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Journal articles on the topic 'Muscles of the foot; phylogenetic variation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

T., Ramesh Rao, and R. Rao Suresh. "Variation in the Origin of Flexor Digitorum Brevis – A Case Report." Journal of Applied Life Sciences International 11, no. 4 (2017): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.9734/JALSI/2017/33702.

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Arches of foot is the blend of skeletal and muscular components, which is exclusive characteristic feature of evolution as an alteration to routine erect posture in humans. The human foot is convened mechanical intricacy and essential constancy due to “arches of foot”. Appreciative muscle construction of the foot may assist in the intention of surgical trials such as tendon transfer, biomechanical sculpting of the foot, prosthesis strategy, and scrutiny of foot function. During routine dissection of the foot it was noted that the tendon of flexor digitorum brevis to the little toe was missing

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Burton, Thomas C. "Variation in the foot muscles of frogs of the family Myobatrachidae." Australian Journal of Zoology 49, no. 5 (2001): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo01045.

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The hind-foot musculature of representatives of all myobatrachid frog genera was examined with a view to finding phylogenetic characters and characters correlated with the burrowing habit. Despite much intraspecific variation, evidence was found to support the monophyly of Mixophyes(possession of a fibrous section in the tendon of insertion of the m. lumbricalis longus digiti V, tendinous insertion of the m abductors brevis dorsalis digiti V), Rheobatrachus (threefold insertion of the m. extensor longus digiti IV), Neobatrachus +Heleioporus (possession of the m. lumbricalis longus digiti II),

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3

Jaijesh, P., M. Shenoy, L. Anuradha, and K. K. Chithralekha. "Flexor accessorius longus: A rare variationof the deep extrinsic digital flexors of the leg and its phylogenetic significance." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 39, no. 02 (2006): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1699151.

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ABSTRACTAnomalies of the calf muscles are rare. One such anomalous muscle, known as the Muscle Flexor accessorius longus (also named accessorius ad accessorium, accessorius secondus, accessory flexor digitorum longus or pronator pedis) is of morphological significance. When present, this originates in the deep fascia of the tibia or fibula and inserts in the foot either into the flexor digitorum accessorius or into the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus. In this report we present a discussion of the morphological significance and phylogenetic history of one such muscle observed. In this ca

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Rout, Sipra, Archishnu Vedanta Parida, and Devendra Pal Singh. "A case report on the bilateral absence of fourth tendinous slip of the flexor digitorum brevis muscle in the foot: Exploring evolutionary and surgical relevance." Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology 10, no. 4 (2024): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2023.058.

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The flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) muscle extends across the central region of the sole, positioned deep beneath the plantar aponeurosis. It inserts into the lateral four toes through four slender musculotendinous slips. Functionally, this muscle reinforces the foot arch by facilitating flexion at the interphalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints of the lateral toes. In clinical contexts, the FDB muscle serves as a musculocutaneous flap in reconstructive surgeries, addressing various foot deformities. Despite its small size, the FDB muscle carries significant evolutionary importance, indicatin

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Gugapriya, T. S. "Morphology of flexor digitorum brevis muscle in northern Tamil Nadu region-an anatomical study with phylogenetic perspective." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 01, no. 03 (2012): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401673.

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Abstract Background and aims : "Arches of foot" formed by the combination of skeletal and a muscular element is a unique feature of evolution as an adaptation to habitual erect posture in humans. Flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) is the most superficial intrinsic muscle of the sole that present with variations frequently. The objective of this study was to find out the pattern of presentation of FDB in northern Tamil Nadu region. Material and methods: Thirty soles of 12 male and three female embalmed cadavers were dissected and FDB was observed for variations. A comparative analysis was done with

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Bahlman, Joseph W., Rosalyn M. Price‐Waldman, Hannah W. Lippe, Kenneth S. Breuer, and Sharon M. Swartz. "Simplifying a wing: diversity and functional consequences of digital joint reduction in bat wings." Journal of Anatomy 229, no. 1 (2016): 114–27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13473147.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Bat wings, like other mammalian forelimbs, contain many joints within the digits. These joints collectively affect dynamic three-dimensional (3D) wing shape, thereby affecting the amount of aerodynamic force a wing can generate. Bats are a speciose group, and show substantial variation in the number of wing joints. Additionally, some bat species have joints with extensor but no flexor muscles. While several studies have examined the diversity in number of joints and presence of muscles, musculoskeletal variation in the digits has not been inte

