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Journal articles on the topic 'Muscles of the foot'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Henderson, Adrienne D., A. Wayne Johnson, Lindsey G. Rasmussen, et al. "Early-Stage Diabetic Neuropathy Reduces Foot Strength and Intrinsic but Not Extrinsic Foot Muscle Size." Journal of Diabetes Research 2020 (March 12, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9536362.

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Background. Tracking progression of diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy (DPN) is usually focused on sensory nerves and subjective testing methods. Recent studies have suggested that distal muscle atrophy may precede sensation loss. Methods to objectively measure distal muscle size and strength are needed to help understand how neuropathy affects muscle function. Purpose. To evaluate individual intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscle sizes and functional foot strength in participants with DPN. Methods. Thirty individuals participated in this cross-sectional study (15 DPN and 15 matched controls). Si

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2

Dygut, Jacek, and Monika Piwowar. "Muscular Systems and Their Influence on Foot Arches and Toes Alignment—Towards the Proper Diagnosis and Treatment of Hallux Valgus." Diagnostics 12, no. 12 (2022): 2945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12122945.

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(1) Background: Static foot deformities, including hallux valgus, are common deformities. The subject under consideration is the role of extrinsic and intrinsic muscles working within muscular systems that shape the arches of the foot and the alignment of the toes. (2) Methods: Based on a literature review, the muscle systems were analyzed. The systems under consideration were as follows: “tendon stirrup” (system I); muscles complementary to the tendon stirrup (system II); “foot lever” (system III); muscles complementary to system III (system IV); “reins of hallux” (system V), a muscular syste

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Skowron, Natalia, Roksana Malak, Ewa Mojs, and Włodzimierz Samborski. "Foot arch condition in comparison with the muscular balance of lower limbs in children at school age of 6–14 years." Journal of Medical Science 84, no. 2 (2015): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20883/medical.e21.

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Introduction. Foot arch condition plays an important role in correct setting of lower limbs joints, proper muscles tone and well-being [1]. More and more frequently foot arch deviations affect population of school age children [2, 3]. It is based on anatomic knowledge that abnormal foot arch is strongly connected with the disturbed muscle tone of lower limb. The aim of the presented study is to evaluate the relation between the foot arch condition and muscular balance of the lower limbs.Material and methods. Children were assessed using the Clarke’s angle and indicatory muscles length tests in

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Ridge, Sarah T., K. Michael Rowley, Toshiyuki Kurihara, et al. "Contributions of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Foot Muscles during Functional Standing Postures." BioMed Research International 2022 (May 5, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7708077.

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Purpose. Maintaining balance during static standing postures requires the coordination of many neuromuscular mechanisms. The role of the intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles in this paradigm has yet to be clearly defined. The purpose of this study was to explore foot muscle activation during static phases on common weight-bearing tasks of varying loads and balance demands. Methods. Twenty healthy young adults performed 6 standing postures (single-limb and double-limb stand, squat, and heel raise) with one foot on a force plate. Muscle activity was recorded from the abductor hallucis, flexor ha

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Glavac, Boris. "Foot muscles strengthener." Vojnotehni?ki glasnik 60, no. 2 (2012): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojtehg1202343g.

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Knellwolf, T. P., A. R. Burton, E. Hammam, and V. G. Macefield. "Firing properties of muscle spindles supplying the intrinsic foot muscles of humans in unloaded and freestanding conditions." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 1 (2019): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00539.2018.

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We recently developed an approach for recording from muscle spindles in the intrinsic muscles of the foot in freestanding humans by inserting a tungsten microelectrode into the posterior tibial nerve behind the medial malleolus of the ankle. Here we characterize the behavior of muscle spindles in the small muscles of the foot in 1) seated subjects with the leg horizontal and the foot naturally plantarflexed and 2) standing subjects. In the first study, recordings were made from 26 muscle spindle afferents located within flexor digiti minimi brevis ( n = 4), abductor digiti minimi ( n = 3), qua

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Mohammadi, Hosein Kouhzad, Khosro Khademi Kalantari, Sedighe Sadat Naeimi, Alireza kbarzadeh Baghban, Navid Taheri, and Mohammad Pouretezad. "Comparison of Lower Limb Muscle Activation Patterns in Different Foot Structures using Voluntary Response Index: A Study Protocol." International Journal of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation 1, no. 2 (2022): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12974/2313-0954.2014.01.02.4.

