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1
Jason, Devereux, Great Britain. Health and Safety Executive., and University of Surrey. Robens Centre for Health Ergonomics., eds. The role of work stress and psychological factors in the development of musculoskeletal disorders: The stress and MSD study. HSE Books, 2004.
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Brown, James P. R., and M. Joanne Douglas. Musculoskeletal disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0046.
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This chapter describes the major musculoskeletal diseases stating manifestations, associations, and their implications for pregnancy, delivery, and obstetric anaesthesia. It reviews and summarizes the literature, presenting the available evidence for methods of mitigating risks to the parturient. The chapter starts by discussing the pathophysiology, presentation, diagnosis, and management of malignant hyperthermia. The following conditions are then introduced in turn: backache, scoliosis, myopathies (including myotonic dystrophy), Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, achondroplasia, and osteogenesis imperfecta. The chapter aims to provide a pragmatic resource to allow obstetric anaesthetists to make informed decisions and management plans when faced with caring for a parturient with an uncommon musculoskeletal condition.
3
Gardiner, Mark, Sarah Eisen, and Catherine Murphy. Musculoskeletal disorders. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199227730.003.0016.
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Smedley, Julia, Finlay Dick, and Steven Sadhra. Musculoskeletal disorders. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651627.003.0009.
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Low back pain 254Work-related upper limb disorders 1 256Work-related upper limb disorders 2 258Osteoarthritis of the hip 260Bursitis 262• LBP has a lifetime prevalence of 60–80%, point prevalence of 15–40%, and annual incidence of 5%. It is:• the second most common cause of work-related ill health (prevalence 207 000, annual incidence 51 000)...
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Hopkins, Philip M. Musculoskeletal disorders and anaesthesia. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0080.
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This chapter covers the anaesthetic implications of the polyarthropathies, connective tissue diseases, and primary myopathies. There are generic considerations for management of patients with joint and muscle disease but many of these conditions have multisystem involvement, the nature of which varies between the individual members of each class. Anaesthetic management of the polyarthropathies requires knowledge of the adverse effects of disease-modifying drugs and new biological treatments. Advances in genetic diagnosis of inherited myopathies aid the identification of potential hazards of anaesthesia in these challenging patients.
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Bell, Tanvir K. Musculoskeletal Complications of HIV. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0043.
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Vitamin D levels have been observed to be low in HIV-infected patients. If replacement of low vitamin D is warranted, supplementation is done with vitamin D2 or D3. HIV-infected patients may be at higher risk for osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fragility fractures. Tenofovir alafenamide has been shown to produce less bone loss compared to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Muscle disorders can be debilitating in HIV-infected patients. Myopathies can have a range of presentation from myalgias to rhabdomyolysis. HIV myopathy is a rare proximal muscle disorder that can occur in HIV-infected patients. Antiretroviral drugs, including zidovudine and raltegravir, can cause myopathy and elevated creatine kinase.
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Holliday, Kate L., Wendy Thomson, and John McBeth. Genetics of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0045.
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Chronic pain disorders are prevalent and a large burden on health care resources. Around 10% of the general population report chronic widespread pain, which is the defining feature of fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia is a poorly understood idiopathic disorder which is also characterized by widespread tenderness and commonly occurs with comorbid mood disorders, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and cognitive dysfunction. A role for genetics in chronic pain disorders has been identified by twin studies, with heritability estimates of around 50%. Susceptibility genes for chronic pain are likely to be involved in pain processing or the psychological component of these disorders. A number of genes have been implicated in influencing how pain is perceived due to mutations causing monogenic pain disorders or an insensitivity to pain from birth. The role of common variation, however, is less well known. The findings from human candidate gene studies of musculoskeletal pain to date are discussed. However, the scope of these studies has been relatively limited in comparison to other complex conditions. Identifying susceptibility loci will help to determine the biological mechanisms involved and potentially new therapeutic targets; however, this is a challenging research area due to the subjective nature of pain and heterogeneity in the phenotype. Using more quantitative phenotypes such as experimental pain measures may prove to be a more fruitful strategy to identify susceptibility loci. Findings from these studies and other potential approaches are discussed.
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Holliday, Kate L., Wendy Thomson, John McBeth, and Nisha Nair. Genetics of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0045_update_001.
