Spinal Cord: Evidence From Focal Intraspinal NMDA Iontophoresis in the Frog." Journal of Neurophysiology 85, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 605–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.85.2.605.

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This paper relates to the problem of the existence of muscle synergies, that is whether the CNS command to muscles is simplified by controlling their activity in subgroups or synergies, rather than individually. We approach this problem with two methods that have been recently introduced: intraspinal N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) microstimulation and a synergy-extracting algorithm. To search for a common set of synergies encoded for by the spinal cord whose combinations would account for a large range of electromyographic (EMG) patterns, we chose, rather than examining a large range of natural behaviors, to chemically microstimulate a large number of spinal cord interneuronal sites in different frogs. A possible advantage of this complementary method is that it is task-independent. Visual inspection suggested that the NMDA-elicited EMG patterns recorded from 12 leg muscles might indeed be constructed from smaller subgroups of muscles whose activity co-varied, suggestive of synergies. We used a modification of our extracting computational algorithm whereby a nonnegative least-squares method was employed to iteratively update both the synergies and their coefficients of activation in reconstructing the EMG patterns. Using this algorithm, a limited set of seven synergies was found whose linear combinations accounted for more than 91% of the variance in the pooled EMG data from 10 frogs, and more than 96% in individual frogs. The extracted synergies were similar among frogs. Further, preferred combinations of these synergies were clearly identified. This was found by extracting smaller sets of four, five, or six synergies and fitting each synergy from those sets as a combination from the set of seven synergies extracted from the same frog; the synergy combinations from each frog were then pooled together to examine their frequency of occurrence. Concordance with this method of identifying synergy combinations was found by examining how the synergies from the set of seven correlated pair-wise as they reconstructed the EMG data. These results support the existence of muscle synergies encoded within the spinal cord, which through preferred combinations, account for a large repertoire of spinal cord motor output. These findings are contrasted with previous approaches to the problem of synergies.

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Fournier, P. A., and H. Guderley. "Muscle: the predominant glucose-producing organ in the leopard frog during exercise." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 264, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): R239—R243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.264.2.r239.

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Although liver is thought to be the major glucose-producing organ in vertebrates, it is not the major source responsible for the accumulation of glucose in frogs during burst activity. This is indicated by the absence of significant changes in liver glycogen levels during exercise, the inability of the maximal reported rate of hepatic glucose production in vitro to account for the increase in the glucose content of the frog, and from the observation that hepatectomized and normal frogs accumulate similar amounts of glucose in their muscles and body during exercise. We conclude that most glucose that accumulates in the body during exercise originates in muscle because two-thirds of body glucose is found in muscle and because the intracellular levels of muscle glucose rise well above plasma levels. The glucose that accumulates outside muscle is also likely to originate in muscle. The most likely metabolic source of the glucose produced by muscle is the glycogen hydrolyzed by amylo-1,6-glucosidase.

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Soliz, Mónica, María Jose Tulli, and Virginia Abdala. "Forelimb musculoskeletal-tendinous growth in frogs." PeerJ 8 (February 25, 2020): e8618. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8618.

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The tendons unite and transmit the strength of the muscles to the bones, allowing movement dexterity, the distribution of the strength of the limbs to the digits, and an improved muscle performance for a wide range of locomotor activities. Tissue differentiation and maturation of the structures involved in locomotion are completed during the juvenile stage; however, few studies have investigated the ontogenetic variation of the musculoskeletal-tendinous system. We ask whether all those integrated tissues and limb structures growth synchronically between them and along with body length. We examined the ontogenetic variation in selected muscles, tendons and bones of the forelimbs in seventy-seven specimens belonging to seven anuran species of different clades and of three age categories, and investigate the relative growth of the forelimb musculoskeletal-tendinous structures throughout ontogeny. Ten muscles and nine tendons and their respective large bones (humerus and radioulna) were removed intact, and their length was measured and analyzed through a multivariate approach of allometry. We obtained an allometry coefficient, which indicates how the coefficient departures from isometry as well as allometric trends. Our data suggest that along with the post-metamorphic ontogeny, muscles tend to elongate proportionally to bone length, with a positive allometric trend. On the contrary, tendons show a negative allometric growth trend. Only two species show different patterns: Rhinella granulosa and Physalaemus biligonigerus, with an isometric and positive growth of muscles and bones, and most tendons being isometric.

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Renaud, Jean Marc. "Seasonal variation in muscle fatigue in the sartorius muscle of the frog Rana pipiens." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 1712–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-237.

