Journal articles: 'Muscovy Company'

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Kiselev, Aleksandr. "The Muscovy Company and English Expeditions to North America in the Last Quarter of the 16th Century." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 1 (March 2024): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2024.1.9.

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The introduction of the article includes the justification of the necessity to determine the role of the English Muscovy Company in the study of the geography of North America in the last quarter of the 16th century. The monopoly of the Muscovy Company and the significance of this commercial firm in the discovery of the northeast coast and Arctic waters of North America have not yet been studied. Documents (charters, reports, letters, petitions, and treatises) directly related to the organization of English voyages to the American Arctic waters, as well as diplomatic documents, are used as materials. Analysis. The reasons and circumstances of the Muscovy Company’s monopoly on the search for the North-West Passage in North America are studied. The company’s contribution to the organization of the expeditions of Martin Frobisher in 1576 and John Davis in 1585– 1587 is determined. The attempts of the Cathay Company and Humphrey Gilbert at the turn of the 1570s–1580s to deprive “Muscovite” merchants of this privilege are analyzed. It is proven that even at the beginning of the 17th century, the Moscow Company retained a monopoly on the exploration of the Arctic seas. Results. With its monopoly on the search for the North-West Passage and its organizational and financial support, the Muscovy Company made an important contribution to the exploration of the north-eastern coast of North America in the last quarter of the 16th century. English navigators had the opportunity to explore Arctic waters, step by step shaping the modern geographical shape of North America on maps.

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2

Dunning, Chester. "James I, the Russia Company, and the Plan to Establish a Protectorate Over North Russia." Albion 21, no. 2 (1989): 206–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4049926.

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In the decade preceding the establishment of the Romanov dynasty in 1613, Muscovite Russia went through a catastrophic period known as the Time of Troubles which was characterized by political unrest, famine, regicide, social upheaval, and foreign intervention. In the final, darkest years of the Time of Troubles many people doubted that Muscovy, which for a time lacked a ruler or even a central government, would be able to survive as an independent state. It appeared more likely that Catholic Poland would conquer the country or that Sweden would come to dominate it. The English, who had established diplomatic and commercial relations with Muscovy in the 1550s and who watched events there with considerable interest, were horrified by reports that the Poles had captured Moscow, that the Swedes had seized much Russian territory, and that factions of the Muscovite lords were negotiating with their aggressive neighbors for a foreign tsar. This eventually led the English to contemplate acquiring North Russia and the commercially important port of Arkhangel'sk for themselves. As strange as it seems, for a brief period of time King James I actually dreamed of adding part of Muscovy to his “empire.”

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Maeer, Alistair. "The Baltic and the birth of a modern English maritime community: the Muscovy Company and nautical cartography, 1553-1665." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 4, no. 2 (December 15, 2012): 19–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v4i2_2.

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English merchants and navigators began developing their skills in the late sixteenth century to reach Baltic shores and in the process birthed a distinct English nautical charting tradition which continued to service and reflect English interests for over a century. Specifically, the efforts of the Muscovy Company and the emergence of a distinct master-apprentice relationship of chart makers within the Drapers’ Company instigated the emergence of a modern maritime community in England replete with the financial structures, ships, and skills necessary to encompass the globe. As a result of various setbacks in the late-sixteenth century, English merchants and mariners shifted from coastal trading ventures to direct long-distance overseas commerce. This transformation was initiated through the efforts of the Muscovy Company and its accompanying introduction of marine charts for navigating distant shores. The introduction and expansion of direct long-distance overseas trade and modern navigational techniques then spurred the creation of a domestic charting industry to service these English navigational needs, the Thames School of English marine charting. Born out of a close association with English commerce to the Baltic, members of the Thames School continued to produce nautical charts of the globe that reflected ever-expanding English interests until the early-eighteenth century. This paper argues that trade to and from the Baltic acted as a proving ground, the venue, within which both the origins of English long-distant overseas trade and nautical cartography emerged—two fundamentally necessary components for the Empire which followed.

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Wagner, Joseph. "The Scottish East India Company of 1617: Patronage, Commercial Rivalry, and the Union of the Crowns." Journal of British Studies 59, no. 3 (July 2020): 582–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2020.38.