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Background: Structural foot disorders can widely contribute to lower limb musculoskeletal conditions. Some researchers consider them the origin of overuse injuries in lower limbs. Although their effects on electrical activities of intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles are well-established, their impact on other lower limb muscle groups are yet to be clarified. Objectives: This study aims to identify the activation patterns of lower limb muscle groups in various foot structures. Materials and Methods: In this case control study, 45 asymptomatic male and female subjects with different

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Gooding, Thomas M., Mark A. Feger, Joseph M. Hart, and Jay Hertel. "Intrinsic Foot Muscle Activation During Specific Exercises: A T2 Time Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study." Journal of Athletic Training 51, no. 8 (2016): 644–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.10.07.

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Context: The intrinsic foot muscles maintain the medial longitudinal arch and aid in force distribution and postural control during gait. Impaired intrinsic foot-muscle function has been linked to various foot conditions. Several rehabilitative exercises have been proposed to improve it; however, literature that identifies which individual muscles are activated during specific intrinsic foot-muscle exercises is lacking. Objective: To describe changes in activation of the intrinsic plantar foot muscles after 4 exercises as measured with T2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Design: Descriptive l

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Kelly, Luke A., Dominic J. Farris, Andrew G. Cresswell, and Glen A. Lichtwark. "Intrinsic foot muscles contribute to elastic energy storage and return in the human foot." Journal of Applied Physiology 126, no. 1 (2019): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00736.2018.

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The human foot is uniquely stiff to enable forward propulsion, yet also possesses sufficient elasticity to act as an energy store, recycling mechanical energy during locomotion. Historically, this dichotomous function has been attributed to the passive contribution of the plantar aponeurosis. However, recent evidence highlights the potential for muscles to modulate the energetic function of the foot actively. Here, we test the hypothesis that the central nervous system can actively control the foot’s energetic function, via activation of the muscles within the foot’s longitudinal arch. We used

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Lee, Jin Hyuck, Ki Hun Shin, Taek Sung Jung, and Woo Young Jang. "Lower Extremity Muscle Performance and Foot Pressure in Patients Who Have Plantar Fasciitis with and without Flat Foot Posture." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (2022): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010087.

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Abnormal foot posture and poor muscle performance are potential causes of plantar fasciitis (PF). However, no study has compared the differences between lower extremity muscle performance and foot pressure in patients who have PF with and without abnormal foot postures. This study aimed to compare the differences in lower extremity muscle performance, such as in the hip, quadriceps, hamstring, and plantar flexor, and foot pressure in patients who have PF with and without flat foot postures. Seventy patients with plantar heel pain were enrolled (37 flat feet and 33 without flat feet). The hip m

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Hansen, J., G. D. Thomas, T. N. Jacobsen, and R. G. Victor. "Muscle metaboreflex triggers parallel sympathetic activation in exercising and resting human skeletal muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 266, no. 6 (1994): H2508—H2514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1994.266.6.h2508.

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Activation of a metabolically generated reflex in exercising skeletal muscle (muscle metaboreflex) in humans is known to trigger increases in sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) to resting skeletal muscles. In seven healthy human subjects, to determine whether this reflex mechanism also increases SNA to the exercising muscles, we recorded muscle SNA with microelectrodes in the right peroneal nerve and in fascicles of the left peroneal nerve selectively innervating the exercising muscles of the left foot. Subjects performed static toe extension at 20% maximal voluntary contraction alone or in comb

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Ullauri, Jessica Beltran, Yasuhiro Akiyama, Shogo Okamoto, and Yoji Yamada. "Biomechanical Analysis of Gait Compensation Strategies as a Result of Muscle Restriction." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (2021): 8344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188344.

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The loss of muscle mass with aging and consequent muscle weakness results in compensatory gait motions. Although these compensatory motions increase the cost of walking, they appear to be an attempt by the elderly to maintain safe ambulation. However, the relationship between the affected muscles and compensatory motions in the gait cycle is unclear. This study examined gait compensation in young subjects whose muscles were weakened with Muscle Activity Restriction Taping Technique, which restricts the muscle’s belly by tightening the lower limb(s). The study included different walking speeds

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Kelly, Luke A., Andrew G. Cresswell, Sebastien Racinais, Rodney Whiteley, and Glen Lichtwark. "Intrinsic foot muscles have the capacity to control deformation of the longitudinal arch." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11, no. 93 (2014): 20131188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.1188.

