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1

Barr, Kenneth W. "Music copyright in the digital age : creators, commerce and copyright : an empirical study of the UK music copyright industries." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7752/.

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Copyright markets, it is said, are ‘winner takes all’ markets favouring the interests of corporate investors over the interests of primary creators. However, little is known about popular music creators’ ‘lived experience’ of copyright. This thesis interrogates key aspects of copyright transactions between creators and investors operating in the UK music industries using analysis of various copyright related documents and semi-structured interviews with creators and investors. The research found considerable variety in the types of ‘deal’ creators enter into and considerable divergence in the potential rewards. It was observed that new-entrant creators have little comprehension of the basic tenets of copyright, but with experience they become more ‘copyright aware’. Documentary and interview evidence reveals creators routinely assign copyright to third party investors for the full term of copyright in sound recordings: the justification for this is questionable. An almost inevitable consequence of this asymmetry of understanding of copyright and asymmetry of bargaining power is that creators become alienated from their copyright works. The empirical evidence presented here supports historic and contemporary calls for a statutory mechanism limiting the maximum copyright assignment period to ten-years.
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2

Ebadi, Solmaz, and Mirja Johansson. "Music File Sharing : Genius Technology or Copyright Infringement?" Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-7598.

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Today’s technology of music file sharing in peer-to-peer networks is genius. Peer-to-peer are networks composed of several computers enabling files to be shared among users. A substantial part of the files shared constitute unlawful copies; uploading and downloading of such files infringes copyright legislation. File sharing through peer-to-peer networks is therefore both a genius technology and a copyright infringement.

Peer-to-peer technology has been subject to heavy debate in media, both nationally and internationally. The issue of illegal downloads of music is an international dilemma since music is a global commodity. Sweden has been accused of being file sharers’ haven by organisations such as the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Internet access and broadband capacity is very high in Sweden, which is a reason why many Swedes engage in file sharing. The Swedish company, The Pirate Bay, is the creator of one of the most popular file sharing websites in the world, using the BitTorrent application. The website offers free downloading of inter alia music, films and software. Like most peer-to-peer networks the Pirate Bay website includes copyrighted material, which often is published without the consent of copyright holders. As a result The Pirate Bay is facing a lawsuit on behalf of numerous organisations and companies in the music and film industry.

The Pirate Bay is accused of contributory infringement and of preparation to commit a copyright infringement according to the Swedish Copyright Act (SwCA).  Contrary to the American copyright legislation, the SwCA does not contain any explicit provisions regarding contributory infringement. The SwCA refers to the Swedish Criminal Code, which states that preparation to copyright infringement and contributing to such infringement is illegal and punishable. There is currently a lack of Swedish case law regarding copyright infringement and there are no cases concerning contributory infringement. One reason is that the field of law is constantly changing; the copyright legislation is adjusted to the technological developments. The lack of case law causes unpredictability of the SwCA, which may be harmful to the rule of law. International organisations, such as the RIAA, consider the SwCA to be somewhat ineffective and that it needs to be amended in order to uphold the fundamental purpose of copyright.

Copyright is a partly harmonised area of law from a global perspective. However, since the Internet and file sharing through peer-to-peer networks is an international phenomenon, copyright legislation needs further harmonisation internationally. At the time there is an ongoing process of implementing the European Union (EU) Enforcement Directive into the SwCA, which grants greater rights to copyright holders. The Directive contains provisions that simplify the process of taking action against an alleged infringer, which may in the long run increase the amount of case law in Sweden. At the same time the implementation of the Enforcement Directive has been criticised as being too far reaching and intruding people’s privacy.

File sharing through peer-to-peer networks benefits consumers by offering easy access to a wide range of music for a low cost, at the same time enabling artists to reach out to a larger audience. Consumers are vital for the music industry, since they purchase the music. However, the fundamental aim of copyright is to reward copyright holders and function as an incentive to encourage creativity. Consequently, without economic rights the incentive to create is forfeit and music production might decrease. Even if the justification of copyright is primarily to protect creators of a work, it is also essential to emphasise the consumer aspect. Therefore it is of importance to balance the interests of all parties involved.

In order to uphold the purpose of copyright and interests of the general public, it is necessary to promote and develop more legal file sharing alternatives. Music in digital formats has to some extent replaced the traditional Compact Disc (CD) format. Therefore the music industry must cooperate with among others Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in order to embrace the digital developments of music and offer better solutions to consumers. Simultaneously, there is a lack of knowledge of copyright among the Swedish population, which is why more education is required. In conclusion, advertisement and education could decrease illegal file sharing and enhance all the parties’ interests.


Dagens fildelningsteknologi i peer-to-peer nätverk är genial. Peer-to-peer är nätverk bestående av flera sammankopplade datorer som möjliggör fildelning mellan användare. En betydande mängd av de delade filerna utgör dock olagliga kopior; uppladdning och nedladdning av sådana filer bryter mot upphovsrättslagstiftningen. Fildelning genom peer-to-peer nätverk är därför både genial teknologi och upphovsrättsintrång.

Peer-to-peer teknologin har väckt stor debatt i media, både nationellt och internationellt. Frågan kring illegal nedladdning av musik är ett internationellt dilemma eftersom musik är en global handelsvara. Sverige har kritiserats av organisationer som Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) för att vara en frizon för fildelare. Tillgången till internet och bredband är väldigt hög i Sverige, vilket är en anledning till varför många svenskar fildelar. Det svenska företaget The Pirate Bay som använder sig av BitTorrent protokollet, är skapare till en av världens populäraste fildelningssajter. Webbsidan erbjuder gratis nedladdning av bland annat musik, film och programvara. I likhet med de flesta peer-to-peer nätverk innehåller The Pirate Bay’s hemsida upphovsrättsskyddat material som ofta har blivit tillgängliggjort utan upphovsrättshavarens medgivande. Till följd av detta har ett flertal organisationer och företag inom musik- och filmindustrin ingett en stämningsansökan mot The Pirate Bay.        

The Pirate Bay är åtalade för medhjälp och förberedelse till brott mot upphovsrättslagen. I motsats till den amerikanska lagen om upphovsrätt innehåller inte den svenska upphovsrättslagen några uttryckliga bestämmelser rörande medhjälp till brott mot upphovsrätt. Upphovsrättslagen hänvisar istället till brottsbalken som stadgar att förberedelse och medverkan till brott är olagligt och straffbart. I dagsläget finns endast ett fåtal svenska rättsfall angående upphovsrättsintrång men inga fall kring medhjälp till upphovsrättsintrång. En bidragande faktor kan vara att rättsområdet ständigt ändras; upphovsrättslagstiftningen anpassas kontinuerligt till den tekniska utvecklingen. Bristen på svenska rättsfall leder till att upphovsrättslagens tillämpning blir oförutsägbar, vilket kan vara skadligt för rättsäkerheten. Internationella organisationer som exempelvis RIAA anser att den svenska upphovsrättslagen är ineffektiv och att ändringar behöver göras för att upprätthålla upphovsrättens grundläggande syfte.      

Upphovsrätten är till viss del en harmoniserad lagstiftning ur ett globalt perspektiv. Eftersom internet och fildelning genom peer-to-peer nätverk är ett internationellt fenomen behöver upphovsrättslagen ytterligare harmonisering på ett internationellt plan. I dagsläget pågår en implementering av Europeiska Unionens (EU:s) sanktionsdirektiv som tillerkänner större rättigheter till upphovsrättshavare. Direktivet innehåller bestämmelser som förenklar möjligheten för rättighetshavare att vidta åtgärder mot personer som begår upphovsrättsintrång, vilket på sikt kan komma att bidra till en ökad mängd rättsfall. Sanktionsdirektivet har samtidigt kritiserats för att vara alltför långtgående och inskränker människors rätt till privatliv.