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Chronic pain disorders are prevalent and a large burden on health care resources. Around 10% of the general population report chronic widespread pain, which is the defining feature of fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia is a poorly understood idiopathic disorder which is also characterized by widespread tenderness and commonly occurs with comorbid mood disorders, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and cognitive dysfunction. A role for genetics in chronic pain disorders has been identified by twin studies, with heritability estimates of around 50%. Susceptibility genes for chronic pain are likely to be involved in pain processing or the psychological component of these disorders. A number of genes have been implicated in influencing how pain is perceived due to mutations causing monogenic pain disorders or an insensitivity to pain from birth. The role of common variation, however, is less well known. The findings from human candidate gene studies of musculoskeletal pain to date are discussed. However, the scope of these studies has been relatively limited in comparison to other complex conditions. Identifying susceptibility loci will help to determine the biological mechanisms involved and potentially new therapeutic targets; however, this is a challenging research area due to the subjective nature of pain and heterogeneity in the phenotype. Using more quantitative phenotypes such as experimental pain measures may prove to be a more fruitful strategy to identify susceptibility loci. Findings from these studies and other potential approaches are discussed.
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Hatfield, Anthea. Chronic disorders. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199666041.003.0025.
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Diseases not covered elsewhere are found in this chapter. The subjects are AIDS, alcoholism, drug addiction, epilepsy, liver disease, multiple myeloma, musculoskeletal disease, myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, Paget’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, psychiatric disease, phaeochromocytoma, porphyria, sickle cell disease, smoking, stroke, hypothyroidism, and many others.
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Naeem, Ali. Introduction: Neuromuscular and Musculoskeletal Disorders Following Critical Illness. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0023.
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Chapter 23 provides an outline to neuromuscular and musculoskeletal disorders following critical illness. It describes post-intensive care syndrome in relation to its potential physical effects on a patient’s %uality of life. The connections between mechanical ventilation and ICU ac%uired weaknesses (ICUAW) are explored, as are the wide range of possible physical deficits in ICU patients.
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Wiffen, Philip, Marc Mitchell, Melanie Snelling, and Nicola Stoner. Therapy-related issues: musculoskeletal diseases. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199603640.003.0025.
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Rheumatoid arthritis 548Gout 556Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease which causes joints lined with synovium to become inflamed, swollen, stiff, and painful, and leads to joint erosion. It is a multisystem disorder which can affect many organs including the eyes, lungs, heart, and blood vessels. The aim of treatment is to decrease pain and inflammation, prevent joint damage, and ultimately induce remission of disease....
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Prout, Jeremy, Tanya Jones, and Daniel Martin. Nervous and musculoskeletal systems. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609956.003.0006.
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This chapter outlines the basic science related to the nervous and musculoskeletal systems which particularly apply to the conduct of anaesthesia. Consciousness, sleep and anaesthetic depth are discussed with the measurement of anaesthetic depth using bispectral index and evoked potentials. Factors which influence cerebral blood flow and intracerebral pressure are detailed, allowing understanding of neuroanaesthesia techniques. Pharmacological and anaesthetic management of seizures is also described. Diseases affecting the autonomic nervous system, testing for these disorders and the implication for anaesthesia are included. Physiological consequences of spinal cord injury with patterns of injury are described. Neuromuscular blocking agents, monitoring of blockade and implications for patients with neuromuscular disease is also explained.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Gait Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0001.
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Gait is a complicated process that is initiated and maintained by different mechanisms, neurological including neuromuscular, and non-neurological including musculoskeletal. Neuromuscular clinics receive referrals about patients who may have non-neuromuscular disorders such as Parkinsondisease, focal foot dystonia, and multiple sclerosis. It is important for a neuromuscular specialist to be aware of other gait disorders. Important neuromuscular disorders of gait include neuropathies (foot drop, sensory ataxia), myopathies, muscle stiffness and spasms, myotonia, and motor neuron disease. Functional gait disorder comprises a significant entity that may lead to extensive non-necessary investigations that can be saved if the specialist is aware of these symptoms.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Gait Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0001.
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Gait is a complicated process that is initiated and maintained by different mechanisms, both neurological (including neuromuscular) and nonneurological (including musculoskeletal). Neuromuscular clinics receive referrals about patients who may have nonneuromuscular disorders such as Parkinson disease, focal foot dystonia, and multiple sclerosis (MS). It is important for neuromuscular specialists to be aware of other gait disorders as well. Important neuromuscular disorders of gait include neuropathies (foot drop, sensory ataxia), myopathies, muscle stiffness and spasms, myotonia, and motor neuron disease. Functional gait disorder comprises a significant entity that may lead to extensive, unnecessary investigations that can be saved if the specialist is aware of the characteristic features of these symptoms.