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The human foot is characterized by a pronounced longitudinal arch (LA) that compresses and recoils in response to external load during locomotion, allowing for storage and return of elastic energy within the passive structures of the arch and contributing to metabolic energy savings. Here, we examine the potential for active muscular contribution to the biomechanics of arch deformation and recoil. We test the hypotheses that activation of the three largest plantar intrinsic foot muscles, abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum and quadratus plantae is associated with muscle stretch in response to

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MO, Ericson, Nisell R, Arborelius UP, and Ekholm J. "Muscular activity during ergometer cycling." Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 17, no. 2 (2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/165019771985175361.

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The aim of the study was to quantify the activity as recorded by electromyography during ergometer cycling in eleven different muscles of the lower extremity. Eleven healthy subjects rode in twelve different ways at different work-load, pedalling rate, saddle height and pedal foot position. Vastus medialis and lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis and the soleus muscle were the most activated muscles. Changes in muscle activity during different calibrations were studied in eight of the eleven muscles. An increase in work-load significantly increased the mean maximum activity in all t

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Kelly, Luke A., Glen A. Lichtwark, Dominic J. Farris, and Andrew Cresswell. "Shoes alter the spring-like function of the human foot during running." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, no. 119 (2016): 20160174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0174.

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The capacity to store and return energy in legs and feet that behave like springs is crucial to human running economy. Recent comparisons of shod and barefoot running have led to suggestions that modern running shoes may actually impede leg and foot-spring function by reducing the contributions from the leg and foot musculature. Here we examined the effect of running shoes on foot longitudinal arch (LA) motion and activation of the intrinsic foot muscles. Participants ran on a force-instrumented treadmill with and without running shoes. We recorded foot kinematics and muscle activation of the

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Lapier, T. K., H. W. Burton, R. Almon, and F. Cerny. "Alterations in intramuscular connective tissue after limb casting affect contraction-induced muscle injury." Journal of Applied Physiology 78, no. 3 (1995): 1065–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.78.3.1065.

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This study examined the effect of alterations in rat intramuscular connective tissue (CT), secondary to limb immobilization, on the muscle's susceptibility to contraction-induced injury. Hindlimbs were casted for 3 wk with the extensor digitorum longus muscle fixed in a shortened (IM-SP) or lengthened position (IM-LP). An age-matched control group remained uncasted. Extensor digitorum longus muscles were injured in vivo by using a motorized foot pedal that repeatedly flexed and extended the foot while the muscle was electrically stimulated during plantar flexion. Four hours postinjury, maximum

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Kelly, Luke A., Glen Lichtwark, and Andrew G. Cresswell. "Active regulation of longitudinal arch compression and recoil during walking and running." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 102 (2015): 20141076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.1076.

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The longitudinal arch (LA) of the human foot compresses and recoils in response to being cyclically loaded. This has typically been considered a passive process, however, it has recently been shown that the plantar intrinsic foot muscles have the capacity to actively assist in controlling LA motion. Here we tested the hypothesis that intrinsic foot muscles, abductor hallucis (AH), flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) and quadratus plantae (QP), actively lengthen and shorten during the stance phase of gait in response to loading of the foot. Nine participants walked at 1.25 m s −1 and ran at 2.78 and

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Kosov, Igor' Semenovich, O. V. Kozhevnikov, S. A. Mikhaylova, et al. "On Pathogenesis of Recurrent Club Foot." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 18, no. 1 (2011): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto201118148-54.

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Complex study of motor skills in children with congenital club foot was performed at CITO laboratory of clinical physiology and biomechanics, and clinic of pediatric orthopaedics. Subjects for electrophysiological and biomechanical examination were 34 patients with congenital unilateral club foot (19 boys and 15 girls) aged from 3 to 16 years. Intact extremity indices were used for comparison. Study in open biokinematic contour mode on the affected side showed decrease in voluntary bioelectric activity of anterior tibial muscle by 34-60% and gastrocnemius muscle by 7-19%. Spectrum analysis of

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Karpinska, Olena, and Obeidat Khaled. "WORK OF MUSCLES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FUNCTIONING OF THE FOOT IN CONDITIONS OF KNEE JOINT CONTRACTURE." ORTHOPAEDICS, TRAUMATOLOGY and PROSTHETICS, no. 1 (June 12, 2023): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15674/0030-59872023149-54.