Fildelning genom peer-to-peer nätverk är förmånligt för konsumenter genom att utbudet av musik är stort, lättillgängligt och till en låg kostnad; samtidigt ger nätverken artister möjligheten att nå ut till en bredare publik. Konsumenter är nödvändiga för musikindustrin eftersom de inhandlar musiken. Dock är det viktigt att upprätthålla det fundamentala syftet med upphovsrätt, vilket är att ersätta upphovsrättshavaren för sitt verk och fungera som ett incitament till att stimulera skapade. Utan de ekonomiska rättigheterna skulle uppmuntran att skapa nya alster gå förlorad, och musikproduktionen skulle minska. Trots att upphovsrätten rättfärdigas genom att skydda rättighetshavare så är det även angeläget att understryka värdet av konsumenterna. Det är därför av stor vikt att balansera samtliga parters intressen.

Det är nödvändigt att marknadsföra och utveckla fler lagliga fildelningsalternativ för att upprätthålla upphovsrättens syfte och samhällets intresse. Digital musik har till viss del ersatt det traditionella Compact Disc (CD) formatet. Musikindustrin måste därför samarbeta med bland annat internetleverantörer för att ta till sig den digitala utvecklingen av musik och erbjuda bättre lösningar till konsumenter. För närvarade har den svenska befolkningen otillräckliga kunskaper inom upphovsrätt, varför mer utbildning behövs. Avslutningsvis, skulle marknadsföring och utbildning kunna bidra till en minskning av den illegala fildelningen och gynna alla parters intressen.       

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3

Sharmin, Sadia. "Music Copyright Management on Blockchain : Is it legally viable?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353704.

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The thesis begins by describing the current problems in the fragmented world of music copyrights indicating musicians are not being paid accurately due to lack of transparency in the calculation of royalties and this lead to legal battle. Later we investigate how blockchain technology can alleviate much of the difficulties associated with this complexity. We further explore the legislative and institutional support for the technology necessary for a successful implementation, in form of legislations and governmental projects. We find out that numerous authorities have started voting favourable legislations and recognizing the technology as a valid public ledger. Eventually, we confirm our findings by analysing existing laws.
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4

Carretta, Silvia A. "Blockchain challenges to copyright : Revamping the online music industry." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-173248.

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5

Montgomery, Anna Lucille Ford. "Governing a copyright culture in post-WTO China : copyright in the film and music industries, 2001 - 2005." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/49147/2/49147.pdf.

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In 2001 China amended its copyright law in accordance with the requirements of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS). This thesis explores the impact of copyright reform on China’s domestic film and music industries. Through extensive interviews with film and music industry workers – directors, producers, executives, judges, lawyers and musicians – it investigates the role of copyright in film and music’s shift from state driven to commercially focussed. The construction and negotiation of a new ‘copyright culture’ in China is examined through the lens of Yurchak’s (1999) concept of ‘entrepreneurial governmentality.’ Administrative structures put in place prior to China’s economic reform are no longer capable of controlling film and music production and consumption and new approaches to managing it are becoming more important. High levels of unauthorised distribution are forcing these industries to adapt their business models so that they can function in a system with weak copyright protection. Legal, economic and political changes have resulted in the emergence of an ‘entrepreneurial governmentality’ among film and music industry professionals. This commercially focussed group is, in turn, increasing pressure on the state to expand the space in which it can function and support efforts to strengthen the copyright system that allows it to exist. It is suggested that the construction and negotiation of a new ‘copyright culture’ is now taking place. This thesis describes the current situation in the film and music industries. It examines the tension between the theoretical possibilities created by copyright law, and the practical challenges of operating in China. It observes innovative business models being applied by film and music businesses in China. It discusses the impact of traditional attitudes to copying and also examines the role that open licensing models might play in helping limit the negative effects of copyright protection on public access to content and in raising levels of education about copyright among key groups within the community.
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6

Leo, Katherine M. "Blurred Lines: Musical Expertise in the History of American Copyright Litigation." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1461148846.

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7

Wikstrom, Patrik. "Reluctantly virtual : modelling copyright industry dynamics." Thesis, Karlstad University, Sweden, 2006. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/67930/1/FULLTEXT01.pdf.

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During the evolution of the music industry, developments in the media environment have required music firms to adapt in order to survive. Changes in broadcast radio programming during the 1950s; the Compact Cassette during the 1970s; and the deregulation of media ownership during the 1990s are all examples of changes which have heavily affected the music industry. This study explores similar contemporary dynamics, examines how decision makers in the music industry perceive and make sense of the developments, and reveals how they revise their business strategies, based on their mental models of the media environment. A qualitative system dynamics model is developed in order to support the reasoning brought forward by the study. The model is empirically grounded, but is also based on previous music industry research and a theoretical platform constituted by concepts from evolutionary economics and sociology of culture. The empirical data primarily consist of 36 personal interviews with decision makers in the American, British and Swedish music industrial ecosystems. The study argues that the model which is proposed, more effectively explains contemporary music industry dynamics than music industry models presented by previous research initiatives. Supported by the model, the study is able to show how “new” media outlets make old music business models obsolete and challenge the industry’s traditional power structures. It is no longer possible to expose music at one outlet (usually broadcast radio) in the hope that it will lead to sales of the same music at another (e.g. a compact disc). The study shows that many music industry decision makers still have not embraced the new logic, and have not yet challenged their traditional mental models of the media environment. Rather, they remain focused on preserving the pivotal role held by the CD and other physical distribution technologies. Further, the study shows that while many music firms remain attached to the old models, other firms, primarily music publishers, have accepted the transformation, and have reluctantly recognised the realities of a virtualised environment.
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8

Bennett, Joe. "Constraint, creativity, copyright and collaboration in popular songwriting teams." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2014. http://researchspace.bathspa.ac.uk/5037/.

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This PhD study starts with a single question: 'how do songwriters collaborate to write effective songs?' I will test several hypotheses, including 'amateur and professional songwriters demonstrate different behaviours','songwriting represents the collision of existing ideas', 'song form is market-driven', 'songwriters learn by hearing extant songs' and 'process and product are interrelated and it is possible to change the latter by consciously manipulating the former'. In testing the hypotheses, I will discuss the titular 'Four Cs' - Constraint, Creativity, Copyright and Collaboration. The last is explained easily in the central question; the first is necessitated by the inescapable fact that popular song exhibits statistically probable norms relating to characteristics such as harmony, form, lyric theme and rhyme. The second (Creativity) obviously requires originality, which in music manifests itself as the third - Copyright. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the constraints of song, and to consider songwriters' ability to cross the lower originality threshold of creativity defined by copyright. The research is itself constrained to a study of the work of 'professional' songwriters, defined as individuals whose work has generated income through royalties. I take the philosophical position that songs can only exist when there is an additional listener to hear them. Historically and culturally I define 'songwriting' as British and American popular songwriting as practised between 1952 and 2012 (the first 60 years of the 'singles chart' in the UK), although in some cases it will be necessary to make reference to slightly earlier sources . Three evidence bases are used: real-time recqrdings of songwriting sessions, immediate retrospective reports by songwriters, and later retrospective interviews. The first of these is auto-ethnographic; I have documented my own collaborative processes across a variety of real-world composition and songwriting projects. The research draws on existing academic literature, particularly in the fields of popular musicology and cognitive psychology, but also making reference to tertiary fields such as law, sociology, literature and philosophy. This thesis does not posit a 'template method' for songwriting - even a cursory examination of the evidence suggests that no such thing exists. Rather, the intention is to identify and analyse the way songwriting teams negotiate the creative and problem-solving challenges of writing effective songs.
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9

Barrett, Brandon T. "Modernizing Copyright for Equitable Treatment in the Streaming Age." Thesis, Florida Atlantic University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10096023.

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Society’s progression through the digital streaming age has created a music licensing landscape of grave concern to all stakeholders in the industry. These drastic changes have occurred under an outdated legal framework. This paper will recommend a comprehensive reform to our copyright law to uphold the intentions of copyright in the modern, digital age of today. By looking at the history of copyright and its evolution, one can assess how Congress has been tasked with establishing a fair market value for music by promoting the public interest and fairly compensating copyright owners. This will lead to an evaluation and comparison of those methods used to determine fair market value for creative works that will be the basis of the recommendation used to modernize copyright law. This recommendation will comprehensively provide for equitable treatment for all parties in the streaming age through its totality, additional reforms, and alternative ideas.

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10

Sirois, Andre. "Copyright Law Inadequacies in the Case of Digital Sampling: Adding Color to a Grey Area." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2005. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/SiroisA2005.pdf.