15
Bellosta-López, Pablo, Julia Blasco-Abadía, Javier Belsué Pastora, et al. Good practice guidelines for pain and musculoskeletal disorders in workers and companies. Universidad San Jorge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54391/123456789/752.
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Actions to improve occupational health and safety arose from the need to protect employees working in European industries, such as nuclear power plants or large-scale chemical industries, from accidents. Today, the field has evolved in many directions, with the prevention and management of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) being one of its main lines of action. MSDs are the main reason for workers to take time off work. Specifically, the prevalence of MSDs represents more than 1.3 billion people and a loss of more than 100 million years of life due to disability; they are a common cause of disability and sick leave. Historically, the workplace approach to MSDs has focused on adopting ergonomic measures, which has been positive in some cases. However, despite ergonomic and biomechanical measures being widely implemented in the workplace, the increasing prevalence of MSDs globally indicates that they are not sufficient measures on their own. Therefore, new holistic approaches that take biological, psychological, and social aspects are needed to address them. The European Prevent4Work Alliance for innovative measures to prevent MSDs in the workplace has developed this document as a guide based on the most recent and relevant scientific knowledge. Both companies and their employees can benefit from the recommendations of this guide
16
Berry, Colin. Bone, joint, and connective tissue disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0009.
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This chapter describes the anaesthetic management of the patient with those musculoskeletal disorders which are relevant to anaesthetic practice. Topics covered include rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, scoliosis, and achondroplasia. For each topic, preoperative investigation and optimization, treatment, and anaesthetic management are described.
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Berry, Colin. Bone, joint, and connective tissue disorders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0009_update_001.
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This chapter describes the anaesthetic management of the patient with those musculoskeletal disorders which are relevant to anaesthetic practice. Topics covered include rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, scoliosis, and achondroplasia. For each topic, preoperative investigation and optimization, treatment, and anaesthetic management are described.
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Sharma, Sanjeev, and Gerry Rayman. Rheumatological manifestations of endocrine disorders. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0171.
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There is considerable overlap of musculoskeletal manifestations of both rheumatological and endocrine disorders. Apart for the well-described autoimmune basis governing the aetiopathogenesis of clinical states pertaining to specific conditions affecting both systems, there is more recent evidence on the overlapping biology and genetics of these organ systems. Not uncommonly, endocrine manifestations can herald the initial presentation of rheumatological illnesses and the converse holds true for endocrinopathies. Rheumatologists and physicians alike need to be astutely aware of this overlap of symptomatology and also the physiology linking both groups of clinical conditions. This review discusses the common endocrine presentations associated with rheumatic illnesses in relation to newer information gleaned from population studies, genetic studies, and clinical presentations. A comprehensive list of rheumatological conditions found in endocrine states is also tabulated at the end.
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Clunie, Gavin P. R., Nick Wilkinson, Elena Nikiphorou, and Deepak Jadon, eds. Oxford Handbook of Rheumatology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198728252.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of Rheumatology, 4th edition, has been expanded and improved to incorporate paediatric and adolescent rheumatology. The format of the book is retained. The first four chapters offer a pragmatic guide to evaluating rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases, showing how a differential diagnosis can be formed on the basis of symptoms, examination, and investigation findings, both for regional musculoskeletal and systemic generalized conditions. Part II comprises chapters on all the major rheumatic and bone diseases and autoimmune connective tissue diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, spondyloarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), crystal-induced musculoskeletal disease, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, antiphospholipid syndrome, Sjögren’s syndrome, osteoporosis, vasculitis, spinal disorders and back pain, and chronic pain syndromes, as well as new chapters on rare diseases and hereditary disorders. Part II includes chapters on drugs used in rheumatology practice, glucocorticoid injection therapy, and rheumatological emergencies. All chapters are updated to include details on paediatric and adolescent rheumatology, dealt with fairly cursorily in previous Handbook editions. Greatly expanded chapters are included on drugs used in rheumatology, pain syndromes, and the presentation of paediatric and adolescent disease.
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Adebajo, Ade, and Lisa Dunkley. Polyarticular disease. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0009.
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Polyarticular disease is a commonly encountered musculoskeletal problem which regularly confronts clinicians as a diagnostic dilemma. Polyarticular disease is a musculoskeletal presentation in which more than four joints are affected by the disease. The classical rheumatological condition which presents as polyarticular disease is rheumatoid arthritis, although even this condition can very occasionally present with a mono- or oligoarticular onset. Polyarticular disease includes a wide range of musculoskeletal conditions including such disorders as polyarticular gout, the seronegative spondyloarthropathies, rheumatic fever, and systemic lupus erythematosus. This chapter emphasizes how through a careful history, thorough clinical examination and appropriate investigations, a definitive diagnosis can be made in a patient presenting clinically with polyarticular disease. General management principles for patients with polyarticular disease are also provided.