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The goal of this study was to determine whether seasonal variation occurs in the rates of fatigue development and force recovery in the frog sartorius muscle. The data were gathered from different experiments performed during a 6-year period (1983–1989). All frog sartorius muscles were stimulated to fatigue with tetanic contractions at the rate of 1/s for 3 min. The decrease in tetanic force after 1.5 and 3 min of stimulation was relatively consistent throughout the year. The only significant difference occurred in the muscles tested in September and October, which were less fatigue resistant than those tested in December. Following fatigue, muscles were stimulated at the rate of one contraction every 100 s, so that the recovery of tetanic force could be followed. A large and significant seasonal variation was observed in the recovery period. Frog sartorius muscles tested between March and July recovered their tetanic force at a faster rate than those tested between August and October. It was shown that the highest capacity to recover force coincides with the time of the year when frogs are the most active.

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Peplowski, M. M., and R. L. Marsh. "Work and power output in the hindlimb muscles of Cuban tree frogs Osteopilus septentrionalis during jumping." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 22 (November 1, 1997): 2861–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.22.2861.

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It has been suggested that small frogs use a catapult mechanism to amplify muscle power production during the takeoff phase of jumping. This conclusion was based on an apparent discrepancy between the power available from the hindlimb muscles and that required during takeoff. The present study provides integrated data on muscle contractile properties, morphology and jumping performance that support this conclusion. We show here that the predicted power output during takeoff in Cuban tree frogs Osteopilus septentrionalis exceeds that available from the muscles by at least sevenfold. We consider the sartorius muscle as representative of the bulk of the hindlimb muscles of these animals, because this muscle has properties typical of other hindlimb muscles of small frogs. At 25 degrees C, this muscle has a maximum shortening velocity (Vmax) of 8.77 +/- 0.62 L0 s-1 (where L0 is the muscle length yielding maximum isometric force), a maximum isometric force (P0) of 24.1 +/- 2.3 N cm-2 and a maximum isotonic power output of 230 +/- 9.2 W kg-1 of muscle (mean +/- S.E.M.). In contrast, the power required to accelerate the animal in the longest jumps measured (approximately 1.4 m) is more than 800 W kg-1 of total hindlimb muscle. The peak instantaneous power is expected to be twice this value. These estimates are probably conservative because the muscles that probably power jumping make up only 85% of the total hindlimb muscle mass. The total mechanical work required of the muscles is high (up to 60 J kg-1), but is within the work capacities predicted for vertebrate skeletal muscle. Clearly, a substantial portion of this work must be performed and stored prior to takeoff to account for the high power output during jumping. Interestingly, muscle work output during jumping is temperature-dependent, with greater work being produced at higher temperatures. The thermal dependence of work does not follow from simple muscle properties and instead must reflect the interaction between these properties and the other components of the skeletomuscular system during the propulsive phase of the jump.

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Roh, Jinsook, Vincent C. K. Cheung, and Emilio Bizzi. "Modules in the brain stem and spinal cord underlying motor behaviors." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 3 (September 2011): 1363–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00842.2010.

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Previous studies using intact and spinalized animals have suggested that coordinated movements can be generated by appropriate combinations of muscle synergies controlled by the central nervous system (CNS). However, which CNS regions are responsible for expressing muscle synergies remains an open question. We address whether the brain stem and spinal cord are involved in expressing muscle synergies used for executing a range of natural movements. We analyzed the electromyographic (EMG) data recorded from frog leg muscles before and after transection at different levels of the neuraxis—rostral midbrain (brain stem preparations), rostral medulla (medullary preparations), and the spinal-medullary junction (spinal preparations). Brain stem frogs could jump, swim, kick, and step, while medullary frogs could perform only a partial repertoire of movements. In spinal frogs, cutaneous reflexes could be elicited. Systematic EMG analysis found two different synergy types: 1) synergies shared between pre- and posttransection states and 2) synergies specific to individual states. Almost all synergies found in natural movements persisted after transection at rostral midbrain or medulla but not at the spinal-medullary junction for swim and step. Some pretransection- and posttransection-specific synergies for a certain behavior appeared as shared synergies for other motor behaviors of the same animal. These results suggest that the medulla and spinal cord are sufficient for the expression of most muscle synergies in frog behaviors. Overall, this study provides further evidence supporting the idea that motor behaviors may be constructed by muscle synergies organized within the brain stem and spinal cord and activated by descending commands from supraspinal areas.