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AbstractThe history of the Scottish East India Company of 1617 is a history of partnerships and rivalries within and between Scotland and England. The company was opposed by the merchants of the royal burghs in Scotland and by the East India Company, Muscovy Company, and Privy Council in England. At the same time, it was supported by the Scottish Privy Council and was able to recruit Dutch, English, and Scottish investors. The interactions between these groups were largely shaped by the union of the crowns, which saw James VI accede to the thrones of England and Ireland and move his court to London. Scotland was thus left with an absentee monarch, decreasing the access of Scottish merchants to the king while increasing the importance of court connections in acquiring that access. Regal union also created opportunities for Scots to become part of the London business world, which, in turn, could lead to backlash from English interests. Having developed in this context, the Scottish East India Company speaks to how James VI and I approached patronage and policy in his multiple kingdoms, how commercial rivalries developed in England and Scotland, and how trading companies played a role in constitutional developments in Stuart Britain.

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5

Romaniello, Matthew P. "Maria Salomon Arel. English Trade and Adventure to Russia in the Early Modern Era: The Muscovy Company, 1603–1649." American Historical Review 125, no. 4 (October 2020): 1507–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz1126.

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Lavrentyev, Alexander V. "“Muscovy Crown” in Polish Kings’ Treasury, 17th–18th cent. (on the origins and fate of the regalia)." Slovene 7, no. 1 (2018): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2018.7.1.6.

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The paper concerns to the so-called “Muscovy crown” (“corona moscoviae”) of Polish kings that existed in the 17th century. This insignia emerged in Rzeczpospolita during the Russian Time of Troubles, having until then belonged to the Tsar's treasury in Moscow Kremlin. The adherents of False Dmitry I took it in 1606, upon which it turned up in possession of King Sigismund III and his heirs. It appears that the “Muscovy crown” was made in England for Tsar Ivan the Terrible as a symbol of the Astrakhan Khanate, which had been annexed by the Russian State in 1556. Contemporary evidence from various sources, including diplomatic ones, points to the possibility of the crown being delivered as a token of strengthening trade relations between Moscow and London, where the Moscow company was functioning in this period. The crown was not taken as a gift, it was bought for a large sum. The article includes a detailed survey of English, Polish and Russian sources, both primary and indirect, while looking into the mode of use of such insignia at the court of Russian Tsars and grand princes. The article also mentions, together with Monomach's cap and Kazan cap, both of which are now kept in the Moscow Kremlin, the now-lost first Siberian and Astrakhan caps, the latter of which is identified with the object of study. The crown is also compared to the Eastern and Western jewelry traditions of the time. The article is prefaced with a brief narration of the circumstances in which the insignia had got the name it was since called in Polish historical writings. The author concludes with a hypothesis on why this crown and other similar to it were commissioned from foreign jewelers. This question, however, demands further research, as does the character of the insignia's use at the court of Polish kings.

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Кондратьев, Сергей. "English Trade and Adventure to Russia in the Early Modern Era: The Muscovy Company, 1603–1649 by Maria Salomon Arel." Ab Imperio 2021, no. 4 (2021): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/imp.2021.0099.

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Киселев, А. А. "MARTIN FROBISHER AND THE ACTIVITIES OF THE ENGLISH COMPANY OF CATHAY IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1570S." Британские исследования, no. VIII(VIII) (June 7, 2024): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2024.viii.viii.008.

