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Journal articles on the topic 'Muscles – Motility'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Sanders, Kenton M., Yoshihiko Kito, Sung Jin Hwang, and Sean M. Ward. "Regulation of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle Function by Interstitial Cells." Physiology 31, no. 5 (2016): 316–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00006.2016.

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Interstitial cells of mesenchymal origin form gap junctions with smooth muscle cells in visceral smooth muscles and provide important regulatory functions. In gastrointestinal (GI) muscles, there are two distinct classes of interstitial cells, c-Kit+interstitial cells of Cajal and PDGFRα+cells, that regulate motility patterns. Loss of these cells may contribute to symptoms in GI motility disorders.

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Li, Wen, Ashley Olseen, Yeming Xie, et al. "Mfge8 attenuates human gastric antrum smooth muscle contractions." Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility 42, no. 2 (2021): 219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10974-021-09604-y.

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AbstractCoordinated gastric smooth muscle contraction is critical for proper digestion and is adversely affected by a number of gastric motility disorders. In this study we report that the secreted protein Mfge8 (milk fat globule-EGF factor 8) inhibits the contractile responses of human gastric antrum muscles to cholinergic stimuli by reducing the inhibitory phosphorylation of the MYPT1 (myosin phosphatase-targeting subunit (1) subunit of MLCP (myosin light chain phosphatase), resulting in reduced LC20 (smooth muscle myosin regulatory light chain (2) phosphorylation. Mfge8 reduced the agonist-

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Butler, Jane, Peter Cauwenbergs, and Ethel Cosmos. "Fate of brachial muscles of the chick embryo innervated by inappropriate nerves: structural, functional and histochemical analyses." Development 95, no. 1 (1986): 147–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.95.1.147.

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The extent of interaction between brachial muscles and foreign (thoracic) nerves of the chick embryo was determined during an extended period of development in ovo from the perspectives of innervation pattern, function (motility analyses), muscle growth (quantitative analyses of muscle volume) and fibre-type expression (myosin-ATPase profiles). Results indicated that according to all parameters analysed, initially a compatible union existed between the foreign nerves and their muscle targets. During subsequent stages of development, deterioration of the once compatible relationship emerged, un

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Bradley, Nina S., Young U. Ryu, and John Lin. "Fast Locomotor Burst Generation in Late Stage Embryonic Motility." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 4 (2008): 1733–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01393.2007.

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We examined muscle burst patterns and burst frequencies for a distinct form of repetitive leg movement recently identified in chick embryos at embryonic day (E)18 that had not been previously studied. The aim was to determine if burst frequencies during repetitive leg movements were indicative of a rhythm burst generator and if maturing muscle afferent mechanisms could modulate the rhythm. Electromyographic recordings synchronized with video were performed in ovo during spontaneous movement at E15, E18, and E20. Multiple leg muscles were rhythmically active during repetitive leg movements at E

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5

Li, Wen, Kent C. Sasse, Yulia Bayguinov, Sean M. Ward, and Brian A. Perrino. "Contractile Protein Expression and Phosphorylation and Contractility of Gastric Smooth Muscles from Obese Patients and Patients with Obesity and Diabetes." Journal of Diabetes Research 2018 (May 31, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8743874.

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Ingested food is received, mixed, and ground into chyme by distinct gastric motility patterns. Diabetes impairs gastric muscle function, but the mechanisms underlying diabetes-induced gastric muscle dysfunction are unknown. Here, we compared the expression and phosphorylation of Ca2+ sensitization and contractile proteins in human gastric muscles from obese nondiabetic and diabetic patients. We also compared the spontaneous phasic contractions and the contractile responses evoked by electrical field stimulation of cholinergic motor neurons. Fundus and antrum muscles were obtained from sleeve g

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Granato, M., F. J. van Eeden, U. Schach, et al. "Genes controlling and mediating locomotion behavior of the zebrafish embryo and larva." Development 123, no. 1 (1996): 399–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.123.1.399.

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Zebrafish embryos and larvae have stage-specific patterns of motility or locomotion. Two embryonic structures accomplish this behavior: the central nervous system (CNS) and skeletal muscles. To identify genes that are functionally involved in mediating and controlling different patterns of embryonic and larval motility, we included a simple touch response test in our zebrafish large-scale genetic screen. In total we identified 166 mutants with specific defects in embryonic motility. These mutants fall into 14 phenotypically distinct groups comprising at least 48 genes. Here we describe the var

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Fiaschi, Tania, Francesco Saverio Tedesco, Elisa Giannoni, et al. "Globular Adiponectin as a Complete Mesoangioblast Regulator: Role in Proliferation, Survival, Motility, and Skeletal Muscle Differentiation." Molecular Biology of the Cell 21, no. 6 (2010): 848–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e09-04-0310.

