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Journal articles on the topic 'Music in 1960s'
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1
Decker, Todd. "Fancy Meeting You Here: Pioneers of the Concept Album." Daedalus 142, no. 4 (October 2013): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00233.
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The introduction of the long-playing record in 1948 was the most aesthetically significant technological change in the century of the recorded music disc. The new format challenged record producers and recording artists of the 1950s to group sets of songs into marketable wholes and led to a first generation of concept albums that predate more celebrated examples by rock bands from the 1960s. Two strategies used to unify concept albums in the 1950s stand out. The first brought together performers unlikely to collaborate in the world of live music making. The second strategy featured well-known singers in songwriter-or performer-centered albums of songs from the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s recorded in contemporary musical styles. Recording artists discussed include Fred Astaire, Ella Fitzgerald, and Rosemary Clooney, among others.
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Booker, Vaughn. "“An Authentic Record of My Race”: Exploring the Popular Narratives of African American Religion in the Music of Duke Ellington." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 25, no. 1 (2015): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2015.25.1.1.
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AbstractEdward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington (1899–1974) emerged within the jazz profession as a prominent exponent of Harlem Renaissance racial uplift ideals about incorporating African American culture into artistic production. Formed in the early twentieth century's middle-class black Protestant culture but not a churchgoer in adulthood, Ellington conveyed a nostalgic appreciation of African American Christianity whenever hewrote music to chronicle African American history. This prominent jazz musician's religious nostalgia resulted in compositions that conveyed to a broader American audience a portrait of African American religiosity that was constantly “classical” and static—not quite primitive, but never appreciated as a modern aspect of black culture.This article examines several Ellington compositions from the late 1920s through the 1960s that exemplify his deployment of popular representations of African American religious belief and practice. Through the short filmBlack and Tanin the 1920s, the satirical popular song “Is That Religion?” in the 1930s, the long-form symphonic movementBlack, Brown and Beigein the 1940s, the lyricism of “Come Sunday” in the 1950s, and the dramatic prose of “My People” in the 1960s, Ellington attempted to capture a portrait of black religious practice without recognition of contemporaneous developments in black Protestant Christianity in the twentieth century's middle decades. Although existing Ellington scholarship has covered his “Sacred Concerts” in the 1960s and 1970s, this article engages themes and representations in Ellington's work prefiguring the religious jazz that became popular with white liberal Protestants in America and Europe. This discussion of religious narratives in Ellington's compositions affords an opportunity to reflect upon the (un)intended consequences of progressive, sympathetic cultural production, particularly on the part of prominent African American historical figures in their time. Moreover, this article attempts to locate the jazz profession as a critical site for the examination of racial and religious representation in African American religious history.
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GRAHAM, STEPHEN. "From Microphone to the Wire: Cultural change in 1970s and 1980s music writing." Twentieth-Century Music 16, no. 3 (April 30, 2019): 531–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478572218000336.
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AbstractIn this article I examine localized cultural change that nevertheless serves as an applied instance of broader change. Focusing mostly on British, white male musicians and music writers active in the improvised and experimental music scenes of the UK (and, to a lesser extent, United States and Europe) across the 1970s and early 1980s, I identify clear shifts in taste, attitude, and practice. These shifts arc across what Ben Piekut calls the ‘mixed avant-garde’ of the 1960s to what I describe as the ‘unpop avant-garde’ of the late 1970s and 1980s, in which influences from popular and non-Western music play more significant roles than before and liminal, quasi-popular practices such as noise are in the emergence. I trace the appearance of the unpop avant-garde through independent music publications from the period, most prominently Microphone, Musics, Collusion, Impetus, and Re/Search, using these published scene discourses as barometers of the musical atmosphere of the time.
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Dotson, James W., Deborah L. Ackerman, and Louis Jolyon West. "Ketamine Abuse." Journal of Drug Issues 25, no. 4 (October 1995): 751–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269502500407.
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Ketamine was developed in the 1960s and promoted as a dissociative anesthetic because of its ability to induce a lack of responsive awareness not only to pain but to the general environment. The subjective experiences of ketamine intoxication range from pleasant dreams to intensely visual or polysensual hallucinations. Occasionally a brief full-blown delirium occurs. Despite warnings about its abuse potential, ketamine eventually appeared on the streets in the early 1970s in the same way that phencyclidine (PCP) did in the 1960s. By the early 1980s various preparations of ketamine were available on the street with such names as Special K, 1980 acid, and Super C. In the 1990s the social-recreational use of ketamine reemerged in the context of a subcultural music phenomenon known as “acid house” music. Large-scale parties, usually called “raves,” combine acid house music and ketamine use. Ketamine abuse appears to be on the increase. Clinically significant consequences range from occasional flashbacks to delirious reactions, and every type of dissociative symptomology.
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FRITH, SIMON. "Remembrance of Things Past: Marxism and the Study of Popular Music." Twentieth-Century Music 16, no. 1 (February 2019): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478572219000136.
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AbstractThis article considers the role of Marxism in the history of popular music studies. Its approach combines the sociology of knowledge with a personal memoir and its argument is that in becoming a field of scholarly interest popular music studies drew from both Marxist theoretical arguments about cultural ideology in the 1950s and 1960s and from rock writers’ arguments about the role of music in shaping socialist bohemianism in the 1960s and 1970s. To take popular music seriously academically meant taking it seriously politically. Once established as an academic subject, however, popular music studies were absorbed into both established music departments and vocational, commercial music courses. Marxist ideas and ideologues were largely irrelevant to the subsequent development of popular music studies as a scholarly field.
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Searby, Mike. "Ligeti the Postmodernist?" Tempo, no. 199 (January 1997): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298200005544.