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Marsh, R. L., and T. L. Taigen. "Properties enhancing aerobic capacity of calling muscles in gray tree frogs Hyla versicolor." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 252, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): R786—R793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.252.4.r786.

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The muscle features that accommodate the extraordinarily high aerobic respiration during calling by the gray tree frog Hyla versicolor were examined. We compared the muscles used for calling by males (external and internal obliques and laryngeal muscles) with the homologous muscles of females and with the leg muscles of males and females. The leg muscles consisted of 75% by volume fast glycolytic fibers, a composition typical of other muscles described in anuran amphibians. In contrast the calling muscles of males consisted of 100% fast oxidative fibers and had citrate synthase (CS) activities among the highest recorded for ectothermic vertebrates, 65-80 mumol X min-1 X g fresh mass-1. We also noted a strong sexual dimorphism in size and oxidative capacity of these muscles. The external and internal obliques of females weighed an order of magnitude less than the corresponding muscles of males and had CS activities of only 6 mumol X min-1 X g-1. Morphometric measurements of transmission electron micrographs revealed that the calling muscles of males contained high mitochondrial densities (approximately 20% of fiber volume) and capillary densities (approximately 700 mm-2) compared with a representative hindlimb muscle, the sartorius (mitochondrial density, 6% of fiber volume; capillary density, 230 mm-2). These frog muscles, which operate at approximately 20 degrees C, have lower capillary densities per mitochondrial volume than are found in mammalian muscles that function at higher temperatures.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Muscles. Frogs"

1

Xin, Ling. "Stability of the frog motor nerve terminal roles of perisynaptic Schwann cells and muscle fibers /." Connect to this title online, 2008. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/101/.

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Burchfield, Daniel Mark. "The mechanics and energetics of crossbridge cycling and energetics of calcium cycling in isometric contractions of frog skeletal muscle /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487324944213187.

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Turner, Craig Robert. "Transduction and adaptation in the frog muscle spindle." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.627207.

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Gandy, Jonathan Gerard. "An x-ray diffraction study of frog skeletal muscle." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243265.

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Buckler, K. J. "Actions of adrenergic agonists on transmembrane ion exchanges in skeletal and heart muscle." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380754.

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Mason, M. J. "Mechanisms of entry of L-lactate into frog skeletal muscle : A micro-electrode study." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375026.

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Eastwood, Julian Charles. "Laser spectroscopic studies of actin-myosin interaction in activated frog muscle." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14769.

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Frog sartorius muscles were illuminated with laser light (λ = 457.9 - 632.8nm), stimulated electrically and stretched at the plateau of an isometric tetanus. An electro-optic system was used to rapidly (~7kHz) switch the electric vector of the incident beam through π/2 radians (between φ = 0° and 90°, relative to the muscle long axis) and 'simultaneous' recordings of transmitted light intensity (Ia) were made at orthogonal beam orientations during single contractions, using a sample-hold device. Stretch causes Ia to fall: this is represented either as a decrease of transparency or an increase of turbidity (τ). The amplitudes of the optical transients vary in direct proportion to the tension increment generated by stretch (which is related to the extent of actin-myosin filament overlap) and are highly anisotropic with respect to both λ and φ. At any given λ the amplitude for φ = 0° > φ - 90°. Both 0° and 90° signals vary inversely with λ: the wavelength exponent for the former is -2.39 and for the latter, -3.87. An attempt is made to analyse the changes in conservative dichroism (= Δτ0° - Δτ90°) using a model in which the scattering elements are forced to undergo a change of angular orientation (Δγ). The size of the scattering particles is estimated to be ~17nm (long axis) and to occupy ~0.038 of the fibre volume. It is postulated that the dichroic signal is due to a change in cross-bridge head (= S-1 HMM) orientation. The linear dimension of the actin-myosin interactive surface is estimated (from Δγ) to be >4.8nm. The results are interpreted in terms of a multi-step force generating cycle, based on the Huxley-Simmons model in which each head progresses through as many as 5 to 7 discrete positions during its working stroke, each separated from its neighbour by a potential difference energy of ~0.46x10-20J.

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Karava, Nilesh B. "The Effect of Heating Chicken Muscle on Formation of Bioavailable Froms of Iron." Connect to this title, 2008. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/112.