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Mesoangioblasts are progenitor endowed with multipotent mesoderm differentiation ability. Despite the promising results obtained with mesoangioblast transplantation in muscle dystrophy, an improvement of their efficient engrafting and survival within damaged muscles, as well as their ex vivo activation/expansion and commitment toward myogenic lineage, is highly needed and should greatly increase their therapeutic potential. We show that globular adiponectin, an adipokine endowed with metabolic and differentiating functions for muscles, regulates vital cues of mesoangioblast cell biology. The a

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8

Messom, Georgette Vandeputte-Van, Christian Burvenich, and Georges Peeters. "Effect of serotonin on the motility of smooth muscles in teats of lactating cows." Journal of Dairy Research 52, no. 3 (1985): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900024249.

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SUMMARYThe effects of serotonin, injected into one udder artery, on teat smooth muscle function were investigated in four lactating cows. Motility of longitudinal smooth muscles was recorded by a plethysmographic technique, and sphincter function by measuring milk leakage from the full udder. Serotonin (40, 120 and 360 μg) activated teat muscle tonicity and reduced the volume of milk leakage. The effects on longitudinal smooth muscles were reduced by mianserin and ketanserin (0·375, 1·5 and 6 mg) and by methysergide (1·5 mg). These blocking substances were also effective (0·2, 0·6 and 1·8 mg r

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9

Bruenech, Jan Richard, Inga-Britt Kjellevold Haugen, Ulla Bak, Marianne Maagaard, and Frans VanderWerf. "The Oculomotor Systems Ability to Adapt to Structural Changes Caused by the Process of Senescence: A Review." Scandinavian Journal of Optometry and Visual Science 5, no. 1 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5384/sjovs.vol5i1p1-14.

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Age-related binocular vision anomalies are frequently encountered during clinical examination of mature patients. Observations of both concomitant and incomitant restrictions in eye motility indicate that all oculomotor system levels are implicated, from cortical neurons down to extraocular muscles. The system can make adaptations in response to changes induced by growth and ageing, which it does by monitoring and adjusting its own performance. This adaptive mechanism, which is important for maintaining motility, spatial orientation, and perceptual stability, seems to rely on extra-retinal inf

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10

Ma, Delin, Jeffrey M. Shuler, Aishwarya Kumar, et al. "Effects of Tongue Force Training on Bulbar Motor Function in the Female SOD1-G93A Rat Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 31, no. 2 (2016): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968316666956.

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Background. The use of exercise in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is controversial. Although moderate exercise appears to be beneficial for limb muscles in ALS, the effects of exercise on bulbar muscles such as the tongue have not been studied. Objective. To determine the effects of tongue force training on bulbar motor function in the SOD1-G93A rat model of ALS. Methods. We compared the effects of tongue force training on bulbar motor function and neuromuscular junction innervation in female SOD1-G93A rats and age-matched female wild-type controls. Half of each group underwent afternoon

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11

Pallini, Roberto, Eduardo Fernandez, Liverana Lauretti, et al. "Experimental repair of the oculomotor nerve: the anatomical paradigms of functional regeneration." Journal of Neurosurgery 77, no. 5 (1992): 768–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1992.77.5.0768.

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✓ In adult guinea pigs, the oculomotor nerve was sectioned proximally (at the tentorial edge) or more distally (at the orbital fissure) and immediately repaired by reapproximation. During a 24-week postoperative period, extrinsic eye motility was assessed by analyzing the vestibulo-ocular reflexes. The regenerated oculomotor nerve was studied morphometrically on semi-thin histological sections at 16 and 24 weeks postinjury. The selectivity of muscle reinnervation was investigated by injection of both single (horseradish peroxidase) and double (fluorescent dyes) retrograde axonal tracers into t

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12

Butler, J., and E. Cosmos. "Brachial muscles of dystrophic chick embryos atypically sustain interaction with thoracic nerves." Development 99, no. 1 (1987): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.99.1.77.