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Bahlman, Joseph W., Rosalyn M. Price‐Waldman, Hannah W. Lippe, Kenneth S. Breuer, and Sharon M. Swartz. "Simplifying a wing: diversity and functional consequences of digital joint reduction in bat wings." Journal of Anatomy 229, no. 1 (2016): 114–27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13473147.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Bat wings, like other mammalian forelimbs, contain many joints within the digits. These joints collectively affect dynamic three-dimensional (3D) wing shape, thereby affecting the amount of aerodynamic force a wing can generate. Bats are a speciose group, and show substantial variation in the number of wing joints. Additionally, some bat species have joints with extensor but no flexor muscles. While several studies have examined the diversity in number of joints and presence of muscles, musculoskeletal variation in the digits has not been inte

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Bahlman, Joseph W., Rosalyn M. Price‐Waldman, Hannah W. Lippe, Kenneth S. Breuer, and Sharon M. Swartz. "Simplifying a wing: diversity and functional consequences of digital joint reduction in bat wings." Journal of Anatomy 229, no. 1 (2016): 114–27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13473147.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Bat wings, like other mammalian forelimbs, contain many joints within the digits. These joints collectively affect dynamic three-dimensional (3D) wing shape, thereby affecting the amount of aerodynamic force a wing can generate. Bats are a speciose group, and show substantial variation in the number of wing joints. Additionally, some bat species have joints with extensor but no flexor muscles. While several studies have examined the diversity in number of joints and presence of muscles, musculoskeletal variation in the digits has not been inte

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9

Bahlman, Joseph W., Rosalyn M. Price‐Waldman, Hannah W. Lippe, Kenneth S. Breuer, and Sharon M. Swartz. "Simplifying a wing: diversity and functional consequences of digital joint reduction in bat wings." Journal of Anatomy 229, no. 1 (2016): 114–27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13473147.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Bat wings, like other mammalian forelimbs, contain many joints within the digits. These joints collectively affect dynamic three-dimensional (3D) wing shape, thereby affecting the amount of aerodynamic force a wing can generate. Bats are a speciose group, and show substantial variation in the number of wing joints. Additionally, some bat species have joints with extensor but no flexor muscles. While several studies have examined the diversity in number of joints and presence of muscles, musculoskeletal variation in the digits has not been inte

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Bahlman, Joseph W., Rosalyn M. Price‐Waldman, Hannah W. Lippe, Kenneth S. Breuer, and Sharon M. Swartz. "Simplifying a wing: diversity and functional consequences of digital joint reduction in bat wings." Journal of Anatomy 229, no. 1 (2016): 114–27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13473147.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Bat wings, like other mammalian forelimbs, contain many joints within the digits. These joints collectively affect dynamic three-dimensional (3D) wing shape, thereby affecting the amount of aerodynamic force a wing can generate. Bats are a speciose group, and show substantial variation in the number of wing joints. Additionally, some bat species have joints with extensor but no flexor muscles. While several studies have examined the diversity in number of joints and presence of muscles, musculoskeletal variation in the digits has not been inte

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Benito, Juan, Albert Chen, Laura E. Wilson, Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar, David Burnham, and Daniel J. Field. "Forty new specimens of Ichthyornis provide unprecedented insight into the postcranial morphology of crownward stem group birds." PeerJ 10 (December 16, 2022): e13919. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13919.

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Ichthyornis has long been recognized as a pivotally important fossil taxon for understanding the latest stages of the dinosaur–bird transition, but little significant new postcranial material has been brought to light since initial descriptions of partial skeletons in the 19th Century. Here, we present new information on the postcranial morphology of Ichthyornis from 40 previously undescribed specimens, providing the most complete morphological assessment of the postcranial skeleton of Ichthyornis to date. The new material includes four partially complete skeletons and numerous well-preserved

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Hoh, Joseph Foon Yoong. "Developmental, Physiological and Phylogenetic Perspectives on the Expression and Regulation of Myosin Heavy Chains in Craniofacial Muscles." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 8 (2024): 4546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084546.

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This review deals with the developmental origins of extraocular, jaw and laryngeal muscles, the expression, regulation and functional significance of sarcomeric myosin heavy chains (MyHCs) that they express and changes in MyHC expression during phylogeny. Myogenic progenitors from the mesoderm in the prechordal plate and branchial arches specify craniofacial muscle allotypes with different repertoires for MyHC expression. To cope with very complex eye movements, extraocular muscles (EOMs) express 11 MyHCs, ranging from the superfast extraocular MyHC to the slowest, non-muscle MyHC IIB (nmMyH I

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Backus, Spencer B., Diego Sustaita, Lael U. Odhner, and Aaron M. Dollar. "Mechanical analysis of avian feet: multiarticular muscles in grasping and perching." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 2 (2015): 140350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140350.