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Muscle foods/meat enhances bioavailability of non-heme iron form the diet. This effect is generally thought to be due to production of peptides, by gastro-intestinal digestion, which reduces/chelate the iron in upper intestine. Dialyzable iron is widely used as an in-vitro indicator of iron bioavailability, and with few exceptions, correlates well with human studies. Human studies have used cooked meat to test the effect on iron, but little attention has been given to the effects of cooking. We studied the effect of heating chicken muscle on the production of dialyzable iron. Chicken breast muscle was homogenized and heated to the temperatures in the range of 130-195oF. The concentration of amino acid binding residues was determined in the heated samples. The samples were then mixed with ferric iron and digested with pepsin and pancreatin. Heating chicken muscle caused a large drop in sulfhydryl (-SH) content and a lesser but significant loss in histidine content, both of which increased progressively with temperature. At 165oF, considered a safe cooking temperature, the loss in –SH and histidine was 75% and 37%, respectively. Changes in dialyzable iron and dialyzable ferrous iron (often considered the best indicator of bioavailability) paralleled the drop in amino acid. Raw uncooked chicken muscle produced about 11 times as much dialyzable iron and 17 times as much dialyzable iron as the control but heating to 165oF reduced the values by 47% and 74% respectively. Heating to 195oF reduced caused a further drop in dialyzable iron values. Our result showed that cooking chicken muscle caused a large decrease in the production of dialyzable iron forms-especially in the ferrous form- and this is correlated with the loss in critical iron binding amino acids.

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St-Pierre, Julie. "Mitochondrial hypometabolism in the skeletal muscle of the overwintering frog, Rana temporaria." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621993.

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Grewal, Kiran Kaur. "NEUROMUSCULAR CONTROL OF THE CALLING APPARATUS IN THE TÚNGARA FROG (ENGYSTOMOPS PUSTULOSUS)." Scholarly Commons, 2018. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2990.

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Male túngara frogs can add a distinctive note ("chuck”) to their mating call. Production of the chuck involves vibrating a pair of laryngeal fibrous masses that is attached to the vocal cords. The muscular control of this mechanism remains unknown. Recent studies revealed a split in the laryngeal dilator muscle, which unveiled the deep dilator as a novel laryngeal muscle with unique attachments, innervation, and (likely) function. The deep dilator may position the fibrous masses for chuck production. The goals of this study were 1) to confirm the innervation of the novel muscle through electrophysiology; and 2) to determine the action of each laryngeal muscle (including the deep dilator), in isolation and in combination with one another, to elucidate the control of laryngeal function. I stimulated 32 combinations of the five laryngeal muscles electrically with 3-5 repetitions. Using suction glass electrodes, I stimulated the branches of the laryngeal nerves in excised larynges maintained in saline solution and filmed the resulting movements to measure their displacement due to stimulation. The results showed that the novel muscle is exclusively innervated by the short laryngeal nerve, a condition equivalent to that of the mammalian posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, responsible for opening the vocal cords. Also, contraction of the deep dilator muscle is required and sufficient to produce lateral displacement of the fibrous masses and, therefore, to create a chuck. This identifies the deep dilator as a key element in the evolution of call complexity in túngara frogs. Clarifying the mechanism that controls the addition of chucks to the túngara frog call is an important step in understanding the evolution of signal complexity in animal communication systems. The recognition of the mechanism may allow comparative studies to be made that can reveal why complex calling evolved in the túngara frog lineage while not in others.

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Books on the topic "Muscles. Frogs"

1

The matter of motion and Galvani's frogs. Bletchingdon: Rana, 2000.

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Witt, Eric Harold. Protons, metabolites, and fatigue in frog skeletal muscle. 1989.

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Walker, Warren F. Muscles: From Dissection of the Frog 2e. W. H. Freeman, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Muscles. Frogs"

1

Klein-Vogelbach, Susanne. "The Frogs: Functional Training of the Abdominal Muscles." In Therapeutic Exercises in Functional Kinetics, 6–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75794-5_2.

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Ito, F., N. Fujitsuka, A. Funahashi, and K. Hama. "Ionic channels in the sensory terminal of the frog muscle spindle." In The Muscle Spindle, 353–58. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07695-6_48.

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Westbury, D. R. "Evidence for the importance of calcium activated potassium conductance in frog muscle spindle sensory endings." In The Muscle Spindle, 359–63. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07695-6_49.

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Ogawa, Yasuo, Takashi Murayama, and Nagomi Kurebayashi. "Comparison of properties of Ca2+ release channels between rabbit and frog skeletal muscles." In Muscle Physiology and Biochemistry, 191–201. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5543-8_24.