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The stylistic changes in György Ligeti's music since 1960 have in some ways mirrored those in the wider contemporary music world. In his music of the 1960s he displays an experimental and systematic approach to the exploration of sound matter which can also be seen in the contemporaneous music of composers such as Xenakis, Penderecki and Stockhausen. In the 1970s his music shows a more eclectic approach, particularly the opera Le Grand Macabre (1974–7) in which there is much plundering of past styles – such as allusions to Monteverdi, Rossini, and Verdi. From this work onward there would appear to be a complete break from the approach in his works on the 1960s.
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Burke, Harry. "Marching backwards into the future: the introduction of the English creative music movement in state secondary schools in Victoria, Australia." British Journal of Music Education 31, no. 1 (September 2, 2013): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265051713000235.
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In 1910, Victoria established an elite form of state secondary education that remained essentially unchanged until the introduction of a progressive curriculum during the late 1960s. This radical and voluntary curriculum introduced child-centred learning and personal development skills to state secondary schools. Many state secondary music teachers took advantage of the reform and introduced the English creative music movement (Rainbow, 1989). As music teachers were unfamiliar with progressive education they would require extensive retraining. Continual disruption to state secondary education during the 1970s, together with the lack of expertise in progressive music education in the Victorian Education Department led to music teachers being given little assistance in developing strategies for teaching creative music. No rationale was developed for creative music education until the late 1980s. As research in music education was in its infancy in Australia during the late 1960s, teachers had little understanding of the difficulties faced by many creative music teachers in England in regard to students developing traditional skills, for example music notation and performance-based skills. Dissatisfaction with progressive education led to the introduction of standards-based education in 1995. Progressive educational theories were no longer considered an important goal. Similar to the late 1960s Victorian education reforms, music teachers received little assistance from the Victorian Education Department. The introduction of standards-based Arts education has seriously reduced the teaching of classroom music throughout the state, leaving many classroom music programmes in a perilous position that is analogous to state music education before the introduction of progressive education in the late 1960s.
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Stratton, Jon. "Coming to the fore: the audibility of women's sexual pleasure in popular music and the sexual revolution." Popular Music 33, no. 1 (January 2014): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026114301300055x.
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AbstractThis paper examines the genre of tracks centred around the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s which include aural representations of female sexual pleasure. The two most important tracks, and the ones on which this paper focuses, are Jane Birkin and Serge Gainsbourg ‘Je t'aime … moi non plus’ and Donna Summer ‘Love To Love You Baby’. The paper argues that this new audibility of female sexual pleasure related to the transformation in the understanding of female orgasm associated with Alfred Kinsey and with William Masters and Virginia Johnson, the American sexologists who radically changed Western understandings of sexual behaviour in the 1950s and 1960s. More broadly, the paper argues for a link between the so-called sexual revolution of the late 1960s and 1970s and the popularity of tracks in which sounds identified as female sexual pleasure were upfront in the musical mix.
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Thibeault, Matthew D. "Learning With Sound Recordings: A History of Suzuki’s Mediated Pedagogy." Journal of Research in Music Education 66, no. 1 (February 7, 2018): 6–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022429418756879.
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This article presents a history of mediated pedagogy in the Suzuki Method, the first widespread approach to learning an instrument in which sound recordings were central. Media are conceptualized as socially constituted: philosophical ideas, pedagogic practices, and cultural values that together form a contingent and changing technological network. Suzuki’s early experiments in the 1930s and 1940s established central ideas: the importance of repetition in learning, the recording as teacher, a place for mothers in assisting learning, and the teachability of talent. Suzuki also refined approaches to learning through specialized modes of listening as he examined tens of thousands of student graduation tapes. During the 1960s, Kendall published the first translation of the method in the United States, and his correspondence with Suzuki along with writings for teachers provide a window into evolving pedagogic practices. The method’s mediated pedagogy changed radically in the 1970s as cassette tapes allowed students to be easily recorded for the first time. The article also considers cultural values and the contingency of media through the vastly different acceptance of recordings in the Japanese and US contexts, including efforts by Kendall during the 1980s to eliminate Suzuki’s controversial practice of advanced recitals played to recorded accompaniment.
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Suetin, Ilya N. "Realization of the Right to Education in Music Universities of the Volga Region in the 1950s - 1960s: Problems and Solutions." Volga Region Pedagogical Search 2, no. 36 (2021): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33065/2307-1052-2021-2-36-21-31.
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. In the Russian Federation a number of problems still remain unresolved in the field of realizing the rights of citizens to education. Progressive changes in this area can be promoted with the study of the experience of previous generations and its further implementation into practice. The purpose of this work is to determine the effectiveness of the mechanism for the implementation of the right to education in the music universities of the Volga region in the 1950s - 1960s. The objectives of the research are to analyze the relevant for the 1950s - 1960s regulatory legal acts in the field of national education in general and music vocational education in particular; to study published and unpublished materials containing information about the features of the educational process in higher educational institutions of the Volga region in the 1950s - 1960s; to identify problems in the sphere of realizing the right to education that existed in the region’s music universities in the 1950s - 1960s and the ways to solve them. The source base of the study includes published materials (regulatory legal acts, collections of documents, scientific works) and materials from central, regional and republican archives (State Archives of the Russian Federation; State Archives of the Saratov Region; Central Archives of the Nizhny Novgorod Region, National Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan). The work used scientific methods typical for historical and legal research: formal legal, comparative legal, historical genetic and comparative historical. The study showed that in the 1950s - 1960s, the students’ right to education was realized at a high level in the music universities of the Volga region. The study of published sources and archival documents made it possible to reveal the degree of effectiveness of the mechanism for the realization of the right to education in music higher educational institutions of the region in the 1950s - 1960s. The results of the study can serve as a basis for further study of the mentioned problem in domestic music educational institutions and serve to improve the system of professional music education in the Volga region at the present stage, taking into account historical experience.