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The grasping capability of birds' feet is a hallmark of their evolution, but the mechanics of avian foot function are not well understood. Two evolutionary trends that contribute to the mechanical complexity of the avian foot are the variation in the relative lengths of the phalanges and the subdivision and variation of the digital flexor musculature observed among taxa. We modelled the grasping behaviour of a simplified bird foot in response to the downward and upward forces imparted by carrying and perching tasks, respectively. Specifically, we compared the performance of various foot geomet

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Chetoui, I., I. Rabeh, S. Bejaoui, K. Telahigue, F. Ghribi, and M. El Cafsi. "First seasonal investigation of the fatty acid composition in three organs of the Tunisian bivalve Mactra stultorum." Grasas y Aceites 70, no. 1 (2019): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.0571181.

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This study reveals information for the first time about the total lipid (TL) content and fatty acid composition (FA) of Mactra stultorum (M. corallina). Three edible organs (foot, mantle and adductor muscle) were the subjects of this research in order to determine the most favorable periods for their consumption in relation to seasonal variability. The results showed lower lipid content in the adductor muscles in summer (12.73 ± 2.55 mg/g dry matter); while a higher content was observed in winter (28.97 ± 3.50 mg/g dry matter). However, similar lipid contents were observed in the mantle and fo

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15

SALGAR, LINA, JULIO MARIO HOYOS, and ANDRÉS ACOSTA. "New conditions and intraspecific variations in hand and foot muscles in Pristimantis bogotensis (Peters, 1863) (Amphibia:Anura: Strabomantidae)." Zootaxa 2025, no. 1 (2009): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2025.1.5.

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Some conditions from complete dissection of hand and foot muscles of Pristimantis bogotensis (Strabomantidae) presented here have not been reported in anurans. One muscle not described before was found: the m. abductor ulnocarpalis. Muscles of the forearm, the hand, and the foot were found as exclusive characters in this species. Two minor variants (sensu Raikow et al., 1990) were identified, showing that it is important to examine hind and forelimbs of both sides of the body (left and right) in anatomical studies for detecting intraspecific variation.

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Hirota, Kento, Kota Watanabe, Yuki Saito, et al. "Toe flexion movement with tendon excursion based on anatomical variation: A cadaver study." Journal of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Rehabilitation 29, no. 1 (2022): 221049172210921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22104917221092166.

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Background/Purpose To investigate the relationship between anatomical variation of the toe flexor muscles and the resulting variation of toe flexion angle from tendon excursion. Methods Six cadaveric lower extremities preserved by Thiel’s embalming method were evaluated. The toe flexor muscles were distracted individually and toe flexion angles measured. The anatomic variation were observed by gross anatomical dissection. Results The toes with tendinous slips of flexor hallucis longus (FHL) showed similar flexion angles between the FHL and flexor digitorum longus. However, there were differenc

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Quinn, Greg. "Normal Genetic Variation of the Human Foot: Part 1." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 102, no. 1 (2012): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/1020064.

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Molecular genetics is changing our understanding of the developmental translation of genotype to phenotype between and within different phylogenetic groups. Together with a growing understanding of our own evolutionary relationships to common ancestors, the epigenetic processes involved enforce a reexamination of what is regarded as a normal foot structure. A revised populationist approach is proposed and supported by paleoanthropologic evidence that reflects a picture of emerging suitability for bipedalism that is driven by natural genetic divergence. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 102(1): 64–70, 20

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Botelho, João Francisco, Daniel Smith-Paredes, Daniel Nuñez-Leon, Sergio Soto-Acuña, and Alexander O. Vargas. "The developmental origin of zygodactyl feet and its possible loss in the evolution of Passeriformes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1788 (2014): 20140765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0765.

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The zygodactyl orientation of toes (digits II and III pointing forwards, digits I and IV pointing backwards) evolved independently in different extant bird taxa. To understand the origin of this trait in modern birds, we investigated the development of the zygodactyl foot of the budgerigar (Psittaciformes). We compared its muscular development with that of the anisodactyl quail (Galliformes) and show that while the musculus abductor digiti IV (ABDIV) becomes strongly developed at HH36 in both species, the musculus extensor brevis digiti IV (EBDIV) degenerates and almost disappears only in the

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McCabe, Fergus J., and John P. McCabe. "An Unusual Presentation of Right-Sided Sciatica with Foot Drop." Case Reports in Orthopedics 2016 (2016): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9024368.