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Статья посвящена судьбе Катайской компании – акционерного предприятия, созданного в Англии во второй половине 1570-х гг. с целью поисков морского Северо-Западного прохода в Китай (англичане называли эту страну «Катаем») и колонизации Баффиновой Земли в Северной Америке. Во главе компании стояли мореплаватель Мартин Фробишер и купец Майкл Лок, бросившие вызов Московской торговой компании в борьбе за монополию на исследование арктических морей. Основной источниковой базой для исследования послужили документы (хартии, отчеты, письма, петиции, трактаты), имеющие непосредственное отношение к Катайской компании и её создателям. Хотя компания была образована как исследовательский проект для поисков значимого северного морского пути в азиатские страны, географические открытия, сделанные М. Фробишером в полярных водах Америки в ходе трех экспедиций 1576 – 1578 гг., побудили акционеров решиться на колонизацию найденных северных земель. Главной причиной основания колонии «Мета Инкогнита» - первой английской колонии в Северной Америке - стала перспектива обнаружения золота на острове Баффинова Земля. Опираясь на материалы британского Национального архива, Британской библиотеки и опубликованные источники, автор анализирует причины неудач компании, в том числе провала создания колонии «Мета Инкогнита». Комплексный анализ архивных и опубликованных материалов дает возможность выявить роль английской Катайской компании в изучении и формировании географических знаний о Северной Америке в последней четверти XVIв. The article is devoted to the fate of the Company of Cathay, a joint-stock company established in England in the second half of the 1570s to search for the Northwest Passage to China (the English called this country "Cathay") and to colonise Baffin Land in North America. The company was headed by the navigator Martin Frobisher and merchant Michael Lock, who challenged the Muscovy Company for a monopoly on the exploration of the Arctic seas. The documents (charters, reports, letters, petitions, treatises) directly related to the Company of Cathay and its founders served as the main source base for the study. Although the company was formed as a research project to find a significant northern sea route to Asian countries, the geographical discoveries made by Martin Frobisher in the polar waters of the Americas during three expeditions between 1576 and 1578 led shareholders to decide to colonise the northern lands found. The main reason for founding the colony of Meta Incognita, the first English colony in North America, was the prospect of discovering gold on Baffin Land. Based on materials from the National Archives at Kew, the British Library and published sources, the author analyses the reasons for the company’s failures, including the failure to establish the colony of Meta Incognita. A comprehensive analysis of archival and published materials makes it possible to identify the role of the Company of Cathay in the study and formation of geographical knowledge about North America in the last quarter of the 16th century.

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9

Gross, George W. C. "Ivan IV and Elizabeth I: The influence of the Tsar’s matrimonial endeavours on the development of Russo-English relations." RUDN Journal of Russian History 18, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 938–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2019-18-4-938-961.

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Did Ivan the Terrible1 propose a marriage alliance with Elizabeth I of England? Did he ever seek an alternative English bride? Was the Tsar truly serious about an English match? Historians have long been divided on whether Ivan the Terrible ever formally sought out to marry the Queen of England - this article reveals that a marriage proposal may indeed have been proﬀered to Elizabeth I, but was not formally written down. The evidence for this is found by focussing on the contextual background of their relations, the long-term realpolitik of the Tsar with England, including his marriage attempts to a relation of the English Queen in the 1580s, and the work of the ambassador Anthony Jenkinson, as an intermediary between Ivan and Elizabeth. In investigating these points, the close diplomatic relations of the two countries in the late sixteenth century and the extraordinarily favourable trading terms oﬀered by Ivan IV to English merchants in the form of the Muscovy Company will also be examined. In addition, the diﬀerences and similarities of the perceptions of the two monarchies will be touched upon2. Perhaps most intriguingly for the present, research in this period reveals a time in which the two countries experienced a ‘friendliness’ in diplomatic and trading relations that has never been repeated since and would seem unthinkable today.

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10

Zhukova, Tatyana A. "Maria Salomon Arel. English Trade and Adventure to Russia in the Early Modern Era: The Muscovy Company, 1603–1649. Empires and Entanglements in the Early Modern World. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2019. Pp. 362. $115.00 (cloth)." Journal of British Studies 59, no. 1 (January 2020): 186–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2019.236.

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11

Davies, Brian. "English Trade and Adventure to Russia in the Early Modern Era: The Muscovy Company, 1603–1649. By Maria Salomon Arel. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2019. xi, 349 pp. Appendix. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Tables. $114.99, hard bound." Slavic Review 79, no. 3 (2020): 676–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/slr.2020.183.

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12

Киселев, А. А. "SEBASTIAN CABOT AND THE ORGANIZATION OF ENGLISH MARITIME EXPEDITIONS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE XVI CENTURY." Британские исследования, no. VII(VII) (June 1, 2022): 26–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.vii.vii.010.