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Magaldi, Cristina. "Adopting imports: new images and alliances in Brazilian popular music of the 1990s." Popular Music 18, no. 3 (October 1999): 309–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143000008898.
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Anyone visiting Brazil today in search of an idealised ‘Brazilian Sound’ might, at first, be disappointed with the popular music scene. The visitor will soon realise that established musical styles such as bossa nova and MPB (Música Popular Brazileira (Brazilian Popular Music)), with their well-defined roles within the Brazilian social and political scene of the 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s, have lost their immediate appeal with some contemporary audiences, and especially with Brazilian urban youth. In the 1990s, Brazilian radio and TV are saturated with a variety of new local genres that borrow heavily from international musical styles of all kinds and use state-of-the-art electronic apparatus. Hybrid terms such assamba-rock, samba-reggae, mangue-beat, afro-beat, for-rock(a contraction of forró and rock),sertaneja-country, samba-rap, andpop-nejo(a contraction of pop andsertanejo), are just a few examples of the marketing labels which are loosely applied to the current infusion of international music in the local musical scene.
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Larkey, Edward. "Austropop: popular music and national identity in Austria." Popular Music 11, no. 2 (May 1992): 151–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143000004980.
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The diffusion of rock and popular music from the US and British mass entertainment industries since the 1950s has had a profound impact on the music traditions world-wide. Several generations of youth have been socialised to the musical accompaniment of rock and roll music of the 1950s, the ‘beat music’ of the 1960s, the so-called ‘psychedelic’ or ‘underground’ rock music of the 1970s, disco, punk and new wave music in the 1970s and 1980s. It has resulted in the transplantation of these ‘foreign’ styles into music cultures with small groups of fan communities for rock and roll, country and western, blues, punk, reggae and others which were previously unheard of there before their introduction. In addition, domestic traditions have been profoundly affected by the diffusion of these new music styles and have integrated some of their musical, technical and other components into their own repertoires. The Schlager music in the German-speaking countries has been one of the most prominent in this respect, adapting syncopated rhythm but modifying its harmonic attributes in order to maintain its own prominence and cultural legitimacy in the music culture. Even the volkstümliche or folk-like music, a commercialised genre of traditional folk music, has undergone changes as a result of the diffusion of the newer forms of popular music. A third type of impact upon music tradition is that of ‘transnational’ or ‘transcultural’ styles. When imported musical and cultural innovations are mixed with domestic styles and traditions, these new styles and conventions are ultimately created. These, in turn, form a primary thrust in the cultivation and development of innovations in musical traditions, which eventually evolve into changes in the cultural identity of the particular country.
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Brautbar, Shirli, Peter La Chapelle, and Jessica Hutchings. "The Valley of the Dry Bones." Journal of Popular Music Studies 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 191–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jpms.2020.32.2.191.
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This article explores Jewish contributions to, and influence on, the country music and bluegrass genres, arguing that there have been four key phases of Jewish-country interaction and that in recent years country and bluegrass Jews have taken a largely religious and liturgical turn as singer-songwriters in these genres. The first sections of this article identify several important stages of interaction, beginning with a phase between the 1940s and 1960s when Jews challenged antisemitism and sought assimilation and acceptance, a period in the 1970s when iconoclasts such as Kinky Friedman and Shel Silverstein came to the fore and substantially reshaped country music, and a phase from the 1980s to early 2000s when an instrumental-focused klezmer-bluegrass fusionism was central to constructing a Jewish-country identity. A longer, final section explores the more recent, religiously-themed country and bluegrass of performers such as Mare Winningham, Nefesh Mountain, and Joe Buchanan, and argues that Jewish country and bluegrass has taken an important liturgical turn.
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Norris, Michael, and John Young. "Half-heard sounds in the summer air: electroacoustic music in Wellington and the South Island of New Zealand." Organised Sound 6, no. 1 (April 2001): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355771801001042.
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This article traces the evolution of electroacoustic music in Wellington and the South Island of New Zealand. Electroacoustic music has a well-established tradition in New Zealand, dating back to Douglas Lilburn's pioneering work in the early 1960s. The Victoria University of Wellington Electronic Music Studios (VUW/EMS) that Lilburn established in 1966 became a focal point for electronic music activities in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This article examines current approaches to electroacoustic music composition, and discusses the facilities at Victoria University, the University of Canterbury and the University of Otago.
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Cherney, Brian. "How I Might Have Become a Composer." Personal Views 37, no. 1 (May 17, 2019): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1059883ar.
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Brian Cherney reflects on his childhood and youth in Peterborough, Ontario, in the 1940s and 1950s and his musical studies at the University of Toronto. He considers the varied influence that family, recordings, CBC broadcasts, attending live concerts, piano lessons, reading about music, and spending time in Europe in the late 1960s had in shaping his emerging interest in becoming a composer. Cherney considers that it was only in the mid-1970s, after his appointment to McGill in 1972, that he developed the self-awareness, critical insight, and confidence to become a mature composer … someone who dared, in T.S. Eliot’s words, to “disturb the universe.”
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Vesić, Ivana, and Vesna Peno. "The structural transformation of the sphere of musical amateurism in socialist Yugoslavia: A case study of the Beogradski madrigalisti choir." New Sound, no. 51 (2018): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/newso1851043v.
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In this paper we focused on investigating how the sphere of musical amateurism functioned in Yugoslavia in the decades following the end of WWII. Observing through changes in the role and significance of amateur music ensembles, specifically choirs, in Yugoslav society from the late 1940s until the late 1960s/early 1970s that were manifest in their de-massification, gradual professionalisation and extensive use in cultural diplomacy, we sought to explain that this involved multiple factors - above all, the shifts in Yugoslav international policy after the confrontation with the Soviet Union in 1948, and, consequently, the revisions of its cultural policies. Their influence was observed through a detailed examination of the activities of the Beogradski madrigalisti choir, from its foundation in 1951 until the late 1960s/early 1970s. Although it was unique among Yugoslav choirs in many respects, the early history of this ensemble clearly reflected the demand for excellence in the sphere of amateur performance from the 1950s onwards, one of the most prominent indicators of its deep structural transformation.