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Adebajo, Ade, and Lisa Dunkley. Polyarticular disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0009_update_001.
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Polyarticular disease is a commonly encountered musculoskeletal problem which regularly confronts clinicians as a diagnostic dilemma. Polyarticular disease is a musculoskeletal presentation in which more than four joints are affected by the disease. The classical rheumatological condition which presents as polyarticular disease is rheumatoid arthritis, although even this condition can very occasionally present with a mono- or oligoarticular onset. Polyarticular disease includes a wide range of musculoskeletal conditions including such disorders as polyarticular gout, the seronegative spondyloarthropathies, rheumatic fever, and systemic lupus erythematosus. This chapter emphasizes how through a careful history, thorough clinical examination and appropriate investigations, a definitive diagnosis can be made in a patient presenting clinically with polyarticular disease. General management principles for patients with polyarticular disease are also provided.
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Sarno, Danielle, and Farah Hameed. Pelvic Pain and Floor Dysfunction. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0024.
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Chronic pelvic pain is defined as persistent pain perceived in structures related to the anatomic pelvis (lower abdomen below the umbilicus) of either women or men for greater than 6 months. The etiology may be related to gynecologic, urologic, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and neurologic causes. Pelvic pain and floor dysfunction often are associated with a musculoskeletal disorder related to the pelvic girdle, spine, or hip. Myofascial pelvic pain may be related to other diagnoses, such as depression, irritable bowel syndrome, endometriosis, constipation, painful bladder syndrome, and chronic urinary tract infections. A thorough history and clinical examination, including an internal pelvic floor musculoskeletal examination, can help identify the underlying etiology. A multidisciplinary approach to management is essential. Pelvic floor physical therapy plays an integral role. Other treatments, such as medications, complementary therapies, and injections, may be used in conjunction with physical therapy to facilitate a comprehensive rehabilitation program and manage symptoms.
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Ebrahimi, Ali, and Geeta Nagpal. The Treatment of Pain in Pregnancy and Lactation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0034.
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Almost all women will experience pain of some type during pregnancy. Common musculoskeletal conditions can cause severe pain in an otherwise uncomplicated pregnancy. Some women will enter pregnancy with preexisting painful disorders, and management of ongoing pain and painful exacerbations can be challenging. This chapter reviews the common painful musculoskeletal conditions of pregnancy, as well as migraine, and the approaches to the management of chronic pain during pregnancy and in the breastfeeding mother. Techniques covered include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies, as well as pregnancy risk classifications of relevant drugs.
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Foo, Joanne, Benazir Saleem, and Philip G. Conaghan. Analgesics. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0078.
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Pain is one of the commonest presenting symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders and may be one the hardest to treat successfully. The available analgesic options provide different modes of action and their ranks continue to expand with new agents, some with multiple target action. This chapter reviews currently available analgesics (paracetamol and opioids) used for managing musculoskeletal pain and the agents used for neuropathic pain, including their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and side effects. The role of neuroleptic agents is reviewed, and a brief outline of some newer therapies for the treatment of pain such as tapentadol, and a potential therapy, anti-nerve growth factor monoclonal antibodies.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Deformities. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0024.
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Deformities are important markers for congenital and hereditary neuromuscular disorders. Kyphosis, scoliosis, Pes Cavus, for example, are common in CMT and hereditary ataxias. Deformities may also result from long-term weakness and asymmetry. Chronic neuropathies with distal weakness may lead to gradual changes in the height of feet arches. A high foot arche that is corrected with wight bearing or manually, is usually not congenital. Other types of deformities are related to connective tissue pathology, which can be associated with neuromuscular disorders, for example multiple lipomatosis, scleroderma, contractures, nephrogenic systemic sclerosis, and so on. This chapter shows examples of these deformities. Musculoskeletal deformities may lead to entrapment neuropathies.
26
Davey, Patrick, and David Sprigings, eds. Diagnosis and Treatment in Internal Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.001.0001.