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Rarely, sciatica is of extraspinal aetiology. By compressing the sciatic nerve, swelling of the short external rotators of the hip can cause sciatica. Uncommon anatomical relationships between the sciatic nerve and local muscles may potentiate this compressive effect. In this report, we describe the presentation of right sciatica and foot drop resulting from both extreme local constriction and unusual anatomical variation of the right sciatic nerve.

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Friel, J. P., and P. C. Wainwright. "Evolution of complexity in motor patterns and jaw musculature of tetraodontiform fishes." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 7 (1999): 867–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.7.867.

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The prey-processing behavior and jaw-adducting musculature of tetraodontiform fishes provide a novel system for studying the evolution of muscles and their function. The history of this clade has involved a pattern of repeated ‘duplications’ of jaw muscles by physical subdivision of pre-existing muscles. As a result, the number of adductor mandibulae muscles in different taxa varies from as few as two to as many as eight. We used electromyography (EMG) to quantify motor-pattern variation of adductor mandibulae muscles in four tetraodontiform species during feeding events on prey items that var

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Petit, Elsa, and Walter Douglas Gubler. "Characterization of Cylindrocarpon Species, the Cause of Black Foot Disease of Grapevine in California." Plant Disease 89, no. 10 (2005): 1051–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-1051.

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This study investigated phylogenetic divergence, morphological difference, and pathogenic variation among Cylindrocarpon species isolates associated with black foot disease of grapevine (Vitis sp.) in California. To assess phylogenetic divergence, we sequenced the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA), partial beta-tubulin (BT) gene introns and exons, and the small subunit mitochondrial rDNA. Isolates associated with black foot disease belonged to two paraphyletic species, Cylindrocarpon destructans and C. macrodidymum. The morphology of these isolates was in ag

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Borczyk, Bartosz, and Tomasz Skawiński. "Variation in the Jaw Musculature of Ratsnakes and Their Allies (Serpentes: Colubridae)." Diversity 15, no. 5 (2023): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15050628.

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Snakes have a highly modified feeding apparatus. However, its associated musculature is often poorly known. In order to study variation in the cephalic musculature, we dissected specimens representing 28 snake species belonging to the New World clade Lampropeltini and their Old World relatives. The observed variation was analysed using a phylogenetic framework. We found that the pattern of their musculature is conservative. We observed no interspecific variation in the intermandibular muscles or in the posterior jaw adductors. Variation within the dorsal constrictors and lateral jaw adductors

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Blotto, Boris L., S. D. Biju, Martín O. Pereyra, Katyuscia Araujo-Vieira, Julián Faivovich, and Taran Grant. "Hand and foot musculature of Sooglossoidea: synapomorphies, convergences and hind limb digging behaviour in anurans." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 135, no. 2 (2021): 336–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab145.

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Abstract We describe the hand and foot musculature of the fossorial Indian purple frog, Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis, and compare it to other members of Sooglossoidea: the Seychellean sooglossid genera Sechellophryne and Sooglossus. Due to the key phylogenetic position of Sooglossoidea, we compare its members with the diversity of Anura and define 52 characters from the hand and foot musculature, among which 26 are novel hypotheses of homology. We found several synapomorphies for Sooglossus, Sooglossidae, Nasikabatrachidae and Sooglossoidea. Additionally, we (1) propose synapomorphies for dive

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G., Kastanis, Trachanatzi E., Kapsetakis P., et al. "Is Anatomic Variation of Superficial Peroneal Nerve Having Medical Implication in Internal Fixation of Lateral Malleolus Fractures? A Case Report." International Journal of Innovative Research in Medical Science 7, no. 07 (2022): 376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.23958/ijirms/vol07-i07/1466.

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Superficial peroneal nerve (SPN) is one of the terminal branches of the common peroneal nerve which innervates muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg. It is reported in literature in cadaveric studies, that there is anatomic variation of the SPN according to course and distribution and how important this finding is in many surgical interventions around leg, ankle, and foot, with scope to avoid iatrogenic damage of the respective nerve. The aim of this study is to present a woman of 67 years old who presented in emergency department after a fall with a bimalleolar fracture of the left an

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Kljajić M, Malezic M. "Gait evaluation in hemiparetic patients using subcutaneous peroneal electrical stimulation." Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 24, no. 3 (1992): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/1650197792121126.