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TARUSKIN, RICHARD. "Sacred entertainments." Cambridge Opera Journal 15, no. 2 (July 2003): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954586703001654.
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Ever since the cultural watershed of the 1960s, predictions of the imminent demise of classical music, especially in America, have been rife. Its audience, undermined by the precipitate decline in public music education and decimated by defections to pop (respectable for aspiring intellectuals from the moment rock became British), was assumed to be aging, indeed dying off. Whether as a symptom of this process or as one of its causes, media coverage for classical music steadily and drastically diminished over the 1970s and 1980s (coinciding with the rise of serious pop coverage), as did the number of radio stations that offered it.
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KERNODLE, TAMMY L. "“I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be Free”: Nina Simone and the Redefining of the Freedom Song of the 1960s." Journal of the Society for American Music 2, no. 3 (July 18, 2008): 295–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752196308080097.
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AbstractThis article explores the work of pianist/vocalist Nina Simone as the catalyst for a new type of freedom song in the black freedom movement during the 1960s. It examines the lyrical content and structure of Simone's music, which reflects the rhetorical and geographical shift of the transition from King's nonviolent, southern-based civil rights movement of the late 1950s to the mid-1960s to the militant black power nationalist movement of the late 1960s. Curtis Mayfield's Chicago soul style is also referenced as marking an important shift in mid-1960s R&B, which had largely avoided overt political statements.
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Massad, Joseph. "Liberating Songs: Palestine Put to Music." Journal of Palestine Studies 32, no. 3 (2003): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2003.32.3.21.
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This article surveys the history of songs about Palestine from 1948 to the present, examining how the changes in musical style and lyrics correspond to the changes in the exigencies of the Palestinian struggle itself. Tracing the primacy of revolutionary Egypt in the 1950s and 1960s, the central role of Fayruz and the Rahbani brothers in the wake of the 1967 war, and the emergence of Palestinian groups and singers as of the late 1960s, the article provides historical and political analyses of these songs as central features of how Arab popular culture has dealt, and continues to deal, with the Palestine tragedy.
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Messenger, Cory. "Record Collectors: Hollywood Record Labels in the 1950s and 1960s." Media International Australia 148, no. 1 (August 2013): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1314800113.
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The affiliation between film and music is the cornerstone of modern entertainment industry synergy. This article examines one of the key chapters in that relationship: the period in the 1950s during which the major studios entered the record business. Ostensibly designed to capitalise on the emerging film soundtrack market, the flurry of mergers, acquisitions and the establishment of new record labels coincided with the rise of rock‘n’ roll and the explosion of the market for recorded popular music. The studios quickly found that in order to keep their record labels afloat, they needed to establish a foothold in popular music. The processes by which they achieved this transformed the marketing of recorded music, sparking a period of unprecedented commercial success for the record industry in the late 1960s. Simultaneously, from these record subsidiaries Hollywood learned how to market cinema to a youth audience, heralding the arrival of ‘New Hollywood’.
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Martin, Toby. "Dougie Young and political resistance in early Aboriginal country music." Popular Music 38, no. 03 (October 2019): 538–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143019000291.
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AbstractCountry music has a reputation for being the music of the American white working-class South and being closely aligned with conservative politics. However, country music has also been played by non-white minorities and has been a vivid way of expressing progressive political views. In the hands of the Indigenous peoples of Australia, country music has often given voice to a form of life-writing that critiques colonial power. The songs of Dougie Young, dating from the late 1950s, provide one of the earliest and most expressive examples of this use of country music. Young's songs were a type of social-realist satire and to be fully understood should be placed within the broader socio-political context of 1950s and 1960s Australia. Young's legacy was also important for Aboriginal musicians in the 1990s and the accompanying reassessment of Australia's colonial past. Country music has provided particular opportunities for minority and Indigenous groups seeking to use popular culture to tell their stories. This use of country music provides a new dimension to more conventional understandings of its political role.
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Cvejić, Žarko. "The early development of the synthesizer and its impact on contemporary popular music: A research sketch." New Sound, no. 56-2 (2020): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/newso2056011c.
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The synthesizer played a central role in Western popular music of the 1960s, 1970s, and well into the 1980s, especially in so-called progressive rock and synth pop. And yet, there is still no book-length study of its impact on and meanings in this repertory. This text is a discussion of the main issues that such a study would have to address, along with a brief historical survey of the emergence and early development of the synthesizer.
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Stimeling, Travis D. "‘Phases and stages, circles and cycles’: Willie Nelson and the concept album." Popular Music 30, no. 3 (September 21, 2011): 389–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143011000213.
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AbstractWhile many rock artists explored the compositional possibilities of the concept album in the 1960s and 1970s, Nashville's country music community largely ignored the format. But a few artists working on the fringes of country music – and who, notably, aligned themselves with the countercultural images and attitudes of the time – did begin to experiment with the format in the first years of the 1970s. Chief among them was country songwriter and recording artist Willie Nelson who, by the dawn of the 1970s, was on the verge of breaking away from Music Row to seek more lucrative opportunities in Texas. This article explores the role that Nelson's experimentation with the concept album played in his efforts to adopt a countercultural image, develop a younger audience and challenge the hegemony of the country music industry. Moreover, close examination of Nelson's compositional approach to three albums – Yesterday's Wine (1971), Phases and Stages (1974) and Red Headed Stranger (1975) – reveals that Nelson consciously blended the singles-based approach to songwriting that predominated in 1960s and 1970s Nashville and the extended narrative and musical forms of contemporaneous rock music to create musical products that suited the needs of country radio and rock fans alike.