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Diagnosis and Treatment in Internal Medicine is a new textbook, written by experts in their field, that provides succinct and authoritative guidance across the breadth of internal medicine. Diagnosis is the bedrock of management, and so how to reach a differential diagnosis of symptoms or presenting problems is a major element of the book. There is also comprehensive coverage of disorders of the body systems, including psychological aspects and palliative care. Chapters are structured so that key information can rapidly be found. Doctors need a broad perspective on health and its promotion, and there are sections addressing nutrition, lifestyle and prevention of disease. Diagnosis and Treatment in Internal Medicine is the ideal reference for doctors early in their careers in hospital medicine or primary care, and senior medical students. Sections of the book: • The approach to the patient • Assessment of symptoms and presenting problems • Cardiovascular disorders • Respiratory disorders • Intensive care medicine • Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract • Diabetes mellitus and endocrine disorders • Gastro-intestinal disorders • Disorders of the liver • Neurological disorders • Disorders of the skin • Disorders of the musculoskeletal system • Haematological disorders • Disorders of the immune system • Infectious diseases • Nutrition and its disorders • Lifestyle and environmental causes of disease • Prevention of disease • Screening for disease
27
Jan, Reem, and Dawen Zhang. Fibromyalgia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0038.
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Fibromyalgia is caused by abnormal central pain processing, but it is often dismissed as a psychiatric or functional disorder. Perimenopausal women are most commonly affected, but the incidence in men has been underestimated. Patients present with diffuse musculoskeletal pain and frequently have sleep disturbances, fatigue, and somatic complaints. In 2010, the American College of Rheumatology removed the need for a standardized tender point examination. The disease is often misdiagnosed given its nonspecific complaints and heterogeneous presentation. Laboratory testing is used only to rule out differential diagnoses. Treatment is challenging and a multidisciplinary approach, including patient counseling and education, a graded exercise program, and pharmacologic treatment, is recommended.
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Hilmi, Ahmad Humaizi, Asna Rasyidah Abdul Hamid, and Muhammad Khairy Md Naim. Ergonomic Risk Evaluation And Reduction In Material Handling. Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58915/bk2023.039.
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Ergonomic Risk Evaluation and Reduction in Material Handling" offers a thorough exploration of the physical risks and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) impacting workers across industries. This book addresses ergonomic challenges in manual labor, presenting modern tools like REBA, RULA, and the NIOSH lifting equation to assess and mitigate risks. Through real-world case studies, readers will learn about effective solutions—such as exoskeletons and workspace redesigns—to improve safety and productivity. A valuable resource for researchers, safety experts, and industry leaders, it highlights innovations like augmented reality and motion capture to advance workplace health.
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Kang, Duk-Hee, and Mehmet Kanbay. Urate nephropathy. Edited by Adrian Covic. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0092.
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Gout is a disorder of purine metabolism, characterized by hyperuricaemia and urate crystal deposition within and around the joints. The recognition of increased comorbidity burden in patients with gout rendered it as a systemic disorder rather than simply a musculoskeletal condition. Gout nephropathy (also known as chronic uric acid nephropathy or urate nephropathy) is a form of chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, induced by deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the distal collecting ducts and the medullary interstitium, associated with a secondary inflammatory reaction. Other renal histologic changes include arteriolosclerosis, glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. In patients with urate nephropathy, hypertension is common, but usually there is only mild proteinuria and a slight increase in serum creatinine. The reduction of serum uric acid, using xanthine oxidase inhibitors and perhaps low-purine diet, is the mainstay of therapy. There is current research around the question of whether it is beneficial to lower serum uric acid in asymptomatic patients with renal disease or with cardiovascular risk factors.
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Hendriksz, Christian J., and Francois Karstens. Mucopolysaccharidosis in Adults. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0054.
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There are 8 different types of diseases of the mucopolysaccharides, each caused by a deficiency in one of 10 different enzymes involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Partially degraded GAGs accumulate within the lysosomes of many different cell types and lead to clinical symptoms and excretion of large amounts of GAGs in the urine. Heritability is autosomal recessive except for MPS type II, which is X-linked. The disorders are chronic and progressive and, although the specific types all have their individual features, they share an abundance of clinical similarities. All involve the musculoskeletal, the cardiovascular, the pulmonary and the central nervous system.
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Boyd, Kevin. Injuries in swimming and related aquatic sports. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199533909.003.0039.
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Swimming is often hailed as an ideal activity because of the acknowledged benefits of exercise for those both in health and with disease. Therefore the spectrum of swimmers covers those individuals undertaking aerobic exercise as part of a healthy lifestyle, people suffering and rehabilitating from chronic conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and musculoskeletal disorders, and the committed and disciplined elite swimmer with high performance goals. Sports physicians should be familiar with these differing motivations and be able to adapt advice and treatment to each of these population groups. Unusually for a sport, there is a general consensus that everyone should develop the ability to swim for the enhancement of water safety....
