Dissertations / Theses: 'Muscles. Frogs'

1

Xin, Ling. "Stability of the frog motor nerve terminal roles of perisynaptic Schwann cells and muscle fibers /." Connect to this title online, 2008. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/101/.

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2

Burchfield, Daniel Mark. "The mechanics and energetics of crossbridge cycling and energetics of calcium cycling in isometric contractions of frog skeletal muscle /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487324944213187.

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3

Turner, Craig Robert. "Transduction and adaptation in the frog muscle spindle." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.627207.

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4

Gandy, Jonathan Gerard. "An x-ray diffraction study of frog skeletal muscle." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243265.

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5

Buckler, K. J. "Actions of adrenergic agonists on transmembrane ion exchanges in skeletal and heart muscle." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380754.

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6

Mason, M. J. "Mechanisms of entry of L-lactate into frog skeletal muscle : A micro-electrode study." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375026.

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7

Eastwood, Julian Charles. "Laser spectroscopic studies of actin-myosin interaction in activated frog muscle." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14769.

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Frog sartorius muscles were illuminated with laser light (λ = 457.9 - 632.8nm), stimulated electrically and stretched at the plateau of an isometric tetanus. An electro-optic system was used to rapidly (~7kHz) switch the electric vector of the incident beam through π/2 radians (between φ = 0° and 90°, relative to the muscle long axis) and 'simultaneous' recordings of transmitted light intensity (Ia) were made at orthogonal beam orientations during single contractions, using a sample-hold device. Stretch causes Ia to fall: this is represented either as a decrease of transparency or an increase of turbidity (τ). The amplitudes of the optical transients vary in direct proportion to the tension increment generated by stretch (which is related to the extent of actin-myosin filament overlap) and are highly anisotropic with respect to both λ and φ. At any given λ the amplitude for φ = 0° > φ - 90°. Both 0° and 90° signals vary inversely with λ: the wavelength exponent for the former is -2.39 and for the latter, -3.87. An attempt is made to analyse the changes in conservative dichroism (= Δτ0° - Δτ90°) using a model in which the scattering elements are forced to undergo a change of angular orientation (Δγ). The size of the scattering particles is estimated to be ~17nm (long axis) and to occupy ~0.038 of the fibre volume. It is postulated that the dichroic signal is due to a change in cross-bridge head (= S-1 HMM) orientation. The linear dimension of the actin-myosin interactive surface is estimated (from Δγ) to be >4.8nm. The results are interpreted in terms of a multi-step force generating cycle, based on the Huxley-Simmons model in which each head progresses through as many as 5 to 7 discrete positions during its working stroke, each separated from its neighbour by a potential difference energy of ~0.46x10-20J.

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8

Karava, Nilesh B. "The Effect of Heating Chicken Muscle on Formation of Bioavailable Froms of Iron." Connect to this title, 2008. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/112.

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Muscle foods/meat enhances bioavailability of non-heme iron form the diet. This effect is generally thought to be due to production of peptides, by gastro-intestinal digestion, which reduces/chelate the iron in upper intestine. Dialyzable iron is widely used as an in-vitro indicator of iron bioavailability, and with few exceptions, correlates well with human studies. Human studies have used cooked meat to test the effect on iron, but little attention has been given to the effects of cooking. We studied the effect of heating chicken muscle on the production of dialyzable iron. Chicken breast muscle was homogenized and heated to the temperatures in the range of 130-195oF. The concentration of amino acid binding residues was determined in the heated samples. The samples were then mixed with ferric iron and digested with pepsin and pancreatin. Heating chicken muscle caused a large drop in sulfhydryl (-SH) content and a lesser but significant loss in histidine content, both of which increased progressively with temperature. At 165oF, considered a safe cooking temperature, the loss in –SH and histidine was 75% and 37%, respectively. Changes in dialyzable iron and dialyzable ferrous iron (often considered the best indicator of bioavailability) paralleled the drop in amino acid. Raw uncooked chicken muscle produced about 11 times as much dialyzable iron and 17 times as much dialyzable iron as the control but heating to 165oF reduced the values by 47% and 74% respectively. Heating to 195oF reduced caused a further drop in dialyzable iron values. Our result showed that cooking chicken muscle caused a large decrease in the production of dialyzable iron forms-especially in the ferrous form- and this is correlated with the loss in critical iron binding amino acids.

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9

St-Pierre, Julie. "Mitochondrial hypometabolism in the skeletal muscle of the overwintering frog, Rana temporaria." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621993.

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10

Grewal, Kiran Kaur. "NEUROMUSCULAR CONTROL OF THE CALLING APPARATUS IN THE TÚNGARA FROG (ENGYSTOMOPS PUSTULOSUS)." Scholarly Commons, 2018. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2990.