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Zhurkova, D. A. "What does the Song Show? Popular Music on Soviet Television. Part 1. 1960s-1970s." Observatory of Culture, no. 3 (June 28, 2015): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2015-0-3-122-134.
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What does the Song Show? Popular Music on Soviet Television. Part 1. 1960s-1970s (by Dariya Zhurkova) analyzes problems of popular songs’ adaptation to the rules of television shows of 1960s-1970s. The research is based on the example of some popular TV programs such as “Hello, we are looking for talents”, “The Little Blue Light” (a New Year’s show), “The Benefit”, “13 Chairs Tavern”. The article examines how the Soviet television sought for its-own original ways of a song presentation. Also, the article discovers how the television pop music would reflect, sometimes unintentionally but very clearly, those unofficial changes which happened in that period in social aspirations and ideals.
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Pitts, Stephanie. "Looking for Inspiration: Recapturing an Enthusiasm for Music Education from Innovatory Writings." British Journal of Music Education 15, no. 1 (March 1998): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265051700003740.
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From amongst the literature of music education in the twentieth century a variety of styles and approaches can be discerned that employ differing ways of communicating ideas to teachers. The work of Yorke Trotter is highlighted here as being particularly effective in discussing musical and educational challenges in a way that could directly inspire the development of classroom practice. The paper looks at the legacy of Yorke Trotter's thinking, and observes that the writings of Schafer, Paynter and Aston provided similar motivation for the teachers of the 1960s and 1970s. The contrast between this professional reflection and the Government directives of the early 1990s is discussed, and the importance of continuing educational debate in music teaching becomes evident.
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Sykes, Tom. "Music Outside? Innovation and ‘Britishness' in British Jazz 1960-1980." European Journal of Musicology 16, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5450/ejm.2017.16.5786.
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The 1960s and 1970s are regarded by some historians as being particularly creative decades for jazz in Britain, when British jazz developed its own sound that was distinct from that of American jazz. While not denying that this was a creatively fruitful period in British jazz, in this paper I argue that a ‘British sound' in jazz is difficult, perhaps impossible, to define, even though some authors have referred to a sense of ‘Britishness', particularly in the work of certain musicians discussed by Ian Carr in his book Music Outside: Contemporary Jazz in Britain. Some British jazz, performed largely by white (and mostly male) musicians at this time, was influenced during the 1960s by the contribution of immigrant black musicians from South Africa and the Caribbean; at the same time, musicians such as Michael Garrick and John Surman were drawing to some extent on British folk music for inspiration. Referring to examples from the period, I suggest that although much British jazz from 1960 to 1980 was innovative and became less ‘American', development of its styles was affected by many musical, cultural and political factors. To what extent this music sounds ‘British' is debatable, but its influence has led to the pluralism of jazz styles in Britain that continues today.
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Sawangchot, Viriya. "Rebel without Causes: The 1960s Thai Pop Music and Bangkok Youth Culture." Communicare : Journal of Communication Studies 3, no. 2 (March 21, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.37535/101003220161.
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In this paper, I would like to acknowledge that 1960s to the 1970s American popular culture, particularly in rock ‘n’ roll music, have been contested by Thai context. In term of this, the paper intends to consider American rock ’n’ roll has come to function as a mode of humanization and emancipation of Bangkok youngster rather than ideological domination.
In order to understand this process, this paper aims to focus on the origins and evolution of rock ‘n’ roll and youth culture in Bangkok in the 1960s to 1970s. The birth of pleng shadow
and pleng string will be discussed in this context as well.
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Straus, J. N. "The Myth of Serial "Tyranny" in the 1950s and 1960s." Musical Quarterly 83, no. 3 (January 1, 1999): 301–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mq/83.3.301.
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HEILBRONNER, ODED. "Music and Revolution in the Long 1960s." Twentieth-Century Music 14, no. 3 (October 2017): 463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478572217000354.
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When discussing the relationship between popular music and social-political change in the long 1960s, historians and critics have tended to fluctuate between two opposing poles. On the one hand, there is Arthur Marwick's approach, echoed in Jon Savage's recent book 1966: The Year the Decade Exploded. In Marwick's cross-national survey, he examines social change in the West during the ‘Long Sixties’ (1958–72), when a ‘cultural revolution’ occurred in which protest music played a major role. On the other hand, there are Peter Doggett's and Dominic Sandbrook's observations that the top-selling albums of the 1960s and 1970s did not include some masterpiece by the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, Bob Dylan, David Bowie, Queen, or other leading figures in rock music, but rather the soundtrack of The Sound of Music. Sandbrook writes that it ‘projected a familiar, even conservative vision of the world, based on romantic love and family life. In a period of change it offered a sense of reassurance and stability, not only in its plot but also in its musical style . . . [T]hese were the values of millions . . . in the Swinging Sixties’. Doggett similarly points to the popularity of Julie Andrews and the soundtracks of Mary Poppins and The Sound of Music. These soundtracks ‘made no attempt to alter the culture or educate the listener’ he suggests, and that is why they have been relegated ‘to a footnote in the history of popular music’ even while being the top-selling records of 1965 and 1966.
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WARNES, ANDREW. "Black, white and blue: the racial antagonism of The Smiths’ record sleeves." Popular Music 27, no. 1 (December 13, 2007): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143008001463.