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Previous analyses of experimental chick embryos of normal lineage demonstrate the inability of brachial muscles to sustain a successful union with foreign nerves derived from a thoracic neural tube segment transplanted to the brachial region at day 2 in ovo (day 2E). The present experiments were performed to determine if mutant chick embryos afflicted with hereditary muscular dystrophy would respond similarly to this experimental manipulation. Using the same criteria applied to our analysis of experimental normal embryos, our results demonstrated that dystrophic brachial muscles were capable o

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13

Afzal, Ayesha, Mahjabeen Sharif, Ammara Khan, Bushra Tayyaba Khan, and Iffat Ara. "Effect of fluoxetine and paroxetine on intestinal motility." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 7, no. 3 (2018): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20180654.

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Background: Serotonin (5-HT) is a biogenic amine that functions as a neurotransmitter of sensorimotor functions in the digestive tract. Te role of 5-HT agents in the modulation of lower gastrointestinal function. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are of potential benefit in functional gastrointestinal diseases although formal evidence is lacking. Apart from central effects, they may have peripheral. The present study was carried out to find out the possible effects of fluoxetine and paroxetine on gastrointestinal smooth muscles of rabbit as they cause severe nausea and vomiting i

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14

Ekino, T., T. Yoshiga, Y. Takeuchi-Kaneko, Y. Ichihara, and N. Kanzaki. "Sexual dimorphism of the cuticle and body-wall muscle in free-living mycophagous nematodes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 6 (2019): 510–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0178.

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Sexual dimorphism in motility-related traits is widespread among animals, including several species of Nematoda. However, no study has examined motility-related structural components and compared them between sexes. We examined the motility-related components in four species: Bursaphelenchus conicaudatus Kanzaki, Tsuda and Futai, 2000; Bursaphelenchus rainulfi Braasch and Burgermeister, 2002; Bursaphelenchus doui Braasch, Gu, Burgermeister and Zhang, 2005; Parasitaphelenchus costati Kanzaki, Ekino, Ide, Masuya and Degawa, 2018. We measured the structure and amount of cuticle and body-wall musc

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15

TURABI, AFTAB, GHULAM ALI ASGHAR QURESHI, Muhammad ZIAULLAH, and S. Saud Hasan. "HISTAMINE RECEPTORS." Professional Medical Journal 17, no. 04 (2010): 691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2010.17.04.3026.

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Objective: This research work deals with the mechanism of action involved in determining the therapeutic potential of histamine and its blockers in gastrointestinal motility. Study Design: Rabbits of equal weights were used in this study. They were brought from the animal house of BMSI, sacrificed in the Pharmacology Research laboratory. Ileum strip were isolated and with special recommended methodology, longitudinal and circular muscles were separated. Individual muscle strip were then exposed separately to the desired drugs in the organ bath and reading were recorded on the polygraph machine

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TURABI, AFTAB, Naseer Baluch, S. SAUD HASAN, Mehar Ali, and AHMED DANYAL. "ADRENALINE & ITS ANTAGONIST." Professional Medical Journal 12, no. 04 (2005): 420–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2005.12.04.5093.

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Objective: This research work deals with the mechanism involved in determining the therapeuticpotential of adrenaline and its blockers in gastrointestinal motility. Method: The classical method of Craig & Clark wasused for obtaining the longitudinal and circular muscles strip of rabbit intestine for in-vitro studies. Each muscle stripseparately was subjected to the effect of adrenaline and its blockers. The results were recorded on polygraphapparatus. Results: The effects were recorded in vice versa fashion i.e. agonist v/s antagonist and antagonist v/sagonist on each muscle strip separate

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17

Drumm, Bernard T., and Salah A. Baker. "Teaching a changing paradigm in physiology: a historical perspective on gut interstitial cells." Advances in Physiology Education 41, no. 1 (2017): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00154.2016.

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The study and teaching of gastrointestinal (GI) physiology necessitates an understanding of the cellular basis of contractile and electrical coupling behaviors in the muscle layers that comprise the gut wall. Our knowledge of the cellular origin of GI motility has drastically changed over the last 100 yr. While the pacing and coordination of GI contraction was once thought to be solely attributable to smooth muscle cells, it is now widely accepted that the motility patterns observed in the GI tract exist as a result of a multicellular system, consisting of not only smooth muscle cells but also

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18

McLeay, L. M., and M. H. Wong. "Excitatory and inhibitory effects of gastrin peptides on gastric motility in sheep." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 257, no. 2 (1989): R388—R395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.257.2.r388.