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Male túngara frogs can add a distinctive note ("chuck”) to their mating call. Production of the chuck involves vibrating a pair of laryngeal fibrous masses that is attached to the vocal cords. The muscular control of this mechanism remains unknown. Recent studies revealed a split in the laryngeal dilator muscle, which unveiled the deep dilator as a novel laryngeal muscle with unique attachments, innervation, and (likely) function. The deep dilator may position the fibrous masses for chuck production. The goals of this study were 1) to confirm the innervation of the novel muscle through electrophysiology; and 2) to determine the action of each laryngeal muscle (including the deep dilator), in isolation and in combination with one another, to elucidate the control of laryngeal function. I stimulated 32 combinations of the five laryngeal muscles electrically with 3-5 repetitions. Using suction glass electrodes, I stimulated the branches of the laryngeal nerves in excised larynges maintained in saline solution and filmed the resulting movements to measure their displacement due to stimulation. The results showed that the novel muscle is exclusively innervated by the short laryngeal nerve, a condition equivalent to that of the mammalian posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, responsible for opening the vocal cords. Also, contraction of the deep dilator muscle is required and sufficient to produce lateral displacement of the fibrous masses and, therefore, to create a chuck. This identifies the deep dilator as a key element in the evolution of call complexity in túngara frogs. Clarifying the mechanism that controls the addition of chucks to the túngara frog call is an important step in understanding the evolution of signal complexity in animal communication systems. The recognition of the mechanism may allow comparative studies to be made that can reveal why complex calling evolved in the túngara frog lineage while not in others.

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11

Quayle, John Martin. "Kinetics and block of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel of frog skeletal muscle." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33602.

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The patch clamp technique was used to record the activity of single ATP-sensitive potassium channels of frog skeletal muscle sarcolemma and examine the kinetics and ionic block of the channel. The channel has at least two open states and four closed states. Because of the multiple closed states channel openings occur in bursts. Bursts can be classified into two types by duration and short and long bursts are grouped together. There are also two components in the histogram of the number of openings in a burst. ATP and voltage modify burst kinetics. Depolarising the membrane reduces the mean number of openings in a burst. ATP promotes short bursts and reduces the mean duration of both long and short bursts. The kinetics of the channel are also modified by permeant ions - as external potassium ions are removed the openings at a given potential become longer. A voltage- and concentration-dependent block of unitary currents by external barium and caesium ions and by internal sodium and magnesium ions is described. Block by sodium ions is too rapid to resolve, that by barium is slow enough for individual blocking events to be seen, and that by caesium is of intermediate rate, reducing single channel amplitude and increasing open channel current noise. The results were interpreted as a blocking ion entering the channel in response to an electric field and obstructing potassium ion flow. Block by external caesium ions is highly voltage-dependent and provides evidence that the channel can contain more than one ion at a time. Internal sodium and magensium ions block the channel at physiological concentrations, and sodium ions can permeate the channel when the driving force is sufficiently great.

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12

Da, Silva Ambrose Gihan. "X-ray diffraction studies of the conformation of myosin heads in relaxed frog muscle." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300318.

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13

Fraser, J. A. "An analysis of the relationship between cell volume and resting membrane potential in frog skeletal muscle." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.599183.

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The fundamental cellular parameters of cell volume (V_c) and resting membrane potential (E_m) profoundly influence cellular, tissue, organ and whole-body physiology. Earlier work has identified a wide range of mechanisms that maintain, regulate, or otherwise influence the values of each parameter individually. However, both V_c and E_m change during normal activity in skeletal muscle, and their resting values are interdependent. New quantitative theoretical and experimental techniques were developed to permit an investigation of the interrelationships between V_c and E_m, in order to study the determination, maintenance and short-term regulation of each parameter in skeletal muscle. Thus a cellular model was developed that permitted accurate theoretical analysis of the influences upon both V_c and E_mof the diverse mechanisms known to maintain and regulate V_c, and a laser-confocal microscope technique was developed for the dynamic measurement of V_c in viable whole-muscle preparations. These new approaches were used together with standard techniques of E_m and intracellular pH measurement to perform a quantitative analysis of V_c and E_m control in skeletal muscles under a variety of conditions, including variations in extracellular similarity and intracellular pH. The experimental findings provided strong support for the novel cellular model and thus permitted the development of a full theory unifying the concepts of V_cdetermination, maintenance, and short-term regulation with those of E_m control, including a precise definition of the role of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase in these processes. This theory has important implications for the understanding both of cellular function and of whole-organism physiology, and provides a robust theoretical framework within which future research may be undertaken.

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14

Martin-Fernandez, Maria Luisa. "The molecular structure and function of straited frog muscle : X-ray diffraction studies with synchrotron radiation." Thesis, Keele University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317678.