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AbstractAs Matthew Bannister has recently suggested in these pages (see Popular Music, 25/1), The Smiths stand at the head of a 1980s Indie canon based on its rejection of a commodification associated with contemporary black US musics. This article argues that this racial understanding has also bled into the band’s critical reception, encouraging many to assume that Morrissey and Marr drew on exclusively white influences. Specifically, I argue that the white camp icons from the 1950s and 1960s who famously adorn the band’s record sleeves together form a kind of smokescreen, or ‘beard’, which stokes interest in Morrissey’s sexual predilections and orients it away from his and Marr’s Black Atlantic sources. The pre-immigrant Britain summoned up by these icons, I argue, helps prevent fans and critics alike from grasping that Morrissey’s lyrical attempts to find humour and succour by remembering pain is profoundly inspired by the African-American form of the Blues.
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Palmese, Michael. "THE CURIOUS CASE OF ANTHONY GNAZZO: A LOST AMERICAN EXPERIMENTALIST." Tempo 74, no. 294 (September 1, 2020): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298220000376.
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ABSTRACTArchival evidence indicates that Anthony Gnazzo was a major figure within the Bay Area avant-garde music scene of the 1960s and 1970s who retired from composition by 1983 and has since been largely forgotten. Historical documents reveal, however, that a study of Gnazzo enables us to better understand the complex network of influences and artists working on experimental music in the Bay Area during the 1960s, 70s, and 80s. This article outlines Gnazzo's career and work, from his earliest academic compositions to his late electronic pieces, and concludes with a consideration of the ethical and moral issues inherent in musicological research on living subjects, particularly in the case of a composer who consciously avoids discussion of his personal aesthetic or compositional output. Should one study music that appears to have been ‘abandoned’ by the artist?
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Broze, Yuri, and Daniel Shanahan. "Diachronic Changes in Jazz Harmony." Music Perception 31, no. 1 (September 1, 2013): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2013.31.1.32.
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The present study examines both gradual and rapid changes occurring in 20th-century jazz harmonic practice. A newly-assembled corpus of 1,086 jazz compositions was used to test the idea that jazz music exhibits a mid-century decline in traditionally “tonal” chord usage. Evidence was found for slow, incremental changes in zeroth-order chord quality distributions, consistent with gradual, unconscious changes in harmonic usage. Typical tonal chord-to-chord transitions became less common between the 1920s and the 1960s, consistent with the hypothesis of tonal decline. Finally, use of root motion of an ascending perfect fourth dropped suddenly in the 1950s, suggesting that chord-to-chord transitions might be more susceptible to rapid change than chord frequency. Possible constraints on stylistic evolution are discussed.
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Dunkel, Mario. "“It Should Always Be a Give-and-Take”." European Journal of Musicology 16, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5450/ejm.2017.16.5787.
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The 1960s and 1970s are regarded by some historians as being particularly creative decades for jazz in Britain, when British jazz developed its own sound that was distinct from that of American jazz. While not denying that this was a creatively fruitful period in British jazz, in this paper I argue that a ‘British sound' in jazz is difficult, perhaps impossible, to define, even though some authors have referred to a sense of ‘Britishness', particularly in the work of certain musicians discussed by Ian Carr in his book Music Outside: Contemporary Jazz in Britain. Some British jazz, performed largely by white (and mostly male) musicians at this time, was influenced during the 1960s by the contribution of immigrant black musicians from South Africa and the Caribbean; at the same time, musicians such as Michael Garrick and John Surman were drawing to some extent on British folk music for inspiration. Referring to examples from the period, I suggest that although much British jazz from 1960 to 1980 was innovative and became less ‘American', development of its styles was affected by many musical, cultural and political factors. To what extent this music sounds ‘British' is debatable, but its influence has led to the pluralism of jazz styles in Britain that continues today.
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SPICER, MARK. "(Ac)cumulative Form in Pop-Rock Music." Twentieth-Century Music 1, no. 1 (March 2004): 29–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478572204000052.
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This article examines a variety of compositional procedures that give rise to what the author defines as ‘accumulative’ and ‘cumulative’ forms in pop-rock music, formal processes which are directly linked to the rapid advances in recording technology that occurred mainly from the late 1960s to the 1980s. The article includes detailed transcriptions and analyses of pop-rock music across a wide range of styles and genres, from progressive rock to post-punk to techno.
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Boon, Tim, and Edward Venn. "Music 625: Music on Television in the ‘Long 1960s’." Journal of Popular Television 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jptv_00038_2.
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Drott, Eric. "Ligeti in Fluxus." Journal of Musicology 21, no. 2 (2004): 201–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2004.21.2.201.
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During a brief period in the early 1960s, Fluxus, a neo-avant-garde group active in the United States, Europe, and Japan, engaged the unlikely participation of Gyorgy Ligeti. Ligeti's three contributions to Fluxus publications-the Trois Bagatelles for David Tudor (1961), Die Zukunft der Musik-eine kollektive Komposition (1961), and Poèème Symphonique for 100 metronomes (1962)-proved both compatible with and divergent from the general ideology and aesthetic of Fluxus. Central to the consideration of Ligeti's Fluxus pieces is the contentious relationship that existed between experimental and modernist branches of new music at the time. Ligeti's flirtation with more experimental forms of composition not only reflects the general dynamic of this relationship but also illuminates how Ligeti positioned himself within the field of European contemporary music ca. 1960 and in subsequent years.
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ARNOLD-FORSTER, TOM. "Dr. Billy Taylor, “America's Classical Music,” and the Role of the Jazz Ambassador." Journal of American Studies 51, no. 1 (February 26, 2016): 117–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875815002662.
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The idea of jazz as “America's classical music” has become a powerful way of defining the music, asserting its national and artistic value, and shaping its scholarly study. The present article provides a history of this idea through a close analysis of its primary theorist and most visible spokesperson, Dr. Billy Taylor. It argues that the idea was not a neoclassical and conservative product of the 1980s, but had important roots in the Black Arts imperatives of the later 1960s and early 1970s. It suggests that Taylor initially made the idea work inventively and productively in a variety of contexts, especially through his community arts project Jazzmobile, but that these contexts diverged as his public profile was stretched thin across and beyond the United States. The idea's disintegration into clichéd ubiquity in the mid-1980s then provides a critical perspective on the idea of the “jazz renaissance,” and an opportunity to consider the role of the jazz ambassador in the context of debates about African American intellectuals.