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11

Rogowski, Adrian. "How to copy a song with impunity : a legal perspective on copyright infringement cases for musical works." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97618.

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Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch Univeristy, 2015
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Music has, and continues to play, an important role in society. It is therefore natural that more music composers enter the scene to capitalize upon this role that music has in society. It is however becoming more common place for music composers to start copying each other, either directly or indirectly. Fortunately, copyright laws have been developed to further protect the rights enjoyed by copyright holders, such as music composers, and these laws essentially protect the composers from the unlawful reproduction of their original music. Copying is, to some degree, inevitable, therefore, the question asked by this paper is to what extent is someone entitled to ‘copy’ from another person without it amounting to copyright infringement. In determining if there is copyright infringement, two tests must be applied and satisfied, namely, the causal connection test, and the substantial similarity test. Causal connection is usually met by establishing whether the alleged infringer had access to the original work. The substantial similarity test is the focus of this paper. The courts rely on this test to determine if that part which was reproduced from the original work is of substance i.e. if it is a part of the work which attributes uniqueness and quality to the original song. Of course, this test is notoriously difficult to understand and apply, hence the need for this paper to address the question on when there is substantial similarity in two works. This paper is of benefit to academics, authors (musicians) and lawyers, as not only is the substantial similarity test discussed from a theoretical point of view, but the question of when something is substantially similar is answered from a pragmatic point of view. It is hoped that this paper is used as a guideline in understanding and applying the substantial similarity test in music copyright infringement cases.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Geen opsomming beskikbaar
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12

Okorie, Chijioke Ifeoma. "Open and freemium music business models in Africa - copyright and competition consequences." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28396.

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This thesis considers how South Africa and Nigeria can apply copyright and competition laws to regulate the open and freemium music business model that involves the use of copyright-protected music content to generate revenue from advertising. To enhance their competitiveness and escape copyright infringement liability, the firms that deploy the business model impose contractual terms to explain their use of protected content and direct the actions of platform users. Using case law from the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), the thesis argues that although these terms result in free and wider distribution of copyright content, some aspects of their implementation may be unaligned with the regulatory framework. The thesis finds that these misalignments exist because the non-payment of royalties to copyright owners and their exclusion from revenue-sharing arrangements may adversely affect their viability of copyright owners as small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) while their inclusion necessitates the imposition of restrictions that may prevent innovative uses of copyright products. Further, the thesis finds that the misalignments are caused by legal uncertainties regarding the exclusive rights of the copyright holders and the scope of their limitations and exceptions, as well as unavailability of competition law enforcement criteria that protect the economic freedom of SMEs including copyright owners. Because of the copyright covering the music content and its use in the economic activity of advertising, which is regulated by competition law, the thesis argues for aligning the business model with the regulatory frameworks. Further, the thesis argues that by ratifying international copyright treaties in ways that provide exclusive rights limited by compulsory licensing, and by amending and enforcing competition law to recognise unconscionable conduct as xiv anticompetitive, copyright and competition laws may be used to regulate the open and freemium music business model. By adopting a South African and Nigerian perspective and proposing competition law solutions, this study aims at filling a gap in the academic literature, which does not appear so far to have attempted a pro-Africa assessment of the business model and/or considered the complementary role of competition law in copyright-related industries in specific jurisdictions.
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13

Bartholomew, Peter G. "Personal rights, property rights and Section 55(2) of the Copyright Act 1968 : a consideration of the adaptation right in the compulsory licensing scheme for recording of musical works." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36898/1/36898_Digitised%20Thesis.pdf.

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14

Marshall, Lee. "Losing one's mind : bootlegging and the sociology of copyright." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2001. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3068/.

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This thesis offers a sociological analysis of authorship and copyright. It analyses how a specific model of authorship (characterised as 'Romantic') has come to form the foundation for understanding copyright even though such an understanding does not have any basis in the original purposes of copyright. This argument is then illustrated with a case study of an area of popular music known as 'bootlegging'. The thesis begins with a discussion of the early history of copyright law. It is argued that, rather than being for the benefit of authors, copyright was initially intended as a means of securing public education. On the basis of this discussion it is argued that copyright is a relationship between three interests - authors, public and publisher - but that the rhetorical uses of authorship prove especially critical for understanding copyright as a social phenomenon. The thesis goes on to investigate why Romanticism and copyright should be so intimately linked, relating copyright to notions of individually and immortality, and what problems this understanding of authorship causes. In particular, it is argued that the public interest, the intended beneficiary of copyright law, has been diminished because of the dominance of Romantic authorship. The thesis then offers some alternative conceptualisations of both creativity and copyright. This argument is then illustrated by a case study of the popular music industry. This section of the thesis begins by examining the dominance of Romantic ideals within rock music ideology and discusses the 'functions' of Romanticism for both the music industry and copyright industries more generally. The case study looks at the phenomenon of bootlegging (the commercial release of live performances and outtakes by individuals other than the rights holders) as an exemplar of the trends under discussion. The case study is structured around the question of why bootlegging is viewed as a problem by the legitimate record industry when it is of minimal economic impact. It is suggested that the answer to this puzzle is that bootlegging poses an explicit challenge to Romantic authorship. However, the thesis concludes that bootlegging not only contests but in its own way also reproduces the Romantic idea of authorship.
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15

Niemi, Libby Ellen. "Walking the line: Finding a balance between music copyright law and technological innovation." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1433469.

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16

Kaye, David Stewart Valdovinos. "Golden pagodas and platinum albums: Developing and decolonizing copyright in Myanmar." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/207883/1/David%20Stewart%20Valdovinos_Kaye_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis investigates copyright and musical artists in Myanmar. Theoretically framed by critical media industries studies and decolonizing methodologies and informed by in-depth qualitative interviews with key informants in the Myanmar music industry, this thesis illustrates how a music recording industry can flourish in the relative absence of copyright. Further, findings demonstrate how cultural conceptions of copying and authorship can shift dramatically in the absence of or prior to copyright reform. This thesis raises questions about the colonial legacy and power dynamics of international copyright regulation in the Global South.
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17

Wikström, Patrik. "Reluctantly Virtual : Modelling Copyright Industry Dynamics." Doctoral thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-478.

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During the evolution of the music industry, developments in the media environment have required music firms to adapt in order to survive. Changes in broadcast radio programming during the 1950s; the Compact Cassette during the 1970s; and the deregulation of media ownership during the 1990s are all examples of changes which have heavily affected the music industry. This study explores similar contemporary dynamics, examines how decision makers in the music industry perceive and make sense of the developments, and reveals how they revise their business strategies, based on their mental models of the media environment.

A qualitative system dynamics model is developed in order to support the reasoning brought forward by the study. The model is empirically grounded, but is also based on previous music industry research and a theoretical platform constituted by concepts from evolutionary economics and sociology of culture. The empirical data primarily consist of 36 personal interviews with decision makers in the American, British and Swedish music industrial ecosystems. The study argues that the model which is proposed, more effectively explains contemporary music industry dynamics than music industry models presented by previous research initiatives.

Supported by the model, the study is able to show how “new” media outlets make old music business models obsolete and challenge the industry’s traditional power structures. It is no longer possible to expose music at one outlet (usually broadcast radio) in the hope that it will lead to sales of the same music at another (e.g. a compact disc).

The study shows that many music industry decision makers still have not embraced the new logic, and have not yet challenged their traditional mental models of the media environment. Rather, they remain focused on preserving the pivotal role held by the CD and other physical distribution technologies.

Further, the study shows that while many music firms remain attached to the old models, other firms, primarily music publishers, have accepted the transformation, and have reluctantly recognised the realities of a virtualised environment.

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18

Ouma, Marisella Nabongo. "Enforcement of copyright in the music industry : a critical analysis of the legal and institutional framework on enforcement in Sub Saharan Africa." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/28087.