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In hemiparetic patients with an implantable peroneal stimulator for correction of drop foot the gait pattern was studied over several years. The gait parameters and M-waves of subcutaneously stimulated muscles were compared with the results obtained before implantation and their variation was observed over time. Of a group of 35 patients with previously implanted electrodes 19 were evaluated. Significant improvements of gait were found although in some cases an excessive eversion of the foot was observed. Nine of these patients had reimplantation because of displacement of the stimulation elec

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Kljaji, M., M. Malezic, R. A?imovi?, et al. "Gait evaluation in hemiparetic patients using subcutaneous peroneal electrical stimulation." Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 24, no. 3 (2020): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/1650197799224121126.

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In hemiparetic patients with an implantable peroneal stimulator for correction of drop foot the gait pattern was studied over several years. The gait parameters and M-waves of subcutaneously stimulated muscles were compared with the results obtained before implantation and their variation was observed over time. Of a group of 35 patients with previously implanted electrodes 19 were evaluated. Significant improvements of gait were found although in some cases an excessive eversion of the foot was observed. Nine of these patients had reimplantation because of displacement of the stimulation elec

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Diogo, Rui. "Muscles versus bones: catfishes as a case study for a discussion on the relative contribution of myological and osteological features in phylogenetic reconstructions." Animal Biology 54, no. 4 (2004): 373–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570756042729492.

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AbstractThe levels of homoplasy and phylogenetic reliability of different types of data sets have since long intrigued evolutionary scientists. This paper provides, to the author's knowledge, the first assessment of the relative contribution of a large set of myological and osteological characters in simultaneous phylogenetic analyses. The biological taxon used as a case study for this comparison was the highly diverse and cosmopolitan teleost Siluriformes (catfishes) which, with 34 families, about 437 genera and more than 2700 species, represents about one third of all freshwater fishes and o

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Ivanenko, Y. P., R. Grasso, V. Macellari, and F. Lacquaniti. "Control of Foot Trajectory in Human Locomotion: Role of Ground Contact Forces in Simulated Reduced Gravity." Journal of Neurophysiology 87, no. 6 (2002): 3070–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.87.6.3070.

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We studied the changes of vertical contact forces, lower limb kinematics, and electromyographic activity (EMG) at different speeds and gravitational loads. To this end healthy subjects were asked to walk on a motorized treadmill while the percentage of body weight unloaded (body weight support, BWS) was modified in steps by means of a well-characterized unloading system. BWS was set at 0, 35, 50, 75, 95, or 100% of body weight. Walking speed was 0.7, 1.1, 2, 3, or 5 km/h. We found that changing BWS between 0 and 95% resulted in drastic changes of kinetic parameters but in limited changes of th

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Carlson, Sandra J. "The articulate brachiopod hinge mechanism: morphological and functional variation." Paleobiology 15, no. 4 (1989): 364–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300009568.

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Functional consequences of the variation in geometry and morphology of the articulate brachiopod hinge mechanism are poorly understood, despite the fact that hinge structures have considerable importance in brachiopod taxonomy. Jaanusson (1971) proposed that the ability to resorb shell material during growth, particularly in the hinge structures, can be used to distinguish two groups within the articulates, the deltidiodonts and the cyrtomatodonts. He considered the two groups to be morphologically distinct, “natural” phylogenetic groups, separated by a “functional discontinuity.” In order to

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Noor us Saba, Pratibha Shakya, Heena Singh, Nikhil Aggarwal, Punita Manik, and Navneet Kumar. "Unraveling the anatomy of toe extensors: An aid to the clinical implications." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 15, no. 4 (2024): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v15i4.61182.

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Background: The extensor tendons of the foot are crucial for maintaining the intricate movements and stability of the foot and ankle complex. Understanding these variations is essential for health-care professionals involved in foot-related pathologies. Aims and Objective: The study was conducted to identify and document variations in extensor tendons of the foot during routine dissection of human cadavers and to highlight their clinical significance. Materials and Methods: This was an observational study conducted in the Department of Anatomy, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India.

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Vosloo, W., E. Kirkbride, R. G. Bengis, D. F. Keet, and G. R. Thomson. "Genome variation in the SAT types of foot-and-mouth disease viruses prevalent in buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Kruger National Park and other regions of southern Africa, 1986–93." Epidemiology and Infection 114, no. 1 (1995): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800052055.