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Ford, Phil. "Taboo: Time and Belief in Exotica." Representations 103, no. 1 (2008): 107–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rep.2008.103.1.107.
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In the 1950s, exotica was a genre of pop music that specialized in depicting imaginary exotic paradises and conventionalized natives. By the late 1960s, exotica pop had disappeared, but its tropes of temporal and spatial disjuncture persisted, structuring the music, visual art, and social theory of the utopian counterculture. While 1950s and 1960s kinds of exotica differ in their preferred imaginary destinations, both raise the question of what intermediate shades between belief and disbelief are demanded by aestheticized representations of human life. This essay theorizes exotica as a mode of representation governed by a peculiar mode of reception——one of willed credulity enabled by submission to its spectacle. What exotica demands is what intellectuals are least likely to give, though, and the peculiar pleasures of exotica spectacle are denigrated or rendered invisible in the hermeneutic regime.
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Phafoli, Lehlohonolo. "THE EVOLUTION OF SOTHO ACCORDION MUSIC IN LESOTHO: 1980–2005." African Music: Journal of the International Library of African Music 10, no. 4 (November 22, 2018): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21504/amj.v10i4.2236.
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The article describes the origins, evolution and status of Sotho1 koriana accordion music from the 1920s through the 1960s and 70s when it was considered shebeen music, and from1980 to 2005, when there was a change of attitude towards it and only sporadic production. Two concerns are: the status of koriana music, and, its appreciation by Sotho people themselves. Data was collected through observations, interviews with artists and listeners, and from cassettes, radio and TV programmes. Aspects of the music are described and related to non-musical events of the period.
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Jeziński, Marek. "The Perimeter Walk: The 1960s/1970s Psychedelic Music Movement in Poland." Rock Music Studies 5, no. 3 (September 2, 2018): 238–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19401159.2018.1510753.
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Garrett-Davis, Josh. "American Indian Soundchiefs." Resonance 1, no. 4 (2020): 394–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/res.2020.1.4.394.
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American Indian Soundchiefs, an independent record label founded by the Rev. Linn Pauahty (Kiowa) in the 1940s, developed a remarkable model of Indigenous sound media that combined home recording, dubbing, and small-scale mass production. Alongside other Native American media producers of the same era, Soundchiefs built on earlier engagements with ethnographic and commercial recording to produce Native citizens’ media a generation prior to the Red Power era of the 1960s and 1970s. This soundwork provided Native music to Native listeners first, while also seeking to preserve a “rich store of folk-lore” sometimes in danger of being lost under ongoing colonial pressures. Pauahty’s label found ways to market commercial recordings while operating within what music and legal scholar Trevor Reed (Hopi) calls “Indigenous sonic networks,” fields of obligation and responsibility.
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Stratton, Jon. "Disco Before Disco." Journal of Popular Music Studies 33, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 50–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jpms.2021.33.1.50.
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Dancing has been a central component of the experience of popular music, yet with the exceptions of disco and electronic dance music, it is rarely discussed in the academic literature. This article focuses on a pivotal moment in the transformation of dancing to popular music in England. The second half of the 1960s saw the gradual move from dancing to live groups to dancing to records in clubs. Just before this dancing itself had changed from something done by couples to something done by individuals albeit usually in pairs, though often girls might dance together in a group. Young people in England learned to dance to music with a strongly emphasized beat. This article traces this genre from its early manifestations in tracks by the Honeycombs and the Dave Clark Five in the first half of the 1960s to the early 1970s in tracks by Mud and Slade. The article ends by looking at how this musical genre morphed into Eurodisco in the production work of Giorgio Moroder.
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Schüler, Nico. "Reflections on the History of Computer-Assisted Music Analysis II: The 1960s." Musicological Annual 42, no. 1 (December 1, 2006): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/mz.42.1.5-24.
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This article, the second in a series of articles on the history of computer-assisted music analysis, focuses on developments of computer-assisted music analysis during the 1960s. While the most trendsetting approaches and publications are being discussed, this article points out that at least up to the end of the 1960s, computer-assisted analysis of style was anything but comprehensive, interpersonal, and rich in musical insight. Nevertheless, the wealth of attempts to analyze music with the help of computers during the 1960s provided the foundation for the deeper approaches to computer-assisted music analysis of the following decades.
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PAPADOGIANNIS, NIKOLAOS. "A (Trans)National Emotional Community? Greek Political Songs and the Politicisation of Greek Migrants in West Germany in the 1960s and early 1970s." Contemporary European History 23, no. 4 (October 2, 2014): 589–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777314000332.
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AbstractThis article examines the emotional standards and experiences connected with the entehno laiko music composed by Mikis Theodorakis that was immensely popular among left-wing Greek migrants, workers and students, living in West Germany in the 1960s and the early 1970s. Expanding on a body of literature that explores the transnational dimensions of protest movements in the 1960s and the 1970s, the article demonstrates that these transnational dimensions were not mutually exclusive with the fact that at least some of those protestors felt that they belonged to a particular nation. Drawing on the conceptual framework put forth by Barbara Rosenwein, it argues that the performance of these songs was conducive to the making of a (trans)national emotional community. On the one hand, for Greek left-wingers residing in West Germany and, after 1967, for Greek centrists too, the collective singing of music composed by Theodorakis initially served as a means of ‘overcoming fear’ and of forging committed militants who struggled for the social and political transformation of their country of origin. On the other, from the late 1960s onwards those migrants increasingly enacted this emotional community with local activists from West Germany as well.