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Prolonged walking with knee joint contracture causes changes in the functioning of the muscles of the lower leg and foot. Objective. To study the functioning of the foot and leg muscles in the conditions of knee joint contracture using a human walking model. Methods. The gait analysis was performed in the OpenSim 4.0 program. The modeling was based on the gait2394 model. The following muscles were studied: m. peroneus brevis, m. peroneus longus, m. peroneus tertius, m. tibialis posterior, m. tibialis anterium, m. flexor digitorum longus, m. flexor hallucis longus, m. extensor digitorum longus,

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Andrade, Antonio C. F., Danilo S. Catelli, Bruno L. S. Bedo, et al. "Association between the Strength of Flexor Hallucis Brevis and Abductor Hallucis and Foot Mobility in Recreational Runners." Biomechanics 2, no. 4 (2022): 613–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics2040048.

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Different measurements of foot morphological characteristics can effectively predict foot muscle strength. However, it is still uncertain if structural and postural alterations leading to foot pronation could be compensated with more efficient function of the intrinsic foot muscles and how mobility and strength are associated. Additionally, the relationship between foot mobility and the strength of the intrinsic muscles that control the foot arch is still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the morphological parameters between dominant and non-dominant feet and the relationship

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Li, Sheng. "Ankle and Foot Spasticity Patterns in Chronic Stroke Survivors with Abnormal Gait." Toxins 12, no. 10 (2020): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12100646.

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Chronic stroke survivors with spastic hemiplegia have various clinical presentations of ankle and foot muscle spasticity patterns. They are mechanical consequences of interactions between spasticity and weakness of surrounding muscles during walking. Four common ankle and foot spasticity patterns are described and discussed through sample cases. The patterns discussed are equinus, varus, equinovarus, and striatal toe deformities. Spasticity of the primary muscle(s) for each deformity is identified. However, it is emphasized that clinical presentation depends on the severity of spasticity and w

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Bondarenko, Stanislav, Dmytro Sereda, and Olena Karpinska. "THE STUDY OF THE WORK OF THE MUSCLES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FUNCTIONALITY OF THE HIP JOINT AFTER TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY USING DIFFERENT SURGICAL APPROACHES." ORTHOPAEDICS TRAUMATOLOGY and PROSTHETICS, no. 2 (July 9, 2024): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15674/0030-59872024224-32.

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Muscles that can be damaged during endoprosthesis are indicated. Objective. To study the features of muscle work to ensure walking function after hip arthroplasty depending on the surgical approach. Methods. The basis of the simulation is the basic OpenSim Gate2392 model. Six models were created that predicted the condition of the muscles of the lower limb in normal conditions, during coxarthrosis and after 6 and 12 months. after surgery with lateral and anterior approaches. The results. For lateral access in 6 months. after the operation, the adductor muscles responsible for stabilizing the p

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Park, Du-Jin, and Young-In Hwang. "Comparison of the Intrinsic Foot Muscle Activities between Therapeutic and Three-Dimensional Foot-Ankle Exercises in Healthy Adults: An Explanatory Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (2020): 7189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197189.

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Background: In recent years, a three-dimensional ankle exercise has been proposed as a practice for strengthening the intrinsic foot muscles, however this topic still requires further research. This study aimed to compare the activities of the intrinsic muscles in healthy participants during 3D foot–ankle exercises, namely, short foot (SF), and toe spread out (TSO). Methods: Prior to the experiment, 16 healthy adults were trained on how to perform SF, TSO, and 3D foot–ankle exercises for an hour. Once all participants passed the foot–ankle exercise performance test, we randomly measured the ac

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Lai, Zhangqi, Ruiyan Wang, Bangguo Zhou, Jing Chen, and Lin Wang. "Difference in the recruitment of intrinsic foot muscles in the elderly under static and dynamic postural conditions." PeerJ 11 (July 19, 2023): e15719. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15719.

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Background The effect of foot, especially intrinsic muscles, on postural control and its related mechanisms remain unclear due to the complex structure. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the activation of intrinsic foot muscles in the elderly under static and dynamic postural tasks. Methods Twenty-one elderly participants were included to perform different postural tests (sensory organization test (SOT), motor control test (MCT), limit of stability test (LOS), and unilateral stance test) by a NeuroCom Balance Manager System. The participants were instructed to maintain postural stabili

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Zungare, Shruti, and Abhijit Satralkar. "Correlation of Intrinsic Foot Muscle Strength with Forefoot and Hindfoot Posture in Patients with Flat Foot." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 13, no. 11 (2023): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20231127.