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It is trite to state that law without effective enforcement is of no use to those it seeks to protect. Nevertheless, it must be emphasised that for a law to be effective, there have to be corresponding institutional structures. Enforcement of copyright involves two phases. The first is formulation and enactment of law. The second phase is the implementation of legal provisions that includes interpretation of law and determination of cases by the courts, investigation of copyright violations, prevention of unauthorised exploitation of the rights and the use of sanctions and remedies provided by law. The main problem for rights holders is not so much in written law but in enforcement or lack thereof. Some creative industries in sub Saharan Africa are being threatened due to unauthorised commercial exploitation of copyright protected works. This is despite strengthening of national laws in the region. There are various reasons for the impending demise of such industries, but the crucial factor is lack of or limited enforcement. The thesis looks at the important issue of enforcement from the perspective of the music industry in sub Saharan Africa. Based on an analysis of four sub Saharan countries, namely Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal and South Africa, this thesis illustrates that despite having in place relatively modem copyright laws, these countries still experience high levels of unauthorised commercial use in respect of music. The thesis suggests that a key factor that promotes unauthorised commercial use is lack of effective enforcement." Through a critical analysis, based on the political, social, economic and technological perspectives, the thesis addresses three questions. First, why is copyright enforcement a problem in sub Saharan Africa? Secondly, why has the existing legal regime failed to ensure effective enforcement? Thirdly, what is an effective copyright enforcement regime? Effective enforcement of copyright, from a political, economic, social and technological perspective involves the existence of enforceable law, as well as effective enforcement mechanisms in both private and public sectors. An effective enforcement regime ensures conformity to law, involves a constant review of existing legal regimes and institutional structures (such as enforcement agencies) as well as adoption of new procedures and technologies to reduce incidences of non-compliance. The thesis concludes by suggesting proposals for policy guidelines on enforcement of music copyright in sub Saharan Africa.
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Bednarz, Tobias. "Diversity in online music : a European Union debate on cultural diversity and the collective management of authors' rights." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33294.

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facilitated the licensing of music to the benefits of right holders and commercial users alike. In the online realm, however, the rationale of the collective administration of copyright has been challenged and its functioning re-configured. At a moment in time where the Internet has made the cross-border distribution of recorded music easier than ever, right holders are yet to find licensing solutions appropriate for multi- territorial online uses. This, in turn, slows down the uptake of legal online music services and prevents the realisation of the Digital Single Market, pursued within the EU. The European Commission has intervened twice, first in 2005 in the form of a non-binding Recommendation, and later in 2008, when it held that the collecting societies' practice of restricting their activities to their respective domestic territory was anti-competitive. Arguably, the contradictory effects of EU action have exacerbated rather than remedied the existing difficulties that cross-border online music services face in clearing the necessary authors' rights. This thesis proposes to re-contextualise this problem around cultural diversity, which is a recurring buzzword in the ongoing debates and which EU institutions are legally obliged to promote and to respect. Despite this seeming acknowledgment of the concept, no sound legal analysis of its scope or its implications for the field of online music has yet been proposed. Pursuing such analysis, this thesis first examines the meaning of cultural diversity under EU law to submit an understanding of it as intercultural pluralism. It then assesses the boundaries of the EU obligation to promote cultural diversity in view of the goals of the UNESCO Convention on the Promotion and Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. An analysis of the relationship between the two sets of norms suggests interpreting the EU mandate of promoting cultural diversity in light of the scope of the international obligations wherever EU action affects cultural creations. Applied to the context of online music, this novel interpretation implies that cultural diversity is promoted if all groups within the EU (a) have the ability to express their cultural identity through online music; and (b) are in a position to access online music expressing different cultures from within and outside the EU. Cultural diversity thus calls for the licensing regime to be reorganised so that online music services may, in a simple and effective way, clear the rights necessary for the online use of the entire available EU repertoire as well as a diverse foreign and, ideally, the entire worldwide repertoire. Finally, this thesis assesses the current online licensing mechanisms in a practical application of these findings, testing the commonly raised argument that collective rights management promotes cultural diversity and investigating, in parallel, whether the practical consequences of the EU interventions have promoted the diversity of online music.
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McConnachie, Boudina. "Legal access to our musical history: an investigation into the copyright implications of archived musical recordings held at the International Library of African Music (ILAM) in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002313.

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This thesis explores the South African Copyright Act No. 98 of 1978 as it pertains to the archived holdings at the International Library of African Music (ILAM) situated at Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa. The purpose of analysing this law is to advise and assist ILAM in fulfilling royalty payment obligations as stipulated in a contract signed between ILAM and the Smithsonian Global Sound (formally Global Sound Network) in 2001. In order to clearly comprehend the scope of the royalty payment clause in the Smithsonian Institution’s contract with ILAM, this research includes an examination of: the history and nature of South African copyright as a sub-structure of intellectual property; specific internationally documented copyright infringement cases; the recording and documentation practices of Hugh Tracey (ILAM’s founder and director from 1954 to 1977); the contract between Global Sound Network and ILAM; and contentious issues surrounding collective ownership and indigenous knowledge. In conclusion, this research suggests equitable solutions to ILAM’s copyright concerns and proposes the Eastern Cape Music Archiving Project (ECMAP) as a practical vehicle to assist the South African Department of Trade and Industry in implementation of the South African Intellectual Property Amendment Bill (2008) if, and when, it is passed.
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Kanellopoulou, Evgenia. "Test for echo : competition law and the music industries from a business model perspective." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31351.

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The thesis asks whether there is a role for competition law and policy in the music industries. It is argued that there is a need for updated competition policy in order to safeguard both end consumer welfare and the competitive process in these markets, characterised by fast-paced developments and business model innovation. Indeed, the past two decades saw the music industries undergo seismic changes, as even the term 'music industries' was not in use as such before the advent of the internet era and the decline in sales of recordings in physical format. Soon it became obvious that the traditional music industry's end consumers had chosen to migrate to alternative methods of consumption, complementing and substituting between several products for music, such as the digital format, the live concert ticket, and the overall 'music experience'. End consumers chose to completely by-pass the product on offer, meaning the recording of popular music in physical format, as provided top-down by a few multinational record companies, which the thesis identifies as an oligonomy. As alternative business models emerged in the music industries, the members of the oligonomy became followers of end consumer demand, remaining stuck in their notion that the end consumer remains the passive, mass market. Addressing this era as an era of market failure helps to identify the role of the end consumer within the business model of the music industry and to understand emerging trends and patterns in the music industries. Indeed, technological and copyright developments in the late nineteenth century enabled the hardware industries to morph into the recorded music industry, operating under the same business model of copyright exploitation. It follows that the market deriving from this business model is a market prone to monopolisation, resulting in a homogeneous product, designed and delivered top-down to the mass market. The resulting product was not only foreclosed by the few members of the oligonomy, but the operating business model made it impossible for the competition authorities to justify concerns. When the technology allowed for it, the creeping market failure came to the limelight and the end consumer started by-passing the oligonomy to gain access to the foreclosed content, generating consumer demand-driven business models. This translated into business model innovation. To illustrate, the thesis investigates the trial-and-error relationship between the competition authorities of the US, the EU, the UK and the old business model, addressing the failure to appreciate the bottleneck around the creative output that was being created, and the need to safeguard consumer welfare. To compare, the thesis also examines cases in the new business model era, observing the stance of competition authorities towards consumer demand generated business models. The thesis concludes with the affirmation of the need to design welfare enhancing competition policy, which places the end consumer in the forefront. To achieve this, the thesis proposes the consultation of the relevant business model literature.
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Mogis, Jay D. "Transparency, technology and trust: Music metrics and cultural distortion." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/199497/1/Jay_Mogis_Thesis.pdf.