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Lavigne, Gilles J., Samar Khoury, Caroline Arbour, and Nadia Gosselin. Sleep and pain. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0046.
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While sleep disturbances are highly prevalent in primary care populations, the patients with the highest rate of poor sleep complaints, including insomnia and nonrestorative sleep, are those with pain. In this chapter, a summary of the potential shared or interactive mechanisms underlying the coexistence of sleep and pain in chronic pain conditions is presented. Theoretical perspectives illustrating sleep–pain interactions are described, as well as the latest empirical evidence regarding sleep disruptions in the context of chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain, fibromyalgia, temporomandibular disorders, headaches, and mild traumatic brain injury. Finally, multidimensional strategies for the co-management of sleep and pain are proposed and discussed.
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Kakascik, Aimee G. Osteogenesis Imperfecta. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0061.
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Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder that affects collagen formation and ultimately leads to increased bone fragility. The fragile nature of the bones leads to fractures, even from seemingly normal patient care. Affected patients are at the highest risk for unintentional fractures during perioperative care. There are several different types of OI. Type I is the most common. With the different types come varying degrees of severity. Types II and III are the more severe forms. The classic clinical triad seen in OI is blue sclerae, multiple fractures, and conductive hearing loss. The patient may have other systemic involvement beyond the fragile musculoskeletal system. It is imperative that the anesthesiologist be well-versed in the natural history and perioperative management of patients with OI in order to optimize care and minimize complications.
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Holroyd, Christopher R., Nicholas C. Harvey, Mark H. Edwards, and Cyrus Cooper. Environment. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0038.
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Musculoskeletal disease covers a broad spectrum of conditions whose aetiology comprises variable genetic and environmental contributions. More recently it has become clear that, particularly early in life, the interaction of gene and environment is critical to the development of later disease. Additionally, only a small proportion of the variation in adult traits such as bone mineral density has been explained by specific genes in genome-wide association studies, suggesting that gene-environment interaction may explain a much larger part of the inheritance of disease risk than previously thought. It is therefore critically important to evaluate the environmental factors which may predispose to diseases such as osteorthritis, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis both at the individual and at the population level. In this chapter we describe the environmental contributors, across the whole life course, to osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis, as exemplar conditions. We consider factors such as age, gender, nutrition (including the role of vitamin D), geography, occupation, and the clues that secular changes of disease pattern may yield. We describe the accumulating evidence that conditions such as osteoporosis may be partly determined by the early interplay of environment and genotype, through aetiological mechanisms such as DNA methylation and other epigenetic phenomena. Such studies, and those examining the role of environmental influences across other stages of the life course, suggest that these issues should be addressed at all ages, starting from before conception, in order to optimally reduce the burden of musculoskeletal disorders in future generations.
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Holroyd, Christopher R., Nicholas C. Harvey, Mark H. Edwards, and Cyrus Cooper. Environment. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0038_update_001.
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Musculoskeletal disease covers a broad spectrum of conditions whose aetiology comprises variable genetic and environmental contributions. More recently it has become clear that, particularly early in life, the interaction of gene and environment is critical to the development of later disease. Additionally, only a small proportion of the variation in adult traits such as bone mineral density has been explained by specific genes in genome-wide association studies, suggesting that gene-environment interaction may explain a much larger part of the inheritance of disease risk than previously thought. It is therefore critically important to evaluate the environmental factors which may predispose to diseases such as osteorthritis, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis both at the individual and at the population level. In this chapter we describe the environmental contributors, across the whole life course, to osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis, as exemplar conditions. We consider factors such as age, gender, nutrition (including the role of vitamin D), geography, occupation, and the clues that secular changes of disease pattern may yield. We describe the accumulating evidence that conditions such as osteoporosis may be partly determined by the early interplay of environment and genotype, through aetiological mechanisms such as DNA methylation and other epigenetic phenomena. Such studies, and those examining the role of environmental influences across other stages of the life course, suggest that these issues should be addressed at all ages, starting from before conception, in order to optimally reduce the burden of musculoskeletal disorders in future generations.
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Horsley, Alex, Steve Cunningham, and J. Alastair Innes, eds. Cystic Fibrosis (Oxford Respiratory Medicine Library). Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198702948.001.0001.