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Introduction: Foot is the main structure involved in locomotory activity. The anatomical segments of foot involve forefoot, midfoot and hindfoot. Pes planus is a common foot pathology constituting of collapse of the medial longitudinal arch, foot abduction at the talonavicular joint, and hindfoot valgus. Regardless of the type of flat foot, complications involve low back pain, knee pain, bunions, hammertoes, balance deficit, and increased chances of falls in elderly. Plantar intrinsic foot muscles are the small group of muscles responsible to maintain the medial longitudinal arch and various t

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Valentyn, Gusyev. "Functional foot correction is the basis of any therapy." Archives of Medical Case Reports and Case Study 5, no. 5 (2022): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2692-9392/122.

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The main element that supports lymph and blood circulation in the body - the processes of cell metabolism, are musculoskeletal structures. This is indicated by human physiology, but this is not taken into account in the treatment - rehabilitation of the body. The skeleton must be considered not only as a system of levers and muscles that form our posture, but also as a set of movements that are laid down by nature to support the functioning of lymphatic and venous-muscle pumps. The paired muscles hold the bones of the skeleton in the so-called neutral stable position. This achieves the relativ

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Sulowska, Iwona, Anna Mika, and Łukasz Oleksy. "The influence of plantar short foot muscle exercises on foot posture and gait parameters in long-distance runners." Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences 27, no. 78 (2017): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.6820.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of exercises of plantar short foot muscles on foot posture and gait parameters in long-distance runners. Basic procedures: The study involved 48 long-distance runners aged 21-45 years. The runners performed the short foot muscle exercises daily for 6 weeks. The Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) and gait parameters (G-walk) were measured twice: at baseline and after 6 weeks of exercises. Results: Lower values of the Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) were observed. In the assessment of gait parameters runners obtained lower cadence, walking speed, strid

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Żebrowska, Kinga, and Katarzyna Homoncik. "The influence of foot arch on ankle joint torques andon sEMG signal amplitude in selected lower leg muscles." Advances in Rehabilitation 30, no. 3 (2016): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rehab-2015-0050.

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Abstract Introduction: This study sought to assess the influence of proper foot arch on electromyographic activity of selected lower limb muscles. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of foot arch on the activity of selected muscles and to determine whether electromyography might help to identify types of flat feet resulting from muscle- or ligament-related causes. Material and methods: The experiment involved 24 students of the Faculty of Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Warsaw. To determine Clarke’s angle, all study participants were examined with a podoscope.

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Waheed, Junaid, Nitin Kumar Arora, and Moazzam Hussain Khan. "Comparison of Leg Muscle Activity During Level and Uphill Walking in Individuals with Flat Foot and Normal Foot: A Cross-Sectional Study." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 29, no. 1 (2022): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2022-0003.

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Abstract Introduction. Arches of the foot play a significant role in lower limb function and impairments in the arches are correlated to increased injury risk. The aim of this study was to identify the difference in muscles activity in individuals with a flat foot as compared to those with normal foot arch using surface electromyography (sEMG) while walking on at different speeds and gradients (slope of the treadmill). Material and Methods. Sixty healthy subjects were recruited by convenience sampling method and equally divided into two groups: short arch group (n = 30) and normal arch group (

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Kate, Riddhi, and Anagha Palkar. "Effect of Intrinsic Foot Muscle Exercises on Foot Posture Index in Obese Individuals with Pes Planus." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 11, no. 10 (2021): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20211037.

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Background: Flatfoot (pes planus) is a postural deformity in which the arch of the foot collapses. Obesity increases the stresses applied to the foot directly, via increased bodyweight, and indirectly, via alterations to foot structure. Extrinsic and intrinsic foot muscles act as the main components of foot function. Foot posture index is a clinical tool used to quantify the degree to which a foot is pronated, neutral or supinated. Studies done have concluded that strengthening intrinsic muscles enhances dynamic support of MLA and foot stability. There is lack of literature on effectiveness of

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Kralina, Svetlana Eduardovna, S. E. Kralina, L. K. Kadzhaya, and L. K. Kadzhaya. "Long-Term Result of Complex Treatment for Recurrent Congenital Club Foot (Case Report)." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 18, no. 1 (2011): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto201118180-82.