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Transparency issues influence many aspects of modern society and are critical in balancing the dichotomy between personalisation and privacy. Transparency behaviours have previously been refined into the disclosure, clarity and accuracy (DCA) model (Schnackenberg & Tomlinson, 2014). This thesis has two projects. Project 1 makes a significant contribution to the research literature on transparency and music industry practices by testing the DCA model. Project 2 presents an investigation into music licensing, missing revenue and technology transfer in Australia. The findings suggest an accreditation system for copyright throughput accuracy could function as a potential roadmap for transparency innovation more broadly.
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Rynderman, Benjamin. "The licensing of new recorded music business models in Australia: Current practice, the barriers to entry and an investigation in to the need for legislative reform." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/97527/4/Benjamin_Rynderman_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis identifies Australia’s place in the worldwide recorded music industries and seeks the reasons behind the delays of launches in Australia of online music services. It concludes that while there is no clear cut answer to this question, there is considerable tension between the parties involved and a clear opportunity for the review of Australia’s copyright law. Constantly shifting and dynamic, the recorded music industries in Australia and worldwide have been in a state of flux since the turn of the millennium and the democratisation of music distribution.
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Baloyi, Jele Joel. "Intellectual property, entrepreneurship and the music industry :a new ray of hope for enhancing African international trade capacity? A South African case study." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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This thesis aimed to examine the prevailing international intellectual property regime as embodied especially in the TRIPS Agreement, for purposes of outlining some of the criticisms levelled against it especially by the less developed world. The work aimed to illustrate how, despite the imperfections of the system, certain intellectual property rights could still be used strategically by African countries to bolster the entrepreneurial spirit, in the form of musical entrepreneurship for purposes of enhancing their international trade capacity.
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Klein, Jeff. "Identity Protection: Copyright, Right of Publicity, and the Artist's Negative Voice." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1395585265.

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Finley, Nathan. "MANAGING CREATIVE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN DISRUPTEDINDUSTRIES: A BUSINESS PLAN FOR ATHENA PUBLISHING LLC." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1619186560810578.

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Murray, Sarah Joy. "Legitimating the Remix: Exploring Electronic Dance Music’s Hybrid Economy." Thesis, Boston College, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/701.

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Thesis advisor: Judith Schwartz
Increased access to media and production tools has given the civilized masses the means not only to consume an increasingly comprehensive wealth of content, but also the means to interact with that content in ways never before imagined. This has allowed the digital generation to grow ever more comfortable creating and editing content outside of the professional environment. Much of the creative output of our day comes in the form of the “remix,” a piece of content which is constructed, in full or in part, from bits (most often in the form of bytes) of other media artifacts. However, because of American law and international copyright agreements that prohibit the copying (reproduction or derivation) of creative works, a generation of amateur producers has been criminalized. Despite the message sent by recent prosecutions in light of the letter of copyright law, the original spirit of copyright law was to encourage creative production, not restrict it. Within the music industry, the international electronic dance music community demonstrates how new forms of content and copyright management within a hybrid economy could benefit artists, fans, and industry alike
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2009
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: College Honors Program
Discipline: Communication
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Lai, Yang. "Learning Copyright in Chinese Fandom: A Study of Informal Learning in Cyberspace." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1605279450637024.

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Fisk, Nathan W. "Social learning theory as a model for illegitimate peer-to-peer use and the effects of implementing a legal music downloading service on peer-to-peer music piracy /." Online version of thesis, 2006. https://ritdml.rit.edu/dspace/handle/1850/2737.

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Bazarsky, Jason. "The effect of illegal music downloading and iTunes Store on CD collection size." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/1569.

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Jinkerson, Jeremy. "DOES MUSIC PIRACY INFLUENCE PURCHASE INTENTION?: ADAPTING AJZEN'S THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR MODEL." MSSTATE, 2008. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-06202008-234405/.

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The Recording Industry Association of America claims to lose millions of dollars each year from music piracy (RIAA, 2007). However, instead of causing loss, digital music piracy may activate norms of reciprocity in music pirates. When pirating music, people may feel some obligation to reciprocate by purchasing music or related merchandise. The theory of planned behavior was used to investigate such a possibility and to provide a framework for scale development. Reliable scales were developed for all measured constructs. Regarding piracy, the RIAAs claim may have some merit. Specifically, previous piracy was associated with decreased reported likelihood to purchase music. However, previous piracy was associated with increased intent to make future music-related purchases. Reciprocity partially mediated this relationship.
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Guobužaitė, Gražina. "Muzikos kūrinių autorių teisių administravimas Lietuvoje: autorinio atlyginimo pasiskirstymas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120618_153043-21107.

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Šiame magistriniame darbe nagrinėjamas muzikos kūrinių autorių teisių administravimas, kuris yra aktualus kiekvienam muzikos atstovui, tiek pačiam kūrėjui, tiek vartotojui. Analizuojama muzikos kūrinių autorių teisių administravimo sistema bei teoriniai muzikos autorių teisių apsaugos modeliai, aptariama pasaulyje bei Lietuvoje autorių teisių apsaugą užtikrinanti institucinė bei įstatyminė sistema, akcentuojant autorinio atlyginimo pasiskirstymą, bei jo įtaką kūrėjams. Taikant kokybinio ir kiekybinio tyrimo metodikas analizuojamas autorinio atlyginimo pasiskirstymas, palyginant ir su kitomis valstybėmis, tokiomis kaip Danija, Belgija, Prancūzija, tiriamos Lietuvos autorių teisių problemos bei aptariama bendra tiriamos srities situaciją Lietuvoje. Darbe atsakoma į svarbius klausimus, kurie iškyla eiliniam žmogui: kaip yra atlyginama meno kūrėjams už jų intelektualaus kūrybinio darbo rezultatus, skatinančius visuomenės pažangą? Kaip suderinti teisų turėtojų ir teisių naudotojų interesus atsižvelgiant į vis didėjantį intelektinės nuosavybės komerciškumą ir technologijų pažangą visuomenėje? Į klausimus atsakoma ne tik remiantis įvairiais literatūros šaltiniais bei straipsniais, bet ir pasitelkus kokybinį tyrimą, kurio metu kalbinti du įtakingi muzikos srities atstovai. Pirmasis interviu su LATGA-A muzikos kūrinių skyriaus vedėju Mariumi Kuzminu padėjo įsigilinti į asociacijos veiklą, autorinio atlyginimo pasiskirstymo sistemą, bei surinkti įdomios ir išsamios medžiagos iš... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
In this master work there is a research of copyright management of music authors, which is relevant to every representative of music, including creators and users. There is also analyzed copyright management system of music and theoretical copyright protection models and discussed copyright protection institutional and legitimate system, emphasizing the distribution of royalties and its impact on creators in Lithuania and worldwide. In the qualitative and quantitative researches there is analyzed the distribution of royalties and there is a comparison with other countries such as Denmark, Belgium and France. There is studied copyright issues and discussed the overall situation in the investigated area in Lithuania. This work answers to important questions which arise for ordinary people: how to reward the artists for their intellectual and creative results of works which also promotes social progress? How to balance the rights of holders and the rights of users' interests in the growing commerce of intellectual property and in the progress of modern technology in society? The questions are answered not only on the basis of various literature and articles, but also through a qualitative research in which there were interviewed two influential representatives of music. The first interview with Marius Kuzminas, the head of music department in LATGA-A, allowed to have an insight into the activities of the association as well as into the royalty distribution system and also... [to full text]
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Scheivert, Joseph Elliot. "Big life. Big stage. Big Ten. an examination of Big Ten Conference marching band policies and procedures concerning social media, copyright, relationships with athletic departments, and behavioral expectations." Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6272.

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Pang, Sam I. "The rhythm of everyday life : a study on the impact of illegal music downloading and the life of adult women in Macau." Thesis, University of Macau, 2006. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1874193.

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Lappyová, Nella. "Distribuce hudby českých interpretů po nástupu internetu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-198228.

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This thesis deals with the actual topic in the world of music, distribution of music of Czech musicians after the birth of the Internet. The work is written mainly from a practical point of view, but in the first chapters the reader is also familiar with theoretical concepts such as digitization, distribution, Long -tail Theory or Digital Rights Management. After the introduction to the topic analysis of sales of albums and songs on Czech music market follows, based on the statistics of the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry IFPI. Following chapter focuses on the business models of music sales, paid music services available for the Czech market and the issue of intellectual property. There are also explored current trends in music. The final chapters deals with an exploration from the database Market & Media & Lifestyle, and author's research (questionnaire survey). Key words:
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36

Sivill, Jason R. "Two Phenomena in Contemporary Music Education: Mental Toughness and the Law." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7947.