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15

Küenzi, Erich. "On the effect of 2,3-butanedione monoxime on contractile properties of single frog skeletal muscle fibres /." Bern, 1990. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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16

Ward, Thomas Anthony. "Voltage and patch clamp studies of the ionic currents in snail neurones and frog skeletal muscle." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33620.

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The inactivation of the calcium permeability in Helix aspersa neurones was studied in relation to [Ca]. Injection of calcium ions was shown to reduce the voltage activated calcium current by increasing [Ca]. This was proved to be by a process of inactivation of the calcium current, rather than a direct effect of increased [Ca] on the driving force for calcium across the membrane. [Ca] was measured using ion sensitive electrodes, and a mean resting level of 2.66+/-0.65 x 10-7K was obtained. The inactivation of the calcium current was found to fit 1 to 1 binding between calcium and the receptor responsible for inactivation giving a Kd, of 4.8 x 10-7K. A number of techniques were used to influence the intracellular cAMP concentrations of the snail neurones in an attempt to isolate some form of metabolic control of the calcium permeability. However, no consistent responses could be obtained. The patch clamp technique was used to look at the unitary current in frog skeletal muscle. Membrane vesicles formed from the sarcolemma by enzyme treatment, were found to reduce the number of problems associated with the use of the technique on intact muscle fibres. Sodium and delayed rectifier potassium channels were identified in the vesicles, having conductances in the range 12-15pS and l6-24pS, for the two types of current. The kinetics of the sodium channels in the vesicles were found to be slightly slower than those reported for the intact frog skeletal muscle. Kowever, they could still be fitted to the m h model of Odgkin and Luxley. Studies of the kinetics of the delayed rectifier potassium channels suggested a model for the channel different from the four-closed state system proposed by odgkin and luxley. Finally, experiments were performed on snail neurons in order to observe the unitary calcium activated potassium currents.

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17

Yaganti, Sushmita. "Immunolocalization and Changes in Expression Levels of Glyceroporin HC-3 in Several Tissues of Gray Tree Frogs, Hyla chrysoscelis Under Different Physiological Conditions." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1239987029.

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18

Lagorio, Amy D. "AMPHIBIAN VOCALIZATION: IMPLICATIONS OF A NOVEL LARYNGEAL MUSCLE IN THE CALLING MECHANISMS OF THE TÚNGARA FROG ENGYSTOMOPS PUSTULOSUS." Scholarly Commons, 2020. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/3683.

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The current functional model of the anuran larynx includes four pairs of laryngeal muscles. Their contractions do not account, however, for the behavioral control of call complexity observed in male túngara frogs (Engystomops pustulosus), which optionally add a secondary note with distinct harmonic structure to their advertisement call. Examination of the túngara frog's laryngeal morphology through dissection, microtomography, and resin histology has revealed that the m. dilatator laryngis is divided into two separate bundles (superficial and deep). The superficial bundle closely matches the typical description of the m. dilatator laryngis and is well positioned to open the glottis. The deep bundle is exclusively innervated by the short laryngeal nerve and has an attachment to the fibrous mass, an internal laryngeal structure necessary for complex call production. This attachment indicates a separate role for the deep bundle in controlling the complexity of the call. Based on physical separation, exclusive attachments, distinct fiber orientation, exclusive innervation, and potential action, this study recognizes the deep bundle of the m. dilatator laryngis as a separate muscle. It also revalidates the name m. arylabialis which had been previously used to describe it. The split of the m. dilatator laryngis into two muscles results in a laryngeal innervation pattern that closely matches that of mammals. This study identified a novel laryngeal muscle in túngara frogs, a potential mechanism for the control of call complexity, and revealed new evidence of homologies between the laryngeal structures of amphibians and mammals.

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19

Gramolini, Anthony Orlando. "The effect of modulating ATP-sensitive potassium channels in frog skeletal muscle, in vitro, during fatigue and metabolic inhibition." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9473.

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The ATP-sensitive potassium (K$\sp+\rm\sb{(ATP)}$) channel is a K$\sp+$ channel which is activated as the energy state of a muscle decreases. It has been hypothesized that once activated, K$\sp+\rm\sb{(ATP)}$ channels decrease the excitability of the cell and cause decreased contractility, such as during fatigue, in order to prevent energy levels from falling to dangerously low levels. The purpose of this study was to test this hypothesis and to determine under which conditions K$\sp+\rm\sb{(ATP)}$ channels can contribute to a decrease in force during a metabolic stress in the sartorius muscle of the frog, Rana pipiens. In the first series of experiments, sartorius muscle fibres were fatigued with 100 msec long tetanic contractions every second for three minutes, a condition known to activate ATP-sensitive potassium channels. So if K$\sp+\rm\sb{(ATP)}$ channels contribute to a decrease in force during fatigue, an activation of K$\sp+\rm\sb{(ATP)}$ channels with channel openers should further decrease membrane excitability and contractility. In a second series of experiments, muscles were subjected to metabolic inhibition which is known to activate a large number of K$\sp+\rm\sb{(ATP)}$ channels in order to better understand the relationship between K$\sp+\rm\sb{(ATP)}$ channel activity, the bioenergetic state, and force. The goal was to determine if K$\sp+\rm\sb{(ATP)}$ channels can contribute to a decrease in force under a bioenergetic state that is within physiological limits. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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20

Traoré, Flavien. "La composante lente du courant potassique sortant du muscle squelettique de grenouille : sa dependance vis-a-vis du calcium intracellulaire." Poitiers, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987POIT2255.