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An example of successful complex treatment of 8 years old patient with severe recurrent club foot is presented. Treatment included surgical restoration of osteoarticular interrelations in the foot and elimination of muscle imbalance. For the restoration of shin muscles' reciprocal interrelations and formation of proper motor skill, training of muscles according to the method of functional biocontrol was applied. Treatment result was assessed after 3 years: no deformity relapse was observed, function of the extremity was completely compensated.

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Newsham, Katherine R. "Strengthening the Intrinsic Foot Muscles." Athletic Therapy Today 15, no. 1 (2010): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/att.15.1.32.

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Kalden, P., T. Krause, B. Volk, H. H. Peter, and J. von Kempis. "Myositis of small foot muscles." Rheumatology International 18, no. 2 (1998): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002960050061.

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Gardin, Fredrick Anthony, David Middlemas, Jennifer L. Williams, Steven Leigh, and Rob R. Horn. "Navicular Drop Before and After Fatigue of the Ankle Invertor Muscles." International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training 18, no. 6 (2013): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.18.6.36.

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Context:Navicular drop is widely believed to be an indicator of elevated susceptibility to pronation-related injuries, which may be increased by fatigue in the muscles that dynamically support the medial longitudinal arch.Objective:The purpose of this study was to evaluate navicular drop before and after fatigue of the ankle invertor muscles among individuals with different foot types.Participants:20 male and 16 female recreationally active, college-age volunteers (20.03 ± 1.48 years of age).Methods:Navicular drop was measured before and after inducing fatigue in the ankle invertor muscles. Pa

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Hillen, Brian K., Devin L. Jindrich, James J. Abbas, Gary T. Yamaguchi, and Ranu Jung. "Effects of spinal cord injury-induced changes in muscle activation on foot drag in a computational rat ankle model." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 7 (2015): 2666–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00507.2014.

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Spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to changes in muscle activation patterns and atrophy of affected muscles. Moderate levels of SCI are typically associated with foot drag during the swing phase of locomotion. Foot drag is often used to assess locomotor recovery, but the causes remain unclear. We hypothesized that foot drag results from inappropriate muscle coordination preventing flexion at the stance-to-swing transition. To test this hypothesis and to assess the relative contributions of neural and muscular changes on foot drag, we developed a two-dimensional, one degree of freedom ankle musc

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Dingenen, Bart, Louis Peeraer, Kevin Deschamps, Steffen Fieuws, Luc Janssens, and Filip Staes. "Muscle-Activation Onset Times With Shoes and Foot Orthoses in Participants With Chronic Ankle Instability." Journal of Athletic Training 50, no. 7 (2015): 688–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.2.02.

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Context Participants with chronic ankle instability (CAI) use an altered neuromuscular strategy to shift weight from double-legged to single-legged stance. Shoes and foot orthoses may influence these muscle-activation patterns. Objective To evaluate the influence of shoes and foot orthoses on onset times of lower extremity muscle activity in participants with CAI during the transition from double-legged to single-legged stance. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Musculoskeletal laboratory. Patients or Other Participants A total of 15 people (9 men, 6 women; age = 21.8 ± 3.0 years, height =

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Knellwolf, T. P., A. R. Burton, E. Hammam, and V. G. Macefield. "Microneurography from the posterior tibial nerve: a novel method of recording activity from the foot in freely standing humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 3 (2018): 953–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00937.2017.

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The posterior tibial nerve, located behind the medial malleolus of the ankle, supplies the intrinsic muscles of the foot and most of the skin of the sole. We describe a novel approach for recording from this nerve via a percutaneously inserted tungsten microelectrode and provide examples of recordings from presumed muscle spindle endings recorded in freely standing human subjects. The fact that the angular excursions of the ankle joint are small as the foot is loaded during the transition from the seated position to standing means that one can obtain stable recordings of neural traffic in unlo

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Zaottini, Federico, Riccardo Picasso, Federico Pistoia, et al. "Ultrasound of the plantar foot: a guide for the assessment of plantar intrinsic muscles." Journal Of Ultrasonography 23, no. 94 (2023): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/jou.2023.0024.

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Plantar intrinsic muscles play a pivotal role in posture control and gait dynamics. They help maintain the longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot, and they regulate the degree and velocity of arch deformation during walking or running. Consequently, pathologies affecting the plantar intrinsic muscles (for instance, acquired and inherited neuropathies) lead to foot deformity, gait disorders, and painful syndromes. Intrinsic muscle malfunctioning is also associated with multifactorial overuse or degenerative conditions such as pes planus, hallux valgus, and plantar fasciitis. As the clin

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Ridge, Sarah, Dustin Bruening, Kevin Jurgensmeier, et al. "A Comparison of Foot Strengthening versus Minimal Footwear Use on Intrinsic Muscle Size and Strength." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 3, no. 3 (2018): 2473011418S0040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011418s00406.