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This collection of works involved examinations of two phenomena that currently impact music education in the United States and constitute challenges for both pre-service and in-service music educators. Article one is an exploration of college aged musicians, their experiences with critical commentary and stressful scenarios encountered in and through applied music studies, and the role that mental toughness might play in these experiences. This study examined the perceptions of college level studio teachers and their students. Results of the study indicated that significant differences in mental toughness scores existed between the studio teacher group and the students (as a whole) and between the studio teacher group and 5 of the 6 student groups. Significant negative correlations were found between students’ mental toughness scores and answers to three questions related to teacher criticism, student anxiety in lessons, and students’ frequency of hurt feelings following feedback about their performing. Article 2 examined the perceptions of in-service music educators regarding aspects of education law. Participants included music educators (N = 152; Mage = 41.7) from each of the 50 states whose teaching assignments occur primarily at the high school (grades 9 – 12) levels. Results indicated that these participants viewed their undergraduate teacher training programs, and graduate studies, as having included very low levels of legal content. Few of the participants indicated receiving additional education and training from a legal specialist, and taking part in sessions on legal topics offered by their school districts and professional associations. The legal issues receiving the greatest numbers of selections as having been experienced by the participants included 5 aspects of copyright law, religious music/lyrics in educational and performance material, and protection of student health (i.e., medical) information. The total number of legal issues selected was significantly correlated with the number of traveling groups (ensembles) with which the teachers were associated. Teachers of marching band indicated a greater number of total legal issues having been dealt with in their professional experience. And teachers of orchestra demonstrated fewer total numbers of legal issues experienced. In spite of the significant correlations, total expressions of relevant legal issues were largely unassociated with teachers of specific ensemble types.
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Steedman, Sam, and sam steedman@gmail com. "Change and Growth of Australian Music Value Chains." RMIT University. Architecture and Design, 2009. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20091029.161558.

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The Australian music industry is growing and developing yet specific information about the ways in which distribution systems develop is limited. In this study I examined the growth and change of the Australian music value chain. This includes the development of digital distribution systems and the effect that peer-to-peer technology has on system development, specifically the disintermediation between consumers and artists to the detriment of the multinational value chains. The drivers of this change are broken into social and technical elements in order to describe the growth and change occurring. The method used included a comprehensive literature review and use of secondary data from key music industry associations. The Australian music industry is a subset of the global industry and is led by foreign markets and their methods in which music content moves from the creators to the consumers. The consumption patterns of Australian music consumers are changing. The overall value of the music industry is dropping as the new digital downloads market emerges and the overall volume of sales increases; this reflects similar trends in foreign markets. CD single sales have dropped and digital single sales (in MP3 format) have increased. However, there needs to be a balance in the future development of Australian music distribution systems between the needs of music consumers and the sustainability of music companies, where there is both connectivity and steady revenue flow. There are technical elements that have caused a movement away from the traditional forms of music distribution as new technologies facilitate the change, such as Apple's iPod and broadband Internet connections. Advancement of distribution systems has increased piracy levels and the response has been the implementation of digital rights management (DRM), which prevents connectivity. There are also social elements that affect growth and change such as connectivity, or the consumers freedom to choose when, where and how to listen to their music. When music product has a restriction placed upon it its value to the consumer drops. Multinational music companies have failed to recognise the value users place on the freedom to pick and choose and have tried to control rather than to co-develop systems that meets both parties needs.
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Hill, Christopher. "The anarchist's jukebox? a historical account of the file sharing conflict : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Communication Studies), Auckland University of Technology, 2005." Full thesis. Abstract, 2005.

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Thesis (MA--Communication Studies) -- Auckland University of Technology, 2005.
Chapter 5 not included in e-thesis. Also held in print (viii, 177 leaves, 30 cm.) in Wellesley Theses Collection. (T 338.4778149 HIL)
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Beránek, Tadeáš. "Specifika amerického maloobchodního trhu s hudbou." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-197243.

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This diploma thesis deals with complex issue of American recording industry and its specifics in retail industry. The thesis is composed of three main parts which are being linked with its theme, and they complement one another. The first part is a theoretical framework of American recording industry. The chapters pursue basic terminology of music market, analysis of business environment in the USA and comparison of the recorded music to other entertainment markets. The second part engages in history of the recorded music, yet it specially concentrates on market's outputs, i.e. volume of sold recordings and corresponding revenues for the period 1989-2012. Eventually, the final part thoroughly studies music business, its subjects and principles. Chapters describe and analyze the profile of American music consumer, the theory of music copyright and financial aspects of recording as well as music publishing.
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Mengoli, Chiara. "Plagiarism." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/20928/.

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This document aims to provide an overview of the current situation of plagiarism. This survey presents a taxonomy of various plagiarism forms and includes discussion on each of these forms. Moreover, it presents the existence of various tools and systems for detecting plagiarism. The easy access to the Web, its increasing use, and the development of technologies have led to the need to adapt plagiarism laws, implement new mechanisms anti-plagiarism or mechanisms of detection and empower people on the problem of plagiarism. Therefore, there will be a dedicated section for each of these aspects.
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Kubešová, Eliška. "Aktuální právní otázky využití a zneužití záznamů hudebního díla." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-197997.

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This diploma thesis identifies the most important changes in legislation and submitted proposals in the area of copyright between years 2012 and 2013 and in the beginning of 2014 in the Czech Republic, the EU and the USA. These changes are evaluated from a legislative point of view and also from the point of view of a music consumer. For thorough understanding, the thesis contains also an overview of the current Czech legislation of copyright. Furthermore, it evaluates the current situation in a broader context of law, history, technology, culture and consumer behaviour and defines it as opposed to previous periods. It describes the history of music piracy and its current situation and features some of the most important cases of copyright enforcement of the period 2012 to 2014. The thesis contains also a research performed in the Czech Republic and Sweden, which describes past and present habits of music listeners. Following the identification of previous development and current trends, the thesis discovers future development and suggests future solutions to the problem of copyright in music.
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Cruz, Leonardo Ribeiro da 1982. "Internet e arquiteturas de controle : as estratégias de repressão e inserção do mercado fonográfico digital." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281177.

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Orientador: Laymert Garcia dos Santos
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T13:04:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cruz_LeonardoRibeiroda_D.pdf: 2081819 bytes, checksum: 83edc0f34085d32e2f4e01a345734b85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: Essa pesquisa discute as estratégias de combate e de inserção do mercado fonográfico na internet e seus efeitos no desenvolvimento da rede. Para tal, ela parte da análise do mercado tradicional de discos, que durante todo o século XX se solidificou através do controle dos meios de produção, distribuição e promoção de cópias gravadas em suporte físico bem como através da proteção das leis regulamentadoras desse mercado ¿ as leis autorais. Entretanto, a internet e as tecnologias de reprodução e distribuição de bens culturais digitalizados reorganizaram o mercado fonográfico ao propiciar uma ampla e gratuita disponibilização de seus produtos. Tal reorganização teve ressonâncias em diversos aspectos desse mercado, principalmente nas formas tradicionais de negociação e valorização dos produtos culturais. As primeiras movimentações do mercado fonográfico foram a de combate à distribuição digital de música em favor da proteção do mercado tradicional de música gravada, pautada pelo paradigma da escassez e pelo controle oligopolista e altamente concentrado do mercado. Contudo, acontecimentos mais recentes no campo da negociação dos produtos culturais e das empresas fonográficas apontam para novos desdobramentos relacionados à aproximação das estratégias de inserção das empresas de entretenimento com a distribuição digital que, por sua vez, buscou transformar o modelo de negócio do mercado fonográfico através de uma redefinição de seus produtos e de sua atuação. A partir de novos serviços legais de disponibilização gratuita de músicas, as grandes empresas fonográficas inauguraram formas distintas de negociação de seus produtos culturais, pautando seus lucros a partir do cada vez mais onipresente marketing comportamental. A música como mercadoria muda de natureza comercial em favor de uma nova lógica de valorização, pautada na abundância e na gratuidade de produtos a partir de seu acesso. Ao reforçar a hegemonia de um modelo de negócio pautado no controle do acesso de informações, na criação de ambientes fechados e voltados à valorização ¿ baseado na ação simultânea de suas estratégias de repressão e de inserção ¿ a indústria fonográfica volta a buscar o controle da produção, distribuição e promoção de música gravada ao mesmo tempo que alteram definitivamente a experiência de navegação do usuário e o próprio desenvolvimento da topologia da internet
Abstract: This research discusses the strategies of repression and insertion of the music industry on the Internet and its effects on the development of the network . To this goal, it starts from the analysis of the traditional music market, that throughout the twentieth century solidified by controlling the means of production, distribution and promotion of recorded copies on physical media as well as through the protection of the laws regulating this market ¿ the copyright laws. However , the internet and the technologies of reproduction and distribution of digitized cultural goods reorganized the music industry by providing a wide and free availability of their products . This restructuring had resonances in various aspects of this market , especially in traditional forms of trading and valuation of cultural products . The first strategy of the music industry were to combat the digital distribution of music in favor of protecting the traditional market for recorded music, guided by the paradigm of scarcity and the highly concentrated and oligopolistic market control. However, recent events in the trading of cultural products and in the record companies fields indicate a new developments related to the integration strategies of entertainment companies in the digital distribution that, in turn, sought to transform the business model of the music industry through a redefinition of its products and its operations. From new legal services with free music available, large music companies opened different ways of negotiating their cultural products, basing its profits from the increasingly ubiquitous digital behavioral marketing. Music as merchandise changes of its commercial nature in favor of a new logic of valuation, based on the abundance and gratuity of product through their access. By reinforcing the hegemony of a business model guided by the access information control, the creation of closed and controlled digital environments - based on the simultaneous action of their strategies of repression and insertion - the music industry back to seek control of production, distribution and sale of recorded music while definitely alter the user's browsing experience and the development of the topology of internet
Doutorado
Sociologia
Doutor em Sociologia
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Kazadi, Kanyabu Solomon. "A sociological analysis of the production, marketing and distribution of contemporary popular music by Zambian musicians." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018933.