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In conscious sheep, tetragastrin, pentagastrin, and synthetic human gastrin I, injected either subcutaneously or intravenously in doses of 156-5,200 pmol/kg body wt, inhibited the vagally dependent cyclical motility of the reticulum and rumen, whereas in vitro pentagastrin (10(-12) to 10(-6) M) had no demonstrable inhibitory or excitatory effects on intrinsically active or quiescent muscle of the reticulum, rumen, and omasal leaves. In vitro pentagastrin (10(-18) to 10(-4) M) stimulated quiescent and intrinsically active longitudinal and circular muscles of the body of the omasum and the body

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19

Wong, M. H., and L. M. McLeay. "IN VITROSPONTANEOUS MOTILITY OF GASTRIC SMOOTH MUSCLES OF THE SHEEP." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology 73, no. 4 (1988): 521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.1988.sp003172.

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20

Bentzinger, C. Florian, Julia von Maltzahn, Nicolas A. Dumont, et al. "Wnt7a stimulates myogenic stem cell motility and engraftment resulting in improved muscle strength." Journal of Cell Biology 205, no. 1 (2014): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201310035.

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Wnt7a/Fzd7 signaling stimulates skeletal muscle growth and repair by inducing the symmetric expansion of satellite stem cells through the planar cell polarity pathway and by activating the Akt/mTOR growth pathway in muscle fibers. Here we describe a third level of activity where Wnt7a/Fzd7 increases the polarity and directional migration of mouse satellite cells and human myogenic progenitors through activation of Dvl2 and the small GTPase Rac1. Importantly, these effects can be exploited to potentiate the outcome of myogenic cell transplantation into dystrophic muscles. We observed that a sho

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Sindona, Cinzia, Michele Runci Anastasi, Luigi Chiricosta, et al. "Temporomandibular Disorders Slow Down the Regeneration Process of Masticatory Muscles: Transcriptomic Analysis." Medicina 57, no. 4 (2021): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57040354.

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Background and Objectives: Musculoskeletal injuries represent a pathological condition due to limited joint motility and morphological and functional alterations of the muscles. Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are pathological conditions due to alterations in the musculoskeletal system. TMDs mainly cause temporomandibular joint and masticatory muscle dysfunctions following trauma, along with various pathologies and inflammatory processes. TMD affects approximately 15% of the population and causes malocclusion problems and common symptoms such as myofascial pain and migraine. The aim of this

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Choi, Eun Chang, Won Pyo Hong, Chung Bae Kim, et al. "Changes of Esophageal Motility after Total Laryngectomy." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 128, no. 5 (2003): 691–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59980300093-7.

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OBJECTIVE: Total laryngectomy completely interrupts the continuity of the proximal digestive tract and may lead to derangement in esophageal motility. The purpose of this investigation was to find out how total laryngectomy changes the resting and the maximum contracting pressures of the upper esophageal sphincter muscle and how it affects the coordination of the contraction and the relaxation between the pharynx and the upper esophageal sphincter muscles. If changes in the function of the upper esophageal sphincter muscle should occur, this study will also demonstrate how it affects the motil

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Ahmed, Md Ashfaq, Sharmila Venugopal, and Ranu Jung. "Engaging biological oscillators through second messenger pathways permits emergence of a robust gastric slow-wave during peristalsis." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 12 (2021): e1009644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009644.

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Peristalsis, the coordinated contraction—relaxation of the muscles of the stomach is important for normal gastric motility and is impaired in motility disorders. Coordinated electrical depolarizations that originate and propagate within a network of interconnected layers of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and smooth muscle (SM) cells of the stomach wall as a slow-wave, underly peristalsis. Normally, the gastric slow-wave oscillates with a single period and uniform rostrocaudal lag, exhibiting network entrainment. Understanding of the integrative role of neurotransmission and intercellular co

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Larsson, Lars, Xin Wang, Fushun Yu, et al. "Adaptation by alternative RNA splicing of slow troponin T isoforms in type 1 but not type 2 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 295, no. 3 (2008): C722—C731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00110.2008.

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Slow troponin T (TnT) plays an indispensable role in skeletal muscle function. Alternative RNA splicing in the NH2-terminal region produces high-molecular-weight (HMW) and low-molecular-weight (LMW) isoforms of slow TnT. Normal adult slow muscle fibers express mainly HMW slow TnT. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a group of inherited peripheral polyneuropathies caused by various neuronal defects. We found in the present study that LMW slow TnT was significantly upregulated in demyelination form type 1 CMT (CMT1) but not axonal form type 2 CMT (CMT2) muscles. Contractility analysis showed a

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Dahlitz, Ina, Adriaan Dorresteijn, and Anne Holz. "Remodeling of the Platynereis Musculature during Sexual Maturation." Biology 12, no. 2 (2023): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12020254.