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SUMMARYDideoxy nucleotide sequencing of a portion of the 1D gene of SAT-type foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV) was used to derive phylogenetic relationships between viruses recovered from the oesophageo-pharyngeal secretions of buffalo in the Kruger National Park as well as several other wildlife areas in southern Africa. The three serotypes differed from one another by more than 40 % while intratypic variation did not exceed 29%. Within each type, isolates from particular countries were more closely related to one another than to isolates from other countries lending credence to previous

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Mariappan, Sobana, Geeta Anasuya. D, Sheela Grace Jeevamani MS, and M. Vijaianand MD. "An Erratic Origin of Quadratus Plantae: An Embryological Error." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 9, no. 4 (2021): 8168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2021.178.

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Background: Quadratus plantae (Flexor digitorum accessorius) is one of the plantar muscles of foot . It is present in the second layer of sole. It takes origin from calcaneus and gets inserted into the tendon of flexor digitorum longus. The main function of it is to flex the lateral four toes in any position of the ankle joint by pulling on tendons of the flexor digitorum longus. Its variations like high origin have been implicated in the causation of tarsal tunnel syndrome. Methodology and Results: In routine dissection done on 22 cadavers, we observed a bilateral variant muscle flexor digito

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WITZMANN, Florian, and Marcello RUTA. "Evolutionary changes in the orbits and palatal openings of early tetrapods, with emphasis on temnospondyls." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 109, no. 1-2 (2018): 333–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691018000919.

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ABSTRACTOpen palates with large interpterygoid vacuities are a diagnostic characteristic of temnospondyl amphibians, the most species-rich group of early tetrapods. Aside from their functional roles, several other aspects of such vacuities, such as their variation and spatial relationships relative to the orbits, have received only scarce attention. The present work examines patterns of shape and size changes in the orbits and vacuities of temnospondyls using a time-calibrated phylogeny of 69 temnospondyl taxa and 13 additional early tetrapod ‘outgroups' (colosteids, an embolomere, ‘microsaurs

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Lachowitzer, Melissa R., Anne Ranes, and Gary T. Yamaguchi. "Musculotendon Parameters and Musculoskeletal Pathways Within the Human Foot." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 23, no. 1 (2007): 20–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.23.1.20.

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In order to create a flexible model of the foot for dynamic musculoskeletal models, anthropometric data combined with geometric information describing the intrinsic musculature are needed. In this study, the left feet of two male and two female cadavers were dissected to expose the intrinsic musculotendon pathways. Three-dimensional coordinates of bony landmarks, tendon origins, insertions, and via points were digitized to submillimeter accuracy. Muscle architectural parameters were also measured, including volume, weight, and pennation angle and sarcomere, fascicle, and free tendon lengths. O

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Gumber, Tamanna, Vikash Bhatnagar, Sandeep Madhukar Lahange, Shailza Bhatnagar, and Anjali Sharma. "AN ANATOMICAL VARIATION OF THE PERONEUS QUARTUS MUSCLE: A CASE STUDY." International Ayurvedic Medical Journal 11, no. 12 (2024): 3122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj2511122023.

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The peroneus quartus (PQ), an extraneous assessory muscle of the ankle, is found in the lateral compartment of the leg. It is the most frequent source of genesis and its insertion is along the peroneus brevis muscle into the calcaneo retrotrochlear prominence. We noticed a peculiar variation of the muscle that arises from the lateral surface of the fibula in between the two peroneal muscles. A lateral malleolus that was protruding from the skin was crammed with tendons. The muscle was discovered to be attached to the peroneal trochlea. The peroneus quartus is found with a frequency varying fro

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Tojima, Sayaka, Hidaka Anetai, Kaito Koike, et al. "Gross anatomy of the gluteal and posterior thigh muscles in koalas based on their innervations." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (2022): e0261805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261805.

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Morphological and functional comparison of convergently-evolved traits in marsupials and eutherians is an important aspect of studying adaptive divergence in mammals. However, the anatomy of marsupials has been particularly difficult to evaluate for multiple reasons. First, previous studies on marsupial anatomy are often uniformly old and non-exhaustive. Second, muscle identification was historically based on muscle attachment sites, but attachment sites have since been declared insufficient for muscle identification due to extensive interspecific variation. For example, different names have b

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Maree, F. F., B. Blignaut, J. J. Esterhuysen, et al. "Predicting antigenic sites on the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid of the South African Territories types using virus neutralization data." Journal of General Virology 92, no. 10 (2011): 2297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.032839-0.