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Статья посвящена вкладу венецианского исследователя Себастьяна Кабота в подготовку английских морских экспедиций в 1550-е гг. В XV–XVI вв. английские купцы, подобно португальским и испанским, были заинтересованы в дальних заморских плаваниях и открытии новых земель. Главный интерес у них вызывал поиск доступных морских путей в страны Востока (Индия, Китай, Япония), а самую большую активность в этом направлении проявили торговцы из Бристоля и диаспора английских купцов из испанской Севильи. Наиболее известным среди них инициатором морских экспедиций «в Офир и Катай» был венецианец С. Кабот, прославившийся исследованиями побережья Северной и Южной Америки во имя английской, а затем испанской короны. Используя передовой опыт испанской навигации, Кабот внес основной вклад в подготовку первой английской экспедиции Х. Уиллоби и Р. Ченслера, отправившейся в 1553 г. на поиски Северо-Восточного прохода в Азию, однако открывшей морской путь из Англии в Россию. Также венецианец стал основателем и первым губернатором Московской торговой компании, осуществлявшей коммерцию между двумя странами. Деятельность С. Кабота слабо отражена в историографии. Основываясь на английских, испанских и венецианских источниках, автор исследует его вклад в становление тюдоровской Англии как морской державы и будущей колониальной империи. The article focuses on the Venetian explorer Sebastian Cabot’s contribution to the preparation of English maritime expeditions in the 1550s. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries English merchants, like those of Portugal and Spain, were interested in overseas voyages and the discovery of new lands. They were mainly interested in finding accessible sea routes to Eastern countries (India, China, Japan) and the most active in this direction were traders from Bristol and a diaspora of English merchants from Spanish Seville. The most famous among them was the Venetian Sebastian Cabot, who was known as explorer of the coasts of North and South America in the name of the English and then the Spanish crown. Using advanced Spanish navigational skills, Cabot was instrumental in preparing England’s first expedition of Hugh Willoughby and Richard Chancellor, which set out in 1553 to find the Northeast Passage to Asia, but discovered a sea route from England to Russia. He was also the founder and the first governor of the Muscovy Company which conducted trade between Russia and England. Cabot’s activities are poorly reflected in historiography. Based on English, Spanish and Venetian sources, the author examines his contribution to the formation of Tudor England as a maritime power and future colonial empire.

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13

Tretyakova, Marina. "Information about the Creation of the English Muscovy Company: Giakomo Soranzo and Sebastian Cabot." ISTORIYA 7, no. 2 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s0001395-3-1.

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14

Zhokova, Tatyana. "Review of 'Exploring Russia in the Elizabethan Commonwealth: The Muscovy Company and Giles Fletcher, the elder'." Reviews in History, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.14296/rih/2014/1956.

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15

Jansson, Maija. "Eyewitnesses to the Phenomenon of Russian Cold: Robert Boyle and the Accounts of Early Travelers North." Quaestio Rossica 10, no. 3 (August 8, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/qr.2022.3.716.

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This article examines the Russian cold as reflected in accounts of early travelers to the north. For his study of the phenomenon of cold in the early 1660s, Robert Boyle repurposed parts of Giles Fletcher’s travel account of Russia written seventy-seven years earlier. Inspired by Sir Francis Bacon’s work on heat, Boyle sought to understand the extremes of cold but found himself hampered by its absence in northern England. Consequently, he turned, among other sources, to the printed account of Ambassador Fletcher who, sailing north on a Muscovy Company ship, had kept a journal following the Instructions and Ordinances drafted for that Company by Sebastian Cabot. Boyle found verification of the accuracy of Fletcher’s eyewitness description of cold through his friends and compatriots in the Royal Society who had been to Russia. Ultimately, this is the story of the impact of England’s mid-sixteenth century navigational technology and commercial and diplomatic relations with Russia on Robert Boyle’s late seventeenth century early scientific study of cold which, according to the author’s conclusion, demonstrates how the study of the Russian north impacted the early development of natural science in England.

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16

Kollmann, Nancy S. "English Trade and Adventure to Russia in the Early Modern Era: The Muscovy Company, 1603–1649, by Maria Salomon Arel." English Historical Review, September 7, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceab262.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Muscovy Company'

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