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The purpose of this research was to gather information about the production, marketing and distribution of Zambian contemporary music by Zambian musicians. Very little information has been documented about the development of the Zambian music industry, particularly from the perspective of those within the industry. As a result this study attempted to add to this knowledge. To achieve this Pierre Bourdieu’s theoretical concepts of ‘fields’ and ‘habitus’ were used to gain an understanding of what affects the creation of art forms such as music as well as the structures and underlying processes within the music industry. The concept of ‘fields’ usefully framed an explanation of the struggles and connections within the various fields in the industry and a view of the Zambian music industry in relation to the international industry. To gather the data necessary for this research a qualitative approach was utilised involving semistructured in-depth questionnaires from twenty-three interviewees. These interviewees were selected from various sectors of the music industry in an attempt to gain a holistic perspective of the industry in the 21st century. There were four subgroups: the artists (singers, rappers and instrumentalists), managers, radio DJs, and a miscellaneous group made up of the remaining participants, a Sounds Arcade manager, a music journalist, the National Arts Council Chairperson, a Zambia Music Copyright Protection Society (ZAMCOPS) administrator, and the then President of the Zambia Association of Musicians (ZAM). With the limited exposure to formal musical, instrumental and production training, musicians, instrumentalists, managers and studio production personnel interviewed had had to learn their craft on-the-job. This limited knowledge appears to add to the hindrance of the development of careers and the industry, particularly in terms of how to register and distribute music correctly to earn royalties and protect their intellectual property against piracy. From an institutional level piracy is being addressed more forcefully with the introduction of holograms and the tightening of policies and structures to do with the music industry.
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44

Wiséen, Martin, and Johanna Herbertsson. "The legality of music sampling in Sweden : Complicated issues demand complicated measures." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Redovisning och Rättsvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-26787.

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The legality of music sampling is in Sweden unknown. The reason for this is mainly the lack of relevant case law and that the legislation and legislative history has not reach clarity within this subject. There are generally two different routes and perspectives on sample issues. The first main route is that samples should be judged according to the “common” copyright rules where originality, similarity and other factors need to be investigated. The second route is that sampling issues should be judged upon the neighbouring rights, and within these rules no other tests needs to be included. It is simply an infringement if it is proven that someone has in fact sampled a recording. American case law has inherent both views and most often are pending between these views. German case law however made it clear in the Kraftwerk case that the neighbouring rights are used within German law. Through this inconsistency the authors have not found any clear indications which rules a Swedish court would apply. Due to the relationship between Sweden and Germany, and that they are both members of the European Union the authors believe that Sweden will judge accordingly to the neighbouring rights. However, the authors believe that the neighbouring rights were created for the purpose to contradict piracy and not sampling disputes. Furthermore, neither the legislative history nor judicial literature gives any indications that the neighbouring rights should be used when a part of a work has been altered and used in a new work. The author’s personal beliefs are therefore that the neighbouring rights should not be applied on sampling cases. The “common” copyright rules should instead be applied which includes originality and similarity tests.
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45

Pires, Mateus Macedo. "Distribuição de música na cultura digital: a relação de artistas autônomos com as plataformas de Streaming." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21053.

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The basic assumption of this research is that contemporary digital technologies provide differentiated ways of producing, distributing and consuming music today, leading to a reconfiguration of the processes involving productions in the music industry and changes in the ways of enjoying music. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to understand how the relationships of the autonomous artists with the Streaming platforms in the consumption and the distribution of musical productions are given. It seeks to understand how current platforms, particularly Spotify, Deezer and Apple Music (audio distribution), and SoundCloud (social audio network) have changed the monopoly of the music industry, forms of financial collection and relations with the public. It is assumed, to do so, that is necessary to deal with issues that involve the circulation of cultural productions in modernity, through the technologies, communication and social sciences. Walter Benjamin's concept of "loss of aura" and "technical reproducibility", the concept of "mass culture" by Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer, the notions involving the networked society of Manuel Castells and the Cyberculture, of Pierre Lévy are important ideas for understanding contemporaneity. Finally, through an analysis of the theoretical perspectives based on these authors of communication and cultural studies, we intend to identify and make explicit the relationship between the technological evolution of the media and the copyrights in music, in order to understand economic, social and cultural practices in contemporaneity regarding musical production
O pressuposto básico desta pesquisa é que as tecnologias digitais contemporâneas proporcionam modos diferenciados de produzir, distribuir e consumir música atualmente, acarretando em uma reconfiguração dos processos que envolvem as produções na indústria da música e as mudanças nos modos de apreciar a música hoje. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa é o de compreender como ocorrem as relações dos artistas autônomos com as plataformas de Streaming no consumo e na distribuição das produções musicais. Pretende-se entender como as atuais plataformas, particularmente Spotify, Deezer e Apple Music (de distribuição de áudio), e SoundCloud (rede social de áudio) mudaram o monopólio da indústria fonográfica, as formas de arrecadação financeira e as relações com o público. Para tanto, é necessário tratar de questões que envolvem a circulação das produções culturais na modernidade, pelo viés das tecnologias, comunicação e ciências sociais. O conceito de “perda da aura” e de “reprodutibilidade técnica”, de Walter Benjamin, o conceito de “cultura de massa”, de Theodor Adorno e Max Horkheimer, as noções que envolvem a sociedade em rede, de Manuel Castells e Cibercultura, de Pierre Lévy são aspectos importantes para compreensão da contemporaneidade. Por fim, pretende-se, através de análise das perspectivas teóricas baseadas nesses autores da comunicação e nos estudos culturais, identificar e explicitar a relação entre a evolução tecnológica dos suportes e dos direitos autorais na música para compreender como se dão as práticas culturais, sociais e econômicas da contemporaneidade em relação as produções musicais
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46

Latson, Christopher Craig. "Contemporary Pirates: An Examination of the Perceptions and Attitudes Toward the Technology, Progression, and Battles that Surround Modern Day Music Piracy in Colleges and Universities." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4595/.

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The pilot study used in this thesis examined the attitudes and perceptions of a small group of students at the University of North Texas. The participants in this pilot study (n=22) were administered an online music file sharing survey, a Defining Issues Test (DIT), and participated in a small focus group. This thesis also outlined the history and progression of online music piracy in the United States, and addressed four research questions which aimed to determine why individuals choose to engage in the file sharing of copyrighted music online.
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47

Losso, Fabio Malina. "Os direitos autorais no mercado da música." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2131/tde-28092009-082901/.