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Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) outer capsid proteins 1B, 1C and 1D contribute to the virus serotype distribution and antigenic variants that exist within each of the seven serotypes. This study presents phylogenetic, genetic and antigenic analyses of South African Territories (SAT) serotypes prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we show that the high levels of genetic diversity in the P1-coding region within the SAT serotypes are reflected in the antigenic properties of these viruses and therefore have implications for the selection of vaccine strains that would provide the best vaccine

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P, Abhinitha, Mohandas Rao, Ashutosh Rao, Satheesha Nayak, and Surekha Shetty. "Anomalous Pattern of Tendinous Slips of Peroneus Tertius and Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscles in the Foot- A Clinically Important Variation." Gulhane Medical Journal 56, no. 3 (2014): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/gulhane.15192.

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Choi, Hyeon Ki, Min Jwa Seo, Ja Choon Koo, Hyeon Chang Choi, and Won Hak Cho. "The Effects of Muscle Forces on Ankle Joint Kinetics during Postural Balance Control." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 871–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.871.

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We assessed the effects of muscle forces on ankle joint kinetics during postural balance control of human boy. Nine male subjects (mean age of 25.8 yrs) participated in the experiment. An ankle joint model assumed ball and socket joint was used, which was capable of three dimensional rotations. A six-camera VICON system was used for motion analysis. Waist pulling system and force platform were adopted for forward sway and GRF (ground reaction force) measurement. We used linear optimization programs to calculate the variation of muscle forces and angular displacements of shank and foot segments

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Boozari, Sahar, Ali Ashraf Jamshidi, Mohammad Ali Sanjari, and Hassan Jafari. "Effect of Functional Fatigue on Vertical Ground-Reaction Force in Individuals With Flat Feet." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 22, no. 3 (2013): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.22.3.177.

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Context:Flat foot is one of the lower extremity deformities that might change kinetic variables of gait. Fatigue is one of the factors that can alter the vertical ground-reaction force (GRF). The effect of a fatiguing condition on vertical GRF has not been documented in individuals with flat feet.Objective:To examine the fatigue effect on vertical GRF in individuals with flat feet compared with a normal group during barefoot walking.Design:Repeated-measure ANOVA for the effects of fatigue on individuals with flat feet and normal feet.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory.Participants:17 subjects wit

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Miranda, Lucília S., Yayoi M. Hirano, Claudia E. Mills, et al. "Systematics of stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa)." PeerJ 4 (May 5, 2016): e1951. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1951.

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Staurozoan classification is highly subjective, based on phylogeny-free inferences, and suborders, families, and genera are commonly defined by homoplasies. Additionally, many characters used in the taxonomy of the group have ontogenetic and intraspecific variation, and demand new and consistent assessments to establish their correct homologies. Consequently, Staurozoa is in need of a thorough systematic revision. The aim of this study is to propose a comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis for Staurozoa, providing the first phylogenetic classification for the group. According to our working hyp

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Baumfeld, Daniel, Tiago Baumfeld, Romário Lopes da Rocha, et al. "Reliability of Baropodometry on the Evaluation of Plantar Load Distribution: A Transversal Study." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5925137.

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Introduction. Baropodometry is used to measure the load distribution on feet during rest and walking. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in plantar foot pressures distribution due to period of working and due to stretching exercises of the posterior muscular chain. Methods. In this transversal study, all participants were submitted to baropodometric evaluation at two different times: before and after the working period and before and after stretching the muscles of the posterior chain. Results. We analyzed a total of 54 feet of 27 participants. After the working period, there was an

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DJERNÆS, MARIE. "Structure and phylogenetic significance of the sternum V glands in Trichoptera." Zootaxa 2884, no. 1 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2884.1.1.

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I investigated the sternum V gland in 38 families of Trichoptera, and found it to be present in 25 of these. I found that the gland is generally present in Annulipalpia, except Dipseudopsidae, and in Spicipalpia. It is widespread in Plenitentoria, while it is often absent in Brevitentoria, especially in males. The opening is slit-like and U or crescent-shaped. There is significant variation in the cuticular structures associated with the opening ranging from no apparent modification, over scaly patches to elaborate protuberances. Gland opening muscles are associated with the gland in all famil

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Gladyshev, Michail I., Alexander A. Makhrov, Ilia V. Baydarov, et al. "Fatty Acid Composition and Contents of Fish of Genus Salvelinus from Natural Ecosystems and Aquaculture." Biomolecules 12, no. 1 (2022): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12010144.