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21

HEIDORN, DOUGLAS BRUCE. "A QUASIELASTIC NEUTRON SCATTERING STUDY OF WATER DIFFUSION IN FROG MUSCLE." Thesis, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/15980.

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The microscopic structure and dynamics of cytoplasmic water in the cells of organs and tissues are not well-understood. Much work has been done using various experimental techniques to study the properties of water in living systems, yet there is no generally accepted model describing the interaction of water with cellular constituents. Quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QNS) is a technique capable of a spatial resolution of 1-10 (ANGSTROM) and a frequency resolution of 10('9) to 10('13) sec('-1) which is suitable for the study of the diffusive motion of water in biological systems. A monochromatic beam of 0.95 THz neutrons was used to obtain QNS spectra within an energy window of (+OR-)0.2 THz for momentum transfer values in the ranges of 0.5 (ANGSTROM)('-1) to 1.9 (ANGSTROM)('-1). We have obtained QNS spectra for water in sartorius and gracilis major muscles of green leopard frogs (Rana pipiens pipiens) at 30(DEGREES)C and comparison spectra for a .15 molar solution of KCl at 3(DEGREES)C. The spectra were interpreted with a jump-diffusion model for translational water motion in both systems and a bound-free model for water in the muscle. The measured diffusion parameters of these two systems indicate that the water motion is more restricted in the frog muscle than in the aqueous KCl solution. We estimate the bound fraction of water in muscle to be 15.0 (+OR-) 4.1%. Our results for the bound water fraction in muscle and diffusion coefficients and correlation times of water in muscle and in a .15 m KCl solution agree well with the QNS and NMR results of others.

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22

KUTÍLKOVÁ, Pavla. "Popis a porovnání svalového aparátu lopatkového pletence vybraných druhů žab." Master's thesis, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-46357.

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In my thesis I was concerned with pectoral girdle muscular system in selected frog species, especially with the muscles of ventral side, which probably play a crucial role in frog jumping abilities (mainly in landing phase). I find out a lot of differences between particular species and I mean that some of those differences are straightly connected with jumping movements.

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23

Dunaevsky-Hutt, Anna. "The role of target muscle fibers in the maintenance of the frog motor nerve terminals." 1997. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9737519.

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The neuromuscular junction is the site where signals are transmitted from a nerve to a target muscle fiber. The mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of motor nerve terminals at synaptic sites are not understood. Here, I investigated the role of target-muscle fibers in the maintenance of frog motor nerve terminals. Cutaneous pectoris muscle fibers were selectively removed and prevented from regenerating while leaving the motor innervation intact. The role of target muscle fibers in nerve terminal structure and function was examined. First, the maintenance of presynaptic activity in the absence of target was assayed with the activity-dependent dye FM1-43. I found that target-deprived nerve terminals maintain their presynaptic function of synaptic vesicle recycling for up to 5 months of target deprivation. These results indicated that the molecular machinery required for vesicular release is maintained in a functional state for long periods of target deprivation. Second, I quantified the stability of target-deprived nerve terminals using in vivo repeated imaging. I found that most target-deprived nerve terminals were remarkably well maintained for several months after muscle fiber removal. These data indicate that the cues that confer stability to frog motor nerve terminals reside outside the muscle fibers such as in the synaptic basal lamina or terminal Schwann cells. Destabilization observed at some nerve terminals after extended target-deprivation, could result from the turning over of the stabilizing cues. Finally, the molecular organization of target-deprived nerve terminals was analyzed. I found that the levels of two synaptic vesicle proteins, SV-2 and synaptotagmin were reduced in target-deprived nerve terminals when compared to intact neuromuscular junctions. Analysis of cytoskeletal proteins revealed that F-actin was located at discrete bands along synaptic sites that do not colocalize with synaptic vesicle clusters. F-actin is suggested to be located at either the Schwann cell processes and/or the nerve terminal immediately above them. A possible adhesion between nerve terminals and Schwann cell processes, could contribute to the maintenance of the frog nerve terminal at the synaptic site. Finally, all target-deprived synaptic sites were found to be associated with variable levels of agrin immunoreactivity, implicating agrin as a possible maintenance molecule.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Muscles. Frogs'

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