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Nagy, László, and Péter Práger. "Potassium Loss and Water Uptake of Stimulated Frog Muscles." In Water and Ions in Biological Systems, 621–26. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0424-9_59.

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Hou, Tien-tzu, J. David Johnson, and Jack A. Rail. "Role of Parvalbumin in Relaxation of Frog Skeletal Muscle." In Mechanism of Myofilament Sliding in Muscle Contraction, 141–53. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2872-2_13.

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Aoki, Takako, and Toshiharu Oba. "Ag+-Induced Inward Current on Frog Skeletal Muscle." In Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle, 355–56. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3362-7_36.

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Bagni, M. A., G. Cecchi, F. Colomo, and P. Garzella. "Force Response of Unstimulated Intact Frog Muscle Fibres to Ramp Stretches." In Mechanism of Myofilament Sliding in Muscle Contraction, 703–14. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2872-2_62.

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Taylor, Stuart R., Ian R. Neering, Laura A. Quesenberry, and V. Arlene Morris. "Volume Changes During Contraction of Isolated Frog Muscle Fibers." In Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle, 91–101. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3362-7_7.

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Venosa, R. A. "Sodium Pump in T-Tubules of Frog Muscle Fibers." In Transduction in Biological Systems, 275–86. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5736-0_19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Muscles. Frogs"

1

Full, Robert J., and Kenneth Meijer. "Artificial muscles versus natural actuators from frogs to flies." In SPIE's 7th Annual International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, edited by Yoseph Bar-Cohen. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.387761.

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Fan, Jizhuang, Gangfeng Liu, Huan Wang, Wei Zhang, and Yanhe Zhu. "Design and Control of a Frog-Inspired Swimming Leg Powered by Pneumatic Muscle." In ASME 2016 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps2016-9532.

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Abstract:

According to the shortages of previous generation of frog inspired robot, antagonistic joint based frog inspired leg was designed. With the multi-DOFs of hip, knee and ankle, the designed leg was able to perform various frog swimming modes. The dynamic model of antagonistic joint based on advanced pneumatic muscle model was established in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Besides, the servo control strategy of joint angle was studied based on the dynamic model of antagonistic joint. The PID and self-tuning fuzzy control were utilized to control the antagonistic joint. According to different swimming modes, joint trajectories of hip, knee and ankle were created by inverse kinematics based on the frog swimming mechanism. Therefore, the leg was controlled by the separated controls of hip, knee and ankle joints. Feasibility of pneumatic antagonistic joint control was validated via step response experiments with different loads. Finally, the experiment platform was established to carry swimming experiments with the developed frog-inspired swimming leg. The feasibility of antagonistic frog inspired swimming leg driven by pneumatic muscles was validated.

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Zizhen Liu, Zhende Hou, Qinghua Qin, Yan Yu, and Lingxia Tang. "On Electromechanical Behaviour of Frog Sartorius Muscles." In 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2005.1616652.

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Fan, Jizhuang, Pengcheng Kong, Bowen Yuan, Wei Zhang, Yubin Liu, and Gangfeng Liu. "Optimization of a frog inspired robot powered by pneumatic muscles." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icma.2017.8015885.

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Uchiyama, Takanori, Ryoko Kato, and Mitsuyoshi Murayama. "Relationship between Muscle Tension and Hardness in Isolated Frog Muscle with Electrical Stimulation." In 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2007.4353418.

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Ishii, Daisuke, Masahiro Shimizu, Hitoshi Asanuma, and Koh Hosoda. "Implementation of long lifetime dissected-muscle actuator for frog cyborg." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/robio.2017.8324387.

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Vergara, Julio L., Marino DiFranco, and David Novo. "Dimensions of calcium release domains in frog skeletal muscle fibers." In BiOS 2001 The International Symposium on Biomedical Optics, edited by Gregory H. Bearman, Darryl J. Bornhop, and Richard M. Levenson. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.432488.

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Jizhuang, Fan, Yuan Bowen, Du Qilong, and Zhang He. "Joint Design and Position Servo Control of Frog Inspired Robot Based on Pneumatic Muscle and Reset Spring." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icma.2018.8484467.

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Igarashi, Ayano, and Sadayoshi Mikami. "Frog-like robot with jump and walk mechanism for locomotion on rough terrain — Designing legs with biarticular muscles and slide-lock mechanism." In 2014 13th International Conference on Control Automation Robotics & Vision (ICARCV). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icarcv.2014.7064587.

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