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Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a multi-system disorder, requiring not just respiratory expertise but also management of nutrition, diabetes, musculoskeletal and psychosocial issues. This online resource is a concise companion for all health care professionals who manage patients with CF, and it covers all aspects of care, including both paediatric and adult-specific issues, and summarizes up-to-date literature in a concise and focussed style. There is an emphasis on the practical aspects of management with separate chapters covering the effects of CF in the lung, the microbiology of pulmonary CF, and management of exacerbations. Psychosocial aspects of CF care, end of life care and lung transplantation are also covered, and potential future therapies reviewed. This second edition has been extensively updated to reflect the UK CF Trust Standards of Care, treatment guidelines and Cochrane reviews, and it also includes updates on emerging organisms, an expanded section on physiotherapy, and a new pharmacopeia that covers all common CF medications.
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Bendel, Markus A., Drew M. Trainor, and Susan M. Moeschler. Imaging. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190217518.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter focuses on diagnostic and procedural imaging techniques that are essential for the pain medicine practitioner. Attention is given to most modern imaging modalities, including ultrasonography, fluoroscopy, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The chapter includes a review of many advanced pain medicine procedures, such as celiac plexus and stellate ganglion blocks. A discussion regarding the use of imaging to elucidate a problem with an implanted intrathecal drug delivery system is included as well. In addition to the procedure suite, this chapter provides a review of common radiological findings that are critical for the proper diagnosis and management of pain patients, including spondylolysis and Modic changes. Special attention is paid to the use of ultrasound in pain medicine, including diagnostic techniques in musculoskeletal disorders. Many questions contain a review of the significant anatomic considerations with each procedural technique.
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Helliwell, Philip S., Mike R. Backhouse, and Heidi J. Siddle, eds. The Foot and Ankle in Rheumatology. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734451.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Foot and ankle problems are particularly common in people with rheumatic conditions—in fact they are almost universal in some. They have a great impact on people’s lives yet are often poorly understood and often go unrecognized and untreated. This book is aimed at a broad range of health professionals. From our experience in postgraduate education we know that many feel in need of more knowledge and skills with respect to the foot in rheumatic disease. Complaints about the feet are often seen as a bit of a black hole for health professionals not involved specifically in their care. This book should serve to cast away some of this darkness and uncertainty, and as a companion text to any practical tuition that the reader can obtain. For foot specialists, who may have only had limited training in musculoskeletal diseases, the book will serve as an update on current thinking across the spectrum of rheumatic disease. Effective treatment of rheumatological foot and ankle disorders requires an integrated, disease-staged approach across the multidisciplinary team. We draw on the expertise of international leaders in the field using a clear, logical, evidence-based style that guides readers through to the forefront of knowledge in the field.
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Barry, Amelia, and Guy Trudel. Bone and Joint Disease Following Critical Illness. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0025.
Full textAbstract:
Bone and joint processes take second stage to life-threatening organ failure in the setting of critical illness. However, bone and joint disorders can cause significant impairment in survivors of critical illness. Return to pre-admission function is often limited by acquired complications such as joint contractures, heterotopic ossification, and altered bone metabolism. Critical care physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for joint contractures, as they are often asymptomatic but the source of enduring disability once the critical illness had receded. Research is needed to document the effectiveness of alternate positioning, stretching, and bracing which are the current standard practice for prevention of contractures. Heterotopic ossification should be considered in the context of a swollen, warm, painful musculoskeletal site. Early detection with triple phase bone scan and, in some cases, prophylaxis with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication or radiation may be warranted. Bone hyperresorption in ICU patients can be caused by immobility, heightened inflammatory status, medication, hormonal changes, and vitamin D deficiency. Laboratory biomarkers can guide treatment, which is important to prevent long-term osteoporosis and stress fractures. Systematic physical examination and early patient mobilization may represent important steps to detect and prevent joint contractures and heterotopic ossification.
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Yende, Sachin, and Derek C. Angus. Genetic Determinants of Sepsis Outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0027.
Full textAbstract:
Bone and joint processes take second stage to life-threatening organ failure in the setting of critical illness. However, bone and joint disorders can cause significant impairment in survivors of critical illness. Return to pre-admission function is often limited by acquired complications such as joint contractures, heterotopic ossification, and altered bone metabolism. Critical care physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for joint contractures, as they are often asymptomatic but the source of enduring disability once the critical illness had receded. Research is needed to document the effectiveness of alternate positioning, stretching, and bracing which are the current standard practice for prevention of contractures. Heterotopic ossification should be considered in the context of a swollen, warm, painful musculoskeletal site. Early detection with triple phase bone scan and, in some cases, prophylaxis with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication or radiation may be warranted. Bone hyperresorption in ICU patients can be caused by immobility, heightened inflammatory status, medication, hormonal changes, and vitamin D deficiency. Laboratory biomarkers can guide treatment, which is important to prevent long-term osteoporosis and stress fractures. Systematic physical examination and early patient mobilization may represent important steps to detect and prevent joint contractures and heterotopic ossification.