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Background: The external transformations associated with sexual maturation in Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin and Milne Edwards) are well studied, whereas the internal changes along the body axis have not been systematically analyzed. Therefore, we examined muscle morphology in body regions located anterior or posterior to the prospective atokous/epitokous border to generate a structural basis for internal transformations. Results: All dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles were significantly reduced in size and density after sexual maturation and strongly atrophied, with the greatest decrease

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Bilovol, O. M., and I. I. Knyazkova. "Drugs that reduce the motility of the gastrointestinal tract." Medicine of Ukraine, no. 4(250) (June 16, 2021): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37987/1997-9894.2021.4(250).238116.

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Spastic reactions of smooth muscles of visceral organs play an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, the main drugs for relief of which are antispasmodic drugs. The article describes in detail the mechanisms of development of spastic abdominal pain and possible ways to correct it. The mechanisms of influence of the main myotropic antispasmodics on the gastrointestinal tract are given. Particular attention is paid to the peculiarities of pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, listed indications, contraindications, features of drug interaction.

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Mehlan, Juliane, and Frank Schüttauf. "Infranuclear Eye Movement Disorders." Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 238, no. 11 (2021): 1178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1615-2267.

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AbstractInfranuclear motility disorders are such of the cranial nerves, the extraocular muscles or changes in the orbit but definitely peripheral to the nuclei of the cranial nerves. Characteristic are movement deficits, a compensatory head posture and the pattern of incomitancy. The secondary angle of deviation is usually larger than the primary. Combined pareses suggest a lesion in the cavernous sinus, orbital apex or a multilocular event. It is essential to rule out supranuclear disorders, especially if the motility deficit is atypical. For clarification, an individual risk assessment is re

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Rudolph, Guenther, Michael Nentwich, Heide Hellebrand, et al. "KIF21A variant R954W in Familial or Sporadic Cases of CFEOM1." European Journal of Ophthalmology 19, no. 4 (2009): 667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112067210901900423.

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Purpose To demonstrate the clinical characteristics and determine mutations in the KIF21A gene, encoding a kinesin motor protein in patients with congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM) type 1. Methods Patients of five families with congenital fibrosis syndrome and two simplex patients with CFEOM underwent ophthalmologic examination and mutation analysis in the KIF21A gene. Results Clinical examination and passive motility testing prior to surgery met criteria for CFEOM. All patients had congenital restrictive ophthalmoplegia primarily affecting muscles innervated by the oculomo

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Kareva, Е. N. "Pharmacology of Antispasmodic Drugs Used in Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome." Doctor.Ru 20, no. 4 (2021): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31550/1727-2378-2021-20-4-46-54.

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Objective of the Review: To describe and compare some pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters of antispasmodic drugs used in complex management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in the Russian Federation. Key Points. IBS is a chronic recurrent disease associated with abdominal pain and bowel disorders. The key factors of IBS pathogenesis include intestinal motility disorders and visceral hypersensitivity. Both processes are controlled by endocrine and neural systems. In a target cell, voltage-operated calcium channels mediate neuronal signals for unstriped muscles to contract and for gl

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Butcher, M. T., P. B. Chase, J. W. Hermanson, A. N. Clark, N. M. Brunet, and J. E. A. Bertram. "Contractile properties of muscle fibers from the deep and superficial digital flexors of horses." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 299, no. 4 (2010): R996—R1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00510.2009.

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Equine digital flexor muscles have independent tendons but a nearly identical mechanical relationship to the main joint they act upon. Yet these muscles have remarkable diversity in architecture, ranging from long, unipennate fibers (“short” compartment of DDF) to very short, multipennate fibers (SDF). To investigate the functional relevance of the form of the digital flexor muscles, fiber contractile properties were analyzed in the context of architecture differences and in vivo function during locomotion. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform fiber type was studied, and in vitro motility assays w

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Toniolo, Luana, Lisa Maccatrozzo, Marco Patruno, et al. "Fiber types in canine muscles: myosin isoform expression and functional characterization." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 292, no. 5 (2007): C1915—C1926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00601.2006.

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This study was aimed to achieve a definitive and unambiguous identification of fiber types in canine skeletal muscles and of myosin isoforms that are expressed therein. Correspondence of canine myosin isoforms with orthologs in other species as assessed by base sequence comparison was the basis for primer preparation and for expression analysis with RT-PCR. Expression was confirmed at protein level with histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and SDS-PAGE combined together and showed that limb and trunk muscles of the dog express myosin heavy chain (MHC) type 1, 2A, and 2X isoforms and the so-ca

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Fernandez, Eduardo, Carlo Gangitano, Aurora Del Fà, et al. "Oculomotor nerve regeneration in rats." Journal of Neurosurgery 67, no. 3 (1987): 428–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1987.67.3.0428.