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Category: Other Introduction/Purpose: The intrinsic muscles of the arch have been classified as the core of the foot. Intrinsic foot muscles (IFM) work as local stabilizers and extrinsic foot muscles (EFM) work as global movers to help control the pronation of the foot. These muscles prevent excessive strain of the MLA. Previous research has shown that strengthening IFM may reduce pain and improve function in people with plantar fasciitis. Additionally, habitual use of minimal shoes that lack support of the arch require greater demand on the intrinsic muscles. The purpose of this study was to

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Messina, Giuseppe, Alessandra Amato, Federica Rizzo, et al. "The Association between Masticatory Muscles Activation and Foot Pressure Distribution in Older Female Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 6 (2023): 5137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20065137.

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The association between craniofacial muscles and postural control is well-known because of numerous anatomical connections. However, there are a few conflicting studies that correlated the activity of the masticatory muscles with the distribution of body weight pressure on the feet, which can strongly influence balance. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to evaluate the association between the masseter and temporalis muscle activity and foot pressure distribution. Fifty-two women were recruited, and baropodometric and EMG analyses of the masseter and temporalis baseline activities were an

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ÜNVER, Banu, Hanifegül TAŞKIRAN, and Ahmet Cüneyt AKGÖL. "Foot Muscle Strength, Muscle Shortness, Balance, and Shoe Preferences in Different Foot Postures." Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 12, no. 4 (2022): 939–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.714950.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the foot muscle strength, muscle shortness, tibialis posterior endurance, balance, and the shoe preference differences between the neutral and pronated foot posture. Methods: Forty-nine participants consisting of 23 women and 26 men, and age of between 18 and 45 years were participated in the study. Foot posture, medial longitudinal arch height, height, gastrocnemius and hamstring muscle shortness, foot and ankle muscle strength, tibialis  posterior muscle endurance, static balance, and shoe preferences of the participants were ev

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Vlutters, Mark, Edwin H. F. van Asseldonk, and Herman van der Kooij. "Ankle muscle responses during perturbed walking with blocked ankle joints." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 5 (2019): 1711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00752.2018.

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The ankle joint muscles can contribute to balance during walking by modulating the center of pressure and ground reaction forces through an ankle moment. This is especially effective in the sagittal plane through ankle plantar- or dorsiflexion. If the ankle joints were to be physically blocked to make an ankle strategy ineffective, there would be no functional contribution of these muscles to balance during walking, nor would these muscles generate afferent output regarding ankle joint rotation. Consequently, ankle muscle activation for the purpose of balance control would be expected to disap

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Choi, Hwan, Tishya Anne Leong Wren, and Katherine Muterspaugh Steele. "Gastrocnemius operating length with ankle foot orthoses in cerebral palsy." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 41, no. 3 (2016): 274–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364616665731.

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Background:Many individuals with cerebral palsy wear ankle foot orthoses during daily life. Orthoses influence joint motion, but how they impact muscle remains unclear. In particular, the gastrocnemius is commonly stiff in cerebral palsy. Understanding whether orthoses stretch or shorten this muscle during daily life may inform orthosis design and rehabilitation.Objectives:This study investigated the impact of different ankle foot orthoses on gastrocnemius operating length during walking in children with cerebral palsy.Study design:Case series, within subject comparison of gastrocnemius operat

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SALGAR, LINA, JULIO MARIO HOYOS, and ANDRÉS ACOSTA. "New conditions and intraspecific variations in hand and foot muscles in Pristimantis bogotensis (Peters, 1863) (Amphibia:Anura: Strabomantidae)." Zootaxa 2025, no. 1 (2009): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2025.1.5.

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Some conditions from complete dissection of hand and foot muscles of Pristimantis bogotensis (Strabomantidae) presented here have not been reported in anurans. One muscle not described before was found: the m. abductor ulnocarpalis. Muscles of the forearm, the hand, and the foot were found as exclusive characters in this species. Two minor variants (sensu Raikow et al., 1990) were identified, showing that it is important to examine hind and forelimbs of both sides of the body (left and right) in anatomical studies for detecting intraspecific variation.