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Aspden, Richard, and Jenny Gregory. Morphology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
The study of joint morphology can help us to understand the risk factors for osteoarthritis (OA), how it progresses, and aids in developing imaging biomarkers for study of the disease. OA results in gross structural changes in affected joints. Growth of osteophytes, deformation of joint components, and loss of joint space where cartilage has broken down are all characteristics of the disorder. Certain bone shapes as well as malalignment predispose people to future OA, or may be a marker for early OA. Geometrical measures, such as the alpha angle or Wiberg’s CE angle, used to be the primary tool for investigating morphology. In recent years, however, statistical shape modelling (SSM) has become increasingly popular. SSM can be used with any imaging modality and has been successfully applied to a number of musculoskeletal conditions. It uses sets of landmark points denoting the anatomy of one or more bones to generate new variables (modes) that describe and quantify the shape variation in a set of images via principal components analysis. With the aid of automated search algorithms for point placement, the use of SSMs is expanding and provides a valuable and versatile tool for exploration of bone and joint morphometry. Whilst the majority of research has focused on hip and knee OA, this chapter provides an overview of joint morphology through the whole skeleton and how it has helped our ability to understand and quantify the risk and progression of osteoarthritis.
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Hutson, Mike. Assessment and management. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199533909.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
Individuals undertaking exercise include those engaged in aerobic activities as part of a healthy lifestyle, those engaged in an active fitness or rehabilitation programme relevant to acute or chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory problems, and musculoskeletal disorders, and the committed competitive athlete with high performance targets. Accordingly, those injured as a consequence of exercise or sport attend medical practitioners in diverse circumstances. Urgency of assessment of the full impact of injury clearly varies across the spectrum from the life-threatening situation on the field of play (or other sports/recreational exercise location, for instance poolside or roadside) to one in which a chronic condition can be evaluated in the relative comfort of the clinician’s consulting room. Irrespective of the circumstances, the primary requirement is the establishment of an accurate diagnosis. The process of assessment is aided when relevant by an appropriate index of suspicion with respect to those injuries that are not often seen outside sporting and recreational activity (e.g. throwers’ elbow and shin splints). Diagnosis of tissue injury is followed by a full assessment of its impact on the function of the surrounding structures, and subsequently assessment of impairment of sporting capacity in general. Evaluation is made of the aetiological factors associated with the development of injury, the behavioural responses, including motivation and health prioritization, and the individual’s standard of performance (actual and potential). Clinical assessment (and reassessment) is a constant theme throughout the text....
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Condon, Marie, Philippa Dodd, and Liz Lightstone. The patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0162.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, often febrile multisystemic disorder, characterized by involvement of the skin, joints, visceral organs, and serosal membranes. Symptoms and manifestations vary widely over an unpredictable relapsing and remitting course.The presentation of SLE can range from mild forms to severe disease requiring hospitalization. Most commonly it manifests as a combination of constitutional symptoms, particularly fatigue and fever, with cutaneous, musculoskeletal, mild haematological, and serological involvement; however, when renal, haematological or central nervous system disease predominate it can be more severe, even life-threatening. There is a tendency for the disease pattern present at the time of onset to prevail during subsequent exacerbations.Investigating SLE depends to an extent on the presentation of the individual. However a number of haematological, biochemical and immunological investigations provide useful diagnostic information, either for the disease itself or in context of organ system involvement, and should be performed routinely.The presence of lupus nephritis should be considered in any lupus patient with impaired kidney function, proteinuria, hypertension, or an active urine sediment; the gold standard investigation in this context is a kidney biopsy. Glomerular immune complex deposition is the hallmark of lupus nephritis and underpins the International society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society classification of lupus nephritis.The diagnosis of SLE is based upon the presence of clinical and/or laboratory features and immunological markers that meet the various published diagnostic criteria. In 2012, lupus nephritis identified on kidney biopsy became an independent diagnostic criterion.This chapter goes through the clinical manifestations, investigations (including a detailed look at the kidney biopsy) and a review of the latest published diagnostic criteria.