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✓ To study oculomotor nerve regeneration in rats, the oculomotor nerve was approached microsurgically and was sectioned at the base of the skull. The nerve stumps were reapproximated and affixed with a plasma clot in Group I animals and were separated by a gap in Group II animals. Visceral eye motility was evaluated weekly between 1 day and 40 weeks after surgery by recording the pupillary diameter under standardized photic stimulation. Somatic eye motility was assessed after 26 weeks by measuring the ocular displacement evoked by vestibular stimulation in the horizontal and vertical planes. N

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Alazi. "Stereoscopy, Brown Syndrome, and Duane Syndrome: A Literature Review." Sriwijaya Journal of Ophthalmology 6, no. 1 (2022): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/sjo.v6i1.79.

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Stereoscopic is the ability to perceive visual objects in the depth dimension (in the third dimension). Having a stereoscopic vision is a goal to be achieved. Brown Syndrome is a rare form of strabismus in which an ocular motility disorder is characterized by restriction of the elevation of the adducted eye, whereas Duane Syndrome is a spectrum of eye motility disorders characterized by anomalous contractions of the medial and lateral rectus muscles in actual or attempted adduction of one or both eyes. Involved. Diagnosis and therapy are performed depending on the underlying condition of the d

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Torrente, Y., E. El Fahime, N. J. Caron та ін. "Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) Stimulates Chemotactic Response in Mouse Myogenic Cells". Cell Transplantation 12, № 1 (2003): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/000000003783985115.

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Migration of transplanted myogenic cells occurs during both embryogenesis and regeneration of skeletal muscles and is important for successful myoblast transplantation, but little is known about factors that promote chemotaxis of these cells. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is known to induce chemotactic effect on several cell types. In this study, we investigated its influence on the in vitro and in vivo motility of C2C12 and primary myoblasts. In the in vitro test performed in the blind-well Boyden chambers, we showed that TNF-α (50–400 U/ml) significantly enhanced the ability of myogenic ce

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Filippetti, Mirko, Rita Di Censo, Valentina Varalta, et al. "Is the Outcome of Diagnostic Nerve Block Related to Spastic Muscle Echo Intensity? A Retrospective Observational Study on Patients with Spastic Equinovarus Foot." Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 54 (March 29, 2022): jrm00275. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/jrm.v54.85.

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Objective: To investigate the relationship between spastic calf muscles echo intensity and the outcome of tibial nerve motor branches selective block in patients with spastic equinovarus foot.Design: Retrospective observational study. Patients: Forty-eight patients with spastic equinovarus foot.Methods: Each patient was given selective diagnostic nerve block (lidocaine 2% perineural injection) of the tibial nerve motor branches. All patients were evaluated before and after block. Outcomes were: spastic calf muscles echo intensity measured with the Heckmatt scale; affected ankle dorsiflexion pa

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Yao, C. C., J. Breuss, R. Pytela, and R. H. Kramer. "Functional expression of the alpha 7 integrin receptor in differentiated smooth muscle cells." Journal of Cell Science 110, no. 13 (1997): 1477–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.110.13.1477.

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Expression of the alpha7 integrin is developmentally regulated and is thought to be tissue-specific for both skeletal and cardiac muscles. We now report that alpha7 is also strongly and ubiquitously expressed by various types of smooth muscle, including vascular, gastrointestinal and genitourinary smooth muscles. In addition, alpha7 was surface-expressed by a number of smooth muscle cell lines that maintained their differentiated phenotype following adaptation to culture. Studies with the mouse 9E11G smooth muscle cell line showed that the alpha7 integrin mediated both adhesion and motility of

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Sung, Tae Sik, Hongli Lu, Juno Sung, Jong Hoon Yeom, Brian A. Perrino, and Sang Don Koh. "The functional role of protease-activated receptors on contractile responses by activation of Ca2+ sensitization pathways in simian colonic muscles." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 315, no. 6 (2018): G921—G931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00255.2018.