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Fatty acids (FA) of muscle tissue of Salvelinus species and its forms, S. alpinus, S. boganidae, S. drjagini, and S. fontinalis, from six Russian lakes and two aquacultures, were analyzed. Considerable variations in FA compositions and contents were found, including contents of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (EPA and DHA), which are important indicators of fish nutritive value for humans. As found, contents of EPA+DHA (mg·g−1 wet weight) in muscle tissue of Salvelinus species and forms varied more than tenfold. These differences were supposed to be primarily determined by phylogene

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Wang, Jitao, Hongyan Liu, Zijun Cao, et al. "Epidemiology of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease and Genetic Evolutionary Characteristics of Coxsackievirus A10 in Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province from 2016 to 2020." Viruses 15, no. 3 (2023): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15030694.

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In recent years, the prevalence of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enteroviruses other than enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) has gradually increased. The throat swab specimens of 2701 HFMD cases were tested, the VP1 regions of CVA10 RNA were amplified using RT-PCR, and phylogenetic analysis of CVA10 was performed. Children aged 1–5 years accounted for the majority (81.65%) and boys were more than girls. The positivity rates of EV-A71, CVA16, and other EVs were 15.22% (219/1439), 28.77% (414/1439), and 56.01% (806/1439), respectively. CVA10 is one of the im

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Etienne, Cyril, Christophe Mallet, Raphaël Cornette, and Alexandra Houssaye. "Influence of mass on tarsus shape variation: a morphometrical investigation among Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 129, no. 4 (2020): 950–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa005.

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Abstract Many tetrapod lineages show extreme increases in body mass in their evolutionary history, associated with important osteological changes. The ankle joint, essential for foot movement, is assumed to be particularly affected in this regard. We investigated the morphological adaptations of the astragalus and the calcaneus in Rhinocerotidae, and analysed them in light of a comparative analysis with other Perissodactyla. We performed 3D geometric morphometrics and correlated shape with centroid size of the bone and body mass of the species. Our results show that mass has an influence on bo

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Aifari, Sagia Abbas Gibar. "A Molecular Investigation for Staphylococcus aureus in Diabetic Foot Ulcers." International Journal of Medical and Health Research 3, no. 1 (2025): 22–32. https://doi.org/10.61424/ijmhr.v3i1.234.

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In Iraq, the high incidence and recurrence rates of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) underscore the need for a multifaceted approach to prevention and management. The study aims to direct molecularly detection of the prevalence of S. aureus among DFUs patients using molecular assay and then nucleotide sequencing of some local S. aureus isolates to be documented in the NCBI and identify its association with the GenBank-BLAST S. aureus isolates. Distribution of infection among the age and sex of the study population in addition to the type of medication(s) was also aimed. After disinfecting the skin

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Tse, Yuen Ting, and Jonathan J. M. Calede. "Quantifying the link between craniodental morphology and diet in the Soricidae using geometric morphometrics." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 133, no. 1 (2021): 28–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab005.

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Abstract Dietary adaptations have often been associated with heightened taxonomic diversity. Yet, one of the most species-rich mammalian families, the Soricidae, is often considered to be ecologically and morphologically relatively homogenous. Here, we use geometric morphometrics to capture skull and dentary morphology in a broad sample of shrew species and test the hypothesis that morphological variation among shrew species reflects adaptations to food hardness. Our analyses demonstrate that morphology is associated with dietary ecology. Species that consume hard food items are larger and hav

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Bagheri, F., H. Barnamehei, M. R. Kharazi, et al. "Comparison of biarticular muscles effects on balance variation between bare-foot and wearing high-heel shoe conditions: Experimental and simulation by OpenSim." Gait & Posture 81 (September 2020): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.07.033.

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Athokpam, V., and V. Tandon. "Morphological and molecular characterization of Posthodiplostomum sp. (Digenea: Diplostomidae) metacercaria in the muscles of snakeheads (Channa punctata) from Manipur, India." Helminthologia 51, no. 2 (2014): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-014-0221-z.

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Abstract The spotted snakehead, Channa punctata Bloch, 1793, is a locally important fish species commonly consumed by the natives in the state of Manipur, Northeast India. The fish host C. punctata from Lamphel area revealed a diplostomid metacercarial infection. Morphologically, the recovered metacercaria was identified as a species of Posthodiplostomum Dubois, 1936. Molecular characterization using the ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA 18S, ITS2 and 28S regions) and the mitochondrial CO1 region supplements the identification. Molecular analysis revealed the metacercaria to be closely related to Post

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