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Ilfeld, Etan J. "Contemporary Art and Cybernetics: Waves of Cybernetic Discourse within Conceptual, Video and New Media Art." Leonardo 45, no. 1 (February 2012): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_00326.
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This paper aims to highlight the interplay of technology and cybernetics within conceptual art. Just as Lucy Lippard has illustrated the influence of information theory within 1960s conceptual art, this paper traces the technological discourses within conceptual art through to contemporary digital art—specifically, establishing a correlation between Katherine Hayles's mapping of first-, second- and third-wave cybernetic narratives and, respectively, 1960s–1970s conceptual art, 1970s–1990s video art and new media art. Technology is shown to have a major influence on conceptual art, but one often based on historical, social and cybernetic narratives. This paper echoes Krzystof Ziarek's call for a Heideggerian poiesis and Adorno/Blanchotnian “nonpower” within conceptual art and advocates Ziarek's notion of “powerfree” artistic practices within new media and transgenic art.
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Casserley, Lawrence. "Plus ça change: Journeys, Instruments and Networks, 1966–2000." Leonardo Music Journal 11 (December 2001): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/09611210152780665.
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The author has been using electronic means in performance since the late 1960s. In this article he compares his work in the 1970s and 1990s from both technical and philosophical viewpoints. How do these two periods differ? How are they similar? He concludes that, partly due to recent technological developments, he has been able in recent years to explore more deeply and broadly the aims that he established in the earlier period.
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Boyd, Michael. "THE EVOLUTION OF FORM IN THE MUSIC OF ROGER REYNOLDS (I)." Tempo 66, no. 259 (January 2012): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298212000058.
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AbstractThroughout his career, Roger Reynolds has studied perception and used this knowledge in an overt manner to shape many of his compositional decisions. Though this concern affects the ways that he works with many musical parameters, its influence is perhaps most clearly manifested in his global temporal designs. This article examines how he has approached form over the course of his career. Reynolds's initial compositional work from the early 1960s employed formal proportions that were derived from rows. Since 1970 Reynolds has used logarithmically expanding and contracting proportions to define sectional durations in his music to the near-exclusion of other designs. At the end of the 1980s and into the early 1990s, Reynolds began to look for sources of ‘alternative proportional authority’ such as chaos theory, while in more recent compositions his approach to formal design has been more variable.
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Mika, Bogumila. "'Beneath the shadow of politics': Reception of the music of Edison Denisov in Poland." New Sound, no. 49 (2017): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/newso1749139m.
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The music of Russian composer Edison Denisov was frequently presented in the Warsaw Autumn festival. Between 1964 and 2005, Polish audiences heard his pieces 21 times, including three world premieres. This music was widely received, especially in the 1960s and the 1970s, when Polish culture was strongly influenced by politics. The following decades brought changes in the context of politics and style in the arts, but Denisov's compositions continued to be performed in Warsaw. The aim of this paper is to present the opinions formulated by Polish music critics as evidence about the reception of Denisov's music.
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Simonovic-Schiff, Jelena. "Petar Bergamo’s symphonic compositions: Perspectives of the 1960s and 1990s." Muzikologija, no. 4 (2004): 197–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/muz0404197s.
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This article deals with the orchestral opus of Petar Bergamo, a Croat composer whose most productive period was linked to Beograd, Serbia where he lived and worked at the time. In four works: First Symphony overture-phantasy Navigare necesse est, Musica Concertante and Second Symphony, all conceived in just four consecutive years (1960 - 1963), the matter being treated through author?s technical tools includes authentic materials, autoquotations, quasiquotations, quotations, and the ?fund? mode (fundus). Fragments of musical history embedded in the newly established structure, void of tonal components and orchestrated in great detail to achieve the coloration which may prevail the actual form, introduced to Serbian practice a new respect for the old. Since it was new, Bergamo?s contribution could not have been determined at that time in all of its significance. Laying his agenda on the dead-end street of what was considered modern art, Bergamo earned an attribute of post, regarding his respect for the past. The reception of Bergamo?s opus is viewed here through various articles and critiques from the time of its inception as well as thirty years later. From the viewpoint of the 1990s it appears that his language or at least some of its elements had become the impetus for one particular stream of local compositional teaching. As such, this strengthens his position as a fundamental innovator, and labels him as the one who imposed the post in modern Serbian music.
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Carroll, Christine. "‘Illiterate’ musicians: an historic review of curriculum and practice for student popular musicians in Australian senior secondary classrooms." British Journal of Music Education 36, no. 02 (July 2019): 155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265051719000196.
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AbstractThis article examines curriculum and practice in Australian secondary classroom music education, in order to trace the inclusion of, and provision for, students with learning orientations based on popular music forms. A 60-year period of curriculum reform, matriculation statistics and literature is surveyed with a focus on the state of New South Wales (NSW), where the ‘non-literate’ student musician was first acknowledged in curriculum documents dating from the late 1970s at the senior secondary level (Music Syllabus Year 11 and 12: New 2 Unit A Course. Draft Document). Three overlapping eras frame discussion. The first discusses the original post–World War II school curriculum established for Western art music (WAM); the second discusses the period of curriculum reform beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, which leads to the inclusion of popular music at junior secondary levels; and the third is the present era from roughly 1980 onwards, where separate pathways of instruction are maintained for WAM and students with interests in popular and contemporary musics. Legitimation Code Theory (LCT) from the sociology of education is employed, with analysis unveiling a series of historic code shifts and clashes with implications for present practice. An unveiling of these codes explains the cause of ongoing tensions surrounding the inclusion of popular music and musicians in Australian music classrooms and provides foundation for much-needed curriculum development in the NSW context, and potentially elsewhere, where similar dynamics underpin practice in secondary classrooms.