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It has been known that activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs) affects gastrointestinal motility. In this study, we tested the effects of PAR agonists on electrical and contractile responses and Ca2+ sensitization pathways in simian colonic muscles. The Simian colonic muscle was initially hyperpolarized by PAR agonists. After the transient hyperpolarization, simian colonic muscle repolarized to the control resting membrane potential (RMP) without a delayed depolarization. Apamin significantly reduced the initial hyperpolarization, suggesting that activation of small conductance Ca2+-

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Coirault, Catherine, Aziz Guellich, Thomas Barbry, Jane Lise Samuel, Bruno Riou, and Yves Lecarpentier. "Oxidative stress of myosin contributes to skeletal muscle dysfunction in rats with chronic heart failure." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 292, no. 2 (2007): H1009—H1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00438.2006.

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Intrinsic muscle abnormalities affecting skeletal muscle are often reported during chronic heart failure (CHF). Because myosin is the molecular motor of force generation, we sought to determine whether its dysfunction contributes to skeletal muscle weakness in CHF and, if so, to identify the underlying causative factors. Severe CHF was induced in rats by aortic stenosis. In diaphragm and soleus muscles, we investigated in vitro mechanical performance, myosin-based actin filament motility, myosin heavy (MHC) and light (MLC) chain isoform compositions, MLC integrity, caspase-3 activation, and ox

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Kang, You-Ri, Han-Sol Choi, Hyeon-Joong Park, et al. "Isolated Complete Tongue Paralysis as a Manifestation of Focal Cortical Infarction." Journal of the Korean Neurological Association 39, no. 1 (2021): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17340/jkna.2021.1.4.

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Although isolated contralateral tongue deviation following unilateral cortical infarction was occasionally reported, the unilateral lesion usually produces no significant deficit of tongue motility considering bilateral supranuclear innervation of the hypoglossal nerve. We observed a patient with obvious tongue paralysis, including intrinsic muscles, caused by ischemic stroke involving the motor area of the tongue in the primary motor cortex.

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Schiaffino, S., and C. Reggiani. "Myosin isoforms in mammalian skeletal muscle." Journal of Applied Physiology 77, no. 2 (1994): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.2.493.

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Skeletal muscles of different mammalian species contain four major myosin heavy-chain (MHC) isoforms: the “slow” or beta-MHC and the three “fast” IIa-, IIx-, and IIb-MHCs; and three major myosin light-chain (MLC) isoforms, the “slow” MLC1s and the two “fast” MLC1f and MLC3f. The differential distribution of the MHCs defines four major fiber types containing a single MHC isoform and a number of intermediate hybrid fiber populations containing both beta/slow- and IIa-MHC, IIa- and IIx-MHC, or IIx- and IIb-MHC. The IIa-, IIx-, and IIb-MHCs were first detected in neonatal muscles, and their expres

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DEMELER, JANINA, GEORG VON SAMSON-HIMMELSTJERNA, and NICHOLAS C. SANGSTER. "Measuring the effect of avermectins and milbemycins on somatic muscle contraction of adult Haemonchus contortus and on motility of Ostertagia circumcincta in vitro." Parasitology 141, no. 7 (2014): 948–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013002291.

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SUMMARYThe mechanism of anthelmintic resistance against the widely used macrocyclic lactones (MLs) is still not fully understood. Pharyngeal, somatic body muscles and the ovijector have been proposed as putative sites of action as well as resistance. In the present study the effects of three avermectins and three milbemycins on adult parasitic nematodes were evaluated in vitro. The Muscle Transducer system was used to investigate the effects of MLs on muscle contraction in female Haemonchus contortus and effects on motility were measured in Ostertagia (Teladorsagia) circumcincta using the Micr

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Thiagarajah, Christopher, and Robert C. Kersten. "Medial Wall Fracture: An Update." Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction 2, no. 3-4 (2009): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1224775.

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This article is a review of the literature and update for management of medial orbital wall fractures. A retrospective review of the literature was performed via PubMed to review the diagnosis and management of medial wall orbital fractures. Medial wall orbital fractures though commonly accompanying orbital floor fractures can also occur alone. There are two primary theories explaining the pathophysiology of medial wall fractures: the hydraulic theory and buckling theory. Most fractures do not require treatment. “White-eyed” trapdoor fractures necessitate immediate surgery to reduce the risk o

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Bittar, Mirian S., Maria L. Garcia, and Paulo E. Marchiori. "Acute orbital myositis: case report." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 55, no. 1 (1997): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x1997000100022.

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The case of 22-year old, white woman with bilateral orbital myositis following an acute upper respiratory tract infection is reported. The most important clinical findings were ocular pain, proptosis, restricted eye motility and swelling of the eyelids. The enlarged eye muscles were seen on orbital computerized tomography scan. The clinical findings of inflammatory orbital myositis and clinical response to corticotherapy are emphasized.