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A presente tese parte da constatação de que diversas crises nos direitos autorais impactaram o mercado da música, todas coincidentes com a introdução de novas tecnologias. Com o advento das tecnologias digitais de fixação de obras musicais e da internet, passou-se a questionar se o momento atual permite identificar uma autêntica crise no direito do autor e, a partir disso, como se pode refletir sobre as questões decorrentes das novas tecnologias que, fatalmente, são pensadas com as velhas normas e teorias. São linhas essenciais do trabalho: a) a criatividade musical e o impacto de diferentes tecnologias para sua fixação e distribuição; b) a criatividade musical e o reconhecimento e a proteção de direitos do criador; c) a inflexão entre os interesses do criador e os outros diversos sujeitos envolvidos na fixação e distribuição da obra artística musical ao lado do interesse dos destinatários; d) a pluralidade de soluções para definir os moldes dessa inflexão e as direções tomadas pelo direito brasileiro. Verifica-se, no decorrer do presente estudo, a existência de conflito de interesses entre o investidor cultural, o compositor e o consumidor, que se projeta no conflito entre os direitos autorais e o direito de acesso aos bens culturais. A conformação de ambos constitui um relevante desafio trazido pelos novos tempos da chamada \"sociedade da informação\", na qual a música digital está inserida.
The present thesis parts from the affirmative that many crises in copyright impacted the music market, all coincident with the introduction of new technologies. With the advent of digital technologies for the fixation of musical works and of the intemet, it was questioned whether the present moment permits identification of an authentic crisis in copyright, and, from that, how is it possible to reflect about the issues due to the new technologies that, fatally, are thought according to old laws and theories. The essential guidelines of the thesis are: a) musical creativity and the impact of different technologies for its fixation and distribution; b) musical creativity and the acknowledgement and copyrights protection; c) the inflexion between the author\'s and other people\'s, who are involved in the fixation and distribution of artistic musical works, interests contrasted with the interests of the addressees; d) the plurality of solutions to define the molds of this inflexion and the directions taken by Brazilian law. It is verified, throughout the present study, the existence of a conflict of interests between the cultural investor, the composer and the consumer, that projects itself on the conflict between copyrights and the right to access cultural assets. The conformation of both constitutes a relevant challenge brought by the new times of what is called \"information society\", in which digital music is inserted.
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48

McDonagh, Luke Thomas. "Does the law on copyright in the UK and Ireland conflict with the creative practices of Irish tradional musicians? : a study of the impact of law on a traditional music network." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.535764.

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49

Akermark, Adam, and Martin Svensson. "Piratkopiering - en oändlig historia?" Thesis, Växjö University, School of Mathematics and Systems Engineering, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-809.

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Abstrakt (svenska)

Bakgrund: Piratkopieringen bara ökar och ökar. Program-, spel- och musikbranschen har idag stora problem. En i stort sett okunnig användare kan fixa en nyutgiven skiva innan den nått butikerna på grund av piratkopieringen. Detta problem möjliggörs genom att ingen bra lösning finns i form av fungerande kopieringsskydd samt att fildelningstjänsterna får stort spelrum. Vi går in specifikt och undersöker musikbranschen.

Syfte: Fördjupa oss i begreppet piratkopiering. Vidare vill vi upplysa och informera såväl musikbranschen som användare om problemet och dess framtid. Vi hoppas att det resultat vi kommer fram till kan ge underlag för vidare forskning.

Metod: Vår information har tagits från artiklar på Internet samt från litteratur vi ansett vara aktuell. Telefonintervjuer har skett med Magnus Mårtensson, IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), programjuristen Anna Burén på Sveriges Radio, Per Sandin,

General manager EMI marketing samt ett flertal Internetleverantörer. Vi har dessutom sammanställt en enkät som besvarats av en mängd personer.

Resultat: Många av gårdagens skivköpare anser att priset för en CD-skiva är för dyrt idag. Man har upptäckt piratkopieringen med dess obegränsade funktioner samt insett hur lätt det är att få tag på gratis musik utan repressalier, vilket beror på den idag vaga och ej alltför avskräckande lagstiftningen. Musikbolagen förlorar pengar och höjer därmed priserna för skivorna samtidigt som de aktivt arbetar för att hitta det perfekta kopieringsskyddet eller för att komma på någon annan strålande lösning. Framtiden ser oviss ut och för tillfället har

piratkopierarna och fildelningstjänsterna trumf på hand.

Nyckelord: Mp3, CD, Kopieringsskydd, Fildelningstjänster, Upphovsrätt och Musikintressenter.


Abstract (English)

Background: Illegal copying increases rapidly. Software-, game- and music industry are experiencing troubled times at the moment. Today, a practically ignorant person would have no problems to get hold of a newly published record before it reaches the stores because of the

illegal copying. This problem is made possible due to that no good solution exists. Copy protection isn’t good enough and peer-to-peer-networks are bigger than ever. In this work we will examine specifically the music industry.

Purpose: We will specialize in the term of illegal copying. Further we want to enlight and inform the music industry as well as the users of the problem and it´s future. We hope the result we will achieve can be a foundation for further research.

Realization: We have gathered our information from articles on the Internet and also from updated literature. Interviews were made over the phone with Magnus Mårtensson, IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), Anna Burén, lawyer of copyright at

Swedish Radio, Per Sandin, General manager EMI marketing and also a lot of Internetsuppliers. We have also compilated an inquiry which has been replied to by many people.

Conclusion: Many of the buyers from the past consider the cost of a CD far too high. Instead they have discovered the illegal copying and its unlimited functions. They have also realized how easy you can get new music without reprisals, which mostly depends on the vague and

not to scary laws. Music companies are losing money and therefore they raise the prize of a single CD, simultaneously as they work to find the perfect copy protection. The future looks uncertain and for the moment, those who are copying along with peer-to-peer-networks have

all the trumps.

Keywords: mp3, CD, copy-protection, peer-to-peer-networks, copyright, illegal copying, music companies.

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50

Castro, Armando Alexandre. "A música baiana e o mercado: a gestão da obra como estratégia de negócio." Escola de Administração da UFBA, 2011. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/16196.

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Esta investigação trata da música popular massiva baiana e suas inúmeras articulações na indústria contemporânea do entretenimento, procurando apresentar a gestão da obra como elemento relevante e estratégico no mercado musical. A dinâmica, representativa e reconhecida música baiana atual se constitui como elemento sociocultural relevante junto ao desenvolvimento econômico do Estado, e, com sua rápida associação às diversas indústrias (cultural, turística, etc.), muitos setores da cadeia produtiva musical foram estimulados, criados e aperfeiçoados mediante necessidade e demanda crescente. Em Salvador, por exemplo, nas últimas décadas, surgiram inúmeras empresas produtoras de artistas e eventos, empreendedores culturais, estúdios, compositores e editoras musicais. A partir da profissionalização e crescente apropriação mercantil do modelo carnavalesco soteropolitano por atores e artistas locais, um dos desdobramentos mais evidentes destes fenômenos é o fortalecimento de uma música baiana de entretenimento, massiva, sobretudo elétrica na disposição do seu instrumental, resistente às mais rigorosas críticas e discursos quanto ao seu fim, não raro, preconceituosos e resultantes de considerável desconhecimento acerca de suas inúmeras articulações organizacionais e mercadológicas. Um dos elementos resultantes do trabalho empírico desta tese é o mapeamento do novo e crescente campo da gestão da obra musical na Bahia, fato que insere o estado e seus gestores culturais, de forma representativa, no relevante debate e mercado da propriedade intelectual e direito autoral contemporâneos. O institucionalismo e o empreendedorismo institucional são as correntes teóricas principais desta tese, pois se contrapõem ao modelo de interpretação funcionalista e positivista das organizações, centrado nas disposições técnicas das dinâmicas gerenciais, produtivas e exclusivamente utilitaristas. Compreendendo as inúmeras transformações no campo da produção musical soteropolitana nas últimas três décadas, o empreendedorismo institucional, nesta tese, se justifica por seus aspectos conceituais e relacionais que procuram investigar e compreender os modos pelos quais os indivíduos e/ou organizações desenvolvem novas normas e regras institucionais, reconfigurando comportamentos e/ou estruturas vigentes.
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