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Wang, Xiaohui, Liang Chen, Weiwei Liu, Benli Su, and Yuhong Zhang. "Early Detection of Atrophy of Foot Muscles in Chinese Patients of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by High-Frequency Ultrasonography." Journal of Diabetes Research 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/927069.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of high-frequency ultrasonography in detecting atrophy of foot muscles in Chinese patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Chinese patients of T2DM with (n=56) or without (n=50) diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and the control subjects (n=50) were enrolled. The nondominant foot of all subjects was examined with high-frequency ultrasonography. The transverse diameter, thickness, and cross-sectional area of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle (EDB) and the thickness of the muscles of the first interstitium (MILs) were measured.

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Kenis, Vladimir Markovich, Stanislav Vyacheslavovich Ivanov, and Tatiana Ilinichna Kiseleva. "Selective dorsal rhizotomy opportunities with foot deformitiesin children with cerebral palsy." Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery 3, no. 1 (2015): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ptors3122-26.

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Foot deformities are the most common orthopedic condition in children with cerebral palsy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) on foot deformities in children with cerebral palsy. The results were assessed clinically by measurement of changes in muscle spaticity and foot posture. Percentage of resection of dorsal rootlets was from 40 to 90 % of total thickness. The degree of tone reduction had a tendency to be more pronounced in the more proximal muscles and was minimal in calf muscles. Nevertheless, foot posture improved more significantly. T

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Hudson, Heather M., Darcy M. Griffin, Abderraouf Belhaj-Saïf, and Paul D. Cheney. "Properties of primary motor cortex output to hindlimb muscles in the macaque monkey." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 3 (2015): 937–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00099.2014.

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The cortical control of forelimb motor function has been studied extensively, especially in the primate. In contrast, cortical control of the hindlimb has been relatively neglected. This study assessed the output properties of the primary motor cortex (M1) hindlimb representation in terms of the sign, latency, magnitude, and distribution of effects in stimulus-triggered averages (StTAs) of electromyography (EMG) activity recorded from 19 muscles, including hip, knee, ankle, digit, and intrinsic foot muscles, during a push-pull task compared with data reported previously on the forelimb. StTAs

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Colby, Scott, Anthony Francisco, Yu Bing, Donald Kirkendall, Michael Finch, and William Garrett. "Electromyographic and Kinematic Analysis of Cutting Maneuvers." American Journal of Sports Medicine 28, no. 2 (2000): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465000280021501.

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The objective of this study was to qualitatively characterize quadriceps and hamstring muscle activation as well as to determine knee flexion angle during the eccentric motion of sidestep cutting, cross-cutting, stopping, and landing. Fifteen healthy collegiate and recreational athletes performed the four movements while knee angle and electromyographic activity (surface electrodes) of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis obliquus, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and medial hamstring (semimembranosus/semitendinosus) muscles were recorded. The results indicated that there is high-level quadric

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Santi, Mark D., and Michael J. Botte. "Volkmann's Ischemic Contracture of the Foot and Ankle: Evaluation and Treatment of Established Deformity." Foot & Ankle International 16, no. 6 (1995): 368–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079501600610.

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Fibrotic contracture of skeletal muscle can follow weeks or months after the severe ischemic insult of compartment syndrome. Commonly known as Volkmann's ischemic contracture, the affected limb often becomes dys-functional and painful, and may lose sensibility. The pathogenesis of the muscle contracture includes prolonged ischemia, myonecrosis, fibroblastic proliferation, contraction of the cicatrix, and myotendinous adhesion formation. Resultant shortening or overpull of involved muscles leads to stiffness and deformity. Simultaneously, nerve injury from initial ischemia or subsequent soft ti

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Ahn, A. N., J. K. Kang, M. A. Quitt, B. C. Davidson, and C. T. Nguyen. "Variability of neural activation during walking in humans: short heels and big calves." Biology Letters 7, no. 4 (2011): 539–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.1169.

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People come in different shapes and sizes. In particular, calf muscle size in humans varies considerably. One possible cause for the different shapes of calf muscles is the inherent difference in neural signals sent to these muscles during walking. In sedentary adults, the variability in neural control of the calf muscles was examined with muscle size, walking kinematics and limb morphometrics. Half the subjects walked while activating their medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles more strongly than their lateral gastrocnemius (LG) muscles during most walking speeds (‘MG-biased’). The other subjects

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