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Kaps, F., and A. Schmid. "Mechanism and possible behavioural relevance of retinal movements in the ctenid spider Cupiennius salei." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 11 (1996): 2451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.11.2451.

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Like most spiders, the nocturnal hunting spider Cupiennius salei is able to move the retinae of its antero-median (AM) eyes. In the present study, the morphological and physiological properties of the eye muscles and the mechanism and behavioural relevance of retinal movements are investigated. The retinal movements are brought about by two forces: (i) contractions of the dorsal and ventral eye muscles, and (ii) the passive elastic restoring force of the eye tube and eye muscles (the presumed counteracting force). The dorsal eye muscle consists of 15&shy;18 striated fibres and is 600 &

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Han, Sang-Hoon, Da-Woon Lee, Soo-Hyun Cho, and June-Sun Kim. "The Modulation of Motility of Pyloric Antral Smooth Muscles of Rat by Melatonin." Biomolecules and Therapeutics 18, no. 2 (2010): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2010.18.2.166.

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Demer, Joseph L., Robert A. Clark, and Yoward Ying. "The nerve of that muscle! New understanding of innervation of the extrocular muscles in ocular motility and strabismus." Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 15, no. 1 (2011): e35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2011.01.129.

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Tamm, S., and S. L. Tamm. "Extracellular ciliary axonemes associated with the surface of smooth muscle cells of ctenophores." Journal of Cell Science 94, no. 4 (1989): 713–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.94.4.713.

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We describe the first example of bare ciliary axonemes existing outside eukaryotic cells. The axonemes run in longitudinal invaginations of the surface membrane of giant smooth muscle cells in ctenophores. No motility of the surface-associated axonemes has been detected in living muscles. The axonemes are truly extracellular and in direct contact with the extracellular matrix (mesoglea), as shown by the ultrastructural tracer horseradish peroxidase. The axonemes appear partially degraded and disorganized, and individual doublet microtubules are difficult to distinguish. Nevertheless, immunoflu

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Cammarato, Anthony, Corey M. Dambacher, Aileen F. Knowles, et al. "Myosin Transducer Mutations Differentially Affect Motor Function, Myofibril Structure, and the Performance of Skeletal and Cardiac Muscles." Molecular Biology of the Cell 19, no. 2 (2008): 553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e07-09-0890.

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Striated muscle myosin is a multidomain ATP-dependent molecular motor. Alterations to various domains affect the chemomechanical properties of the motor, and they are associated with skeletal and cardiac myopathies. The myosin transducer domain is located near the nucleotide-binding site. Here, we helped define the role of the transducer by using an integrative approach to study how Drosophila melanogaster transducer mutations D45 and Mhc5affect myosin function and skeletal and cardiac muscle structure and performance. We found D45 (A261T) myosin has depressed ATPase activity and in vitro acti

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Briggs, Margaret M., and Fred Schachat. "The superfast extraocular myosin (MYH13) is localized to the innervation zone in both the global and orbital layers of rabbit extraocular muscle." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 20 (2002): 3133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.20.3133.

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SUMMARY Extraocular muscles (EOMs) are the most molecularly heterogeneous and physiologically diverse mammalian striated muscles. They express the entire array of striated muscle myosins, including a specialized myosin heavy chain MYH13, which is restricted to extraocular and laryngeal muscles. EOMs also exhibit a breadth of contractile activity, from superfast saccades to slow tracking and convergence movements. These movements are accomplished by the action of six ultrastructurally defined fiber types that differ from the type IIa, IIb, IIx and I fibers found in other skeletal muscles. Attem

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Kassem, Rehab Rashad, Ahmed Mostafa Kamal, Randa Mohamed Abdel-Moneim El-Mofty, and Hala Mostafa Elhilali. "Long-term follow-up of cryopreserved amniotic membrane transplant during strabismus reoperations: Up 85 months’ follow-up." European Journal of Ophthalmology 28, no. 4 (2018): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672118757432.

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Purpose: To evaluate the long-term effect of cryopreserved human amniotic membrane transplant during strabismus reoperations. Methods: A total of 15 patients with persistent strabismus were included in a prospective study to evaluate the effect of wrapping the extra-ocular muscles with cryopreserved amniotic membrane during strabismus reoperations. The study end-point was the last follow-up visit. A successful outcome was defined as 0–10∆ of horizontal tropia and 0–4∆ of vertical tropia, with no limitation of ductions exceeding −1. A cosmetically acceptable outcome was defined as a tropia of 0

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